Relevance Of Sacred Groves In Kerala Urbanscape / Contents

CONTENTS
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Aim .....01

1.2 Objectives....01

1.2 Scope & Limitation.....01

1.3 Research Methodology....02

Chapter 2: GENERAL IDEA ON SACRED GROVES

2.1 What Are Sacred Groves? ..............................03

2.2 Sacred Groves All Over The World05

2.3 Sacred Groves In India06

2.4 General Attributes Of Sacred Groves..08

2.5 Threats Affecting Sacred Groves12

Chapter 3: SACRED GROVES IN KERALA

3.1 General Idea On Sacred Groves Of Kerala.....14

3.2 Religious, Cultural & Historical background .15
3.3 Ritual Practices In Sacred Groves of Kerala...16

3.4 Sacred Groves as Social Institutions ...18

3.5 Sociological Context...20

3.6 Ownership & Administration...21

Chapter 4: BIOTIC ASPECTS OF SACRED GROVES IN KERALA

4.1 Flora And Vegetation..23

4.1.1 Climbers Common In Sacred Groves...24

4.1.2 Epiphytes & Parasites In Sacred Groves..25

4.1.3 Endemic Plants In Sacred Groves26

Anna Maria David, DGCA.

 Relevance Of Sacred Groves In Kerala Urbanscape / Contents

4.2 Fauna28

4.3 Ecosystem Services..29

Chapter 5: ABIOTIC ASPECTS OF SACRED GROVES IN KERALA

5.1 Physicochemical Properties .31

Chapter 6: MAJOR THREATS TO SACRED GROVES

6.1 Present Status.........34

6.2 Threats Affecting Sacred Groves In Kerala..34

6.3 Why To Conserve Sacred Groves?....................................................................38

Chapter 7: LITERATURE CASE STUDY 1 : ANDALUR KAVU
7.1 Andalur Kavu, Andalur...39

Chapter 8: LITERATURE CASE STUDY 2 : MADAYI KAVU

8.1 Madayi Kavu, Madayi.42

Chapter 9: LIVE CASE STUDY 1: IRINGOLE KAVU

9.1 Iringole Kavu,Perumbavoor44

Chapter 10: URBAN LANDCSAPE

10.1 General Idea On Urban Landscape.........48

10.2 Some Strategies For Ecologically Sensitive Urban Landscape Design.53

Chapter 11: ISSUES OF URBAN ECOLOGY

11.1 Biological Diversity and Ecosystem Functions.........................................54

11.2 Ecological Processes and Social Drivers...................................................54

11.3 Connectivity and Spatial Resilience .............................55

Chapter 12: MODERN METHODS FOR SACRED GROVE REGENERATION

12.1 Framework Species Method...57

12.2 Miyawaki Method..59

12.3 Afforestt Method...64

Anna Maria David, DGCA.

 Relevance Of Sacred Groves In Kerala Urbanscape / Contents

Chapter 10 : ANALYSIS & INFERENCE

10.1 Analysis.............................................................65

10.2 Inference................................................................... 65

10.3 Conclusion.................................................................... 66

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig.4 (a): Green House08

Fig.4 (b): Hydroponic system..10
Fig.3 (a): Snake idol in a kavu 16
Fig.3 (b): Stone idol in a kavu ...16
Fig.3 (c): Badrakaali kalam ...19
Fig.3 (d): Pootha kalam.......19
Fig.3 (e): Pootha kalam...19
Fig.3 (f): Diety in grove......19
Fig.3 (g): Diety under single tree19
Fig.3 (h): Diety without canopy cove..19
Fig.3 (i): Transformation of a grove into temple....19
Fig.3 (j): A newly consecrated grove .....19
Fig.4 (a): euphorbiaceae ....28
Fig.4 (b): Plumeria rubra...................28
Fig.4 (c): rubiaceae 28
Fig.4 (d): Lauraceae ..28
Fig.4 (e): Rutacea....28
Fig.4 (f): Pycnonotus priocephalus 29
Fig.4 (g): Slug 29
Fig.4 (h): eumyias albicaudata....29
Fig.4 (i): Nectarinia minima ......29
Fig.4 (j): Dragon fly....29
Fig.6 (a): Various threats on sacred groves ....37

Anna Maria David, DGCA.

 Relevance Of Sacred Groves In Kerala Urbanscape / Contents

Fig.7 (a): Temple amidst Andalur kavu .........39

Fig.9 (a): Road entry to the kavu....44
Fig.9 (b): Temple inside the kavu...44
Fig.9 (c): Schematic Plan of kavu .....45
Fig.9 (d): Schematic Plan of kavu .....45
Fig.9 (e): Path inside kavu.......45
Fig.9 (f): Climbers inside kavu...45
Fig.9 (g): Temple Pond..........47
Fig.9 (h): Deepasthambam..47

Fig.9 (i): Steps accessing kavu..47

Fig.9 (j): Biotic elements of kavu .......48

Fig.12 (a):Grove restoration project at Yokohama National University.60

Fig.12 (b): Seedling in miyawaki method...61

Fig.12 (c): Cycle of miyawaki method....62
Fig.12 (d): Illustration of miyawaki method...63

Fig.12 (e): Progress using miyawaki method..63

Fig.12 (f): Chinju-no-morri.64
Fig.12 (g): Small Shinto shrine...64

LIST OF TABLES

Table.2.A: Sacred groves In Indian states...8

Table.6.A: Socio-cultural values of the sacred groves... 41

Anna Maria David, DGCA.