Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
T H E SEAT, OR BRACKET, is a c o m m o n type of connec- T h e problem of evaluating these stresses arose in the
tion in structural steel. A bracket carried by a column analysis of numerous heavily loaded brackets used in
or b e a m web or, in general, by a vertical plate, throws the Vertical Assembly Building at Cape Kennedy, de-
a bending moment into the supporting plate, a n d if the signed by Urbahn-Roberts-Seelye-Moran ( U R S A M ) .
plate is relatively thin it m a y be overstressed. No data A theoretical investigation of plate bending under
about this important effect are given in the AISC M a n - brackets has been carried out by both an elastic method
ual of Steel Construction or in readily available ref- and a plastic method. This paper presents the results
erence works; yet this stress m a y be critical and govern of these analyses, including a rule of t h u m b as well as
the design of the connection. more accurate methods of computation.*
/ 7"
w' J
/ 6"
5 2.3", V >
/ *"
// 4
*" I.I* I
4
/ " W'= DEFLECTION UNDER POINT
LOAD OF P KIPS =
3 pq2 ,
/ " =
2TT3D W
<w, I
/
-n/-
yA IJKt
FREELY SUPPORTED
EDGE
(A 2.3"
V I E W A-A
\
\
Figure 1
Figure 2
A. Leon Abolitz is Structural Engineer, and Marvin E. Warner is
* Computation sheets containing mathematical derivations of formulas
Project Structural Engineer, Urbahn-Roberts-Seelye-Moran, New York,
in this paper have been prepared by Mr. Abolitz and are available
N. Y. Mr. Warner is a Professional Member of AISC.
from AISC.
1
JANUARY / 1965
(M N 0) < \ >
/ k
IX _||CVJ
for L = a, k =9.66 c u e
^ 2 _fL 2 _iloJ
_JjV>i
for L=a and c = --
1
\
(0)
[ 1 J i i
FIXED EDGES
__I|CVJ
^
\
1 /I
i f
_l|c\J
4
U = f Va(a-C)
^^ 11
(0)
{/ \J (0)
1
(0)
i /
i \
(0)
Z2
r
f o r L = a and c = - | - ,
k = 21.31
rn fSi Oi
ni flj
*\) *l)
a a a
a
, 2 r 2 ^ 2 - 2 .
r
FREE OR ^ FREE OR
FIXED EDGES FIXED EDGES
Figure 3 Figure 5
N fti
(0)
i FREE EDGES
(0) >, FREE EDGES
i u =3acOE]
^^1 u
2 V 7a +
3 v = _a_ 1 / a - c
i
2 V7a+c
k - 2_a + 2L 2 \ | 7 a + c_
* c
^w
f r
^r L ^w _l|CVJ
for L= a and c= - | - ,
(0)
L/^ r ' I
for L = a , k = 9-29
L r (on k= 13.75
^V ri vH FIXED EDGES
^w 4 ^r FIXED EDGES
l|cvj
1 ./^
r
u
{ 2 V 3a + c
~y i V--I-V3
v - _Q_ \1 a ~ c
=3
k = ^ + ^ = - + 4^3 ; ' 2 V 3a + c
(0) (op 1f
k=f^+4k+4\f^
\ f o r L = a , k = 12.93 \ L a-c I a-<
>f
tT^r f o r L = a and c = - |
a
2 k = 20.58
FREE: O R
1* FIXED EDGES FIXED EDGES
Figure 4 Figure 6
JANUARY / 1965
place in the remaining portions. This effect is partic- column flanges, / will be taken as 22 ksi (not 27 ksi per
ularly important in brackets subject to fatigue. AISC Specification Item 1.5.1.4.8.), S will be taken as
Introducing into Equation (2) a reduction factor <, %t2 (not %t2 of plastic theory), and <j> will be taken as
which should be selected by engineering judgment from 75 percent.
about 60 to about 90 percent, depending on the cir- Solution: Using the " R u l e of T h u m b " , Equation (3),
cumstances, Equation (2) may be written as X = 24 Lt2 = 127 in.-kips < 2 2 5 . N G
Using Table I, k0 = 10.6 (k from the formula in
X = k<t>mL (2a)
Fig. 7 is 10.9).
EXAMPLE m = l/^fp = Ml kips (1)
A bracket consisting of a ST12I45 has been sym- X = k<t>mL = 10.6 X 75 percent X 1.77 X 11
metrically welded to the web of a 14W 7 150 column, and
= 155 < 225 N G (2a)
has to carry a 25 kip reaction from a beam parallel to
the web and located 9 in. away. T h e material is A36 Suggested remedy: Weld a 7 X Y2 in. plate to form a
steel. Check the column web for bending. bottom flange to the bracket, c 7 in.
Given: a = width of plate = T-distance of 14W 7 Then, from Fig. 6,
column = 11.375 in. L = length of vertical weld = k = 2a/L + 2L/(a-c)+ 2 V(7a + c)/(a-c)
11 in. c = width of horizontal weld = 7 in. t = web = 16.0
thickness of column = 0.695 in. Bracket moment X =
25 X 9 = 225 in.-kips. T o be on the conservative side X = 16.0 X 75 percent X 1.77 X 11
the column web will be assumed simply supported by the = 234 > 225 O K (2a)
FREE EDGES
OC
=l?c[-*(^-^)]
y3=i-<x
. 3a+c\/~a =: c~
7a+c
v
2 V7a+c
fc
K = +
2 ^ c | # ) ^ - c ) ( 7 0 + c ) + ^ + 2L+aV7]
FIXED EDGES
^[-^OFi^)]
U
2 V30+C
vw =-0. U q - c
2 Ibcu-c
+
2a-c (2 # ) \l(a-0(3a+c) + ^ + 4 L + 2 a d ;
Figure 7
4
AISC ENGINEERING JOURNAL
APPLICATION OF THE EQUATIONS T h e equations given above hold equally well in cases
Treating the example of Fig. 1 by yield line methods, where bending is applied to plates by connections other
and referring to Fig. 4, X = 9.3 <f> mL. Previously, by t h a n brackets; for example, by a fixed-ended connec-
elastic methods, the value X = 4.9 mL has been ob- tion of a beam which develops negative moment. O n
tained. T o make the two results coincide, in this example the other hand, cases where the bending is applied partly
<j> must be taken as 4.9/9.3, or 53 percent. This value to a plate and partly to another structural element fall
of <j> appears to be too low; in other words, the results outside the scope of the present discussion. I m p o r t a n t
of the elastic method are too conservative, perhaps by 20 examples are:
or 30 percent in this example. (1) Brackets fixed to a column flange rather than to a
T h e yield line patterns and the resulting coefficients column web.
may be seriously affected by the presence of other con- (2) T-brackets connected to a column web, with the
nections, stiffeners, holes, or similar features near the bracket flange welded to the column flanges, or to the
bracket, or by asymmetry. column web close to the toe of the fillet. Fixing some
part of the bracket to a stiffer structural element will
relieve the bending of the plate. At the same time it will
TABLE I. Table of Coefficients p u t heavy stress into the weld connecting the bracket to
k0 ( = k, with L = a and c = 0.5 a) for Equation (2d) the stiff element.
Top and It should be noted that the methods of computation
Web Top bottom presented in this paper are based on theoretical analysis
Shape of bracket only flange flanges and conservative assumptions. T h e authors believe that
Yield line pattern Fig. 4 Fig. 7 Fig. 6 research on this subject and the significance of high
0-free edges 9.3 10.6 13.8 localized stresses would be desirable, and would prob-
0-fixed edges 12.9 15.3 20.6 ably justify less conservative criteria.
J A N U A R Y / 1965