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The Effect of Soil-Structure Interaction And Site Effects on Dynamic

Response and Stability of Earth Structures

Chapter in NATO Security through Science Series C: Environmental Security January 2009
DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2697-2_10

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Yiannis Tsompanakis Prodromos Psarropoulos

Technical University of Crete National Technical University of Athens
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 THE EFFECT OF SOIL-STRUCTURE
INTERACTION AND SITE EFFECTS ON
DYNAMIC RESPONSE AND STABILITY
OF EARTH STRUCTURES

Zania V., Tsompanakis Y., and Psarropoulos P.N.

Technical University of Crete, Greece
 Earth Structures

Earth dams, soil embankments, waste landfills

 Earth Structures - Characteristics

Geometry 1 40

slopes 0.8

large height
30

damping ratio, (%)

Material properties
0.6

G / Gmax
Idriss et al. [1995] 20

soil/ waste material (VS)

Singh and
Murphy [1990]
0.4 Matasovic and
Kavazanjian [1998]
Augello et al. [1998]

nonlinearity Zekkos et al. [2006]

10
0.2

high eigenperiod 0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
0

shear strain, (%)

 Outline

Soil-Structure Interaction
linear & nonlinear behaviour
the role of the earthquakes characteristics
Site effects on dynamic response
material properties and nonlinearity
the role of the earthquakes characteristics
Site effects on seismic stability
critical mode of instability
 Soil-Structure Interaction

Soil layer underlying the earth structure

physical properties are similar
Dynamic response analysis
Analytical methods (Shear beam)
do not account for SSI effects
Numerical methods (Finite Element Method,
Finite Difference)
Accurate modeling of 2D geometry and SSI
Equivalent linear approach to model soil nonlinearity
 Numerical models
FE mesh
25m
25m WASTE Model A
3
VS = 200 m/s, = 10 kN/m

triangular plane VS = 2000 m/s

= 22 kN/m 3 BEDROCK

strain elements
Three excitations
WASTE Model B1
VS = 200 m/s, = 10 kN/m 3
VS = 400 m/s
h=25m
= 18 kN/m 3 SOIL
Vs = 2000 m/s

Ricker pulse
3 BEDROCK
= 22 kN/m

(Tm=0.34sec) WASTE
VS = 200 m/s, = 10 kN/m 3
Model B2
VS = 300 m/s

Aegion record
h=25m
= 18 kN/m 3 SOIL

Vs = 2000 m/s BEDROCK

= 22 kN/m 3

(Tm=0.47sec)
Shin-Kobe record
WASTE
Model B3
VS = 300 m/s VS = 200 m/s, = 10 kN/m 3
3 h=18.75m
= 18 kN/m SOIL

(Tm=0.66sec) Vs = 2000 m/s

= 22 kN/m 3
BEDROCK
 Effect of eigenperiod of soil layer
Linear Nonlinear

24 24

Model A
Model B1
16 16 Model B2
Model B3

TF
TF

8 8

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
f (Hz) f (Hz)

SSI decrease of the first eigenfrequency

High amplification at the eigenfrequency of the soil layer
Nonlinearity decrease of amplification at both
eigenfrequencies
 Effect of excitation

Increase of Tm 0
Linear
0
Nonlinear

increase of amplification
Nonlinearity
-10 -10

decrease of amplification

depth (m)
-20 -20

Complex effect of Tm
since it is also related to
-30 -30

the degree of decrease -40

Ricker
Aegion -40

of the eigenfrequency of Shin-Kobe

the structure 0 2 4
amax/PGA
6 8 0 1 2
amax/PGA
3 4
 Site effects

Soil material properties heterogeneity

Soil/waste dynamic properties and nonlinear
behaviour
Topographic irregularities
Characteristics of the possible geometry of an
earth structure
Topographic Aggravation Factor (TAF): ratio of 2D
Measured response (FFT or amax) to the corresponding 1D
by Parasitic vertical acceleration
 Numerical models

Dynamic FE Model 1

analyses
T1 T2

Iterative equivalent
linear procedure Model 2

Parametric study T1 T2 T3

150 <VS (m/sec)< 400

2 curves of (G/Gmax, ) &
(, ) Model 3

3 levels of PGA T1 T2 T3

3 excitations
 Effect of geometry
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
t8 = 1.50sec

Models 1 & 2
t7 = 1.30sec
diffracted & 4.5
3.5
reflected waves t6 = 1.00sec
2.5
1.5
at slopes meet at 0.9
the middle of the 0.7
0.5
t5 = 0.90sec
deck 0.3
0

Model 3 t4 = 0.80sec
-0.3
-0.5
-0.7
inclined base -0.9
t3 = 0.70sec
dominates the -1.5
-2.5
response, t2 = 0.60sec
-3.5
-4.5
incidence of
waves behind the t1 = 0.50sec
crest
 1.2
Effect of Material Properties 1.2
VS= 156m/sec
max, ver / base VS= 250m/sec

max, ver / base

VS= 400m/sec
0.8 0.8

0.4 0.4

MODEL 3
MODEL 1

0 0

T1 (0m) T2 (20m) T1 (0m) T2 T3 T4 (120m)

2.4 2.4

2 2

1.6 1.6
TAF

TAF
1.2 1.2

0.8 0.8

0.4 0.4

T1 (0m) T2 (20m) T1 (0m) T2 T3 T4 (120m)

Increase of VS decrease of parasitic vertical acceleration

& of the TAF variation, 1D analyses even conservative
 Effect of Nonlinearity
Strongly nonlinear Moderately nonlinear
(Singh and Murphy ,1990) (Zekkos et al., 2006)
Model 1 - 0.1g
4 4
Model 1 - 0.36g
Model 3 - 0.1g
Model 3 - 0.36g
3 3

TAF
TAF

2 2

1 1

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
f (Hz) f (Hz)

Nonlinearity reduces the magnitude of the TAF

TAF is strongly frequency dependent
Increase of degree of nonlinearity decrease of the TAF
magnitude and of the range of significant frequencies
 Effect of excitations characteristics

Not only PGA but

1
Ricker
Aegion

also Tm determine the 0.8

Kobe
Ricker

degree of increase of
Aegion
Kobe

eigenperiod due to Tlin

0.6

nonlinearity. In Tnonlin

general, increase of 0.4

PGA and Tm aid the

increase of Tstr 0.2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
PGA (g)
 6
Site effects 2

Model 1
Model 2
Model 3 1.6

4
1.2

MHA MVA
PGA PGA
0.8

0.4

0 0

0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
Tstr /T m Tstr/Tm

Soil material properties & Topographic irregularities are

considered in nonlinear eigenperiod of earth structure
Significant scatter of amplification for Tstr/ Tm lower than 2
Parasitic vertical acceleration substantial for side fills
 Dynamic stability - Methodology
Pseudostatic method
commonly based on LEM
requires the selection of a seismic coefficient that
represents the non-uniform response within the failure
mass n

Horizontal Equivalent F( t ) ( t )L + ( t )d
hvi i hi i
HEA( t ) = = i=1

Acceleration (HEA) time history W tot

W tot

Permanent deformation analyses

Newmarks sliding block analyses
Integration of relative acceleration (HEA - Ay) time history
 Comparison of two failure modes
Waste Landfills
5 5

4 4

Model 1
Model 2 3 3
Ricker
Model 3 MHEA
Model 1 PGA
Aegion Model 2 2 2
Model 3
Model 1
Kobe Model 2 1 1
Model 3
Bray and Rathje [1998]
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
Tstr / T m Tstr / T m

Circular slope failure more critical for Models 1& 2

Base sliding failure more critical for Model 3
 Permanent displacements
2.5
Waste Landfills 1000

Model 1 MVEA=0
Model 2 MVEA0
2 Model 3
100

1.5

d (mm)
MVEA
10
PGA
1

1
0.5

0
0.1
0 1 2 3 4
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
Tstr/Tm T str / Tm
MVEA may receive high values
Considering of MVEA increases the permanent
displacements and may even trigger instability
 Comparison of two failure modes
Earth Dams
1
(a)
10m

1:2.5

50m
0.8
(b)
10m

FSwithout MVEA
FSwith MVEA
1:2.5 0.6

100m
5
1:0.7

Deep failure mass 0.4 Model 1 - c1

Model 1 - c2
attains higher FS 0.2
Model 2 - c1
Model 2 - c2

MVEA is always
reducing the FS
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Tstr / Tm
MVEA effect on FS
increases for low Tstr/Tm
and shallow failure
 Permanent displacements
Earth Dams
1
1 shallow failure
deep failure
0.8

dMVEA=0 / dMVEA0
0.1

0.6
d (m)

0.01
0.4

0.001
0.2

0.0001
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0 0.4 0.8 1.2
ay / MHEA
ay / MHEA

Increase due to MVEA may be substantial but for small

magnitude of permanent displacements
 Conclusions

SSI
9 decrease of the eigenfrequency of the structure
9 increase of amplification at the eigenfrequency (ff) of
the soil layer
9 effect is minimized for nonlinear response
Site effects on response
9 TAF and parasitic vertical acceleration reduce when
VS increases
9 TAF is strongly frequency dependent, nonlinearity
results to a decrease of its amplitude
 Conclusions

Site effects on response

9 Parasitic vertical acceleration is enhanced in side fills
9 increase of PGA and Tm result to increase of nonlinear Tstr
Site effects on stability
9 Critical failure mode is related to site effects shallow
failure wedges for above-ground landfills and dams, base
sliding for side fills
9 Vertical equivalent acceleration may provoke substantial
increase of the permanent displacements or even trigger
instability
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