5 Adb 59 B 2

Vidyamandir Classes Chemical Reactions & Equations
Chemical Reactions & Equations

CHEMICAL REACTIONS Section - 1
There are infinite chemical processes taking place in our daily lives where the properties of a substance
change. However, during these processes atoms of an element do not transform into atoms of another
element. Also, there is no gain or loss of atoms during a chemical reaction.
Some examples of chemical change observed in our daily lives are:
A freshly cut apple turns brown after some time.
Milk left for some time during summer turns sour.
Iron rusts on being exposed to humid conditions.
1. Chemical Reactions :
During this process, chemical substances, with inherent properties, interact with each other and form completely
new chemical substances with different properties. The substances that undergo reaction are called reactants
and the substances thus formed as a result of evolution or absorption of heat & energy etc. are called
products. During a chemical reaction, a few bonds between the atoms of reactants break. Then, the atoms
rearrange themselves to form the products.
2. Characteristics of Chemical Reactions : The important characteristics of chemical reactions are:
I. Evolution of gas : Some chemical reactions are characterized by the evolution of a gas.
For Example :
(a) When zinc granules are dipped in with dilute sulphuric acid, bubbles of hydrogen gas are
produced.
(b) The chemical reaction between sodium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid is characteristed
by the evolution of CO2 gas.
II. Formation of Precipitate :
A precipitate is a solid product which separates out from the solution during a chemical reaction.
Some chemical reactions are characterized by the formation of a precipitate.
For Example :
(a) The chemical reaction between potassium iodide and lead nitrate is characterized by the
formation of a yellow precipitate of lead iodide.
(b) The chemical reaction between sulphuric acid and barium chloride solution is characterised
by the formation of a white precipitate of baruim sulphate.
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Chemical Reactions & Equations Vidyamandir Classes
III. Change in Colour : Some chemical reactions are characterized by a change in colour.
For Example :
(a) The chemical reaction between citric acid and purple coloured potassium permanganate solution
is characterized by a change in colour from purple to colourless.
(b) The chemical reaction between sulphur dioxide gas and acidified potassium dichromate solution
is characterized by a change in colour from orange to green.
IV. Change in Temperature : Some chemical reactions are characterized by a change in temperature.
For Example :
(a) The chemical reaction between quicklime and water to form slaked lime is characterized by a
change in temperature (rise in temperature).
(b) The chemical reaction between zinc granules and dilute sulphuric acid is also characterized by
a change in temperature (rise in temperature).
V. Change in state : Some chemical reactions are characterized by a change in state.
For Example :
(a) The combustion reaction of candle wax is characterized by a change in state from solid to
liquid and gas.
Illustrating the concept :
When a magnesium ribbon rubbed with a sand paper (required to remove the layer of magnesium
oxide formed over its surface) is burnt using a spirit lamp, it burns with a dazzling white light and a
white-coloured powder is obtained. This powder is magnesium oxide that is formed as a result of a
chemical reaction between magnesium and oxygen present in the air.
Magnesium Oxygen
Magnesium oxide
Ribbon (white powder)
(solid)
3. Endothermic Reactions & Exothermic Reactions :

Exothermic Reaction : A chemical reaction which produces (releases) energy in the form of heat and light
is called a exothermic reaction.
Examples :
(i) CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O () + Energy (heat)
(ii) 2Al (s) + Fe2O3(s)

Al2O3 (s) + 2Fe (s) + Energy (heat)
Endothermic Reactions : A chemical reaction which absorbs energy in the form of heat and light is called
a endothermic reaction.
Example :
Ba(OH)2 . 8 H2O(s) + 2NH4SCN(s)
Ba(SCN) (aq) + 2NH (aq) + 10 H O ()
2 3 2
In this, the reaction mixture becomes so cold that moisture from the air forms a layer of frost.
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CHEMICAL EQUATIONS Section - 2
1. Chemical Equations :
This is the short form of writing down chemical reactions. Every chemical species can be represented in the
form of certain symbols, and these symbols are used to write a chemical reaction. In a chemical equation,
the reactants are written on the left-hand side and products on the right- hand side, separated by an arrow.
Physical states of the reactant and products are expressed within a bracket put before the corresponding
chemical species. Following short forms are used for different physical states:
(s) for solid state (l) for liquid state (aq) for solution in water (g) for gaseous state
Different physical conditions, such as temperature and pressure can be shown over the separating arrow.
2. Balancing Chemical Equations :

The balancing of chemical equation means to equalise the number of atoms of each element on the both
sides of the equation.
Hit and Trial Method : A chemical equation can be balanced by making trials using the smallest whole
number coefficients. Steps to be followed are given below.
Step 1 : Write the skeleton equation with the correct formulae of reactants and products.
Step 2 : Count the number of atoms of various elements on both sides of the equation and make them
equal to multiplying the formulae by suitable numbers.
Step 3 : To equate the number of atoms on both sides of equation, select the formula containing maximum
number of atoms and start the process of balancing.
Step 4 : Then pick the second element to balance the partly balanced equation. Similarly, pick the third
and fourth, and so on.
Step 5 : Atoms of elementary gases such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc. are balanced last of all.
Sometimes, these are first changed to atomic state. After balancing, these are changed back to
molecular form.
Step 6 : In ionic equations, the charges must also be balanced in addition to balancing the atoms. This
means that there should be same total charge on both sides of the equation.

Illustration - 1 Let us try balancing the following chemical equation:

Fe + H2O Fe3O4 + H2
SOLUTION :
Step 1: Count the number of atoms of various elements on both sides of the equation
Step 2: Start balancing with the compound which contains maximum number of atoms. It may be a reactant
or a product. In that compound select the element which has maximum number of atoms. According
to this rule, select Fe3O4 and the element oxygen in it. There are four O atoms on the RHS and
only one O atom on the LHS. To balance, multiply H2O by 4 so that there are four atoms of O on
LHS also.
The partly balanced equation becomes: Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + H2

Step 3: In above equation Fe and H are still not balanced. Pick any of these atoms to proceed further,
atoms in the above partly balance the number of H atoms, make the number of atoms of hydrogen
as 8 or molecules of hydrogen 4 on R.H.S.
Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2

Step 4: Examine the above equation and pick up the other atom which is not balanced. It is clear that only
one atom iron is left unbalanced. To equalise Fe atoms, put coefficient 3 before Fe.
Thus, the equation becomes 3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2

Step 5: Finally check, the correctness of the balanced equation by counting the number of atoms on both
sides of the equation
3Fe + 4 H2O Fe3O4 + 4 H2

Zn + H 2SO4 ZnSO 4 + H 2
zinc sulphuric zinc sulphate hydrogen
acid
In this equation, both the sides have:

1 atom of zinc
2 atoms of hydrogen
1 atom of sulphur
4 atoms of oxygen
So, this is a balanced chemical equation. Now, let us try to balance a chemical equation.
Illustration - 2 Glucose oxidises during the following reaction
C6 H12O6 O2
CO2 H 2O
SOLUTION :
Step 1: All the elements present in the equation are written down. Then, the number of atoms present of
these elements, both on the reactants side and on the products side are counted and written down
before the corresponding element.
Step 2: The number of atoms of each element on each side are compared. If they are not equal for any
atom, they are multiplied by a number to make them equal. Generally, comparison is started with
the element having maximum number of atoms. Here it is hydrogen. It has 12 atoms on the
reactants side and just 2 atoms on the products side.
So, to equalise the number of atoms on the products side, H 2O is multiplied by 6.
The equation becomes: C6 H12O6 O2

CO 2 6H 2O

Step 3: Since O atoms occur in maximum entities, it should be balanced last of all. Balancing of carbon
atoms : 6 atoms of carbon on LHS, 1 atom of carbon on RHS. So, to equalise the number of
atoms on the products side, CO2 is multiplied by 6.
The equation becomes: C6 H12O6 O2

6CO 2 6H 2O
Step 4: This leads to a change in the number of atoms of oxygen on the products side.
To make the number of atoms of oxygen on the reactants side equal to 18, dioxygen on the
reactants side is multiplied by 6 to make the number of oxygen atoms 12 on this side. The other
reactant glucose already contains 6 oxygen atoms. So, the total number of oxygen atoms on the
reactants side becomes 12 + 6 = 18, i.e., equal to the no. of oxygen atoms present on the
products side.
Step 5: The resultant equation is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
This has the same number of atoms of all the elements on both sides; so now, it is a balanced
chemical equation.

IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - A
1. When sulphuric acid is poured in a flask containing zinc granules, hydrogen gas is emitted. Is this an
example of a physical change or a chemical reaction.
2. Ice contained in a beaker becomes water due to the suns heat. Is this an example of a physical
change or a chemical reaction.
3. When hydrogen is passed over copper oxide, copper and steam are formed. Write a balanced equation
for this reaction and state which of the chemicals are:
(i) Reactants (ii) Products (iii) Metals (iv) Non-metals.
4. Magnesium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce magnesium chloride, carbon dioxide
and water. Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
5. Which of the following equations are balanced.
(a) CH4 + 2O2
CO2 + H2O
(b) 2HgO
2Hg + O2
6. Translate the following statements into chemical equations and then balance these:
(a) Aluminium metal replaces iron from ferric oxide (Fe2O3) giving aluminium oxide and iron.
(b) Phosphorus burns in oxygen to form phosphorus pentoxide.
7. Balance the following equations:
(i) KClO3
KCl + O2
(ii) Al + H2SO4
Al2(SO4)3 + H2

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS Section - 3
Chemical reactions can be classified into the following categories:

1. Combination reactions.
2. Decomposition reactions.
3. Displacement reactions.
4. Double displacement reactions.
5. Oxidation and reduction reactions.
6. Effects of Oxidation Reactions in Everyday Life (Rusting and Rancidity).
1. Combination Reactions :
During combination reactions, two or more chemical substances combine to form a single product. Combi-
nation reactions are also called synthesis reactions. Such reactions play an important role in inorganic chem
-istry.
Combination reactions may occur between:
(i) Two elements (ii) An element and a compound (iii) Two compounds

When hydrogen molecules combine with oxygen, water is formed. 2 H 2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 H 2O(l )
Coal burns in the presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide. C(s) + O 2 (g) CO 2 (g)
Sodium oxide and water make sodium hydroxide. Na2O + H2O 2 NaOH
2. Decomposition Reaction :
During a decomposition reaction, a compound splits into elements or smaller compounds. It may be consid
-ered as the opposite of combination reaction. The chances of a decomposition reaction occuring increase
under the influence of :
(a) Heat (b) Radiation (c) Humidity (d) Acids
Decomposition reactions are used in analytical methods.
Analytical methods that use decomposition reactions are :
Mass spectrometry
Thermogravimetric analysis
Gravimetric analysis
Endothermic Reactions : Those reactions in which heat is absorbed is called endothermic reactions.
heat
2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
Thus we observe that decomposition reactions required energy either in form of heat, light or electricity of
breaking down reactants.

Illustration - -33
Illustration When limestone is heated, it gets broken down into quicklime and carbon dioxide.
SOLUTION :
heat
CaCO3 (s)
CaO(s) CO 2 (g)
Limestone Quicklime
(Calcium carbonate) (Calcium oxide)
Illustration - 4 is used to manufacture cement.

Quicklime
Illustration - 4 When white silver chloride is exposed to sunlight, it decomposes to give grey-coloured
silver and chlorine gas.
SOLUTION :
sunlight
2AgCl( s ) 2Ag( s ) Cl ( g ) 2
Silver chloride Silver Chlorine

(white) (grey)
3. Displacement Reaction :
In these reactions, a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from a compound. Such
reactions are also called displacement reactions.
If an iron nail is dipped in blue-coloured copper sulphate solution, the iron displaces the copper from
copper sulphate and forms iron sulphate. Iron sulphate is light green in colour. Therefore, the blue colour of
the solution fades. Due to the deposition of copper on iron, the nail turns brown.
Fe (s) + CuSO4 (aq) FeSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)

4. Double Displacement Reaction :
In a double displacement reaction, the reacting substances exchange their ions or bonds and form new
compounds.

When barium chloride is added to sodium sulphate, exchange of ions takes place and SO 24 (sulphate ions)
go to barium chloride. The sulphate ions displace Cl (chloride ions) from barium chloride to form insoluble
barium sulphate. Barium sulphate appears as a white precipitate. The chloride ions from barium chloride go
to sodium sulphate, displace its SO 24 ions and form sodium chloride.
Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) 2 NaCl (aq) + BaSO4 (s)

This is an example of a double displacement reaction that is also a precipitation reaction.

5. Oxidation and Reduction Reactions :

In order to understand oxidation and reduction reactions, the concept of oxidation and reduction should
be first explained.
Oxidation is addition of oxygen to a substance. The oxygen donor is called an oxidising agent and the
recipient of oxygen is oxidised.
For Example : When copper is heated, it reacts with oxygen to form black-coloured copper oxide as
shown below :
2Cu + O2 2CuO
Here, copper is oxidised because it has accepted oxygen.
For Example : Ammonia gas on combustion gives nitrogen gas and water as shown below :
4 NH3 + 3O2
2 N 2 + 6 H 2O
In this reaction NH3 is oxidised because it loses hydrogen (and we can also say that oxygen is reduced as
it gets associated with the hydrogen).
Reduction is removal of oxygen (or addition of hydrogen) from a substance. The substance that removes
oxygen (or adds hydrogen) is called reducing agent, and the substance that loses oxygen (or gains hydro-
gen) is said to be reduced.
For Example : When hydrogen gas is passed over black-coloured copper oxide, it loses oxygen as shown
below :
heat
C uO + H 2
Cu + H 2O
Here, CuO is an oxidising agent because it donates oxygen. In the process, CuO gets reduced and H 2
gains oxygen. So, it is the reducing agent that gets oxidised.
For Example : When carbon monoxide reacts with hydrogen, methanol is formed as shown below :
CO + H 2
CH3OH
In this reaction CO is reduced because it gains hydrogen (and we can also say that hydrogen is oxidized
as it gets associated with the oxygen).
Such reactions are also called redox reactions because of simultaneously occurring reduction and oxidation
reactions.
NOW ATTEMPT IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE-B BEFORE PROCEEDING AHEAD IN THIS EBOOK

OXIDATION NUMBER CONCEPT Section - 4
Oxidation Number :
Oxidation number of an element in a particular compound represents the number of elections lost or gained
by an element. OIL Oxidation is loss, RIG Reduction is gain
Oxidation State : Oxidation state of an atom is defined as oxidation number per atom.
For Example : In K 2 MnO 4
Oxidation number of Mn = +6 ; Oxidation state of Mn = Mn 6+

The Rules for Deriving Oxidation Number :
(i) In uncombined state or free state, oxidation number of an element is zero.
(ii) O is 2; in peroxides ( O O ) it is 1.
(iii)H is +1 ; in ionic hydrides it is 1.
(iv) Halogen in halides is always 1.
(v) Sulphur in sulphides is always 2.
(vi) Alkali metal (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) is in +1.
(vii)Alkaline earth metal (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) is in always +2.
(viii)
The algebraic sum of all the oxidation number of elements in a compounds X is equal to zero or net
charge respectively.
(ix) Some variable oxidation state of elements
Fe(2, 3), Cu (1& 2); Mn(7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1); Sn(2, 4)
For Example : K 2 MnO 4

2 (oxidation number of K) + (Oxidation number of Mn) + 4 (Oxidation number of O) = 0
For Example : MnO 4
1 (oxidation number of Mn) + 4 (Oxidation number of O) = 1

Maximum oxidation number of an element (except O and F) = Group number.
Minimum oxidation number of an element (except metal) = Group number 8.

For Example : In compounds of carbon, the oxidation number varies from 4 to +4 but valency of carbon
always 4.
Carbon Compound CH 4 CH3Cl CH 2Cl2 CHCl3 CCl4
Oxidation number of C 4 2 0 +2 +4
Oxidation State/Oxidation number in Complex Molecules :
(i) Carbon in Glucose (C6 H12O6 ) :
Let the oxidation number of carbon be x, hydrogen +1 and oxygen 2
Sum of oxidation number of various atoms in C6H12O6 is
6 x 12(1) 6(2) 0
6 x 12 12 0
6 x 0, x = 0
In glucose the oxidation state of carbon is zero.
(ii) Ni in [Ni(CO)4 ] : The oxidation state of CO is zero, hence the oxidation state of nickel will also
zero.
(iii) Sulphur in (CH3 )2 SO i.e., dimethyl sulphoxide :
Let the oxidation state of S be x, oxygen 2, and each methyl group is +1
Sum of oxidation numbers of various atoms in (CH3 )2 SO is
2 x 2 0
x=0
Thus the oxidation state of sulphur in (CH3 )2 SO is zero.
(iv) Boron in LiBH 4 :
In metal hydrides, the oxidation state of hydrogen is 1 and the metal Lithium is +1
Sum of oxidation number of various atom in LiBH 4 is,
1 x 4 0 x = +3
Thus the oxidation state of B in LiBH 4 is +3

Illustration - 5 Find out the oxidation number/oxidation state of :

(a) S in H 2 S2O7 (b) S in Na2 S2O3 (c) Cr in Cr (CO )6
(d) Fe in Fe2 (CO )9 (e) Fe in Fe3O4 (f) Mn in MnO4

SOLUTION :
(a) Let the oxidation no. of S be x, (d) Let oxidation number of Fe be x, and
H = +1 and 2 CO = zero.
2(1) 2 x 7(2) 0 2 x 9(0) 0
2x = 0
2 2 x 14 0
x=0
2 x 12; x = +6
(e) Let oxidation number of Fe be x, and
(b) Let the oxidation number of S be x,
O 2.
Na = +1 and O 2
3 x 4(2) 0
2 2x 6 0
3x 8 0
2 x 4; x 2
(c) Let oxidation number of Cr be x, and 8
x
CO = zero. 3
(f) Let the oxidation number of Mn be x and
x 6(0) 0; x 0
O = 2.
x 4(2) 1
x 7
Balancing of redox Equations :

The chemical equations which involve oxidation and reduction (redox equation) are balanced with the help
of the following methods :
Oxidation number method.
Iron electron method (or Half reaction method)
Let us try to balance a few redox equations with the help of these methods.
Balancing by Oxidation Number Method :

The various steps involved in balancing a redox equation by oxidation number method are :
Write the skeleton equation.
Indicate the oxidation numbers of all the atoms involved in the equation above their symbols.
Identify the elements which undergo change in oxidation number.
Calculate the increase and decrease in oxidation number per atom with respect to the reactants. If
more than one atom is involved, then multiply with the number of the atom undergoing the change to
calculate the total change in oxidation number.

Equate the increase and decrease in oxidation number on the reactant side by multiplying the formulae
of the oxidising and reducing agents suitably.
Balance the equation with respect to all the atoms excepts hydrogen and oxygen.
Finally balance hydrogen and oxygen atoms also.
In the reactions taking place in the acidic medium, balance the O atoms by adding required number
of H 2O molecules to the side deficient in O atoms. Then balance the H atoms by adding H + to
the side deficient in H atoms.
In the basic medium, first balance the number of negative charges by adding required number of
OH ions to the side deficient in the magnitude of the charges. Then add H 2O molecules on the
other side in order to balance the OH ions added.
Example : CuO + NH3
Cu + N 2 + H 2O
The balancing is done in the following steps :

1. Write the O.N. of each atom in the skeleton equation
+2 2 3 +1 0 0 +1 2
Cu O + N H3
Cu + N 2 + H 2 O
+2 3 0 0
2. Identify the atoms which undergo change in O.N. Cu O + N H3 Cu + N 2 + H 2O
3. Calculate the increase and decrease in O. N. w.r.t. reactant atoms
4. Equate the increase and decrease in O.N. on the reactant side.
3CuO 2 NH 3
Cu N 2 H 2O
5. Balance the number of Cu and N atoms on both sides of the equation.
3CuO 2 NH 3
3Cu N 2 H 2O
6. Now balance H and O atoms by hit and trial method
3CuO + 2 NH3
3Cu + N 2 + 3H 2O

Illustration - 6 Balance the following equations by oxidation number method

(a) Cu NO3
NO2 Cu 2 (Acidic Medium)
(b) [Cr (OH )4 ] H 2O2

CrO42 H 2O (Basic Medium)
SOLUTION :
0 5 2 4 2 2
(a) 1. Write the O.N. of each atom in the skeleton equation. Cu ( N O )
N O2 (Cu ) 2
3
0 5 4 2
2. Identify the atoms which undergo change in O.N. Cu ( N O3 )
N O2 (Cu )2
3. Calculate the increase and decrease in O.N. w.r.t to reactant atoms
4. Equate the increase and decrease in O.N. on the reactant side. Cu 2 NO3
NO2 Cu 2
5. Balance the number of Cu and N atoms on both sides of the equation.
Cu 2 NO3
2 NO2 Cu 2
6. As the reaction is carried in the acidic medium balance the number of O atoms by adding two H 2O
molecules on the product side. Cu 2 NO3

2 NO2 Cu 2 2 H 2O
7. To balance the number of H atoms, add 4H on the reactant side
Cu 2 NO3 4 H
2 NO2 Cu 2 2 H 2O.
The final equation is balanced w.r. to charge also.
(b) [Cr (OH )4 ] H 2O2

CrO42 H 2O (Basic Medium)
The balancing is done in the following steps :

1. Write the O.N. of each atom in the skeleton equation :
2. Identify the atoms which undergo change in O.N.

3 1 6 2
[Cr (OH )4 ] H 2 O 2
(Cr O4 )2 H 2 O

3. Calculate the increase and decrease in O.N. w.r. to reactant atoms
4. Equate the increase and decrease in O.N. in the reactant side.
2[Cr (OH )4 ] 3H 2O2

2(CrO4 )2 H 2O
5. Balance the number of Cr atoms in the equation.
2[Cr(OH)4 ] + 3H 2O2
2(CrO 4 )2 + H 2O
6. As the reaction occurs in the basic medium, and the ionic charges are not equal on both side, add
2 OH ions on reactant side to make ionic charges equal.
2[Cr(OH)4 ] + 3H 2O2 + 2OH

2CrO 42 + H 2O
7. Finally, count hydrogen atoms and add appropriate number of (H 2O) molecules on right side to
achieve balanced redox change.
Balancing by Ion-Election Method (or Half Reaction Method)

Balancing can also be done by another method known as ion-electron method. It is based on the principle
that the electrons lost during oxidation half reaction in a particular redox reaction is equal to the electrons
gained in the reduction half reaction.
The method is, therefore, called half reaction method.
The balancing is completed in the following steps :
(i) Write the redox reaction in ionic form.
Total electrons lost by oxidant = Total electrons gained by reductant
(ii) Find out species which are getting oxidised and also which are getting reduced.
(iii) Split the whole equation into two half reactions i.e. oxidation half reaction and reduction half reaction.
(iv) While balancing each half reaction, add electrons for the number of atoms of each element.
(v) In the acidic medium, and neutral medium add water molecules to the side deficient in O and H + to
the side deficient in hydrogen.
(vi) For the reaction in basic medium, first balance the atoms as done in acidic medium. Then for each
H + ion, add an equal number of OH ions to both sides of the equation. Where H + and OH
appear on the same side of the equation, combine these to give H 2O.


(vii) Multiply one or both half reactions by suitable number so that the number of e s become equal in
both the equation.
(viii) Add the two balanced half reactions and cancel any term common to both sides.
Illustration - 7 Balance the following chemical equation by ion-electron method.

(a) Cr2O72 Fe2 H
Cr 3 Fe3 H 2O
(b) MnO4 (aq) I (aq )

MnO2 ( s ) I 2 ( s )
SOLUTION :
Step 1 : Separation of the equation in two half reactions
(i) Write the O.N. of all the atoms involved in the skeleton equation
6 2 2 1 3 3 1 2
(Cr2 O7 )2 ( Fe)2 ( H )
(Cr )3 ( Fe)3 H 2 O
(ii) Identify the atoms which undergo change in O.N.
6 2 1 3 3
(Cr2 O7 )2 ( Fe)2 ( H )
(Cr )3 ( Fe)3 H 2O
(iii) Find out the species involved in the oxidation and reduction half reactions.
Thus, the two half reactions are :

Oxidation half reaction : Fe2
Fe3 , Reduction half reaction : (Cr2O7 )2
Cr 3
Step 2 : Balancing of oxidation half reaction
The oxidation half reaction is : Fe2

Fe3
(i) As the increase in O.N. as a result of oxidation is 1, add one e on the product side to balance
2
change in O.N. Fe Fe3 e
(ii) The charge is already balanced, and the thus the equation is also balanced
Fe2
Fe3 e .(i)

Step 3 : Balancing of reduction half reaction

6 3
The reduction half reaction is : (Cr2 O7 ) 2
(Cr )3
(i) The decrease in O.N. per Cr atom is 3 and the total decrease in O.N. for two Cr atoms is 6.
2
Cr 3
Therefore, add 6e on the reactant side (Cr2O7 ) 6e
(ii) Balance Cr atoms on both sides of the equation (Cr2O7 ) 2 6e

2Cr 3
(iii) In order to balance O atoms add seven H 2O molecules on the product side and then to balance H
atoms add 14 H + on the reactant side.
(Cr2O7 )2 6e 14 H
2Cr 3 7 H 2O .(ii)
Step 4 : Adding the two half reactions

In order to equate the electrons, multiply the equation (i) by 6 and then add to equation (ii) in
order to get the final equation.
[b] MnO4 (aq) I (aq )

MnO2 ( s ) I 2 ( s )
Step 1 : First we write the skeletal ionic equation which is
MnO4 (aq) I (aq )

MnO2 ( s ) I 2 ( s )
1 0

Step 2 : The two half-reactions are: Oxidation half : I (aq )
I 2 ( s ), Reduction half :
7 4
Mn O4 (aq )
Mn O2 (s )
Step 3 : To balance the I atoms in the oxidation half reaction, we rewrite it as : 2 I (aq )
I 2 ( s)
Step 4 : To balance the O atoms in the reduction half reaction, we add two water molecules on the right :
MnO4 (aq)
MnO2 ( s ) 2 H 2O(l )
To balance the H atoms, we add four H ions on the left:
MnO4 (aq) 4 H (aq )

MnO2 (s ) 2 H 2O (l )
As the reaction takes place in a basic solution, therefore, for H ions, we add four OH ions
to both sides of the equation :

Mn O4 (aq) 4 H (aq ) 4OH (aq )

MnO2 ( s) 2 H 2O(l ) 4OH (aq)
Replacing the H and OH ions with water, the resultant equation is :
MnO4 (aq) 2 H 2O(l )

MnO2 (s ) 4OH (aq)
Step 5 : In this step we balance the charges of the two half-reactions in the manner depicted as :
2 I (aq )
I 2 ( s ) 2e , Mn O4 (aq ) 2 H 2O(l )3e
MnO2 (s ) 4OH (aq)
Step 6 : Add two half-reactions to obtain net reactions after cancelling electrons on both sides.
6 I (aq ) 2MnO4 (aq ) 4 H 2O(l )

3I 2 ( s ) 2MnO2 ( s ) 8OH (aq)
Step 7: A final verification shows that the equation is balanced in respect of the number of atoms and charge
on both sides.
IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE-C
A. Assign oxidation number to the underlined elements in each of the following species :
(i) NaH 2 PO 4 (ii) NaHSO 4 (iii) H 2 P2O7 (iv) K 2 MnO 4
(v) CaO 2 (vi) NaBH 4 (vii) H 2S2O7 (viii) KAl(SO)2 12 H 2O
(ix) KI3 (x) H 2S4O6 (xi) Fe3O 4 (xii) C2 H5OH
(xiii) C2 H 4O2 (xiv) N N (xv) (xvi) NH 2 - NH 2
B. Balance the following equations in Acidic medium by both oxidation number and ion electron methods and
identify the oxidants and reductants

(i) MnO4( Mn(2aq
aq.) C2 H 2O( aq.) .) CO2 g H 2O(l )
2
(ii) Cr2O7( Cr 3 ( aq.) C2 H 4O2( aq.)
aq.) C2 H 4O( aq.)
(iii) MnO4 (aq.) Br(aq.)

Mn(2aq .) Br( aq.)

(iv) Cu( s ) NO3( Cu(2aq
aq.) H (aq.) .) NO( g ) H 2O( l )
2 3 3
(v) Cr2O7( Cr(3aq
aq.) Fe( aq.) .) Fe( aq.)
2 3
(vi) MnO4( Mn(2aq
aq.) Fe( aq.) .) Fe( aq.)

C. Balance the following equation in Basic medium by both oxidation number and ion electron methods and
identify the oxidants and reductants.
(i) P4 NaOH H 2O
PH 3 3NaH 2 PO2

(ii) N 2 H 4( g ) ClO3( NO( g ) Cl (aq.)
aq.)

(iii) Cl2O7( g ) H 2O2( aq.)
ClO2( aq.) O2( g )

(iv) Zn(s) NO3( Zn(2aq
aq.) .) NH 4( aq.)
Effects of Oxidation Reactions in Everyday Life :

Corrosion : One of the effects of oxidation reactions that we see around us is corrosion. Corrosion is the
chemical reaction during which the characteristic properties of a material are adversely affected due to
oxidation reactions with its surroundings. Corroded materials losses electrons while reacting with water and
oxygen.
Corrosion of iron leads to weakening of a iron structure. This process is called rusting. A film of reddish iron
oxide forms on the surface of the corroded iron. Exposure to moisture present in the atmosphere is sufficient
to rust iron. Corrosion is represented by the following chemical reaction :
4 Fe 3O2 xH 2O
2 Fe2O3 . xH 2O
Painting iron prevents it from rusting. The layer of paint forms a protective coating that does not allow moist
air to corrode the irons surface. Other way to prevent rusting are Oiling or Greasing, Galvanisation, coating
by chromium. (Chrome plating)
Rancidity : Oxidation has damaging effect on foods containing fats and oils. When the fats and oil present
in food materials get oxidised by the oxygen, their oxidation products have unpleasant smell and taste.
The condition produced by aerial oxidation of fats and oils in food marked by unpleasant smell and taste is
called Rancidity.
We can prevent rancidity by :
(i) Adding anti-oxidants to food containing fats and oils.
(ii) Packaging fat and oil containing foods in nitrogen gas.
(iii) Keeping food in a refrigerator (reducing the temperature).
(iv) Storing food in air-tight containers.
(v) Storing food away from light.

IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE-D
1. What happens when zinc removes copper from a copper sulphate solution. Write a balanced chemical
equation for this reaction.
2. Explain double displacement reaction with the help of an example.
3. Explain what happens when manganese oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid, and identify the oxidising
and reducing agents.
4. How will you prevent oils from turning rancid ?
5. Explain the process of rusting of iron with the relevant chemical reaction.
SUBJECTIVE SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example - 1 Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air ?

SOLUTION :
When magnesium ribbon remains exposed to moist air, a white layer of magnesium oxide is formed on its
surface.
This hinders the burning of magnesium. Hence, this layer is first removed by rubbing with sand paper
before burning.
Example - 2 Write the balanced equation for the following chemical reactions :
(i) Hydrogen + Chlorine Hydrogen chloride
(ii) Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate Barium sulphate + Aluminium chloride
SOLUTION :
(i) The given word equation is : Hydrogen + Chlorine Hydrogen chloride
Step 1:Writing the skeletal chemical equation. H2 + Cl2 HCl
Step 2:Balancing of different elements.
To balance H atoms on the two sides, multiply HCl on RHS by 2. We get : H2 + Cl2 2HCl
Chlorine atoms are automatically balanced. Hence, the above equation is the balanced equation.
(ii) Step 1: Writing the word equation. The given word equation is :
Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate Barium sulphate + Aluminium chloride
Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Subjective Solved Example 21
Step 2: Writing the skeletal chemical equation.

In terms of formulae, the skeletal chemical equation will be
BaCl2 + Al2 (SO4)3 BaSO4 + AlCl3
Step 3: Selecting the biggest formula and balancing of its different elements.
Starting balancing of elements of the compound with the biggest formula. i.e., Al2(SO4)3, we balance
elements one by one as follows :
Al atoms on LHS = 2. Al atoms on RHS = 1. To balance Al atoms, multiply AlCl3 on RHS by 2.
We get :
BaCl 2 Al2 (SO4 )3
BaSO4 2AlCl3
S atoms on LHS = 3. S atoms on RHS = 1. To balance S atoms, multiply BaSO4 on RHS by 3.

We get :
BaCl 2 Al2 (SO4 )3
3BaSO4 2AlCl3
O - atoms are automatically balanced

Ba atoms on LHS = 1. Ba atoms on RHS = 3. To balanced Ba atom, multiply BaCl2 on LHS by 3.
We get :
3BaCl 2 Al2 (SO4 )3
3BaSO4 2AlCl3
Cl - atoms are automatically balanced.

Step 3: Checking the correctness of the balanced chemical equation
Thus, the above equation is the required balanced chemical equation.
22 Subjective Solved Example Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support
Example - 3 Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols for the following reactions :
(i) Solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate in water react to give insoluble barium sulphate and
the solution of sodium chloride.
(ii) Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with hydrochloric acid solution (in water) to produce
sodium chloride and water.
SOLUTION :
(i) Step 1: Writing the word equation :
The word equation for the given reaction is
Barium chloride Sodium sulphate

Barium sulphate Sodium chloride
Solution Solution Insoluble solid Solution
Step 2: Writing the skeletal chemical equation BaCl2 aq Na 2SO4 aq

BaSO 4 2 NaCl
Step 3: Balancing of different elements
Ba atoms are already balanced
Cl atoms on LHS = 2. Cl atoms on RHS = 1. To balance Cl atoms, multiply NaCl on RHS by 2,
We get :
BaCl2 Na 2SO 4
BaSO 4 2 NaCl
Na atoms are automatically balanced
S atoms are already balanced
O atoms are already balanced
Step 4: Checking the correctness of the balanced equation
Thus, the number of atoms of each element is equal on the two sides. Hence, the equation is
balanced.
Step 5: Writing the equation with state symbols. We have
BaCl2 (aq) Na 2SO 4 (aq)

BaSO4 (s) 2NaCl (aq)
(ii) Step 1: Writing the word equation
The word equation for the given reaction is :

Sodium hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid Sodium Chloride + Water
Step 2: Writing the skeletal chemical equation NaOH + HCl
NaCl H 2O
Step 3: Balancing of different elements
The number of atoms of each element is equal on the two sides, therefore, this equation is already
balanced.
Step 4: Writing the equation with state symbols, we have
NaCl (aq) H 2O ()
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq)
Example - 4 Translate the following statements into chemical equation and then balance them :
(i) Nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas react to form ammonia gas.
(ii) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give water and sulphur dioxide.
(iii) Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
SOLUTION :
(i) Step 1: Writing the chemical equation in the word form Nitrogen + Hydrogen Ammonia
Step 2: Writing the sekeletal chemical equation N2 + H2 NH3
Step 3: Balancing of atoms on both sides. There are 2 N atoms on LHS and 1 N atoms on RHS.
To balance N atoms, multiply NH3 on RHS by 2, we get : N2 + H2 2NH3
Now, there are 6 H - atoms on RHS and 2 H atoms on LHS
To balance H - atoms, multiply H2 on LHS by 3, We get : N2 + 3H2 2NH3
Step 4: To check the correctness of the balanced equation
(ii) To translate the given statement into chemical equation

The word equation for the given statement will be :
Hydrogen sulphide + Oxygen

Water Sulphur dioxide
from air
24 Subjective Solved Example Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support
Hence, the skeletal chemical equation will be H 2S O2 H 2O SO2

Balancing of the solve equation
Step 1: Writing the skeletal chemical equation H 2S O2 H 2O + SO2

Step 2: Balancing the element which occurs at minimum number of places. S and H occur in two
compounds whereas O occurs in three compounds. We, therefore, first balance S and H.
S atoms on LHS = 1, S atoms on RHS = 1
H atoms on LHS = 2, H atoms on RHS = 2
Thus, S and H atoms are already balanced.
Step 3: To balance O-atoms.
O-atoms on LHS = 2, O-atoms on RHS = 3(1 in H2O, 2 in SO2)
To balance O-atoms, multiply O2 on LHS by 3, and on RHS H2O and SO2 by 2 each.
We get :
H 2S 3O 2
2H 2 O 2SO 2
Step 4: To rebalance H and S atoms. Now. H-atoms in LHS = 2. H-atoms on RHs = 4. To balance
H atoms, multiply H2S on LHS by 2. We get : 2H 2S 3O2
2H 2 O 2SO2
Now, S-atoms on LHS = 2, S - atoms on RHS = 2
S-atoms are balanced.
Step 5: To check that the equation is balanced
Thus, the above equation is the required balanced chemical equation.
(iii) To translate the given statement into chemical equation. The given word equation is :
Potassium + Water Potassium hydroxide + Hydrogen
In term of formulae, the skeletal chemical equation will be K + H 2O

KOH + H 2
Balancing of the above equation
H atoms occur in maximum compounds. Hence, they should be balanced last of all.
Balancing of K atoms. Already balanced (1 on each side)
Balancing of O atoms. Already balanced (1 on each side)
Balancing of H atoms. If we multiply KOH on RHS by 2, number of H-atoms on RHS becomes = 4.
To balance H atoms, multiply H2O on LHS by 2. We get : K + 2H 2O

2KOH + H 2
To re-balance K atoms, multiply K on LHS by 2. We get :
2K + 2H 2O
2KOH + H 2
This is required balanced equation.
Alternatively, sometimes, in such equations, it is convenient to write the equation first in the atomic form and
then make it molecular. This is explained below :
Writing the equation in the atomic form, we have
K + H 2O
KOH + H
In this equation, the number of atoms of each element are equal on the two sides. Hence, it is a balanced
chemical equation in the atomic form. To make it molecular, multiply throughout by 2 and write 2 H as
H2. We get :
2K + 2H 2O
2KOH + H 2
EXERCISE BASED ON CBSE [SUBJECTIVE]
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Supporse you burn a magnesium ribbon of about 2 cm after cleaning it by sand paper and collecting it in a
watch glass. Now answer the following :
(i) What is the colour of the flame ?
(ii) What is the colour and name of the compound that your have collected in the watch glass ?
2. Why is it necessary to balance an equation ?
3. Name two methods to balance a equation ?
4. How will you know that a chemical reaction has occurred ?
5. What information does an equation give us ?
6. Write the balanced equation for the following chemical reactions :
26 CBSE Exercise Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support
(i) Hydrogen + Chlorine Hydrogen Chloride

(ii) Barium chloride + Aluminium Sulphate Barium sulphate + Aluminium chloride
(iii) Sodium + Water Sodium Hydroxide + Hydrogen
7. A solution of a substance x is used for white washing.
(i) Name the substance x and write its formula.
(ii) Write the reaction of the substance x named in (a) above wit water.
8. Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change when an iron nail is dipped in it.
9. Give an example of a double displacement reaction.
10. Identify the substances that are oxidised and the substances that are reduced in the following reactions :
(i) 4 Na(s) + O 2 (g)
2 Na 2O(s)
(ii) CuO(s) + H 2 (g)

Cu(s) + H 2O(l)
LONG TYPE QUESTIONS

11. Distinguish between exothermic and endothermic reactions. Give examples.
12. Why is respiration an exothermic reaction. Explain.
13. Write one equation each for decomposition reactions where energy is supplied in the form of heat, light or
electricity.
14. Distinguish between displacement and double displacement reactions. Write equations for these reactions.
15. (a) Why do we apply paint on iron articles.
(b) Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen Why?
16. Explain the following terms with one example each :
(i) Corrosion (ii) Rancidity.
17. What are the drawbacks of the chemical equation? Explain it with an example
18. Illustrate a combination reaction with the help of an experiment.
19. Can a displacement reaction be a redox reaction. Explain with the help of an example.
20. What happens when a piece of
(a) zinc metal is added to copper sulphate solution?
(b) aluminium metal is added to dilute hydrochloric acid?
(c) silver metal is added to copper sulphate solution ?
NOW ATTEMPT EXERCISE BASED ON CBSE [OBJECTIVE] IN THIS EBOOK
NOW ATTEMPT EXERCISE BASED ON NTSE IN THIS EBOOK

NOW ATTEMPT EXERCISE BASED ON JEE FOUNDATION IN THIS EBOOK
Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support CBSE Exercise 27
SOLUTIONS - IN-CHAPTER EXERCISES-A
1. H 2SO4 Zn
ZnSO 4 H 2
dilute
It is a chemical reaction.
2. Since ice and water can be interconverted into each other by changing the condition therefore it a physical
change.
3. CuO(s) + H2(g)
Cu(s) + H2O(g)
(i) CuO (s) and H2(g)
(ii) Cu(s) and H2O (g)
(iii) Cu(s)
(iv) H2(g), and H2O(g)
4. MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)
MgCl2 (aq) + CO2(g) + H2O()
5. In question (a) the no. of oxygen atoms is not balanced.
6. (a) 2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s)
2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)
(b) P4 + 5O2
2P2O5
7. (i) 2KClO3
2KCl + 3O2
(ii) 2Al + 3H2SO4

Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
SOLUTIONS - IN-CHAPTER EXERCISES-C
A. Let the oxidation state of the underlined atom be x.

(i) NaH 2 PO 4 1 (2 1) x (4) ( 2) 0 x 5
(ii) NaHSO 4 1 1 x (4) ( 2) 0 x 6
10
(iii) H 2 P2 O 72 (2 1) 2x (7) ( 2) 2 x 5
2
(iv) K 2MnO 4 (2 1) x (4) ( 2) 0 x=6
(v) CaO2 2 2x 0 x 1
(vi) NaBH 4 1 x (4) ( 1) 0 x=3
(Here the 0.S of H is 1)
(vii) H2S2 O7 (2 1) 2x (7) (2) 0 x=6
28 Solutions Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

(viii) KAl(SO4 )2 . 12H 2O

1 3 2x (8) ( 2) 0 x=6
1
(ix) KI3 1 3x 0 x
3
10 5
(x) H 2S4O6 (2 1) (4 x) (6) ( 2) 0 x
4 2
8
(xi) Fe3O4 3x (4) ( 2) 0 x
3
(xii) C2 H 2OH 2x (5 1) (2) 1 0 x 2
(xiii) C2 H 4 O 2 2x (4 1) (2) ( 2) 0 x=0
(The oxidation state calculated here is the average of sthe oxidation states of the individual C atoms) present
in the molecule
(xiv) N N 2x 0 x=0
(xv) N 2O5 2x (5) ( 2) 0 x=5
4
(xvi) NH 2 NH 2 2x (4 1) 0 x 2
2
B. (i) 2MnO4 5C2 H 2O 4 6H

2Mn 2 10CO2 8H 2O
(ii) CrO27 3C2 H 4O 8H

2Cr 3 3C 2 H 4O 2 4H 2O
(iii) 2MnO 4 10Br 16H

2Mn 2 5Br2 8H 2O
(iv) 3Cu 2NO3 8H

3Cu 2 2NO 4H 2O
(v) Cr2O72 6Fe 2 14H

6Fe3 2Cr3 7H 2O
(vi) MnO 4 5Fe 2 8H

Mn 2 5Fe3 4H 2O
C. (i) P4 3H2O 3NaOH

PH3 3NaH 2 PO2
(ii) 3N 2 H 2 4ClO3
6NO 4Cl 6H 2O
(iii) Cl2O7 4H 2O 2 2OH
2ClO 2 4O 2 5H 2O
(iv) 4Zn NO3 7H 2O
4Zn 2 4NH 4 10OH
Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Solutions 29

SOLUTIONS - IN-CHAPTER EXERCISES-D
1. Zn(s) CuSO 4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) Cu(s)

When Zn removes copper from copper sulphate solution, the blue color of the solution disappears.
2. Refer module
3. MnO2 2HCl
MnCl2 H2O Cl2
MnO 2 is oxidising agent & HCl is reducing agent
4. Refer Module
5. Corrosion of iron leads to weakening of an iron structure. This process is called rusting. A film of reddish iron
oxide forms on the surface of the corroded iron. Exposure to moisture present in the atmosphere is sufficient
to rust iron. Corrosion is represented by the following chemical reaction:
4 Fe + 3 O2 + x H2O 2Fe2O3.xH2O ; Painting iron prevents it from rusting.
SOLUTIONS - EXERCISE BASED ON CBSE [SUBJECTIVE]
EXERCISE SHORT ANSWER TYPE

1. Magnesium ribbon + oxygen Magnesium oxide (White powder)
(a) It burns with a dazzling white light.
(b) The white powder that has been collected on the watch glass is magnesium oxide.
2. There is no gain or loss of atoms during a chemical reacion. The balancing of chemical equation means to
equalise the number of atoms of each element as well as the net charge on both sides of the equation.
3. (i) Oxidation number method (ii) Ion electron method.
4. During this process, chemical substances with inherent properties interact with each other and form com
pletely new chemical substances with different properties. The important characteristics of chemical reactions
5. An equation tells us about the reactants, reagents & the product and their states.
6. (i) H 2 Cl2
2HCl
(ii) 3BaCl2 Al2 (SO4 )3

2AlCl3 3BaSO4
(iii) 2Na 2H 2O
2NaOH H 2
7. (i) x is CaO used for white washing. (ii) CaO H 2O

Ca(OH)2
8. Fe(s) CuSO 4 (aq)

FeSO4 (aq) Cu(s)
Blue Green
30 Solutions Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

9. 2NaCl ZnSO4
Na 2SO4 ZnCl2
0 0 1 2 2 2 0 0 1 2
10. (i) 4 Na(s) O 2 (g)
2 Na 2 O (s) (ii) Cu O 2 (s) H 2 (g)
Cu H 2 O ( l)
oxidised
Na Oxidised
H2
Reduced
O2 Re duced
CuO2
EXERCISE LONG ANSWER TYPE
11. Exothermic Reaction : A chemical reaction which produces (releases) energy in the form of heat and light is
called exothermic reaction.
Examples : 2Al (s) + Fe2O3(s) Al2O3 (s) + 2Fe (l) + Energy (heat)
Endothermic Reactions : A chemical reaction which absorbs energy in the form of heat and light is called
endothermic reaction.
Example : Ba(OH)2 . 8 H2O(s) + 2NH4SCN(s) Ba(SCN)2 (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) + 10 H2O (l)
12. Respiration is a metabolic process by which an organism obtains energy (in form of ATP) by oxidizing nutri-
ents and releasing waste products.
13. sunlight electricity
CaO(s) CO 2 (g) ; AgCl 2Ag Cl2 ; 2H 2O
CaCO3 (s) 2H 2 O2
14. 2NaCl(aq) Zn(s) . It is an example of displacement reaction

2Na(s) ZnCl2 (aq)
2AgNO3 ZnCl2
2AgCl Zn(NO3 )2
It is an example of double displacement reaction.
15. (a) To prevent them from rusting. (b) To prevent rancidity
16. Refer Module
17. A chemical equation does not provide information about the spontaneity & the rate of reaction or how fast the
reaction is occuring.
CuSO4 Zn is not a spontaneous reaction whereas

Cu ZnSO4
ZnSO 4 Cu is a spontaneous reaction.

Zn CuSO4
18. Refer Module
0 2 2 0
19. Yes. Zn Cu SO4
Zn SO 4 Cu
It is a displacement as well as a redox reaction.
Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Solutions 31

20. (a) Zn CuSO4

ZnSO4 Cu
(b) 2Al 6HCl(dil.)

2AlCl3 3H2 (g)
(c) Ag(s) CuSO 4 (aq)

No reaction
ANSWERS TO IN-CHAPTER EXERCISES

1. Chemical reaction 2. Physical change 3. CuO(s) + H2(g)
Cu(s) + H2O(g)
(i) CuO (s) and H2(g) (ii) Cu(s) and H2O (g) (iii) Cu(s) (iv) CuO(s) H2(g), and H2O(g)
A 4. MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2 (aq) + CO2(g) + H2O()
5. (b) 6.(a) 2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s)

2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s) (b) P4 + 5O2
2P2O5
7.(i) 2KClO3
2KCl + 3O2 (ii) 2Al + 3H2SO4
Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
32 Answers Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

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My Chapter Notes
Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

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Vidyamandir Classes Chemical Reactions & Equations

Chemical Reactions & Equations

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 1 1

3. Endothermic Reactions & Exothermic Reactions :

(ii) 2Al (s) + Fe2O3(s)

2 Section 1 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS Section - 2

2. Balancing Chemical Equations :

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 2 3

Illustration - 1 Let us try balancing the following chemical equation:

The partly balanced equation becomes: Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + H2

Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2

Thus, the equation becomes 3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2

4 Section 2 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

3Fe + 4 H2O Fe3O4 + 4 H2

Illustrating the concept :

In this equation, both the sides have:

Illustration - 2 Glucose oxidises during the following reaction

The equation becomes: C6 H12O6 O2

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 2 5

The equation becomes: C6 H12O6 O2

6 Section 2 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 2 7

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS Section - 3

Chemical reactions can be classified into the following categories:

Illustrating the concept :

8 Section 3 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

Illustration - 4 is used to manufacture cement.

Silver chloride Silver Chlorine

Fe (s) + CuSO4 (aq) FeSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)

Illustrating the concept :

Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) 2 NaCl (aq) + BaSO4 (s)

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 3 9

5. Oxidation and Reduction Reactions :

NOW ATTEMPT IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE-B BEFORE PROCEEDING AHEAD IN THIS EBOOK

10 Section 3 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

OXIDATION NUMBER CONCEPT Section - 4

Oxidation number of Mn = +6 ; Oxidation state of Mn = Mn 6+

For Example : K 2 MnO 4

For Example : MnO 4

1 (oxidation number of Mn) + 4 (Oxidation number of O) = 1

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 4 11

12 Section 4 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

Illustration - 5 Find out the oxidation number/oxidation state of :

(d) Fe in Fe2 (CO )9 (e) Fe in Fe3O4 (f) Mn in MnO4

Balancing of redox Equations :

Balancing by Oxidation Number Method :

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 4 13

The balancing is done in the following steps :

4. Equate the increase and decrease in O.N. on the reactant side.

14 Section 4 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

Illustration - 6 Balance the following equations by oxidation number method

(b) [Cr (OH )4 ] H 2O2

molecules on the product side. Cu 2 NO3

7. To balance the number of H atoms, add 4H on the reactant side

(b) [Cr (OH )4 ] H 2O2

The balancing is done in the following steps :

2. Identify the atoms which undergo change in O.N.

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 4 15

3. Calculate the increase and decrease in O.N. w.r. to reactant atoms

4. Equate the increase and decrease in O.N. in the reactant side.

2[Cr (OH )4 ] 3H 2O2

2[Cr(OH)4 ] + 3H 2O2 + 2OH