eB Emergent Grammar Paul J. Happer Gena Son Univesity “That languages have “grammar the vee tha they cons of suet tunis raped in patterns determined by grammatical rls, generally taken for granted within both lingunice and the cognate dacipine of Phology The stucly of bow these grammatical rules ate acquied by ‘hiklkca on dh basi of imperfect and incomplete data seen by workers jn both fells ss major projeee A common asinpion his hee shat mae and 1 ‘ Teasing the ‘ils tsk, 0 o speak, the joining ofthe dose. This bind of explanation, however, requtes strong and vez) explicit hind of 3 prior knowedge ‘ofthe Kn abourwich ang lingiss nd pechologiste ae jst skeptical ‘Yeu much prycholingetc esearch prsceds a an adult target of 2 syplematie and complete act of grammatical naes was aalable a8 the goal ‘ffanguage aeitin, and at cheers ables developed contin Suet prjecte atthe hill s sequin ofthe pase.” whe child's 2 ‘ion of modal verbal nam, continue ae the chil were ill ou the deal af an alveady existent patter, These teleoioical implications ‘ofinnatenes ate nevtaie i che image ofa guage as an abseact system Held together bya tem of rides accepted and ithe common possesion sf sucha stem of roles is ceeme! to be pretegulte for mutual un Aerating trinergent Grammar fsa conception of ingustcstuctse that proposes vo typist he problem of fixed, prescouse alle rsmnmat. wih is ‘equsiton is sustained by innate knowtedge, hich secon cs the misting and defective experiential nove 55156 hones attendant problems of necessity “degenerate” input or bots bi sep Sidon and adult malmenapce of language by relocating structure, dat “gmmmar” frum the center ta the peniphery of Uoguiste communication (Grammar. in duis view, snot the source of understanding and commun= ‘ation bot a byprodiat oft Grammar in other words epiphenomens, "The tern eve hcl I take f2om an essay the historan Janes Cciford, ut Ewe transfered i rom sexe content of “elite” that grammae Cliford (1866, p18) remarked tha “Culture i tempor. tmergent, nd spate.” The skme can be said to be tre of grammar Which ke speech elf mas be vewed as a realtime, octal phenomencr nd therefore tempor its stractre ie aba eferet, aheay 3 provers but meer ariong. and thecefote emergent and beeause [ca fly chonte any fraction af dara to deeb, any deckion T make about Fiing my fe af tno example In rogard to the scection of texts, forthe prnlegng ofthe weige ofa particular ethnic ls, age. oF gender troup) very ikl to bea pollical decison, to be agaist someone ese s Imteress, ane therelore espe The notion of Emergent Grammar i meant wo suggest dat stucare fr regularity, comes cut of ducer ane ie shaped hy dicouree on am fangong process Grammar this wet. smply the name for cera Categorie of abserved repedtions in dscoune Ie hence not ta he sre derstood as preveqinte for dnecume, a prior posession atbuable 1b ‘lana loom a both speaker and hearers ome are not ied empties bbutemerge ot of acrtoare interaction i was hat elect the inal seater” post experience ofthese form, andl their aeesmient ofthe ple ent conteet, including especially dhe intesocutor. whose experiences nd assessments may be que ilferen Fncamenial to ths alternate view of grammar ba ehanged penpre tive on the nature ofthe inguin sgn defined a a unit that Uks © Jingu form saith 2 meaning oF tuneton. Sundard approaches to Lie sie dats, both those that all herncies“ormal” and thove that cll ‘hemscves“hncionsl,” agree on Funlamentaly sma ew ofthe me ture ofthe sigh. In this ew, signs ate equipped! atthe outset, that 10 ‘ay, prior tanya of commnienon, wth al Uhe information neces foe their suecesfal communicate eA language san inventory osu signs, tether sith ther combinaorat role and discourses ae Si ff formeteaning dyads arrange syntactically” according to these re Both grammar and lexicon ext at an abtract level porto any wse a is made of them in dire, ane communication depen crucial the ssallabliy to all pares to a commmuniee ae of an Wena se ot signs les, and is UUndcrising his ew of the Lingus sig, but rarely sated explcl Isa pardculariew of communication dof grammar isnot te paP™ this chapter to indage in am historical and epistemological eqn of fontemporry ingustic theory. ut mther to es ema objec Yesnble seme pent f contrat hetween nga hit proece on Thea pron ew of the si, and astern ew that makes the sgn Ise suger tothe exigeneien of communication and anigne omtelogiel Fron tothe fact af crmuncation tele Some ofthe consequence of naling this asesion ofthe normal espn ae dros nah tt rence to work that ether alteaty males the insnion ot can be ner Preted without yrat cel of efor in ere ofthe meson, For sone Frevinwestrement onthe dicts betwen son grammar aed ce font grammar sce Hopper (10,1088) Signe whose form and meaning sre bjt to communicative act re helt have a struct described at emergent Ths ean tht pes form (hat bth it external spect andthe ae to which i's po [rovshnal andi dependent ot on teen nes core of eat meaning, bt on pesos vars nd contest the caren spelen tas med or heard Grammar has the sme provi snd conte pendent propery tthe sgn, Ar appronch to grammar chat adopt this Frat fered oat Ena xan “The noton of emergence tx pregnant one. Ts not ncn oe a sandard sen of ong or genesogy, nt am hater queaion of how the grammar came toe thew t,t tea, the the abet smergent seri 3 continual noemen tons sect, postpone iment or deferral of sewer, asiew of sticate at aay pow savage nogoie, and infact epphenomena that av an elect rater than acame. The term magn should chase diinguthed fom agg “The term emerging sigh he applied .nsubwem that beeing ark of anstready exiting grammar fr example, onc apes an emery Ing deine arc ene hat perhape sl retain some feature of 8 e- ‘monstatie ft that hs tine degre of ebligatorines wh resp to nou that aligns 9polgicaly wih the etna rica, The form might hen be thovght of incorpo definite acl or as dete ein te making However thi perspective al presippones hat here ita teed code, and understands 3 fon tobe on the wat to cay Fights place the machvonic grant) sem see te cb Bletenes of the etegry oben sone sense alien chat the langage working teleological to core A sacar tht emerge the ‘her hand sneer Bred vcr dtemined, hat conway open aed in tx “The term esnergeat seem tothe stem ncompletenes of 8 lenguage nd ses ibility bebcen frm and meaning constant an {8 8 tral sition. tn the emergence new there no naa Ried ‘entre ta Langage, Rather spears bows ben fom he resons [princes of communi sar eneamences, on sn Wis138 owen sd wih sina interlocutory, Syma, Jn hs view, 620 ion prontce by the pata sting or wulmntatn of equciny woe foe {nto temporary asym Grammars aan cllecon of uk supe ‘Asan unintended ovo of cortmsnicatye bear, gronnana Sco suction” (Giddens 8) rather thin ounded obec dng of a sewer nog placed comet to the a prio ew haters form ss art ents wae enistence hr preaspened bythe pai ofa ‘i commanieation, a tht en alangsge se cowed ed coe inking preenitent fame topiseient meanings Whe sedimented fom ag types in some ee tn Hae the sane Led ot sty ae» pro oat tthe point here the alae temporary syemicy reece Cam sometimes he smmaraed by qe sat hei Somes hen slogkal and sec premises ofthe two perspectives are infact ute {sere The sation my he compared to thats inna ves Newtons phe wheve for many experiences of the ld, mc at ‘eng 4 cathe lerenceserweea the te theese ae not le ners for aera in eleting the mine and taco of Ighapce parc, nl the Eatin perpecine iva the pssst doesnot ase no tine tometer inesctng avout ay, tas wncrmands low sco phencmena co be interpretable in crs the gle amework requ by Mghapeed phenomena Aon the pinay foci th chap the praise seated bythe emergent amar penal forthe dpi onic tere ate nore gencral npc that ake the whee quesdon of the ommmnicatte bas fanpage jon the sare conceal Ke tio I therefore by present some poins of comparison beeen the tno diferent penpecter oe how sae Pion Grammar Perce {APG} an dhe Emergent Goammot Pepectne 1 IMPLICATIONS FOR GRAMMAR Distributed Verwns Molar (Grammar in EG is & mote settered and less unified affair than in APG. Theve Is in BG no grammar in the wense of one area (or ‘thodle") of language tha is set tide ae che teposioy of abnraet strata, Insta there ate only diferent kn of repetition, some of whic cancer what ‘id more conventionally be lle lexical, srme inmate ant some ‘morphological or grammatial. These repeticns come from vaons genres And stuabons of speaking. bat come to he recognired ae grammatical ‘shen enough of them can be iene that they aze sce to form 2 fo subaytem. The grammar af 4 language then, consists not of a single “etnited sem, but rather, of am opesvended collestion of fern tat te constantly eing resructored sod resemantceed ding actual se ‘The mechanion that brings this about what Haima (1001) called rw maton, the fing of existetia-stuateal meaning that occurs When fy action & constantly repeated unlit becomes routine. The surce of ‘he ome that become grammaicieed in this way i what Becker called for tc "Pros txt ete real» pine of language, not some logical Heep ‘ewctre of anything Uke that Por txt isthe Fal sure, the rel a Door of speaking.” {ISR4 p25). We sy things that have heen sa ctor Ourspeech ea vat collection af handed that reaches ack in time tothe heginnings of language, The aggregation of changes and aijustments that are made to this ineritince en eth inal oxeson fr fe ree in a convtant erosion and replacement of the sediment of tage that elled grammar. ‘Sipporttor sich ew of grammar enced By the et tha tat rain anguage smd ess grammatical Le Less genet han theosedea Ssmactclans would suggest For example. the Hnalish passive, which i ‘commonly supposed to be 3 general yotctc re ol Engl that convert ‘etences ke "Anes contradicted hssatement ino Hssaterent at ‘ontatited by wines has beenshownto be confined practice oie ft renuketed number of verbs (Grors, 1974). The increasing interes in “comps Hnguivics” the ty of angescale patermec! wage tat has hee sade pele the computer, as alo shakes the co ead astmption ‘ot langescale regulary in langage Stubbs, 196, ia good recent survey ‘tbuth ethology al thevrctal implications A god exampe John ‘Soclairs (1991) obwenation that she “preponton’ of mi seem tothe srammattn to be a rather normal preposition aking noun plates a8 & ‘Somplement, behaves extally in wap that ete apart rom oer preps tions and puts sto question the cheieation of is word asa repostion (pp. 81-081. The word requeney st published by the Lancaster Ono Ber en corpus project show that of th $8 of eecunrencer of all x preps ‘ons, is almort vice frequent athe next moet frequent preposition vith 22% (Johanson & Hotta, 187, Vel 1p. 18) Furthermore, preposions in Engish chatacerisially fonction asthe head of sprepontionsl phrase that el nctions as a sentence adjunct, thee, slam adverbal pliase (Ms. Robinson wat taken al dunng the pofercanc’) Honever, the preposition of ges not occ i ths Funct, Thtead, appears almost ava in a quiising expression medihing row, for eeample mn the poner ronaruction, ax well a appostonal Conthtctins kethe nyt Aaa” and soon, Sine (1921) conte that oe not really a preposition, bt thar It forms 2 category ad 1G athe sole member, The movement of the preposition ef aay trom the160 Horse other prepositions is ilkatratne of station that Sediment in English Ittmus be sessed that this pctore of a natal emergence of gramag vs a byproduct of unige and frequency is complicate by the sole of Snsttttonal nome of various hinds that may arly extend or eeinee the range ofan emergent regan and fx sanaedized forms a itogs ses, grammar hook le manvale, and many other hittional tact EP. Thompson (081) noted «similar movement fom etm ly ‘ted an eaty source from 1701 that exphety Inked frequency, wage $d isttenalestions pe shealy Become Fora Case tte tegianing ed growth to pofesion in ti manace. ‘When a ressmabie Act ane dane fn to fe go, an ene she People ad agieeabe vo de ate and dpi ed hy se ial rate aga ated pin an vot often aerate sd hin tthe Act thoes a Cas: snd lng cnued wor etn Tie ou rind, anette fos a sane pesos) The expression “ime out of mind” here means “beyond living menor." strikingly recall Haima’ wutinizatio, The forgeting ofthe orga ‘mantic motvation ora form daring repeated se they se and practise Teagain and again” “by offen strate and slipleaion") see te peistence from generation to generation long ater the orginal ote Mion has ceased Cheing continser othe intenption) make increasingly indpensable (blaine he force uta Liv’) “Reasonable act" of course do not appear ina cult olga vaca, and 9018 Also with inguin exprosions They ae-anchove in pretiuseaprcsion sud are repeated Feaause they have een foun oe elu ot pasha prestigious and staat confersing. (Av wih lan, it nol 30 dea that Eingustic expressions are adopted because they ave "good, bencial,and agreeable") The entry of sof forme into the canes grammat of & Standard language ie cornparale im many way othe panage fo estom tovwnitten lay, fom "wed st the” 40 “you shall this” There are many reasons Zor thinking that many ofthe res sod representations Invented be formal lings are unconseoss approprintions of sand avdized canonical grammar and isis istoricakTemporal/Pretenia-Transcendental Consistent with this move patclariae and fragnuenaty view of stuctare Jsadiferentatinde ovard temporal (Hopper. 18, 1 Line. 182. Lie the actsefcommunicaton thar engender, Emengent Grammarexss In ime: Its oss are mara they have been wed bere aa they wil be sued again, on cach ocamionet we in adierentcomex! and with different sense They come and go in he speahr’s waren acorn wo whether Bia lten or trey Head and are not toally and sianeoasy ‘SS oe seer without gu wo cent Te are the thes of memory, sey appropriates, nd changes af top nd to "Bforecment or abaence uf reinforcement from interineutrs. Moreover, Tethme grammar lea question of ebvrved repelidons rather than a stexicmt aburact stem, ican only he decribed in tu Emergent etic re agerguaen they are the sediment of equeney. The APG ‘object by ecmiast tnt assume the conan say of the etic Tobvage atm a tl to be Known tothe speaker without regard tn tine of situation, and srt lexicon, and meting ei outside ther [ites and ane sleted fom the tentony fre and forms hing “cermntieaton for ther appropriateness SoclaHnterastive and Dislogie/Prchological Cognitive ‘stort Grammar is quintessentially mcg. I poste "pee ‘penker hearer in a completely homogeacows specch commit ‘Ghsmnay 6, pen hse, expansions for forms do not nwlse Ahenecanry pretence ofan coco or een oa cet speakers MU tinguc knowlege ofl vs, he grammatical seman, oe prog thea toyed inthe india seater snd, ad can be eee Tom ive lth elctenee te mate ac of soxnmniation Boome or by comers star om i the auton of comin, tere {eine an imp neces fora ae onary Beng apt Site need ofthe hen o the saience. Thin re or woe a wor apuen texts Mowelol ext, prenppse a atubenee (1 “ly ling to once na be read se sure, pathologies ne Apentng on he ture ke vaye abnormal) The ea at no “nip meunngs but a ingots forme emerge aromas of deve imporane beets iby npc dees 4 bi, ae come souo= ining ed Speech pete aye 3 comet of auseem 10 ner bi 885) pt ‘Ths areal and itegra underwandig athe pons and con {ites ing ether sn Me ia preparatory sage af a espns Sit emo be ake the peak nae # ete a el ay weer ni ope pie arestontg thts toss oa pees ism ie ‘tomane ees ma er, he eps espns gece. seth Uhpeereucerar and oth oto spe genres preipne rns ‘gettin pesca he pvt he speaker wie,wee Gocchin, 1970), It is alto clstribated among diferent genes of wa ‘ee ao Oe eee cs ete Greenbaum, 1988), Their uncertainty derives fram an almence of ey a tench ut athe they earn apt these inten a pplex surroundings, It is an enterprise that does not stop at the age of @ ‘but continues throughout a lifetime. if ae Syatagmaie/Paradigmatic Deane ofthe el hat the forms and suc ngge ina Sstmate veo Pint Grimmaemphesses mathodlogeay he Celectin of parsgmataly range form. opal separate ee ftom a gama and ning pine y whom fords ad te este acorcing othr dbnon in ger fom sacha Se seaces, Obert thse tons ap notes tad te formation of generdssons aoa then athe tener Ta EG a hich ors are cen sna ver tne. amas being exten Between mech tee a emphase on he eer. 1 yeaa Eirangcmcts of forms wile Inthe t sek aencomponthy ge St seco abet fearon oa 2 IMPLICATIONS FOR LANGUAGE. Communication /Indiidual Expression 3) dfion, 26 bated onthe eno cmmunio, song Ue evenly seme of ths word. es of communica rote the prot ce of mpl seater sone of whom a sometimes aba he guage intonctnae i any ter In APs however come cat Pay rele es vather a ponpned agen tobe accounted for by nets enumirs among adh each wi endowed ith 1 eal eo pate meta sie osm gran Say cornea fms, Because the forms of ngage ave thus completely Sv Simltanectaly presenti te inal the ony base fetion fo | pene Onno ws ei individual selbexpresion se: apart fom the speech oF her peeeriany poral Complete Holic ne wv olga pis inthe ARG ptt els hat the fos Te vege oma 9 comet mec itech a wd ad an lsh ie tansendenlsod stem an there per aval a esk roth langage eng 3 95 ae ina rt an ania ih al ttre. the mes ae Ser pe ienal, Ie EG, mina fern 9 me su odeed not real on eoiyo al baker. te se a mie cameron tot hae been rn ofthe me ae ering name unig hinge Direc mong speaker ae Seca very ra and eommeieaton pall qewion of Hep sere rcr common ground temmerelt i7h-The ae iene ape sy a wrest they ren APC ht belong oes fw (Rogge £ Spear vay imige econ sca ea pe pe aoe tot tne vocal tae, ges rea ay cond of ene SerRT omer tangusge, and ether Pts, any of hi sh rene thay Spe, 198} srs wel vera. APG. these inne erences fe apps bese ty are hel went Show ane than precede te pol src code Tiber becnse th or ft langage dos ext hme sal theming of he tal spaer tee nated ing iso commaniadon mony peer sree conto compete don among pene fr cocrt othe essa tem an the {tito ove and expo, wel forestier tnd sch tings ss cot neon song tema frm poy a ulin an econ f seevane 9 APG y eon Tos not reuie ine presence of she spelen They arin instteefr he play sve vc nel e they ae pep inoue. dues thy nny ety psy pels le, ha thoy nc depned. thetic stacking Hern deen Tay 10, Sewer 105), Sree sa hee note ae nt eq bt ier hr ay 6 st egpit ts adaptation, Thy erent cost Mee ‘eabaly, ping. and phosloy snag itoaton, sy ler “Teen plabnaty teatures nich a agqennene,f apporune For wend een ta te opeence Hay psi ier nthe pre GESSpotee w lnguage reine hag ren des of peste “pd sat Al 0 thse erent sey a expeinees ake fo{uni inequdesasiong speakers tha te eparabe fom “ferences iu sny bat Une burnt sense of he mon Tees $usvound a speaker foam bith tn ll Hongh ber Me to lmpinge upon an esentally sable core, but are rontitutie of eee fn determine ints sall sad lage scale What st Ie pemited w emerge regulate Parser General 4 ngs he, the EG ppc a et comp ia eure cy iin in ie APG fenpece Athy rare nay tet igh desi onocnyscs emes ee tothe apo nd coarse ces a ko of communi hen miter niche fe agg Mesa tn Era ccllecn of tgey peered pray aaa er bop conte sn ning gue Tae peta some inteneeting srt nd det, share serial ht ele treks bi and omanon tot wide ange of veal tain a ‘incre mach aries hn ams ae mike At ponprine. Aine mine gee cng se in spoke se seperti om a {them sks sasha may bese she here hms uh ngs a emma nay cope se (Ca oma a esp) timid reed ais hen the parc an he shea ecu hese sono heey th apr nthe spc emmy Joann, TAPE fed ome rm it et ire ran, Wh ‘ing ch psc ey encarta A ween sam here wa essay ems er ees sie aan £6, tangas ets feral shat eves at hin acto the omy ba an emergent sn eee inch inant expense nya ne Sg Matesaity/Abstact Rules and Forms In EG. the form of tanguage are seen 28 material embsies hat ave peed fom speaker to speaker inthe form of tial uterances that are pcked up, Yemenbered, and often changed tm ditect analogical The way in which this occus has been dterbed by a imber of author fe Se Fe i A i ee a er ee 3. IMPLICATIONS FOR LINGUISTICS “Testud (Natura) Data/ Constructed Data ‘Tc contwting asumptions of APG and EG extend, of conse, ako 10 Ingustes ‘The dative pon ni Knit theory has been extn tne atest the pas yeas wr dese rom intuionsabont grammatically oneet terances a recenstncted cither by the native speaker kingust of ‘ie ling snaive speaker helper The adeqpary sich database has ‘en sere quessioned in recent years (la penetating ecamination of premises. sce Lave, IND) Snctrecan onlybeseen a emergent i frrs zie examined in dese naturally occuring conten and his mea th Iingtsties mus cecal turn te tenion to the probit text the felioonship of writer ¢0 tex, for example, the theery and practice of Ttansriptions ad the develope of techniques for studying and dip Ing the phehouena of emergent suueture KG shits the emphasis of investigations nn whatspeaersean do unde laboratory condionsto what they dol in the natural eavionmentn which Language ist home. Ke seeks tithe feyuently occuring pattern and dibutons of forms, and shows sow intr frequency alecte thes for The parallel st biology withthe comet heen physiology ae ama ‘omy’ on one hand and ecology ne ethology om the ther, whieh might sce offer APG the angumet thst inguis stdy he tons of language ina prebehasiona,precotextal mode with set to eventval sh the deployment of these rms ins socal seing sendely mleating Tk mbleaing beeanse the fnrnsueaning nits ate not xed beforhand,166 owl ‘ln’ me tear eet See eee inline ar gen eee seman mea, rented. in Whigenstein’s words, “rom outside” (ct. Wittgenstein, 1955/1958)—not as gered by steraled! mentally represented rules, thu by preeuistent material with which icone can bs devised (Seth 1978, pp. 1-82, Staten, 1994, pp. AMAA). An eniely pall way of ] language is built up out of combinations of sch prefabricated parts. Fame gag sn other words, to beviewet a kindof pastiche, pare logether {nan improwsed way ot of ready element Langage th to be evn language eo baila to Jc Deda with his metaphor erinfaae ol: New specch sce ogi ont oot aed of ane ie i tus a The soc ova whieh frre speech ae of ete (Gules, 158, pp 134-1) Becker® en opr ex eg ier 07h, pp 4-213 1088p 0) ean crcl ewe: Previous atl Seclaces Torn te basis of now wterances, Sit erations fave ‘esta by Bangs Pusey, and oes, The ching Ann Peter ‘i ote in het book Te Uns of Language Aiton (185) the cm: aoe Marcas tthe dye child angen neqsetion by conser, {iSpuage so comet not of grammatical rls bt yma and tensa bound Schum ef wr mara, Stephany (962) point ‘Mand nated dhe inporant ole of gramateiaon’—e emer ince af sructe Out af teasions furan The chil’ npr of ‘Sing ais Beker (1) oted the pletion of ts Hew of ngage ‘Sipe txt for the teaching of secon ages a TPs prepared, peat pect ot spec hi acount forthe sharatore of lnguage for which no dale doestee {Neary can prone an intuelysushing explanations tn natura iy {ours we compe and speak saan (ith, 97, p60, These {itetoumin fact, no med—kr medion by mental strates. Kis it thssens a at Boiger ponte ot Clogs, 170), peeing oe Sarto remembering proce and things ban so lowing us. Iisa quealon of poneng a tcpertie of saeges for bulding dar ounes and feachiag Ino tenory In onic hnprove aid awoblc them Nowe grammar i not so scan the mae of ela. ba {iSead ws wat resus he Toma are rere. or irae sd feasembled, dilreat may ‘ooking tfanguape th ay Hobs serouradisment fr the i sutbecnse we he developed the habe ot secng sterance ten ET aac amenoth of les and expec becnee We have een Fed Sn'the doctine ofthe fee gener of wemtencen ad the presing “Tovey ver por ene Indcc, novel pried rte our et Stogetir ane ave many af some more sae tan ters, of “ating perce epetons ot ober benaor anda exumnous Yr ‘Shula ean th Fopeton whe connote ae malay eye opi ian laren) et nen one atin cal apecamens {ape trem the Formals point of ew, the effec asking ave, [esas coen's menus one that ip then extreme iil to Set the old rulepunernee rae view of ticosme Consier the ‘Stoning exemple fer spoken Eng tne of many camp fm the Carre and Joes 1070 compos Wal no the probe ised th hatte pscelops has meson | Ine chest tf wort wnt sow ay pe Ek tear ou tae a naa168 ‘wut because theyre shill going la nto reatter what buppens theyre guing SORA dy ean gt pe og so th hey aig oe qeton athe tera ther ong they SA eae en tana ane aa eet 422) mt ie ven a cuoy sa of eh pastges eves several erent lene ‘regularity. The formulas arc casily solatcd. Note just a few of them: = the prot he mentee ome those Kis you take svi be maybe a lot Ie epends on ‘ho matter what Rappens ere sill going 10 Tsing i a any word fame question after another nothing they ay makes any sense eleva 9 the station sharp line of diflerentiaton ‘enollonaly dinate te awh intone utoritran subtest I woul in at be eft oF Unponile toe the hin bets Kae and Dostrmise expreoion. Moveoer, there aye sngle words wie cou themes said conse mas nicotene a ah tonal "Tne ops at Sars Colncite wi the houndes Forman wh repel ante wih ead pn %n ohio trans nopoition far mh pangtph or ere the spear cle far ay-the nial ree pees ino the pane reas tha fre wate nt omen ees shane "the wna cl an anes nt sec “the awerage raed cl kh ako-once ad ~appeat congo {che overage, daly nce wo aan Isat sovappcoprate forsala and move inte a more specie Ive of diconrse 4 hey the properies etapa in this cotext in the adjective "no rave mate explicit those ds wont wont sow any hope he he sen fae rma oh the MSge rene cit imenn the one wes tase ay hance ike imate or deainem something ke tat ¢Gaereve & Jones 17% might be suggested that inthis parila pasagea sr of secondhand tush ate prufessonal argon stmanifstihohich manners pec Ina parila pet af expert intride, (Note, for example, the pervasive ‘Raidtmnd by which the speaker imprenes on the listener her familia Ghar generat ease of ths hind) Yeu it would be eeu to find a pasae Ena dicouse about which some analogous remark might note ‘ade The point ir that all cgcoure i some sense specialist discourse Mold to doe speaker's personality (.e, peesonalhisory). dhe situation UGnefuding the pecent history of he teraction and the participant) the (iirc (degre of formalin), the gente, and the topic Tes precy the eine about Emergent Grammar that seh “heteroglnsc™ (BakBtin, 198), PeGet) specs of lingwage necesaniy become intezral pasts ofthe Bre Evite descripton, and ane not sct aside as a separate agen rlevant {othe linge cone and se sracture “The soematcty that hnguiste have come to expect i langage ex, of couse, fut in 4 more complex way. Now, the lingubie sstem fs not {be seen as something complete nd homogeneows, in which “excep tonal phenomena sunt be st ade ay inconerient regulates, bul 3 growing together of dlxparste forms, This convergence takes place “neoagh itera asowsatione of real uterances.Siaartcs spread outward ‘rom inal formals, in ways that are motiated bya vanety of Factors, seh a) phonological sarc (rhyme, asonance): il to rs Tinks and (bt eomtental sary: I posuaded hi. o> Teen in tvand etter kinds of resonance (Bolinger, 1961). They do not, howene, merge imo dhe hind of wsifrme grammar wich would lead one to posit 1 nif mencal reprexmtation to aublend thet, Roetore/Logie Foom dhe ime of Astle un the Middle Ages an beyond fanpage Wan hied in terms of "areas pth,” the eva, consisting of loi [grammar and rhetoric, Grammar of couse, orginal meant the elemen- ety phase of eccaion in which wdng was aught. 1 consisted of the eects forthe sty of text, Grammar came te sweated withthe Feching of Latin and exchsiely wid the syax and monphology of Ltn;orm sot omni to spi Othe ngage era, f 0) apc due ee ‘cian here hashes growing cect samara wih oie attr the priate heen ofc Ioseme in of mal es slo Fm to ne eng fsemmade contrat stanesctntem nen ecient fis og anagrams Rheorchargenean eases tings samen wot sone Te tas prepare ee tater es of ranmranoge Earn amma sae oe ‘toning the cenray at tare by pad aman cea neomtt uinton athe eae mpiaonalchs ay trate an seg grimmar ming ke han theme ‘rt Grammar eer node heen tae po [traction och pics eois aden partons ee Smee trot eget we nga cones, Conduit and Code Metaphors Blueprint Metapior The controlling metaphors fo language and he poets of guises tn A Priori Grammar eat be said tobe the sean the sonduit Language Inthis view a cade because i forms and for inkle meaning hat ext Independently ofl Languitc forms ar een rad by linguists to fede” particular meanings; foF example, the Englih word chlden coes the Imeanings shld and ara The atendant prcholinguintic metaphors of encoding” and “decoding” follow eal froth the iden ol «nuit code Moreover, language i seen as 2 ronde! (the metaphor wed to Rey. 1078). kind ot pipe htough which ideas lovmlaed in the ed of ome speaker are enoaded and Hanamited tothe head of another speaker here they are decode! and reconstituted a the same eas, Tn th meta hor language isa form of "telementaion” or thought trancterence (Eat 1990), The EG metaphor of language i more hike the akeratve blfeted by Reddy of a blueprint. Bseprinte do ot speciy every brick ae every nal, bus with a bizeprint, a builder oF an engineer enabled to onsttate an arifat by combining a sidctutal ome wh set of cone sentions and experiences of smile anaes. Moreover the meaning of bueprine is uel to be determined without consataions of vations Kind involving. perhaps, ellen, materia experts, lator non cals and sun others, What the adult as learued when she scesflly es 2 form isnot an intrinsic meaning but x set of contest ia wlh the form is or might be, appropriate. Beciuse of tis the meaning changes very time the form is wied Just as the meaning of 4 Mucptine changes with each human and material context of comsiaction, Ihe intellect ed Ree recive, cannot be pesunded w perce, an analogy bereen the fon of the wse of form and some previous coment, com note a memnis means that the task of “leaming a language” must be sconces camp Nfonstandy, A language is not a cireurscribed object but a loose Wiking Speech tnopposin we 19h cent’ spreacepaton sthsiten texts andthe aed eo den language ws writes enguge, Semi 10/198) seu tisuccers were aps pint out hat tithe sens mate of Mtge: wsbespoken,and that wring esesondarytospeceh Yeon) tah pa 20 yeas tha he estar at dierent speech fem in ioe been couneceuly sted (eg, Che & Danilewes, 187: hate "Mimene 2869) and the seston of oral” the phenomenoions of Sealing in fren eles, haw bre sessed (Cx On. 198. {BPo,walyoralspeech snecerenleny sr inteaethe sae rama veel wntences henge conection wth normal wage he 0 ie the ew and most pied peeentaive flange. Impaler ces He "Te wena eed 70000 Be who iasened he whee” a Smour ied the salut with afte beth ker fom Atal paper) ‘hic cut nce cea aie dcr were a toate extent Mee norm nthe ng Meatve The btn onnatral dsrnes find are ncoecnable woe seiten language antecedent has ben tte several esearch, and itereaayr nthe present decade In sow lane monograph ented The Whitey tanpesge i ings (183), Per Line showed how the scence ot ngs as uncon taken its model of langage, 8 Syma semantics and phonology, + nile yen form of Eas Tine speitealyacibed tne pocsecopaton of APG lings wth the sentence as bac unt (the onologeal foundation of Linge in “rte language even when sich fowsdaton na xpi denied. That Che sentence en aufat owing na so noted bythe Brith King ly Hass ni bok he Loong Mahe, Hams (1980) opt wo fa qa iat ihe vel ncnetypocedane’ of moder gui s Asstime that andad orthography denies ll the rlevant disnetons wl 30 le fet ane oder” He ater contactm ore pps we wp ona thie superfilr f e semtenc, at ies ena eee ht ane ll ewes in place he oe eter, ‘het geammtelelmiomipa saad, Wet meanings asigned Thaeticn simply lk 2 phone etotmes ig of wend wi) the su hed AE sr, gust ssaon fo whic thse on ‘Se comet chy fr sn Hino he ertence wing, ws In recent inguisics that not so indebted co the APG projet. there hate heen three responses to the guewng awareness of oral. One has bea. (oocu tention on ora (ie, nonierate) cultures. A significant theme Sritie work was Ong thesis thet “writing resimciues conscious (Ong. 1082, pp TUL6), thats, chat dhe historical development of wien langage resulted in 9 eifere hit of mental fe, in which the wond Comme to be interpreted i fers ef onderhing absactions ae theories. SSnorher has een to sty the entre phenorenon of writen as disinet from spoken language nother words the jramaat of wring (sce Chale Ie Tannen. 1387 for 3 survey). Heve, too, real dllerences bemecn peaking and writing hase come to ght suggesting not so mach writen find spoken versious of the tame Language a something more Hike Wo framomacicalydininetlangusges, The complex interplay of genres, sles, Ind registers (egies of formal) har crisr- of ying things hve ben weed belo, They ate handed 10 ts by our penal Sha Eateetonal biographies, a they were handed to dhose fram whem Se heard them, Fare ofthese things that were said 10 ware repetitions (oF ether part and group themselves through repedon inte sbstems that can, provgenally, e called grammateal Along wich our grwp of these locmulaeexpretions. and leaned it hem, are de weal contexte tovwhich they are appropriate, ThA i to say hat what ade Koon, and ‘what chdten learn i ota abxract system of units win meanings and Fules for coubining them, but are tegrated normative moves of int ie behavior atd the accompasyng social we of comporeal signs sch {Sorts and gestures, to which concepts Ike Hanguage se grammar are Slimot etiey seeonday 1 | ERGENT GRALBIAR yore, 1 secs cn Cre 9) ome le i reed np i cma aka eB nr het » be amma Tae Ramu Se anon ea ee re te mite ga hea [REFERENCES septa ar ea nr usm rae ay Sa nae marc rena se Set Mer a fo ua hon ame i ME ay cs 4 to a Me ha to cat cote tmeeon ro oma, Comms mai a ee mt "BSc eee sete Se ttBeet vm Cin 3 SED etn fi he 1m ena crate Co a ae an Fane ct CS Mes ms ~ wie eet sea Ee ‘cent, 86, Ga gta peso Lindo Longin, x ie een ot ena {GeoaAL 8T0, Oe me fab af gece pont egy a, re {sen fai eaten Tie ane EE gn, csmmin en p98 NewS NE ee ‘inp, not Apne qn ges ane Sere et ace Ngee moe Pe ah. Ore "ia on a he detent of lange. Pace sen tT tng eae tte: Ban ne ‘ah A G0, Ov teeny gus eG as | Tale), Rea ‘mgs. ond Rea Rega Pa vo. Soran ng Ay ge Hopper 8 Erg roar eA Cpr et. 2 Tangy "banger Mf Norge |Tv Te ie eran ee ngs Td Sag gen mb Bt ay lene, i. 2) Owl ead Caen bomen, (64 een ncn Adige Ie Bohne (yan ‘itm inasonan ners Nal. sp Ea Nos, A Aes ohn: 4) agent een et ogee On ci ra onal To deg i gti. hing Seeders Une of Yong NUD. Te rf ngage inn ned ngs HG Dis Th Tara, S897 ton Baeage Ropes Pah co th a iy fren nec Mote dare nf Bicone a RW Shokan ema eta WK uma td ete Ue Resin, J Murphy ‘Eran ce nl ae Ye AM ER The rn tp mg, Ca, Eng Ge Ret] GHD. the cm epee Ain a ene efi ingage aot Sine hepa gas Hai Tee) el He