T H E S O CI ET Y FO R T H E PRO MOTI O N O F H E L L E N I O STU O I ES

TH E J O U RN AL

H E L L E N I C ST U DI E S

VO L U ME
I V

1 883

K RA U S R E P R I N T
N e n d e ln / L ie c h t e n s te i n
1 97 1
 Re p rin t ed b y pe rmi s sio n o f
I
T H E S O C E T Y F O R PR O MO T I O N O F H E L L E N I C ST U D I E S

K RA U S RE P RI N T
A D iv i s io n o f
K R A U S -T H O MS O N O R G A N IZ A T I O N LI MI T E D
N c n de I n / L ie ch te n s te in
1 97 1
Pr i n te d in Ge rm a ny
 C O N T E N T S .

rac e

l i u l es of t he S o c iety x ii i
Li s t of O f cers an d Members
T ran s acti ons i y 1 888 of the S oc e t x xxvii
1 . T w o Archaic Greek S arcoph ag i ( P I .
G D E NN I S . 1

2 . T he Gr aeco-Roman C ivilization i n P is idia W M RA MS AY . . . 23

You thful As k l ep i os ( P l a te) W WRO T H

'

8 . A S tat ue of th e .
- .
-
46

4 . Metr op ol i tanu s C am pu s W M RA MS A Y . . 53

5 . S om e Qu e s t i on s c onc ern in g th e A m ou r r of H om e ri c H er oe s WAL T E R

L EAF 73

6 . Vi e w s of At h e n s i n t h e y e a r 1 6 8 7 (T wo Pl a t es ) O . . W AL D S T E I N 86

7 . At h e n e a n d E n el a du s c a B ron ze i n t h e Mu s e o K i r ch e r i an o ( Pl a t e) .

A H S MI T H
. . 90

8 . Vas e w i th re p res en tat i on of H era kl es a nd Ge ra s ( Pl .

C E CI L

S MI T H 96

9 . A P re -h s t o i ri c i
B u l di ng at S al a m i s ( Pl s . XXX III .
,
-M . O .

RI C HT E R 111

An t ex e s f ren tu m J R AN N
10 . r om Ta (Pl . . . D E RS O 117

11 . T h e P erg a m en e F rieze ( c on ti n u ed) .

L . R FA R N
. EL L 1 22

12 . I s c i p t i on f om Rh odes
n r s r .
CE CI L S MI T H 1 36

13 . T he Ru in s of H i s s ar li k A
. . H . S AY C E , w i th N ot e by R C . . JE BB 1 42

14 . Mi s c e ll a n ea ( 1 ) C lay D i ks f
s rom T r
a e n tu m ( 2 ) Am h o p r a -s to pp i ng f m ro

Al e x an d ri a
(3) T el es p h o r os at D i on y s op ol is (4) a Ri n g i n s c r i be d
A t t ul a s 1 56
VI CO NT E N T S .

P AC B

T h e Fr a n k s in t h e P el o p on n e s e H . F T . o zn r. 1 65

( 1 ) S k e t c h of t h e H i s tor y o f th e F ran k Pr i c i p l i ty
n a of th e H o me
. 1 68

(2) T h e C h r on i cl e o f t h e C on q u e s t 1 86

(3) T o p og r a ph i c l N ti c
a o es 207

An I cri p t io f
ns n rom Fr i e n e E . . L . H I C KS 2 37

V tiv
o e Co i ns i n D el i I cri p t i
an ns on s P . GA R D NE R 243

18 . Mon u m en ts Re l a t i ng t o t h e O dy s s e y JANE
. E . H ARRI S O N 24 8

19 . A S t a t u e t te of E ros (T wo P l a t es ) P . . GA R D N E R 26 6

20 . N otes of T rav el i n P phl a a i

g on a a n d Ga l a t i a. G H . I RS C H FE L D 2 75

21 0 N otes on H ome ri c Armour W AL T E R L E AF . 2 81

22 . O n th e F ragmen t of P rocl us
Abs t ra ct of the E p i c C ycl e i
con ta n ed in
the C odex Venetus of th e I li a d D B MO N . . RO 8 05

28 . T he Metrol og ic al Rel if e at O x ford ( Pl .

-A . MI C H AE L I S 335

24 . In s crip t ion s from Rhodes C E C I L . S MI T H 351

25 . P ai n ti ngs on t he Am azon S ar c ph
o a g u s o f C o n e to r ( Pl s XXXVI.

SI D NE Y CO L VI N 354

26 . T he C t i i es an d B sho i p i cs
r of Phr y g i a. W M . . R A MS A Y 3 70

N ote on th e Ru i n s of H i s sa r l ik an d E r
r a tu m 4 36
 C L AS S I FI E D T ABL E O F CO N TE N TS .

I E XC AVAT I O N AN D T RA E V L .

P A0 E

G H I Rs C H
. rE L n .
N otes of T ravel i n P aphlag onia an d Gala tia 2 75

W M RAMS AY T he
. . racc o-Roman C ivi l ization i n P is idia
. G 23

MetrO pol i tan u s C am p us 53

T h e C iti es an d Bis h op ri c s of P hryg i a 3 70

M . O . R I C H T E R A P r e -h is tori c Bu il d i n g a t S al a m i s i n C ypru s 111

A H . . S A Y P E T h e Ru i. f H i s rl i k ns o s a 1 42

I I .
ART AN D MAN U FAC T U RE .

J . R AN . D E Rs ox .
An te x es from T r
a en t u m 117

SI D NE Y CO L W X .
P a in t i ng s on t h e Ama zon S ar oc p ha g u s of C orn e t o 35 4

J . DE N N I s .
T w o Ar c h a i c Gre ek S a rc oph ag i

L . R FA RR E
. L L T h e P erg a m en e Fr ieze , II .

G A R D NE R C la D
y i k s from T
s a r en t u m

A S ta t u ett of E ro
e s

J AN E E H AR R I S O N Mon um en ts Rel a t i ng t o t he O d s s ey
.
y
A . MI C H AE L I S . -T he Metrol og ical Rel i f a t O x ford
e

A H . . cS MI T H .
Athene
a Br onze i n t h e Mus eo K i rcheri an oan d E n el a du s

C E C I L S MI T H Vas e w i th Re pres en ta t i on of H era kl e s an d Gem

. s

Amp h ora s t opp ing from Ale x a nd ri - a

C W A L D S T E I N A Ri n g i ns cri bed Atta l

. . ea

\V W R O T H A S ta tu e of th e Y u th fu l As kl p i o
. . o e s
v i ii C L AS S I F I E D T AB E L O F CO N T E N T S .

I I I PH
. IL O L O GY AN D I N S C R I P T I O N S .

P AG E

E . L . H I GH s .
- I s c i p t i fr
An n r on om F ri en e 23 7

CE CI L S MI T H I cri p t i on s fr m
ns o Rh od es 1 36, 3 51

I V .
H IS T O RY AN D A N T I QU I
I T E S .

P . N E R V ot i ve C oin s in D el i an In s c ri p t i on s
GA R D 24 3

WA L T E R L E AR S om e Qu es t i on s c on c erni n g th e Arm ou r of H ome ri c H eroes 73

N otes on H om eri c Arm ou r 28 1

H F T oznn T he Fran k s i n the P e1 0 p onn es e

. . . 1 65

C W A L D S T E I N Vi ew s of Ath ens i n th e year 1 6 8 7

. . 86

W W R O T H T el es ph oros a t D i onys opol is

. . 1 61

V LI T E RAT U RE
. .

D . B . Mon o 0 n th e Fr agmen t of
'
Procl u s Abs tr act of th e E p ic C yc l e
con ta n ed i i n the C ode x Ven etus 805
 L I ST O F P L AT E S .

XX . H e ra kl es an d Ge ra f s, r om a r e d -
g u re d v a s e of ii
th e B r t s h Mu s eu m .

D r a w n by M W ebb . .

XXX I . Pa i ti g
n n on an ar chai c Gr e e k sa rc p h
o ag u s f ou n d at C l az om en ae .

Fr m t r c i
o a a ng by G D e n n . i
s .

XXXII . Fou r an texes f ro m T aren t u m , Au toty p e p ri n t .

X X X III . i
D eta l s of p ro-h s tor bu l d ng i n C y i ic i i pr us , n ow ded ic at ed to
X X X IV . S t C athe ne . D a w n by M O R h te
ri . r . . ic r .

X XX V . Me trol og i c al rel i e f at O f rd
x o , A u toty pe prin t .

XXXVL Pai nt i ng s from th e Amazon S ai coph ag u s of C or n e to D ra w n b)

X X XV
I} .

C F Murra y Li th ogr ap hed by R S tci ubock , Berl

.

in
VXXVI H .
. . .
.

L I ST O F W OO D C U T S , 85 0
- .

p i c:

Sa rc oph g i f om a r C l a zom en ae 2 20

S t at u e of the You th f ul k p i os
As l e f a c e) 46

As l e k p i os on a c oi n of P hl i u s 50

r
A m ed wa rri or on v a s e of Mel os 74

Vi e w s of Ath en s i n t h e y e ar 1 6 87 f a ce) 88

A th en e an d E c
n el a d u s o n a b r on ze f a ce) 90

S el e n e i n t h e P e g a m en e Fr r i e ze 1 28

p
A m h ora -s t o pp in g f r om Al e x an dr a i 1 58

S ta m pf or a m p h o a s t pp i
r - o n
g 161

R i ng i c ib
ns r ed A t tu l as 1 62
 L I ST O F WO O D -C UT S ,
E TC .

I E;
P

T he P elo po n n e s e u n d er F ra n ki sh D om i i
n a t on ( Map ) ( to c c)

V as es re p re s en t n g i O d y ss e u s an d p
P ol y h e m u s 2 4 9, 2 5 2 , 2 5 5 , 26 3

S t a tu e t t e of E r os (to f a ce) 267

Co i n s of Pa ri um w i th g u re s of E r os ( to f ar ? ) 2 71

S ta t u e tt e of E r os ( Gr a u )

Ro ck -t om b on th e H alys 0
78

r
Fo m s of e a rl y G re k
e h el m e t s 292

E a rl y E tru s c an head-g ear 2 95

D iagram of O x ford Me trol og i cal Monu m en t 336

 R U L E S

O F T H E

S O C IE T Y FO R T H E PRO MO T I O N O F
HE L L E N IC ST UD IE S .

1 . T H E obj e cts of t his S o ci e t y sh a ll be as

fo ll o w s

I . T o a t he
st u d y o f G r e e k l a n g u a g e
d va n c e ,

l it e ra t u r e a n d a r t a n d t o ill u str a t e t h e hist o ry o f

, ,

t h e G r e e k r a c e i n t h e a n ci e n t Byz a n ti n e a n d N e o , ,

H e ll e n i c p e ri o d s b y t h e p u blic a ti o n o f m e m o irs a n d
,

u n e d it e d d o c u m e n ts o r m o n u m e n ts i n a J o u r n a l t o b e

i ss u e d p e ri o dic a lly .

I I T o c o ll e ct d r a w i n gs fa csi m il e s tra n scripts

.
, , ,

pl a n s a n d ph o t o gr a ph s o f G r e e k i n scripti o n s MS S
, , .
,

w o rk s o f a r t a n ci e n t sit e s a n d r e m a i n s a n d w ith
, ,

this v i e w t o i n vit e tr a v e ll e rs t o c o m m u n ic a t e t o t h e
S o ci e t y n o t e s o r sk e tch e s o f a rc h a o lo g i c a l a n d
t o p o gr a phic a l i n t e r e st .

I I I T o o r g a n is e m e a n s b y w hich m e m b e rs o f th e
.

S o ci e t y m a y h a v e i n cr e a s e d fa ciliti e s fo r v isiti n g
a n ci e n t sit e s a n d p u rs u i n g a rch aeo l o g i c a l r e s e a rch e s

i n c o u n tri e s w hi ch a t a n y ti m e h a v e b e e n t h e sit e s
, ,

o f H e ll e n ic ci v iliz a ti o n .

2 . sh a ll c o n sist o f a P r e sid e n t V ic e
T h e S o c i e ty ,

P r e sid e n ts a C o u n cil a T r e a s u r e r o n e o r m o r e
, , ,

S e cr e t a ri e s a n d O rdi n a ry Me m b e rs
,
A ll o f c e rs o f .
the S o ci e ty sh a ll ch o s e n fr o m a m o n g its Me m b e rs
be ,

sh a ll o zczo m e m b e rs o f t h e C o u n cil

a nd be ex .

3 . T he sh P r e sid e n t
a ll pr e sid e at all G e n e ra l ,

O r d i n a ry o r S p e ci a l Me e ti n g s o f t h e S o ci e t y a n d
, ,

o f t h e C o u n cil o r o f a n y C o m m itt e e a t w hi ch h e is

p r e s e n t I n c a s e o f t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e P r e sid e n t
.
,

o ne o f t h e V ic e P r e sid e n ts sh a ll p r e sid e i n hi s
-

st e a d a n d i n t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e V ic e P r e sid e n t s
,
-

t h e T r e a s u re r I n t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e T r e a s u re r
.
,

t h e C o u n cil o r C o m m itt e e sh a ll a pp o i n t o n e o f th e ir

Me m b e rs t o p re sid e .

4 . fu n d s a n d o th e r p r o p e rty o f t h e S o ci e t y
T he
sh a ll b e a d m i n ist e r e d a n d a ppli e d b y t he C o u n cil i n
s u ch m a nn e r a s th e y sh a ll c o n si d e r m o st c o n d u civ e t o
t h e o bj e cts o f t h e S o ci e ty : i n t h e C o u n cil sh a ll a ls o

b e v e st e d t h e c o n tr o l o f a l l p u bli c a ti o n s iss u e d b y
t he S o ci e ty a n d t h e g e n e r a l m a n a g e m e n t o f a l l it s
,

a ffa irs a n d c o n c e r n s T h e n u m b e r o f t h e C o u n cil

.

sh a ll n o t e x c e e d fty .

5 . T he T
r e a s u r e r sh a ll r e c e iv e o n a cc o u n t o f t h e ,

S o ci e t y a l l s u bs cripti o n s d o n a ti o n s o r o th e r m o n e y s
, , ,

a ccr u i n g t o t h e fu n d s th e r e o f a n d sh a ll m a k e a l l ,

p a y m e n ts o rd e re d b y t h e C o u n cil .

6 . N sh a ll b e d r a w n o u t o f t h e h a n d s o f t he
o m on ey
T r e a s u r e r o r d e a lt w ith o th e r wis e th a n b y a n o rd e r
o f C o u n cil a nd a ch e q u e sig n e d b y t w o m e m b e rs
,

o f C o u n cil a n d c o u n t e rsig n e d b y a S e cr e t a ry .

7 . T he C n cil sh a l l
ou m ee t as o ft e n as th e y may
de em n e c e ss a ry fo r t h e d e sp a tch of b u si n e ss .

sig n e d b y t he S e cr e t a ry .
 XV

9 h.r e e M e mT b e rs o f t h e C o u n cil pr o vid e d not ,

m o r e th a n o n e o f t h e thr e e p r e s e n t b e a p e r m a n e n t
o f c e r o f t he S o ci e ty sh a ll b e a q u o r u m ,
.

10 . A ll q u e sti o n s b e fo r e t he C oun cil sh a ll b e

d e t e r m i n e d by a m aj o rity of v o te s . T he C ha i rma n
to h ave a c a sti n g t
vo e .

I I . T he C n cil sh a ll p r e p a r e a n A n n u a l
ou R e p o rt ,
s u b m itt e d t o t h e A n n u a l Me e ti n g
'

to be of the

S o ci e t y .

1 2 . T h e S e cre t a r y
sh a ll g iv e n o ti c e i n w riti n g t o
e a ch Me m b e r o f t h e C o u n cil o f t h e o rdi n a r y d a ys o f

m e e ti n g o f t h e C o u n cil a n d sh a ll h a v e a u th o rity t o ,

s u m m o n a S p e ci a l a n d E x tr a o rd i n a ry Me e ti n g o f t h e
C o u n cil o n a r e q u isiti o n sig n e d b y a t l e a st fo u r
Me m b e rs o f t h e C o u n cil .

1 3 T . wo A u dit o rs , n ot being Me m b e rs o f t h e
C ou n cil , sh a l l be e e l ct e d by t h e S o ci e ty i n e a ch

y ea r .

I 4 . Me e ti n g o f t h e S o ci e ty sh a ll be h e l d
A G en e r a l
i n L o n d o n i n J u n e o f e a ch y e a r w h e n t h e R e p o rts o f ,

t h e C o u n cil a n d o f t h e A u dit o rs sh a ll b e r e a d t h e ,

C o u n cil O fc e rs a n d A u dit o rs fo r t h e e n s u i n g y e a r
, ,

e l e ct e d a n d a n y o th e r
, b u si n e ss r e c o m m e n d e d b y
t h e C o u n cil d isc u ss e d a n d d e t e r m i n e d Me e ti n gs .

o f t he S o ci e ty fo r t h e r e a di n g o f p a p e rs m a y
b e h e ld a t s u ch ti m e s a s t h e C o u n cil m a y x d u e ,

n o tic e b e i n g g iv e n t o Me m b e rs .

1 5 . T he P r e sid e n t ,
r e a s u re r V ic e -P r e sid e n ts , T ,

S e cr e t a ri e s a n d C o u n cil s h a ll b e e l e ct e d b y t h e
,

Me m b e rs o f th e S o ci e t y a t t h e A n n u a l Me e ti n g .

6 2
 \ vi

1 6 . T h e P r e sid e n t and V i c e - P r e sid e n ts

sh a ll be
a pp o i n t e d fo r o n e y e a r a ft e r w h ich th e y sh a ll
, be
e ligibl e fo r r e e l e cti o n a t t h e A nn u a l Mee ti n g
- .

1 7 . third o f t h e C o u n cil sh a ll r e tir e e v e ry y e a r

O ne- ,

b u t t h e Me m b e rs s o r e tiri n g sh a ll b e e ligibl e fo r
r e e l e cti o n a t t h e A n n u a l Me e ti n g
-
.

1 8 . r e a s u r e r a n d S e cr e t a ri e s sh a ll h o ld th e ir
T he T
o fc e s d u ri n g t h e pl e a s u r e o f t h e C o u n cil .

19 . T he l cti o n s
e e of nthe
cil a ndO f if c e rs , C ou ,

A u d it o rs at th e A n n u a l Me e ti n g
,
sh a ll b e by ,

a m aj o rity o f t h e v o t e s o f th o s e p r e s e n t T he .

C h a ir m a n o f t h e Me e ti n g sh a ll h a v e a c a sti n g v o t e .

T h e m o d e i n w hich t h e v o t e sh a ll b e t a k e n sh a ll
b e d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e P re si d e n t a n d C o u n cil .

20 . E v e ry Me m b e r of t he S o ci e ty sh a ll b e s u m
m on e d t o t h e A n n u a l Me e ti ng by n o tic e iss u e d a t

l e a st on e m o n th b e fo r e it i s h e l d .

2 1 . A l l m o ti o n s m a d e Me e ti n g sh a l l
at t he A n n u a l

b e i n w riti n g a n d sh a ll b e sig n e d by t h e m o v e r a n d
s e con de r N o m o ti o n sh a ll b e s u b m itt e d
. u nle s s ,

n o tic e o f it h a s b e e n giv e n t o t h e S e cr e t a ry a t l e a st

thre e w e e k s b e fo r e t h e A n n u a l Me e ti n g .

22 . v a c a n cy i n t h e P r e sid e n cy o cc u rri n g
Upon a ny ,

b e tw e e n t h e A n n u a l E l e cti o n s o n e o f t h e V ic e ,

P r e sid e n ts sh a ll b e e l e ct e d by t h e C o u n cil t o o f c i a t e
a s P r e sid e n t u n til t h e n e x t A n n u a l Me e ti n g .

2 3 . A ll
v a c a n ci e s a m o n g t h e o th e r O f c e rs o f t h e
S o ci e ty o c c u rri n g b e t w e e n t h e s a m e d a t e s sh a ll i n
lik e m a n n e r b e pr o visi o n a lly ll e d u p by t h e C o u n cil
u n til t h e n e x t A nn u a l Me e ti n g .
 xviii

the Me m b e rs pr e s e n t sh a ll c o n c u r i n a r e s o l u ti o n fo r
t h e e x p u l si o n o f s u ch Me m b e r o f t h e S o ci e t y t h e ,

P r e si d e n t sh a ll s u b m it t h e s a m e fo r c o n r m a ti o n a t a
G e n e r a l Me e ti n g o f t h e S o ci e ty sp e ci a ll y s u m m o n e d
fo r this p u rp o s e a n d i f t h e d e cisi o n o f t h e C o u n cil
,

b e c o n r m e d b y a m aj o rity a t t h e G e n e r a l Me e ti n g ,

n o tic e sh a ll b e giv e n t o th a t e ffe ct t o t h e Me m b e r i n

q u e sti o n w h o sh a ll th e r e u p o n c e a s e t o b e a Me m b e r
,

o f t h e S o ci e t y .

30 . T he
n cil sh a ll h a v e p o w e r
C ou to n o m in a te
British o r F o r e ig n H o n o r a ry Me m b e rs . T he n u m b e r
o f British H o n o r a ry Me m b e rs s h a ll . not e x cee d

te n .

3 1 L a d i e s sh a ll b e e ligibl e a s O
. r d i n a ry Me m b e rs
o f t h e S o ci e ty , a n d w h e n e l e ct e d sh a ll b e e n titl e d
t o the s a m e p rivil e g e s as o th e r O r d i n a ry Me m b e rs .

3 2 . N
ch a n g e sh a ll b e m a d e i n t h e R u l e s o f t h e
o

S o ci e ty u n l e ss a t l e a st a fo rt n ight b e fo r e t h e A n n u a l
Me e ti n g sp e ci c n o tic e b e giv e n t o e v e ry Me m b e r o f
s

t h e S o ci e ty o f t h e ch a n g e s pr o p o s e d .
 T H E

S O C I E T Y FO R T H E PRO MO T I O N O F H E L L E N I C S T U D I E S .

O F FI C E RS AN D C O U N C I L FO R I 8 S 3 1 8 84 .

P r e s i dent .

T H E RI GH T RE V . T H E BI S H O P O F DU RH A M .

Vi ce-P r e s i dent s .

T H E L O RD j U S T I C E BO W E N . T H E E ARL O F MO RL E Y .

VE RY RE V . R . W . C HURC H , P RO F . C . T . NE WT O N , C B . .

D C L D. . ea n a f S t P . a u l
'

s .
RE V PRO F A H SA Y C E , L L D
NE Y
.

VI N
. . . . .

P RO F . SI D CO L .
MR E . MA U N D E T HO MP S O N
RI GH T ARLE S
. .

T H E H O N S I R C H .
RE V W H T H
O MP S O D D N
, M P
. . . . .
,
w . D I L K E Rm , . .
M a s t e r of T r i n i ty C ol l eg e , C a m
P RO F . w . D . GE D D E s .

MR J . . K . I NGR A M , L L D . . RE V . H . F . T O Z E R .

PRO F . R . c JE BB , L L D . .
P RO F . R . Y . I YR R E L L
'

C ounci l .

MR . O S C AR BRO WN I NG . MR . D . B . MO NRO .

P RO F . S . H BU T C HE R . . MR .
E R NE ST M YE R S .

MR . I N GR AM BY WA I E R

. RE V . MA R K P AT T I S O E U N , . . .

RE V W W C AP E S R ec to r o f L i n c ol n C o l l eg e U nf o n l . .

MR
. . . .

MR . T . C H E N E RY .
J . PE I L E .

MR LH A M
.

MR FE RG US S O N F R S . H . F PE .

W AL T E R P E R R Y
.
.
.

MR
. . .

MR . E . A . FR E E MA N , D C L . . .
. .

P RO F . P E RC Y GA R D N E R .
MR . F . PO L L O C K .

RE V HI C K S
. E L . . r
MR . P . RA L L I , M P . .

B
.

R E V H A HO L D E N L L
. . D RE V . E . S R O E RT S . .

H
. .
, .

R E V P RO F HO RT D D
. . . .
MR W . . G RU T E R FO RD
. .

Y
,

M R H E N R Y JA C K S O N
. .
MR .
J E S AN D S. . .

MR A N D R E W L A N G MR .
J A S MO N D S
. Y
T R
.

MR W AL T E R L E A F
.
. .

. MR .
J R H U
. S FI E . LD .

S I R J O H N L U BB O C K B , A RT .
, M . P . MR E . B T YL O R . .

MR G E O RGE
. A . MA C M I L L A N . RE V . W A YT E
w . .

R E V P RO F J
. . . P . MA H A F F Y . MR .
J E C WE L L D O N
. . . .

T r e a s u r er .

SI R JO H N L U B BO C K B , A RT .
, M . P .

H on . S ecr et ar y .

MR . GE O RGE A . M AC MI L L AN .

E di t or i a l C omm i tt e e .

MR I
. N GRA M BYWAT E R RE V . P RO F . HO RT .

PRO F . P E R C Y GA R D N E R . P RO F . R . c .
JE BB .

Au di t or s for 1 8 8 3 -8 4 .

MR . DO UG L AS W . F R E S H FI E L D MR J B M A R . . . . TI N .

B a n k ers .

ME S S RS . RO B AR T S , L U BB O C K , Co .
. L O M BA R D S TR E E T .
 xxi

H O N O R AR Y M E M BE RS .

H is Maj e s ty th e K n g o f t h e i H e ll e n e s .

Mr . Al fre d B il io tt i ,
H . B l ll . . C on s u l a t T r e bi z on a

.

ro f B r u n n , K on zg l i ch e l lI M u n i ch
'

P . H . u s een , .

P ro f . r i I s ti tu to d i S t u d i i S up e i or i F lor en ce
D . C o m p a e tt ,
r , .

G e h e i m ra th P r o f E rn s t C u r ti u s M a tth a i Ki r ch s tr a s s e 4 B e r li n .
, ,
.

Mr G e org e D e n n is H B M C o ns u l a t S my r n a
.
, . . . .

M P F ou c a r t D i r ector of th e F r en ch S ch ool A th en s
. .
, , .

Mon s ie u r J G e nn a d iu s H e lle n i c L eg a ti on Vi en n a
.
, , .

P r o f W H e l big Ca s a T a rpei a M on te Capr i n o R om e

. .
, , , .

P r of A K ir c hh o Un i v er s i ty B er li n
'
. .
, , .

D r H K oh l e r D i r ect or of th e Ger m a n S ch ool A thens

. .
, , .

P ro f S A K u m a n u d e s U n i v er s i ty A th en s
. . .
, , .

Mr C h a r l e s Me rl i n H E M Con s u l a t the P i r a u s
.
, . . .

.

P ro f A Mic h a e l i s Un i v er s i ty S tr a s s bu rg
. .
, , .

Mon s ie u r B E C Mill er Me m br e d e l I n s ti tu t 2 5 R u e o e
. . .
,

, ,

l U n i v er s zt P a r i s '

, .

Mon s ie ur A R R a n g a be Mi n i s ter e H el l en i q u e B er li n
. .
,

,
.

P r o f L S te ph a ni H er m i tag e S t P eter s bu rg
. .
, , . .

H i s E x c e lle n c y M W H W a ddi n g ton M embr e de l I n s ti tn t

. .
.
, ,

F r en ch E m ba s sy A lber t G a te S W , ,
. .

M l e B a r on J d e W i tt e M d e l I n s t R u e F or ti n 5 P a r i s
. .
,
.

.
, , .

Mr T h om a s W ood
. Con s u l a t P a tr a s , .

M Al e x a n der C on to s ta vl os A then s
.
,
.

L IST O F ME MB E RS .

O r ig i n a Mem ber s 1 L ife Mem ber s . .

' '
.

7 he other Member s h a v e been elected by th e C ou nc il s i n ce the

I n a ug u r a l Meet i ng .

A bb o tt, E v elyn ,
B a lli ol Colleg e Oxf or d ,
.

A bb o tt, R e v . E . A .
, D D , 32 , A bbey R oa d , N W .

*A
be rc r om b y, H on . J oh n ,
2 1, Chape l S tr eet, B e lg r a v e
S q u a r e, S . W .

T Ab ra h a l l , C m b Vi a r ag e , W oods tock
Rev H
,
o e c .
J . . .

A b ra m , E d w a r d , I M i d d le T e mp l e L a n e , E C . .

P rof H W , M D , F R S , B r oa d S tr eet, Oxf or d . . . . . . . . .

Ai n g e r , A C , E ton C oll eg e, W i n ds or . .
.

A rn p th ill , H i s E x ce ll e n c y, L ord , 1 9 , S tr a t/ or d P la ce, I V .

A n d e r s on , R L a i r be ch , Kes w i ck J . . .
 xxii
*A n t ob u s
,
r R ev . F re d eric k ,
7 he Or a tory , S . W .

A rc h e r -
H in d ,
R . D .
, T r i n i ty C ol l eg e , C a m br i dg e .

*
A rg yll , T he D u ke o f, K T . .
,
A rg y l l H ou s e, C a mpden H i l , 1 V l
A r gy r o p o u l o s , G e o g e s A , 6 , C a d og a n P a ce, S r . l . IV
r r
*A m s t o n
g, E , Q u een s C o ll eg e , O x for d

. .

r r r f
A m s t on g , P o G F , Qu een s C ol l e g e , C o r h

. . . .

A r n ol d E V T r i n i ty C ol l eg e C a m br i dg e
, . .
, , .

A rn o l d F T r i n i ty C ol l eg e C a m br i dg e
, ,
.

A t k i n s on R e v E D D
,
M a s ter of C l a r e Col leg e C a m br i dg e
. .
, . .
, , .

B a d d e l e y W S t C l a i r 5 A l be r t H a l l Al a n s i on s S W
,
. .
, , ,
. .

*
B a lf ou r G W T r i n i ty C ol l eg e C a m br i dg e
, . .
, , .

*
B a l fo u r A M P 4 Ca r l ton Ga r d e n s S W
, . . .
, , , . .

B a l l S i d n e y S t j oh n s C ol l eg e O af or d

, , .
, .

B a r l dw Mi s s A n n e Gr een th or n e E dg w or th B olton
, , , , .

B a rn w a l l S i r R e g i n a ld A
, B a rt 4 Gr een S tr ee t Gr ow en or .
, , , ,

S qu a r e W , .

B e lch e r ,
R ev . H en ry Ki ng ,
'
s Co lleg e l S tr a n d W C
S ch oo , ,
'

. .

B e ll , R e v G C . . . T he L odg e, Ma r l bor oug h Col leg e .

'
B el l , R ev . W ill i a m , T he C o lleg e , D ov er .

B en a c hi , L . A . 2 6 , L i n n et L a ne, S ef t on P a r k , L i v erp ool .

'

I
'
Be n n , A l fr e d W .
, 1
6 , L n ng A r n o della Z ecca Vecch i a , F lor en ce

.

B e n s on, Ar th u r C , Ki ng s Colleg e, Ca mbr i dg e

. .

B en t , T h e od or e , 4 3 , Gr ea t Cu m ber la n d P la ce, W
J .

B igg , R e v C h a rl e s , D D , 2 8, N or /2a m R oa d , Oxf or d . . .

T Bik el a s , D e me t
4 , R u e d e B a by l on e, P a r i s riu s , .

B l a c k s t on e, F E , B r i ti s h M u s eu m , I V C . . . .

Bl om eld , A W 6 , M on tag u P la ce, M on tag u S q u a r e , I V

. .

B l or e , R e v D r , Ki ng s S ch oo l, C a n te r bu ry

. . .

B l or e , R e v E W , T r i n i ty C ol l eg e, Ca m br i dg e
. . . .

B o a s e , R e v C W , E x e ter C oll eg e , Oxf or d

. . . .

B o d in g t c n , P r o f N Yor hs h i r e C ol l eg e, L eed s . .

B on d , E d w a rd , B r i ti s h Al u s e u m , W C .

B os a n q uet ,
B .
, 1 3 1 , E bu ry S tr eet, S W . .

B os a n q u e t , Rev . F C T , E n el a C ottag e, S
.

. . a n d ozu n , I l
s e

f W ig h t
o .

B o u s e l d, W i lli a m , 3 3 , S ta n ho pe G a r d en s , S . W
B ow e n , L or d J u s ti c e ( V P ) . . I , C o r n w a ll G a r d e n s , S W . .

y
B o d, R e v H e n ry D D .
, . .
,
P r i n cip a l of H er tf or d Colleg e ,

ra dl ey P rof A C Un i v er s i ty Colleg e L i v erool

B , . . .
, .

B r a d l e y V e ry R e v G G D D T h e D ea n er W es tm i n s ter S IV
, y . . .

, . .
, , , .

B r a m l ey R e v H R M a d a len C olle e Ox or d
, g g f . . .
, , .

B r o a d b en t H E ton C ol leg e W i n ds or
, .
, , .

*B
r od ie E H , S t f oh n s H ou s e W or ces te r
. .
, .

, .

B r oo k e R e S to p fo r d A I zll a n ch es ter S q u a r e W
, v .
.
, , ,
.

B ro w n C o l v il l e T h e P d d ochs S w a h a m N or ol h
, f , a
, , .

B r ow n P r o f G B a l d w i n T h e l/ ezi u er s i E d i n bu rg h
,
ty
. .
, , .
 x x iii

row n i ng R ob e r t 1 9 bVa r w i ch Cr es ce n t H a r r ow R oa d I V
B , , ,
'
, ,

* B ow n i n
g O s c a r ( C o u n c i l ) Ki g s C ol l eg e C a m br i dg e

r n .
, , ,
* B ru n to n T L a uder M D , 5 0 W e lbeck S tr eet W
.
, . .
, , ,
* B ryc e J a m e s
,
M P 7 N orf ol k S q a r e W , . .
, ,
u ,
.

B u ch a n a n , T . R .
,
M . P .
,9 , S t r a tton S tr ee t, W .

B a r to n S t r eet , W es tm i n s te r , S
'

B ul len , R e v R . . A .
,
2 , .

*
Burn R e v R ob e rt T r i n i ty C oll eg e C a m br i dg e
, .
, ,
.

B u ry J B T r i n i ty C ol l eg e D u bl i n
,
. .
, ,
.

B u tc h e r P r of S H ( C o u n c i l ) T h e Un i v er s i ty E d i n bu rg h
, . . .
, ,
.

*
B u tl e r R e v H ,
M D D H a r r ow N W . . .
, . .
, ,
. .

B u tl e r A rth u r J lVood E n d W ey br i d g e
,
.
, , .

B u t le r R e v C a n on G e org e W i n ch es te r
'

. .
, ,

B u x t on F W M P 4 2 G r os v e n or G a r dens S I V
, . .
, . .
, , , . .

B yw a te r I n g ra m ( C o un ci l ) Ex e te r Colleg e O xf or d
, , ,
.

C a l v e r t R e v T h o m a s 1 5 A l ba ny Vi lla s H ov e B r ig h ton
,
.
, , , ,
.

1 C a l v o c orr s s i , L . M, C r os by H ou s e , 9 5 , B i s h op sg a te ,
. E . C .

*
C a m p b e l l, R e v . P ro f L e w i s , S t A n d r ezo s , N B
.

. . .

C a m p ion , R e v W J H , Keble C ol l eg e ,
. . . . O xf or d .

C a p e s , R ev W W ( C ou n c i l ) , H er tf or a Colleg e Oxfor d

. . . .
,

C a r ap a no s , C o n s ta n t i n , D e p u te, A then s .

* C a rl i s l e A D H a i ley bu ry Colleg e, H er tf or ds hi r e
, . . .

I C a rr, Re v A , W elli ng ton Colleg e, W oki ng ha m

'
. . .

C a te s , Ar th u r, 1 2 , Yor k T e rr a ce , R eg en t s P a r k

.

C a ve , L a w r en c e T , 1 3 , L ow n des S q u a r e, S . .

C h a m be r s , C G o r e . .

C h a m b ers , 1 , B ow y er T er r a ce, C l ap/2a m, S . W

C h a m ber s , C E , T r i n i ty Col leg e, C a m br i dg e . . .

C h a n n i n g , F A , 3 , B r u n s w i ch S q u a r e, B r ig hton . . .

C h a v a s s e , A S , U n i v e r s i ty C olleg e, O xf or d . . .

C h a w n er, G , Ki ng s Colleg e, Ca m br i dg e

. .

T C ba w n e r W , .
, E m m a n u el Ca mbr i dg e
C oll eg e, .

*
C h e n e r y , T ( C ou n c il ) , 1 6 S e rj ea n ts I n n F leet S t r ee t


, , .
,

C h e ttl e , H , S ta ti on er s S ch ool B ol t Cou r t E C

. . .
, ,
*
C h ri s ti e , R C , G l en w ood , Vi rg i n i a W a ter , S ta i n es
. . .

C h ri s t i a n , R e v G , R edg a te , U pp i ng ha m . . .

* hu
C rch , V ery R e v R W , D C L T h e D ea n e ry , S t . . . . . . .

P a ul

s, EC .

C l a rk , P E , 2 , Cu lv er de n P a r /a, T u n br i dg e H ells

. . .

C l a rk e , H e n ry, 1 4 , L a d br ohe G r ov e , W
I C la rk e , H yd e , 3 2 , S t Georg e s S q u a r e, S W
'
. . .

C l a rk e , R ev R L , Q u een s Col leg e , O xf or d

.
. . .

C l a y, C F , T r i n i ty Colleg e, Ca m br i dg e
. . .

C l i n ton , E P yn e s , G r a mm a r S chool, W i m bor n e, D

. or s et .

C F el i x T
obb ol d , H oly w el l s , I ps w i ch . .

*
C obh a m , C D e l a v a l , H B M Com m i s s i on er , L a r n a ca , C3 % u s

. . . . .

C ol l yn s , R ev C B , 8 , M or n i ng ton R oa d , L ey ton s ton e , E . . . .

*
C ol vi n ,
P ro f . S i d n ey B r i ti s h M u s eu m W , C .
 x xiv

M ron ' '

C on s t a n t, . 1e Ba d E s t o u rn e ll e s de, S ecr eta i r e de

l A m ba s s a d e d e F r a n ce, 3 2 , A l be r t G a te, H y d e P

a r k, S . W
* C on s t a n t i n id e s
, P o f M , H e l l en i c C ol l eg e, 84 , r . . Ken s i ng ton
G a r d e ns S q u a r e , S W . .

C on to s ta v lo s O th o , A bon n es C a s e , 6 4 2 , Ma r s e i lles .

C on w a y ,
W . M , S a v i l e C l u b, 1 0 7 , P i cca d i l y ,
. l W .

C o n yb e a r e , 4 0 , C h a n ce ry L a n e , W C
C . A V . .
,
. .

C o o , E T , 8 5 , P a r h S tr ee t, G r os v e n or S q u a r e , W
k . . .

C o ol d g e , R e v W A B , M ag d a l en C ol l eg e ,
i xf or d . . . . O .

C o r g ia l e g n o , M .
, 2 1 , P e m br i dg e Ga r d en s , I/ V .

C rri e E K 1 9 O l d S q u e L i n col s I n I V G
o ,
. .
, ,
ar ,
n

n ,
/
. .

C o tt e ri l l H B 1 1 L i e big S t r a s s e D r es d en
,
. .
, , , .

C o u rt n e y W L N ew C ol leg e O xf or d
, . .
, ,
.

C o u r t e n a y Mi s s 34 B r omp ton S q u a r e S W
, , , ,
. .

C ow p e r E a r l of K G 4 S t 7 a m es S q u a r e W

.
, , . .
, , .
,

C r a i k G e org e Li lli e 2 9 B edf or d S tr ee t Cov en t G a r de n W C

, , , , ,
.

C r e ig h t on R e v M E m ble ton Vi ca r ag e C h a th i l l N or th u m
, . .
, , ,

ber l a n d .

C r o s s l e y, P r o f H a s ti n g s , Q u ee n s C o l leg e , B e lfa s t

. .

C r u ik s h a n k , R e v A , H a r r ow , N .
J . . .

C r u tt w e l l, R e v C T , T h e Coll eg e , M a l v er n . . . .

C u s t, Li one l , 1 3 , E ccles ton S q u a r e, S W

'

. .

C u s t, R ob e rt N e edh a m 6 4 S t , , . Georg e
s S qu a re , S IV .

D ak y n s , H . G Clif ton C olleg e.

, ,
B r i s tol .

D a l e, A . W . W T r i n i ty H a ll .
, C a m br i dg e .

D id s o n H
av , . O . D .
, H a r r ow , N . W .

D a vi e s R e v , . G e ra l d S .
, C ha r ter h ou s e, G od a lm i ng .

D D W
'

D aw es, R ev .
J . S .
,
. .
, S u r bi t on , S . .

D E i c h t h a l , G u s ta ve ,
1 5 2 , B ou l e v a r d , H a u ss ma n n, P a r is .

D e l y a n n i, T h P , A th en s . . .

*Di c ks on , T G , A th en s
. . .

ik
*D l e T h
e R ig h t
,
H on . S i r C h a rle s W .
,
Ba t r . . MP . .
76 ,
W
'

S l oa n e S t .
,
S . .

i
D ll, Gr a m m S ch ool l ll ch es t r ar ,
an e .

D i l l on E d w a r d 1 3 U ppe r P h i lli / t or e Ga de n s W
, , , e r
, .

D im s da le M Ki ng s C ol leg e C a m br i dg e
,
.

, .

D o a l d s on S A E ton C olleg e W i n ds or
n , . .
, , .

D o a ld s on P r o f J m e s L L D
n T h e U n i v er s i ty A be d een
,
. a , . .
, ,
r .

D o ki n E H T h S ch o l S her bo n e D or s et
n, . .
,
e o ,
r ,
.

D o w d a l l R e v L a n c e l ot D 1 8 B ch i n h a m R oa d B r i h ton u
, g g . .
, , , .

D ra k e M s D v o H
, F or t H i l l S E
r .
,
e n ou s e , es
,
. .

D r i l e P r o f H e n ry C l u m bi C ol l g e N e w Yor h U S A
s r, .
, o a e
,
. . .
,

D h u P rof
n, n U n i e i ty H i d l be rg . vo , v rs , e e .

D ke R g e
u , P o t M te Ge er a l M l t
o r, s -
as r n ,
a a .

T D h a m R t R e th e B i s h o p of
ur , A u ch l d C a tl e
. v . an s

B i s h op A u chl a n d .

E a s t on , E dw a d, r 1 1 , D e l a h ay S tr eet , S . W .
 xx v i

G l a z eb r oo k M ,
. G .
, H a r r ow ,
A I V
'

. .

God w i n E W P l ce C h m be s W es tm i n s te r S W
,
. .
,
a a a r , ,
.
'

G o od ha rt H C T i n i ty C ol l g e C a m br idg e
, . .
,
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G o r d on , R . G . Ki
g s S ch ool , C a n te r bu ry
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,
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8, O r r i s da le T er r a ce , C h e l ten h a m .

G ow ,
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Gre e n w D u r ha m
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G re e n o od P r o f J G P r i n cipa l of O w e n s C o ll eg e bl
w ,
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, , an .

G re g o ry R i g h t H o n S i r \Vil l i a m H
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G re g o ry R e v T H P a d bu ry Vi ca r ag e B u ch i ng h a m
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.
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.
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G u il l e m a r d , W G H a r r o w . .
, N . W .

G u rn e y, J oh n , S p r ow s ton H a ll , N or w i ch .

G w a t k i n , R e v T , 1 , S t l l / a ry s P a s s ag e, Ca m br i dg e

. . . .

H a d d on , P r o f A C , R oy a l C ol leg e of S ci en ce, D u bli n . . . .

H a g e r, H er m a n , O w ens Colleg e, Ma n ches ter .

H a l l, R e v F H , O r i el Colleg e, Oxf or d
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H a ll, R e v F J , Wy rn on d l ey H ou s e, S tev e n ag e, H er ts
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H a ll a m , By r on H ou s e , H a r r ow , N W
G . H .
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H a m e rt on , P G , P r C h a r m oy , A u t u n , S a bn e -e t -L
. . oi r e, F r a n ce .

* H a rri s o n C h a rl e s 1 7 , Q u een s G a t e P la ce, S ou th

Ke n s i ng ton
, , .

TH a r r i s on , Mi s s J . E .
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H a rri s o n , Mr s R o b e t , 7 3 , C r om w e l l R oa d , S W
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H a r t s h or n e , B F , 4 1 , E l m P a r h G a r d e n s , C h e s ea , S
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,
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H a tc h , Rev E Vi ce P r i n cip a l S t M a ry l O xf or d

. .
,
-
, . s H al , .

H M 4 4 R u e B a r erzn es B or d ea u x
a u s s ou l l i e r , .

, , , .

T H a v e r e l d F J , N e w C o l l eg e Oxf or d , . .
, .

H a w e s Mi s s E P 8 9 Oxf or d T e r r a ce W
,
. .
, , , .

H a zzo p u l o, S .
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H ea rd , C a r r i ng ton H

F e ttes C o l eg e, ou s e , l Ed i n bu rg h .

fH e a t h c o te , W . E , 1 1 4 , E bu ry S tr eet, S W
.
.

H e be rd e n , C . B , B r a s e n os e Co eg e ,
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f ll O .

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.
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,
MD
F R C P , B i r m i ng h a m. .
, . . . . .

H e yd e m a n n , D r . H e i n ri c h , T he Un i v er s i ty , H a l le .

H i c k s J oh n
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H i ck s ,
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i ng l o n .

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, Ge r m a ny .
 x xvii

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L L D . .
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H ol l w a y -C a l t h o
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L y nn .

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, ,
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H r y Re v J J D
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, , .

H o rn e r H B T h e C ol l eg e M a r l bor o g h
,
. .
, , u .

H o r t R e v P r o f D D ( C o n c i l ) S t P e ter s T e r r a ce C a rn br i d g e
, . . . . u ,
.

, .

H o rt on E R U n i v er s i ty C ol l eg e S ch ool Gow er S tr eet I V C

,
. .
, , ,
. .

H o w o rt h H e n ry H D e r by H ou s e Ec cl es M a n ch es te r
, .
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H o w s on V e ry R e v J S , D D T h e D e n e ry C h es te r . . . . .
, a , .

H u g h e s R e v W H a w k e r f es u s C oll eg e Oxf or d
, . .
, , .

H u n t W i l li a m P en Vi ll a Yeo v i l
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I n g e W R Ki ng s Col leg e C a m br i dg e
, . .
,

, .

I n g ra m J K L L D ,
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. . . .
, .

I o n i d e s Al e x A 1 H ol la n d P r h I V
, . .
, ,
a , .

I on i d e s L u k e A 1 7 Upp er P h i l l i m or e Ga r den s A en s i ng ton W

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.
, , , ,

J a c k s on H e n ry ( C o u n cil) T r i n i ty Colleg e C a m br i dg e
, , , .

J a c k s on Re v B lom eld Ki ng s Colleg e S ch ool S tr a n d

, .
,

, .

J a c k s on R e v W W Ex eter Colleg e O xf or d
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J a c k s on T G 1 1 N otti ng ha m P la ce l il a ry l ebone W
,
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, , ,
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, A B os s a ll F lee tw ood . . .
, .

J a m e s S R E ton Colleg e W i n d s or
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, .

J a m e s Mo n ta g u e Ki ng s Colleg e C a rzbr i dg e
, ,

,
r .

J a s s on id y , O .
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J e an s R e v G E
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H a i l ey bu ry C ol eg e, H e ryf or d .

*J e b b P r o f R C ow L L D U n i v e r s i y , Gl a sg
,
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, . . .
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J e n n e r C h a rl e s Ea s ter D u ddi ng ton L odg e P or tobe llo

, , , ,
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L o thi a n .

J e n n er L o u i s L e op o l d C A 6 3 B r ooh S tr ee t
, . .
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J e n n e r Mi s s L u cy A 6 3 B r ooh S t r eet W
,
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J on e s E B urn e T h e G r a n g e N or th en d R oa d
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K e lt ie , Jg r a v e R oa d, W
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K e r , W P A l l S ou ls Col leg e, O xf or d
.

. .

K i n g , R e v J R , S t P eter s Vi ca r ag e , O xf or d

. . . . .

K i t ch in , T h e V e ry R e v G W , D D , T h e D e a n ery , W i n ches te r . . . . . .

L a m b, J G , 1 7 , l Ve l /es l ey R oa d, Gr ea t Ya r m ou th
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L a m bros , S p irid io n , A then s .

*Lan
g , R H a m i lt on , O t tom a n B a n h, 2 6 , T h r og m or ton S t , E C
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 xxv i

Le a f , H rb e r t T he C oll eg e M a r l bor oug h

e , , .

I
'
L e a f, W a l te r ( C o u n ci l ) O l d Ch a ng e E C , , . .

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B i s m a r ch P l a te I V , D . r es d e n .

L e ig h \V A u s te n Ki nn C oll eg e C a m br i dg e
,
.
, ,

L e i g h to n S ir F r e d e r i c k ,
H oll a d P a r h ,
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L e S t ra n g e C a p t a i n R N , , . .

Le v a n d e r H C U n i v e s i ty C ol leg e S ch ool G ow
,
. .
,
r
,
er S t r ee t, W C . .

*
TL ew is , R ev . S . S . C orp u s C h r i s ti C ol l eg e, C a m br i dg e .

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*L i dd e ll, Ve ry R e v H G , D D , D ea n cy C h r i s tch u r ch , . . . . .

Oxf or d .

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* Li n c ol n R t R v
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Li nd ley ,
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s H i ll R oa d ,
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s H i ll
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.

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.

Lit tl e \V ,
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Livi n g s ton e R e v , . R . G . P e m br oh e C ol eg e ,
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L l oyd R o be r t s H
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,
Ke ble C ol l eg e, O xf or d .

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, . .
, , ,
.

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. .
, , , .

L u x m oo r e H E E ton C olleg e W i n ds or,

. .
, ,
.

Lytt e l t on H o n E E ton C ol l eg e W i n d s or
,
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Lyt t on t h e E a rl o f Kn ebw or th S tev en ag e H er ts

, , , , .

Ma c a n R W Ch r i s tch u r ch Oxf or d
*
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, ,
.

Ma c k a il J W B a ll i ol Colleg e Oxf or d
,
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, , .

Ma c m i l l a n Al e x a n d e r 2 9 B edfor d S tr eet Cov e n t Ga r den W C

, , , , , .

*
Ma c m ill a n G e o rg e A ( H on S e c ) 2 9 B edfor d S t C ov e n t
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,

( ?a r aen , I bC CI
Ma c m ill a n Mr s G e org e A 1 9 E a r ls T er r a ce Ken s i ng t on W
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Ma cm illa n M C Kn ap d a l e U pper T oot i ng S W, . .

, , , . .

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,
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I nn, W C . .

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, R ev P r o f . .
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,
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T r i n i ty H a ll L o dg e , C a m br i d e
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.
.

Ma r g o l i ou th D S N ew C ol l eg e Oxf or d , . .
, ,
.

fMa r ti n J oh n B B 6 , A l ba ny , P i cca d i l ly IV
'

,
. .
,
 x x ix

I Ma r t yn E d w a d , T i l ly r a C a s t e, A r d r a h a n , C ou n ty G a w ay r l l
'
.
,

Ma s o n , H C F , H a i l ey bu ry C o eg e , H er tf or d
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S tr e e t, E . C
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Me la s Mi c h e l e P a r n as s os S oci e ty A then s
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.

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, .

*
Mi dd l e m ore S G C , 7 8 O a h l ey S tr eet C h e ls ea , S IV
,
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, , . .

*
Mi d d l e t o n H , 4 S t or ey s Ga te S W ,
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, . .

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,
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Mi ln e r, A l fre d 8 Yor h S t r ee t S t f a m es S q u a r e, S W , , ,
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.

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I Mi s t o, J oh n P , S my r n a
'

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Moir J a m e s G r a mm a r S ch ool A be r deen

, , , .

* Mon
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. .
,
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, , , . .

* Mo n r o D B
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,
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, .

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,
.
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*
Mora i ti s P r o f D , H ell en i c Co lleg e, 84 , Ke n s i ng ton Ga r den s

. .
,

S qu a r e W ,

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s t ea d .

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,
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, .

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, , .

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,
. . . . .

Mu d ie C E T he L i m es , M u s w e l l H i ll, N W
,
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*
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W .

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*
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, . .
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, . .
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d
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,
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,
. . .
,
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, , ,
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P e i l e J o h n ( C o u n c i l) C h i t s Co l l e g e C m b i d g

, ,
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, ,
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P e rry H a r o ld A r t h r 1 3 O l d S q u L i n co l n s I n I VC

u a r e, n, . .
, , ,

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r ,
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, o r - -
r .

*
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, ,
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.

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, S ir F ,
.
, , , .

F r e d e ri c k ( C o u n c il ) 4 8 G r a t C u m be r l n d P l a ce I V
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P o ol e R e g i a ld S t ua r t B i ti h l lI s eu m W C
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n , r s / u , .

P o te r R J L D D P r e i d e t of Q een s C ol l eg e B elfa s t

r , ev . . .
,
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,
m i g ton C on n e c ti c t U S A a a , ar n , u ,
.

T P o t g a t e P o f J F T i n i ty C ol l g e C a m br i d g e
s ,
r . . .
,
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P o w e ll F Y o r k C h i s t ch u ch Oxf or d
, .
,
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P oy n t e r E d rd J R ,
2 8 A l ber t G te S W w a .
,
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*
P r i c e P o f B o n a m y I Vo h a m G a r d e s O f or d
,
r .
,
r n , x .

P r ic k a r d , A . N ew C ol l eg e , O x or d
f .

P ri d e a u x ,
Mi s s S a ah, r G ol ds m i th H l l E C s

a , . .

P r o th e o Ki ng s C ol l g C m br i dg e
r , G \V . .
, e e, a .

T P r yo r , F ra n c i s R T r i n i ty C o l l eg e, C a m br i dg e .

ci
R a d l ffe , \V \ V Ki g s C l l g e . .
,
n

o e
,
C a m br i dg e .

*
Ra ll i P a n d e l i M P ( C o u c i l) 1 7
, ,
. . n B e lg r a v e S q u a r e , S I V
, , . .

T R a ll i ,
Mr s . S te p h e n A .
,
C l e v e l a n d H o u s e, T h or n ton R oa d ,
C [ap h a rn P a r /e , S . I V
.

T R a lli ,
T heo i o re , P arh
/ i e ld , Qu ee n s

R oa d , C l ap h a rn P a r h, S . IV .

R a m s a y , \V . M . B ou r n a ba t, S my r n a .

Ra pe r, R . T r i n i ty C o l l eg e , O xf o r d .

H .
, E to n C ol l eg e , W i n d s or .

R a w n s le y , W . F . I V i n ton H ou s e, W i n ch es ter .
 x xx i

R a yno r , Rev P . . E .
,
T h e C o l l eg e, Af a r / bor o ug h .

R e a d, G e n e ra l Me re d i t h ,
ca r e o f l I / e s s r s l ll . u nro Co .
, 7, R u e
S cr i be, P a r is .

Ree ve , H e nr y . C . 6 2 , R u tl a n d Ga te , II '

R e d, i J . C a ius C o l l e g e , C a m br i d g e .

R e n d a l l, R e v F . .
, :0 ,
L a d br ol e

S qu a r e ,
N o t t i ng H ill, IV .

l R e n d a ll

. P rof . G .

H .
, l
r i n c if a l (
f l
'

n i v cr s i t y C ol l .
, L i v e rp o ol .

c ie i M M i r , . a r o, A t he n s .

R i c h A th o y H II '

o r th i n
,
n n ,
ee n e ,
g , S uss
R ic h l r d s o n , B . MD . .
, 2 5 , M a n ch es te r S qu a re I I ,

*
R ic i i a rd s o n , H .
,
T h e C o l l e g e, Af a r /bo r o ug h ,

R i c h a rd s ,
H .
, I Va dh a m C ol / eg e, Oxf or d .

*
R i cldi n g , R e v G D D T h e C o l l eg

. .
,
. .
, e, I I i n ch es t er
'
.

i
R d g e w a y , I , C a i u s C ol l eg e , C a m br i d g e .

R ivi
ng t o n, S e p t m u s , Va t e r l oo P l a ce , IV i I .

R o b a r t s , C h a rl e s I l , 9 , L i tt l e S ta n h ofre S t r ee t , I V . .

R obe rts , R e v S ( C o u n l ) , C a i u s C ol l e g e , C a m br i d g e
. . ci .

r y
R o b e t s o n , E S t a n l e , 4 3 , I I a ter / oo R oa d D u bli n .
'

, .

R ob e r ts o n ,
Re A rc h i b v . a l d, H a tf i e l d H a l l. D u r ha m .

R bin s on
o , E d w a rd c a r e . o f B a r i ng B r os . a nd Co .

R ob in s o n G G C h a r te r h ou s e , G od a l m r n g

.
. .
, .

* R o d w el l
,
G F . .
, T h e C o l l e g e,
R o lle s to n , T . \V H . .
,
2 8, T er r a s s e n U f er , D r es d en .

T R o s eber y , E a rl o f, L a n s d ow n e f l o ri s e , B er hel ey S qu a r e ,
IV
R o t t on , J . F .
, 3 , T h e B o t on s , S I V l . .

R ou n d e l l, C . S , 1 6 , C u r s or: S t r ee t,
. II
.

R ou s , Li eu t .
-
C ol o n e l , 1 4 , i ll o tc om b S tr ee t , S . I V .

R o u tl e d g e , R e v . C a n on , S t . C a n te r bu ry .

R o w l a t t, S A T . . .
,
Ki ng
s C ol l eg e, C a m br i dg e .

r r
R u th e fo d R e v \ V ,
. . G u n ion (C ou nc il) , I Ve s tm i n s te r S ch ool , S . I "
.

y
R la n d s , H .
,
1 1 ,
H ar t S t r ee t, B l oo m s bu ry , IV C .

'

I R yl e , R e v H . . E .
, Ki
g s C o l l eg e , C a m br i dg e n

.

*S a m u el s o n
,
B M P , 5 6 , P r i n ces G a te, S Ken s i ng t on
. .
. .

S f rd F E
a nd o , . . D , 5 7 , i I I ou n t S t r eet, I V
.
'

S a n dys F r e d e ri ck 2 8 I / a u d G r o v e

,
u th a m S I V , ,
.
, , . .

I S a n d y s J E ( C o u c i l) S t j oh n s C ol l eg e C a m br i dg e

n

,
. .
, .
, .

S a u m a re z H o n J a m e s S t V B ry S t E d m u n a s
,
. . u . .

T y
* S a ce R e P ro f A H Q u ee s C ol l g e O xfor d
v . . . n e
, , .

f S c a r a ni a n g a A C r os by B i l d i g s C r os by S q u a r e E C, . u n , , .

* ch l i e m a n D r H A th
S n, . .
,
en s .

S ch u l h o f J Ma u r i e S t P l s S ch oo l E C

c ,
. a u ,
. .
,
.

*
S ch u y le r, E u g e n e, A m er i c a n i l l i n i s te r , A th en s .

T S c o tt, t h e V e ry R e v R o be r t , D D . . .
, T he D e a n e ry , R och e s t e r .

7"
S e l l a r , A C , 7 5 , C r o m w e l l R oa d , S I V
. . . .

r r
S e l l a , P o f \V Y , 1 5 , B u ch i ng h a rn T e r r a ce, E di n bu rg h
. . . .

S e l w y n , R e v E J , P l u ch l ey R e ct ory , A s hf or d, en t . . . K
a l l , \Va l t e r J , 1 5 , S ou th w e l l G a r d en s , S ou th Ken s i n g to n

T S e n d . .

S e ym ou r, P r o f T h o m a s D , Ya le Colleg e, N e w h a v e n , U S A . . . . .

d 2
 xxx ii

S h a d w e ll , C . L .
,
Or i el C ol l eg e , Oxf or d .

C /zr i s t C ol l eg e , C a m br i dg e

S h a r k e y, J . A .
,
s .

S h u c k b u rg h , E . F a i r Vi e w ,
T b e A v en u e , C a m br i dg e .

S i d g w i c k , Ar t h u r, C orp u s C lzr i s ti C o l l eg e , O xf o r d .

S i d g w i c k , H e n r y, T r i n i ty C ol l eg e , C a m br i dg e .

S i m e , D o n a ld , B on a r B r idg e , S u th er la n d .

S im p k i n s o n , H \V , 5 , P or t / n a n S t r ee t , I V . . .

S i m p s o n , H B , 4 5 , G l o u ces ter T e r r a ce , H y d e P a r k , W
. . .

S i n c l a ir , L i e u t H M R E , Go ver n m en t H ou s e, C y p r n s . . . . . .

k in n e r E H 3, D r f o b n s on s B u i ld i ng s , T emp l e , E C
*S ,
J . . .
, . . .

*S k rine, H . D . C l m/ e r to n Al a n or , B a t/z .

*S k ri n e, Re v .
J . H .
, U ppi ng /za m ,
R n tl a n d .

S k u lu de s , S t e p h a n o s , S y r a , G r eece .

S m i th , A r th u r H , T r i n i ty C ol l eg e , C a m br i dg e . .

B r i tt s /t i ll IV C
'

S m i th , C e c il , n s en m , . .

S m i th , E r n e s t H T r i n i ty C ol l eg e C a m br i dg e .
, , .

T S m it h , P r o f G ol d w i n T or on to C a n a d a
.
, , .

S m i th , R J 2 T a n e l d C o u r t T e m l e E C
. .
, , , ,
. .

S m i th , \Vi i l i a m , L L D 9 4 , W es tbou r n e T . . e r r a ce , PV

I S n ow , T C S t yolzn s C ol / eg e, O xf or d
'
. . . .

S ot h e b y , Mr s , 9 3, O n s l ow S q u a r e , S W
I
' '
. . .

*S a r t a l i , Mi c h a e l , 2 5 , O l d B r o a d S tr ee t, E C
p . .

p oo n e r R e v W A N e w Col leg e Oxf or d

S , . . .
, , .

S p r a tt A d m ira l C B T u n br i dg e W e lls
, , . .
, .

S p r i ng R i c e S E
-
1 1 3a Q u ee n s G a te S I V
,
. .
, ,

, . .

S t e p h e n s o n R e v H M S t P e te r s S c/zool Va r /1


, . . .
, .
, .

S te w a r t , T h o s A . .
, K e i t/z, B a nj s lzi r e .

S t H il a i r e , Ma r q u i s d e Q u e u x d e 3 , R u e S oul ot , P a n
.
, s.
* S t il l m a n W
, J , 1 4 , Vi a A lde r i , F lor en ce, I ta ly . .
.

S tog d o n , J , H a r r ow , N JV . .

S t on e , R e v . E . D .
,
Et on C oll eg e, W i n d s or .

S tr a c h a n -D a v i ds on , J . L .
, B a l l i ol C ol l eg e, Oxf or d .

A R S t C /za d
S t ree t , . .
, . s, D en s t on e , U tt ox e ter .

*
T S t u a rt ,
H on . W .
, C B . .
,
H . E . M . n i s te r , T he H ag u e .

S tu b b s , R e v C a n o n , D D , K e l te l H a l l , O xf or d . . . .

*S t u r i s J
g , u lia n R , 1 7, C a r lto n H ou s e T e r r a ce, I / V . .

S u rr , W a ts o n , 2 8, T li r e a d n eed l e S tr ee t, E . C .

S w anw ic k , Mi s s An n a , 3 , C u m ber l a n d T er r a ce , N W
2 . .

*
S y m on d s , J . A .
( C o u n c il ) , D a v os P l a te , Gr i s on s , S w i tz er

T a l bo t . R ev . E . S . W a r d e n of Kebl e C o l l eg e , Oxf or d .

T a n c oc k , R ev C . . C C h a r ter h ou s e , G od al m i ng
,
. .

T a rv e r ,
J . C . , C l if ton Col l eg e ,
B r i s to l .

T a tto n
,
R G . B a l l i ol C o l l eg e, Oxf o r d .

T a yl o r , R e v A le x . .
,
A t/ze n a
nm C l u b, S . W .

T a y lo r, Mrs . P A . .
, 2 2 ,
A s h ley P la ce ,
S . W
T h e o l og o s P a n t a l e o n , D i r e ctor of t /ze C r e d i t B a n k , A t/zen s
. .

T h o m a s , C ha r l e s G , 1 2 , G r af t on S tr ee t .
,
 W a t s on A G , H a r r o w , l v I V
,
. . .
/
.

W a t s o n R o b e r t N or th S e a ton , i ll orp e th, N

, , or th u m be z a n d l .

*
W a y R e v J P , T h e C ol l e g e, j ll ar l bor oug h
, . . . .

\ Va
y te ( C o u n c il ) 6 O n s l ow S q u a r e S I V
. R e v \V . .
, , ,
. .

T W e lld o n R e v E C ( C o u n c i l ) D u l w i ch Col l eg e, S E
, . . .
, .

W e l l s J I V ad h a m C o lleg e O xf or d
,
.
, ,
.

W e ym o u t h D r R F M i ll H i l l N I V . . . .
, , . .

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'

H L n i v er s i ty of I / i i g i n i a A l be m a r l e
, . .
,
l
,
Co .
,

Vi r g i n i a .

\Vh ib l e y , C .
, f es u s C o l leg e , C a m br i dge .

l VVh i t e

A C r o m w e l l, 3, H a r co u r t B u i l d i n g s , T e mp l e
'

. .
,

W h i te ,
J oh n F o rb e s , 7, i ng S t r ee t , A be r d e en
10 K .

\ Vh i t e , P r o f .
J . W .
,
C a m br i d g e , i l l a s s a ch u s e t t s, U S A . . .

\ Vh i t e h e a d , R . R .
, B or d e n I Vo o d , l ll i l l a n d L ,
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H a n ts .

\Vh i t e h o u s c , F C . ope , 1 5 F i th
f A v en u e, N e w Yor le, U S A
, . . .

W ic k h a m R e v E C , , . . . I Vel li ng ton C o l l eg e , I I/ oh i n g h a m I
.

* W il d e
O s c a r 1 1 6 , P a r h S tr ee t, G r os v en or S q u a r e I I

.
, , ,

W i l k i n s , P r o f A S , T he O w en s C ol l eg e, l l a n ches ter . . . i .

Vil l e r t , P
. . F .
,
Ex eter C o lleg e, O xf or d .

* \V i n w o o d
,
R ev . H . H , I I , C a v e n d i s h C r es cen t, B a th
. .

\Vo o d , G .
, P e m br oh e C ol l eg e , O x f or d .

* \V o o d
, J . T .
, 9 , C l a n r i ca r d e G a r d e n s , II
.

\Vo o d , R e v . W . ( W r it R e cto r y , S ta mf or d .

\Vo o d s , R e v . H . G .
,
T r i n i ty C ol l eg e, Ox for d .

\Vo o d w a r cl , R e v . W . H .
,
1 3, S t . D om i n g o G r o ve, E v er ton ,

L i v erp ool .

VVo o ln e r , T h o m a s , R A . .
, 9 W e l be ch
2 ,
S t r ee t , I V .

T W r e n W a l te r P ow i s S q u a r e, W
'

, , 2 , .

\Vr ig h t , R . 1 ,
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\Vr ig h t , \V Al d i s , T . r i n i ty C ol l eg e, Ca m b i dg e r .

\Vr o t h , \Va r w i c k \V . . B r i ti s h i l l u s eu m , IVC . .

\Vy n cl h a m . R e v F ra n c i s . M .
,
S t . C h a r l es

C o l l eg e, S t C ha r les .

S qu a re , IV .

Y a te s , R ev S . A T h o m p s o n , 39 6 , C o m m e r c i a l R oa d ,
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*Y
ou n g , Rev . E M , T h e S ch ool , S h e r bor n e
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Y u le , Mi s s A m y, ca r e o f l l l es s r s . G r i n d l ay 69 C o .
, 5 5, P a r l i a
m en t S tr ee t , S . W .

T he S o c ie ty fo r t h e P ro m o t io n of G re e k L it e ra tu r e in
A th e n s .

T h is S o c ie t
y h a s a g r e e d t o c o n t r ib u t e 5 5 s a n n u a l l y t o t h e .

fun d s of th e S o c i e ty fo r t h e P r o m ot i o n o f H e l l e n i c S t u d i e s .
L I ST O F SU B S C R I BE R S T O T H E JO U RN AL
O F H E LLE N I C ST U D I E S .

T he N a t io n a l U n i v e rs it y , A the n s .

T h e A m e r i c a n S c h o o l , A th e n s .

T h e P u bl i c L i b ra r y, I Vi n te r th u r .

T h e A s t or L i b ra r y, N ew Yor lc .

T h e R o y a l Mu s e u m L ibr a r y , B e r l i n .

T h e B u ffa l o Y o u n g Me n s L i b r a r y , B ul zl o, U S A

.

T h e B o s t o n A t h e n a e u m L ib ra r y , B os ton , U S A . . .

T he D a rt mo u th C o l le g e L i br a r y , H a n ov e r U S A
. . .
,

T he D u rh a m C a th e d ra l L i br a r y, D u r ha m .

T he H a r va r d C o l le g e L ib r a r y , C a m br i dg e, Ma s s . U S A . . .

T he D e p a r tm e n t of G ree k and R o m a n A n t iq u i t i e s , B r i t i s h
i ll u s eu m , I/ V C . .

T h e L ib r a r y K in g

of s C o ll e g e , C a m br i dg e .

T he L on do n L i br a r y , S t .
f a m ef s S qu a r e , S . W .

T he S t L . o u is Me rc a n t i le L ibr a ry , S t L . ou i s , U S A . . .

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T h e F r e e L i b r a r y, W or ces ter M a s s . .
, U S A . . .

T he U n i v e r s i ty L ib r a r y , Gl a sg ow .

T he K in g
I n n s L i bra r y D u bl i n
s , .

T he P e a b o d y I n s t i t u t e B a l ti m o e U S A
,
r
, . . .

T he I m p e r i a l U n i v e r s it y a d N a t i o n a l L i b r a r
n y, S tr a s s bu rg .

T he U n i v e r s i ty L i b ra r y , B r es l a u .

T he U n iv e r s i t y L i br a ry , G otti ng e n
'

T h e R o y a l L ib ra ry, B er l i n .

T h e R o y a l U n iv e r s i t y L i bra r y, G r i ef s w a la
'
.

T h e A t h e n a e u m C l u b , L on d on .

T h e F r e e L i b r a r y , S y d n ey , N e w S ou th W a les .

T h e L i b r a r y o f W o r c e s t e r C o l le g e , O xf or d .

T h e L i br a r y of C h r i s tc h u r c h, Oxf or d .

T h e L ib r a r y of N ew C o ll e g e , Oxf or d .

T h e L i br a r y of U n i v e r s i ty C ol le g e , O x or d
f .

T he Me t r o p o l it a n Mu s e u m of A rt , N ew Yor h .

T h e P ub l i c L i b ra r y, L e eds .

T h e L i br a r y of Y a le C o ll e g e , 1 Ve w ha v e n .

T he U n iv e r s ity L ib r a r y , E r la ng en .

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T h e S c h o o l R e a d i n g R o om , R ug by .

T h e R o y a l a n d U n i v e r s i t y L i br a r y , on ig s be rg K '

T h e F i t zw il l i a m A r c h a e o l o g i c a l Mu s e u m , C a m br i dg e .

T h e R o ya l L i b r a r y , Mu n i c h .
L IST O F JO U R N AL S , &C .
, R E C E VE D I N I EX C H AN GE

FO R T H E JO U R N AL O F H EL L EN I C ST U D I ES .

T h e A t h e n a i o n , A t h en s .

T h e P a rn a s s os P h i l o l og i c a l J ou rn a l ,
A t hen s .

T h e B u ll e t i n d e C orr e s p on d a n c e H e l l n iq u e ( p u bli s h e d by th e
F r e n c h S c h o ol at A th en s ) .

T he Mitth e ilu n g e n of th e G erm a n I n s t i tu t e at A then s .

B u r s ia n
s J a h r es b er ic h t fii r cla s s i s ch e Al t e r t h u m s w i s s e n s c h a ft .

T he Jo f t h e R oy a l A s i a t i c S o c i e t y
u rn a l o .

T he A r c h aol og i s c h e Z e it u n g , B e r l i n .

T h e R e vu e A r c h ol og iq u e, P a r is .

T he N u m i s m a tic C h r on i c l e .

T he J ou r n a l of t h e S m i th s o n i a n I n s t itu t e ,
I / Va s h i ng ton , U S A . . .

T h e P ub l i c a t i o n s of the E v a n g e lic a l S c h oo l ,
S my r n a .

T he A s s o c ia t i on p ou r l E n c o u ra g e m e n t

A n n u a ir e de l de s
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. .

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i n fl u e n c es A c o m p a r i so n w a s d r a w n be t w ee n th e D j ol ba s c h i
.

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n o w b e i n g fo r m e d a t S o u th K e n s in g t o n s o th a t i t w o u l d s o o n ,
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n e v e r bee n ab l e t o a tt r i b u t e th e L y c i a n fr i e z es t o r ea l G r eek
a r t b u t r a th e r t o Ath e n i a n d es i g n a n d n a t i v e w o r k m a n s h i p
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i m it a t e d i n R o m a n t i m es Mr N e w t o n th o u g ht Mr W r o th . . .

h a d m a d e o u t a g oo d c as e b u t t h e p a p e r w a s n o t c o n c l us i v e , .

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d e c i s i o n c o u l d b e m a d e w ith o u t fu r t h e r e v i d e n c e T he .

d i s c u ss i o n w a s c o n t i n u e d by Mr \Va y t e a n d by Mr E l t o n . .
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k n ow n .

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t h e qu a nta ; a n d th a t th e w r ep by t ov o r m a i l e d a p r o n w a s a d d e d , ,

t o G r eek a rm o u r i n p os t -H o m e r i c t i m es T he m ea n in g w a s .

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a s p r es e n t i n g t h e o n l y s p e c i m e n s o f l o c a l p i c t o r i a l a r t o f a n
ea r l y p e r i o d as y e t d i s c o v e r e d o n t h e c oas t o f A s i a M i n o r .

Mr D e n n i s a l s o i n d ic a t e d m a n y p o i n t s o f r ese m b l a n c e
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b e t w ee n th e m a n d t h e p a i n t i n g s fo u n d i n E t r u s c a n t o m bs .

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.

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.

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E t r u r ia a n d o f M y c e n ae T h e c re s t o f o n e o f t h e h e l m e t s
.

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fr o m th i s fo r th e r e w a s r eas o n t o b e l i e v e th a t a rti s t s s o m e
,

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re p ro d u c i n a ct ua l t y p es T h e o c c u e n c e f t h e i h t
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s p oke d ch a r i o t w h ee l i n s u ch ea r l y w o r k w a s r a r e .

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DST E IN ,

t h e l i b r a r y o f S ir T h om as P h i l l i pp s a t C h e l t e n h a m o f a ,

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o f At h e n s w ith th e A c r o p o l i s a n d th e P a r th e n o n s ti l l e n ti r e,
.

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b u t i t s ee me d j u s t p oss i b l e fro m th e d a t e th a t t h e b o o k m i g h t
h a v e bee n w r i tt e n by a c o m p a n i o n o f M o r o s i n i ( S ee j ou r n a l ,

Vo l I V p . . .

L o r d G u i l d fo r d s n a m e h a v i n g bee n m e nt i o n e d t h e
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e n d ea v o u r s t o d i s c o v e r th e w h e r eabo u t s o f th e fa m o u s f i x/ ca l ,

w h i ch w a s re m o v e d fro m L o r d G u i l d fo r d s h ou se i n S t
.

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h ea r d o f s i n c e T h e p u tea l i s e n g ra v e d i n D o d w e l l s T ou r

i n G r eece .
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T H E AN N UA L ME E T IN G

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. fo ll o w i n g R e p o rt w as re a d b y t he H O N S E C . .

on behal f of t h e C o u n cil :

Though n o v e ry striki n g e ve n t is t o b e r e c o rd e d i n t h e
hist o ry o f t h e S o ci e ty d u ri n g t h e p a st y ea r its ge n e ra l l ev el ,

o f pr o sp e rity h a s b e e n fa irl y m a i n t a i n e d I n t h e R e p ort .

o f l a st y e a r t w o p r oj e cts w e r e m e n ti o n e d w h i c h the C o u n cil

w e r e a n x i o u s to e n c o u r a g e tho ugh i t w a s n o t p o ssibl e to d o

,

s o o u t o f t h e pr e s e n t r e s o u rc e s o f t h e S o ci e ty O n e w a s th e .

e st a blish m e n t o f a fu n d to e n a bl e Mr W M R a m sa y to . . .

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s o a bly b e g u n Th e o th e r w a s th e r e pr o d u cti o n by p h oto
.

gr a ph y o f t h e L a u r e n ti a n C o d e x o f S o ph o cl e s I n r e g a rd to .

t h e rst a n A si a Mi n o r E x pl o r a ti o n F u n d h a s b e e n e st a blish e d
,

a n d t h e 50 0 c o n sid e r e d i m m e di a t e ly n e c e ss a ry fo r t he p u r

p o s e hav e b e e n r a is e d w ith o u t d i f c u lty Th e m a n a g e m e n t .

o f the F u n d h a s b e e n e n tr u st e d to a C o m m itt e e a pp o i n t e d

b y t he s u b s crib e rs to it c o n sisti n g o f Mr J a m e s F e rg u ss o n
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.
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t h e p o i n t o f st a rti n g i n to P h rygi a t o p u rs u e fu rth e r thos e

i n t e r e sti n g r e s e a rch e s o f w hic h th e r e s u lts u p to th is d ate
h a v e b e e n r e c o r d e d i n th e f ou r / 2a ! of H el l en i c S tu d i es .

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. .

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bv th e C cil a n d t he L ibr a ry C o m m itt e e a n d it is

oun ,

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r e a lly v al u ab l e r e fe re n c e lib r a ry fo r th e s u bj e c t s w ith w h i c h
t h e S o c i e t v i s p r i n ci p a lly c o n c e r n e d A s n ot m u c h c a n b e
.

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s u i t a bl e boo k s a r e i n v i t e d fr o m a l l m e m b e rs o f t h e S o c i e t y .

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o f t h e J o u r n a l w h i c h pr o p e r l y b e l o n gs t o t h e e x p e n d it u r e o f

l as t y e a r b u t t h e a cc o u n t fo r w h i c h o w i n g t o th e l a t e
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t h e r e fo r e ,
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d e v o t e d t o o t he r o bj e cts i n w hi ch t h e So c i e t y i s i nt e re s t e d .

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g e n e r a l p os i t i o n a n d pr o s p e cts o f t h e S o ci e ty A t t h e s a m e .

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i s s ati s fa c tory t o n o t e tha t the R u l e w h i c h p r o vi d e s fo r t h e

a d m iss i o n o f l a d i es t o al l t he p rivil e g e s o f m e m be r sh i p ha s
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w i sh to p o i n t o u t tha t m u c h m o r e m igh t b e d o n e i f t h e

n u mb er o f m e m be r s w e r e c o n si d e r ably l a r ge r th a n i t i s .

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i f t h e n u m b e rs w e r e r a is e d a s t hey ea si l y m ight b e t o
, ,

o r m o r e a s u rpl u s w o u l d r e m a i n tha t c o u l d b e a p p l i e d
,

w i th r e a l e ffe ct t o p u r p os es o f e xp l o ratio n o r e x c a v a ti o n ,

t o the fo r m a t i o n o f a L ibra ry or t o t h e fu r t h e r a n c e o f
r

H e l l e n i c S t u d i es i n w h a t e v e r o t h er fo r m m igh t s ee m d e sir a bl e .

The J o u r n a l o f H e l l e n i c S t u d i es h a t a k e n a r e c o g n is e d
c

p o siti o n a m o n g p e ri o dic a ls o f i ts c l a s a n d m ay be rega r d e d

as highly c r e d i tab l e to the So c i ety a n d t o E n glish sch o l a r

sh i p . Th e s a m e s p i rit a n d e n e r gy d e v ote d t o othe r el d s
o f e n ter p ri s e w o u ld yi e l d res u l ts o f e q u a l o r e v e n g r ea t er v a l u e .

I n c o n c l us io n the re fore th e C o u n c i l o n c e m o r e a pp ea l t o
, ,

m e m b e rs t o d o a ll t h e v c a n t o e n l i s t fr e sh s u p p o rt fo r a
c a u s e the i m p o rt a n c e o f w hich i s b e c o m i n g d a ily m o r e
r e c o g n is e d i n th i s c o u n try .
 x lvi
T he a do pti o n of t he R e p o r t w a s m o v e d by Mr . T H U RS

I
F E L D ,
s e c o n d e d by Mr P E R C I V A L a n d c a rri e d . .

T he C H I N the n rea d ou t th e n a m es o f th e O f c e rs
A R MA

a n d C o u n cil pr o p o s e d fo r th e e n s u i n g yea r Th e fo ll o w i n g .

M e m bers o f C o u n cil re t i r e d i n rotatio n : M r C a p e s Mr .

, .

C h e n e r y M r G a r d n e r D r H o r t Mr M o n ro Mr My e rs
,
.
,
.
, .
, .
,

M r Ma rk P a t t i s o n M r P e lh a m Mr Pe rr y M r S id g w i ck
.
,
.
, . , .

and Dr \N i l l i a m S m i t h
. A l l o f t h es e ge n t l e m e n e x c e p t .
,

Mr S id g w ick a n d D r W illi a m S m i t h o ffere d th em s e l v es fo r

. .
,

r e ele c ti o n
-
T h e R e v H A H o ld e n L L D
. Mr J R . . .
,
. .
, . . .

T h u r s e l d a n d M r J E C VVe l l d o n w e r e n o m i n ate d to ll
, . . . .
,

t h e v a c a nc i es T h e P r e sid e n t a n d V i c e P resi d e n t s re m ai n e d
.
-

u n c h a n ge d .

T h e L i st as s u b m itt e d b y th e C o u n cil w a s c o n rm e d by
t h e m e e ti n g o n th e m ot io n o f M r E l to n s e c o n d e d b y P r o f .
,
.

G F A r m str o n g
. . .

A ft e r so m e p r e li m i n a ry re m ar k s b y the C ha i rma n P ro f ,
.

J e b b m a d e a sta t e m e n t o f th e p osi t i o n a n d pr o s p e ct s o f the

s c hem e fo r t h e es t a bl i sh m e n t o f a B ri ti sh S ch o o l at A t he n s ,

w h i c h he ha d i n tr o d u c e d to t h e p u b l i c i n a r e c e n t a r ti c l e i n

t he F a r t i n g / M O I R evi ew Th e E d it o r o f that m a g a z i n e M r .
,
.

T H S E s c o tt ha d t a k e n u p the i d e a w a r m l y a n d thr o u gh
. . .
, ,

h i s h e lp a d he r e n t s o f t h e high e st e m i n e n c e h a d b ee n ga i n e d
for t h e pr oj e ct T h e P ri n c e o f W a l e s a n d th e D u k e o f
.

A lb a n y h a d p r o m ise d s u pp o rt a n d s o h a d th e C h a n c el lo rs o f ,

the t w o U n iv e rsiti e s t h e P r es i d e n t of t h e R oya l A c a d e m y , ,

t he Pres i d e n t o f t h e S o c ie t y o f A n tiq u a ri e s t h e Bish o p o f ,

D urha m a n d o th e rs , A circ u l a r w o u l d sho rt l y be i ss u e d

.

d e n i n g t h e l i n es o n w hich th e s ch e m e w o u l d b e b ase d a n d ,

i n vi t i n g n o t p e c u n i ar y a i d b u t a d h e si o n A ft e r t h i s h a d h a d , .

t i me to t a k e e ffe c t a m eeti n g w o u l d b e he l d i n L o nd o n
, ,

p r ob ab ly i n J u l y w h i c h w o u l d b e m a d e a s re p rese n tat i v e as
,

p o ssibl e A t this m e e ti n g a G e n e r a l C o m m i tt ee w o u l d b e
.

a p p o i n t e d a n d a ls o a n E x e c u t i v e C o m m it t e e w hic h w o ul d b e
, ,

c h arge d w i t h t h e d u ty o f d r a w i n g u p a s ch e m e i n d etai l O n .

t h is Co m m i tt e e i t w a s p r o p ose d th a t t he H e ll e n ic S o c i ety ,

the D i le tt a n t i S o c i e t y t h e S o ci e ty o f A n tiq u a ri e s t h e U n i , ,
 x lvii

v e rs it i e s o f O x fo rd a n d C am b r i d ge a n d o t he r i m p o rt a n t ,

b o d i es s ho u l d b e re p res e n te d by d e l e g a t e s Th e fo l l o u i r .
it

w ould b e m a i n fea tu r es i n t h e s c he m e T he S c h o c
w o u l d b e n ot e x cl u siv e ly o f a r c h ae o l og i c a l s c i e n c e b u t m o re ,

w i d e ly o f G r e e k stu d i es i n G r e e k land s P r o fe s s o r J e bb s

o w n vi e w s u p o n thi s p o i n t ha d bee n e m ph a tic a ll y c o n r m e d

by M r W M R a m sa y a n d P r o fe ss o r \V \V G o o d w i n ; ( 2 )
. . . . .

the r e m ust be a d i r e c to r w i t h a sa l a r y o f n o t l e s s t ha n 5 0 0
( 3) a l i b ra ry o f w hic h t he di r e ct o r w o u l d ta k e c h a rg e a n d a ,

h o use i t h a d b e e n e sti m a t e d that a go o d h o u s e c o u l d b e

a s i te o n Mo u n t L
b u i l t fo r y c a b e t t u s w ou l d pr o b a bly
b e gra n t e d b y t h e G r e e k G o v e r n m e n t (4 ) m e m b ersh i p w o u l d
b e O p e n to al l p e rs o n s a c c r e d i te d b y t he U n iv e rsiti e s or o t h e r
res p o n s i b l e bo d i es a n d p o s sibl y o n p ay m e n t o f a s ma l l fe e
, . , ,

t o tr a v el l ers res i d i n g i n A t h e n s o n ly fo r a fe w w e e k s ; it
w a s p ro p ose d th a t t he d i re c to r sho u l d giv e g u i d a n c e a n d

a d vi c e to st u d e n ts a n d p oss i bl y e n c o u rage t h e o c c a si o n a l
,

r e a d i n g o f p a p ers b u t i t w a s d es i rab l e t o l e a v e h i m a s fr e e
,

as p ossi b l e I n c o n c l usi o n P r o fe ss o r J e b b st a t e d t hat h e h a d

.
,

r e c e iv e d a l e tt er w a r m ly a pp ro v i n g t he s c he m e fro m Mr
, , .

G l a d st o n e w ith a p ro m is e t o c o n trib u t e 5 0 H e tho ugh t

'

, .

th a t o n the w h o l e there w a s a d e ci d e dl y ho p e fu l p r o sp e ct o f
r a isi n g th e c o n si d e r e d n e c e ss a ry to e st a blish t h e
s c hoo L

A vo et o f th a n ks to th e A u d i t ors w a s m ove d by M r T v l o r .

se c o nd e d b y M r S ki n n e r a n d c a rri e d
.
, .

I n c o n c l u s i o n a vote o f t ha n k s to th e C hai rm a n w a s m o v e d
,

by the W a rd e n o f K eb l e C o ll e g e w h o p ai d a n e l o q u e n t ,

t ri b u te to P r o fe ss o r N e w to n s e m i n e n t s e rvic e s to th e c aus e o f

cl a ssic a l s tu d y i n E n gl a n d T h e v o t e w a s se c o nd e d by
.

P r o fe ss o r M ah a ffy a nd c arrie d u n a n i m ou sl y
,
I n retu rn i n g .

t ha n k s P r o fe ss o r N e w t o n e x p resse d p a rtic u l a r reg r et a t th e

,

a b s e n c e o f the P r e sid e n t o f t h e S o c i e ty t h e B i s h o p o f ,

D urham o n the pr e s e n t o cc a s io n b e c a u s e he w a s k n o w n t o
, ,

t a k e a w a r m i n terest i n th e S ch o o l of A the n s s c heme a n d ,

t h e a dv i c e o f so e m i n e n t a s c ho l a r a nd s o w e ig h ty a c o u n
s e ll o r w o u l d ha v e b ee n o f t h e g r eates t v a l u e T h e C hai rm a n .

c o n rm e d t h e vi e w s e x pr e ss e d i n th e C o u n c i l s re p o rt by a '
 x lviii

s p e c i a l a pp ea l to m e m b e rs to d o m o re t h a n h a d bee n d o n e
hi th e rto i n t h e w a y o f p r o s e lytisi n g V e r y l i tt l e p ers u asi o n . .
,

h e s a id w as n e e d e d t o i n d u c e th o s e i n te reste d i n G r e e k
,

s t u d i es to j o i n th e S o c i et y a n d i f o n l y m e m bers c o u ld
,

b e s e c u r e d h e w as c o n vi n c e d t h at t h e S o ci e ty c ou l d c arr y
o u t w o r k o f the ut m os t i m p orta n c e to s c i e n c e a n d t o
s ch o l a rship .

T h e F ou rt h Gen er a l Mee tin g w as h e l d at 2 2 A l b e m arl e ,

S tr e e t o n , T / mr s a ay
'
, O c t o e r 1 8, at 5 R M P R O F E S S O R ,

N E WT O N , a nd a ft e r w a rd s PRO FE S S O R J E B B i n t h e C ha i r
, .

T he C H A I R MA
N r e p o rt e d p rogress i n a fa v ou rab le se n s e
o n the S c hoo l o f A the n s s c h e m e st a ti n g that the a m o u n t o f ,

s ubs c ri p ti o n s p ro m i s e d o r p a i d u p w a s d e c i d e d ly e n c ou ragi n g ,

a n d that th e G r ee k G o v er n m e n t h a d o ffe r e d a s i te fo r the

S c h oo l b u ild i n g .

P r o fe ss o r Jeb b state d th at t he fo ll o w i n g R es o l u t i o n ha d
b e e n p ass e d at th e rs t m e e ti n g o f th e G e n e ra l Co m m i tte e
o f th e S c h o o l

That th e H e l l e n i c S o c i e t y be i n v i te d to n o m i n ate t w o o f
i t s m e m b e rs to r e p rese n t th e S o ci e t y o n th e E x e c utive

C om m ittee .

T he i nd i re c t r e p r e s e n t a ti o n o f th e S o c iet y w a s a l rea d y
l arge b u t i t w a s d es i re d by th e C o m m i ttee t ha t the re shou l d
,

a l s o b e for m al a n d d ir e c t re p re s e n tati o n .

I t w a s p ro p os e d by M r M yers s e c o nd e d by Mr F e rg u ss o n
.
, .
,

a nd c a rri e d : T h at M r N e w t o n a n d M r Ma c m ill a n be
. .

a pp oi n te d as re p rese nt ati ves o f th e S o c iety o n the E x e c ut i v e

C o m m i tte e for the estab l i sh m e n t o f a n E n g l i sh S c hoo l at
A th e n s .

T h e C hai r m a n state d th at he h a d re c e n t ly see n i n B er l i n

D r H i rs c h fe l d w h o h a d j u st re t u r n e d fro m e x p l ori n g the
.
,

c o u rse o f t he H a ly s i n Pa p h l ago n i a S om e of the p hoto .

gra p hs t a k e n by D r H i rs c h fe l d w ere through h is c o u rt e sy

.
, ,

s u b m itt e d t o th e m eeti n g T h e syst em ati c a c c o u n t o f h i s

.

j o u r n e y w a s n o t y e t p u blish e d b u t h e h a d to l d th e Cha i rm a n
,
 TH E C AMBRI D GE BRAN C H
O F

T H E S OC I E T Y FO R T H E P R O MO T I ON O F

H E L L E N I C S T U D I E S .

S E S S I O N of 1 88 3 .

Meeti n g w as h e l d i n P r o fe ss o r C o l v i n s r o o m s i n
T h e F ir s t

T ri n ity Co l lege o n , Ma r c/i 8 1 8 8 3 at th e , ,

M as t er of T r i n i t y i n th e C hai r .

T h e H o n S e c retary r e a d a l etter from Mr G M a c m i l l a n

. . .

u rgi n g that C o l l ege L ib r a ri e s sho u l d s u bscrib e t o t he

Jo u r n a L
Pro fessor C o l v i n m a d e a c o m m u n i c ati o n u p o n a n i n cis e d
b r o n z e tho r a x fou nd i n the A l p h e i u s H e b rought i t i n t o .

c o n n e ct io n w i t h t h e F ra n go i s v ase s uggesti n g tha t earl y A tti c

,

p o tt ery b orro w e d its d e sig n s fro m s u c h w or k i n b ro n z e .

D r Wa l d stei n m a d e a c o m m u n i c ati o n ( 1 ) u p o n a s o c al l e d
.
-

H ero i c H ea d i n th e British Mu s e u m w h i c h s e e m e d to h i m
t o re c al l t h e w or k m a n sh i p o f L y s i p p o s es p e c i a l ly w he n c o m
,

p are d w i t h th e A p o x yo m e n os of th e V a t i c a n a n d other w o rk s
a tt ri b ute d to t h a t a rtist T h e s p e c i a l ch a ra ct e ristics o f t h e
.

hea d w ere i c o n i c a n d p oi n te d to so m e d ist i n c t feat u res i n the

i n d ivid u a l O f w ho m t he hea d w a s p ro bab ly a p o rtr a it F r o m .

a n e x a m i n a ti o n o f the p a ss a g e s r eferri n g to t he p ortraits o f

A l e x a nd er th e G reat b y L y s i p p o s a n d al s o o f th e e x ta n t
,

b u sts o f t hat m o n ar c h D r Wa l d stei n th o u ght it p r o b a bl e th at

, .

t hi s heroi c hea d w as a p o rtr a it o f A l e x a n d er i n h is yo u t h

a s a n E p hebos w h i l e the e x ta n t bu sts w hich sho w e d tra c es o f

, ,

E a st e r n i n fl ue n c e be l o n g e d rath e r t o th e p e rio d o f A le x a n d er s

E a st e r n c o n q u e sts .

( 2 ) U p o n a s o c al l e d H ea d o f D io m e d e i n th e Britis h

-

Mu s e u m w h i c h ha d a L y s ip p e a n ch a r a ct e r a n d m igh t b e l o n g
t o a gro u p by L y s ip p o s o f ge n era l s s u rr o u n di n g A l e x a n d e r
 1i

at th e b att l e o f G ra n ik o s O n the oth er h a n d i n the c hara c t e r

.
,

o f th e m a rbl e w or k a n d i n so m e d e tai l s o f st yl e th e r e w e re
stro ng i n d i c ati o n s o f th e Pe rga m e n e S c hoo l u n d e r A tt a l o s .

H e w o u l d at a n y r a t e p l a c e t he hea d w i t h i n thes e l i m i ts ;
d ra w i n g a tt e n ti o n n al l y t o the fa c t that the arti sts e x e c u ti n g
th e l arge battle s c e n es o f A t t a l o s w ou l d b e stro n g ly i n
-

u e n c e d by L y s i p p o s w h o h a d rst i n tr o d u c e d th a t c l ass o f
,

s u bj e ct i n to sc u lpt u r e i n th e r o u n d w h o hi m s e l f w or k e d fo r ,

Perga mo n a n d o n e o f w h o s e p u pils C hares o f L i n d os b e c am e

, , ,

a l ea d i n g s c u l p tor at R h o d e s .

Mr V e r ra l l rea d a p a p e r u p o n Th e L i batio n R i t ua l o f th e
.
-

E u m e n i d es .

E a c h p a p er w a s fol l o w e d by a disc u ssi o n T he m e e ti n g .

bei n g som e w hat p rotra c te d M r C ha m b e r s s c o m m u n i c at io n .

w a s p ost p o n e d .

T h e Ann u al Meeti n g w a s h el d i n P r o fe ss o r Co l vi n s r o o m s

T ri n ity Col le g e o n Wed n es d ay D ece m be r 5 P ro fess or C o l vi n

, , ,

i n the Chai r .

P r o fe ss o r C o lvi n w as e l e c te d V ic e C h a ir m a n and M r -
,
.

Br o w n i n g S e c retary fo r the c o m i n g y ear Me ssrs B u r n

, . .
,

L e w i s R ob erts a n d Ti l le y w er e e l e c te d M e m be rs o f C ou n c i l
, , .

M r R idg e w a y rea d a p a p e r o n t h e t ra c e s to be fo u n d i n
.

H o m e r o f the c o m m o n e l d syst em .

D r Wa l d ste i n r e a d a p a p e r o n the arra n g e m e n t o f th e

.

gu res i n th e E a st e r n Pe d i m e n t o f t h e T e m p l e o f Z e us at
O ly m pi a . T w o v i e w s ha v e b e e n ta k e n o f w hi c h that u p he l d ,

by C u rti u s i s artist i c a l ly s u p e ri o r to th at o f D r T r e u w h i c h .
, ,

though goo d fo r the c e n tra l gr o u p i s m o n oto n ou s a n d u n rhy t h ,

m ic a l fo r t h e sid e s T h e evi d e n c e o f P a usa n i as p ra c ti c al ly

.

g oes for n o t h i n g as far a s the c e n tral g u r e s a re c o n c er n e d

,
.

A t th e e x trem i t i es o f gr o u p s p e rs on i c a t i o n s o f n atu re are

s c hem ati c a l ly fre q u e n t e g i n gr o u p s o f c osm i c a l c hara ct e r

, .

H el i os a n d S el en e o n E p e d i m e n t o f the Parthe n o n ; i n
.

gr o u ps of l o c a l c hara c ter I ly s s o s a n d K e p h is s o s o n W p e d i m e n t
, .

o f the Pa rthe n o n a n d K la d e o s a n d A lp h e io s here S u c h p er

,
.

s o n i c a t i o n s are n ot h o w e v e r fo u n d e a rli e r tha n this w o rk a n d

, ,

the Par t he n o n : n o t for i n st a n c e o n th e A e gi n a p e d i m e n t s

w hi c h l a ck c e n tra lis a ti o n o f i n terest H ere w e h ave Z eus i n .

the c e n tre a nd t w o gu res o n ea c h s i d e o f h i m Thes e ve .

 l ii

fo r m t he c e ntr al gro u p a n d t he n t he li n e is b ro k e n ; n e x t
,

c o m e t he c ha r io t ee r s a nd ho r ses A ft e r these there i s a great

.

b rea k A t this p oi n t t he gr o u p h as a c e rt a i n c o m pl e t e n e ss
.
,

s u ch a s w e als o nd i n t he W p e d i m e n t o f t he P a rt he n o n i n
.

t h e gr o u p t e r m i n a t e d by th e c hari o t s o f A t h en e a n d Pos ei d o n

B y t h e gra d u al re c e d i n g o f th e ho r ses a fra m e i s form e d w h i c h

t hro w s u p th e c e n t r a l gro u p a s if i n to h ighe r re l ie f A s to .

t he r e m ai n i n g g u r e s w e c a n lear n n o t hi n g fr o m P a u s a n i a s

a cc o u n t T h ey b e l o n g t o q u it e a d i ffere n t c l ass F o r the i r

. .

i n t e rpr e t a ti o n a h i n t is giv e n by t h e c o rn er gu res : they a re

al l l o c a l p e r s o n i c a t i o n s T hey p rese n t a r em a r k ab l e a n alogy
.

t o t h e c orre s p o n d i n g g u r e s i n t he W p e d i m e n t o f t h e
.

Par t h e n o n A g u r e l ea n i n g o n th e gro u n d w i t h o n e h a nd
.
,

o r o n a sta ff i s q u i t e a s c he m ati c r e pr e s e n t a ti o n o f a riv e r o r

,
'

m o u n tai n go d T h e c or n er g u res a re ri v er go d s a n d thos e

.
,

n e x t t o a n d t ur n e d t o w a rd s th e m a re e v i d e n t l y s o c l ose l y
a ss o ci a t e d w ith the m that the y m u st b e l o n g t o the s a m e cl a ss

o f p e r s o n i c a t i o n s N o r c a n w e w e l l s e p a r a t e fro m th e s e t he
.

third g u r e o n ea c h s i d e W e m a y the re fore c o n cl u d e that

.

they are a l l n at u r al a n d l o c a l p e r s o n i c a t i o n s .

P r o fes sor C o lvi n r ea d a p a p er o n a re l ie f i n th e p o ss e ssi o n o f

M D e s t o m b e s a t t he H ag u e a n d r e sc u e d b y h i m fro m d e s t r u c
.

t i o n A c a st of i t ha d bee n p rese n t e d to th e F itz w illi a m

.

Mu s e u m I t i s e vi de n tly a w o r k o f A tt i c a r t a n d bel o n gs to
.

t he n u m e r o u s cl a ss o f A t he n i a n fu n eral m o n u m e n ts I t is .

so m e w hat si n g u l a r i n d esig n a n d c o m p osi tio n re pr es e n ti n g ,

a l a d y seate d t o w ho m a n u rs e bri n gs a n i n fa n t c h i l d w h i c h
, ,

hol d s o u t its h a n d s to th e m other Whether thi s i s a m o n u

.

m e n t to t h e c h i l d or to t h e m o th e r i s u n c e r tai n A pp are nt ly
.

i t r e p r e s e n ts m e r el y a s c e n e o f d om es t i c l i fe I t i s o n a .

s m al ler s c al e th a n is u s u a l a n d i s j ou rn ey m a n s w o rk so m e

w h at ro ugh a n d ru d e i n e x e c u t i o n b u t sh o w i n g t h e i m me d i ate
,

i m pr e ss o f the g r ea t est ti m e T h e r e li e f i s m u c h h i g h er t ha n
.

t hat o f t h e Pa r t he n o n fri e z e a n d o f so m e o t h er stel ae b u t ,

s e e m s d i s t i n c tl y r e fe ra bl e t o t he s t yl e o f t h e i m m e d i ate
fo l lo w e r s o f P h e i d ia s a n d to a t i m e n ot m u ch l ate r t ha n t h at
,

m as t er T h e ty p e o f th e hea d o f t h e s ea t e d gu r e c losel y
.

r e s e m bl e s t ha t o f A t h en e o n Dr \Va l d s t e i n s p la q u e w hi c h
.

r e st o r e s tha t go dd ess o n t he fri e z e o f t h e Pa rt he n o n .

 T WO ARC HAI C G RE E K S ARC O P H AG I ,

R E C E N T LY D IS C O VE RE D I N T H E N E C RO P O LI S O F O L AZ O ME N AE .

T H E SE sar c op hag i w e r e brou g h t t o l i g ht by a cc i d e n t i n th e

su mmer of 1 8 8 2 by p e a s a n ts diggi n g i n t h e e l d s H e ari n g of
, .

t h e disc ov e ry I ma d e a n a tt e m pt t o p ur c has e t hem bu t b e fo r e ,

m y n e g ot i at i o n s w e r e c om pl e t e d th e O tt om a n authori ti e s ste p p e d ,

i n a n d app ro p r i a te d th e m on u m e n ts w h ich a r e n ow lyi n g i n a ,

p orch of th e G ov e r n or G e n e r a l s p a l a c e m u ch i nj u r e d by th e

r ou gh h a n d l i ng th e y h a v e r e c e i ve d i n th e ir t r a n sp ort t o S m yr n a .

Th e se s a r c oph a g i p os s e s s a p ec u l i ar i n t e r e st as pr e s e n ti n g
,

t o u s t h e on ly sp e ci m e n s of l o c a l pict ori a l a r t of a n e ar l y G re e k
pe rio d as ye t disc ov e r e d o n the coast of A si a Mi n or I t i s a .

si n g u l a r fa ct th a t n o g u r e d v a s e s so fa r a s I ca n l e ar n ha v e , ,

b ee n disi n t e rr e d o n th i s coast sa v e a few of s m a ll s i z e a n d ,

i n sig n ic a n t ch a r a ct e r fou n d i n th e Troa d a n d t w o a mp hor a e ,

of a l at e p e r i od di sc ov e r e d by Mr N e w t o n i n t h e n e c r opolis of .

H a lic a r n a ssu s (D i s cover i es i n the L eva n t v ol i i p T he , . . .

sc a rcity of su c h v a se s s ee m s t o su gg e st th a t th e s e e x c e p tio n s
had pr ob a bly b e e n i m p or t ed as w e k n ow that G r eek v a s e s w e r e ,

a r ticl e s of c omm e r ce i n a n ci e n t ti m e s (P l i n H N xxxv . . . .

bu t t h e s e s ar c oph a gi fr om t h e ir siz e w e ight a nd m a t e ri a l c a n n ot , ,

h a v e b e e n othe r tha n of l oc al ma n u fa c tu r e a n d a d or n m e n t a n d ,

1
I h ou l d al s p erhap e x c ept t w
s o d ha e v i i t ed n t a few
s c i nt
o an v s o an e

ar ch a i c v as e s p u r has e d by M Ram s ay s i t e s h i ey o t h e coa s t bu t h ve

c r. , c n , a

i n S myrna c om in g f om th c ien t
,
as v er h a d t h f t u t e i g l
r e an ne e or ne o se a s n e

P h a e a th o g h
oc , t a u t h e n t i at d a s
u no g d v c t i d t h v b en
c e u re as e as er a n e o a e e

h a v i g bee fou d on t ha t s i t e
n n n f d i i t rr d in n y G e k n c p l i
, on e o s n e e a re e ro o s , or

t h m i l l u tr t d i n t h e J ou r a l
e s a e f ven t p i ck u p a f g m en t of
n oi e o ra on e n

H ll ic S tu d i e V l II p 3 04 I h a v
e en s, o .my w . d ri g i s u c h l c l i t i
. . e an e n s n o a es .

p a s s e d n e a l y e y e ars i n As i a Min or
r v ,

H . s .
V O L . I V . R
2 T WO AR C HAI C G R EE K S AR C O P H AG I .

a re t h e only hich a fford us a kno w ledge of Ioni a n

m onu m ents w

pict ori a l ar t a t a period before Herodotus w rote or Pind a r sung ,

a nd it m a y be before An a creon ed fro m the neighbouring

, ,

city of T eos to sing th e pr a ises of love a n d w ine a t the court of

Polycr a tes T h e p a inted s a rcoph a gu s in th e British Museu m
.

i s si mi l a r in ch a r a cter a n d of not less a rch a ic a r t but th a t w a s

, ,

di scovered in R ho des a n d is th e only m onu m ent of t h is d e s c r i p

,

tion th a t th e extensive exc a v a tions in th a t isl a nd h a ve brought

to l ight I st a te this on the a uthority of Mr Alfr ed Biliotti
. . .

B oth these s a rcoph a gi a r e of terra cotta T h e l a rger a n d .

m ore pretentious one m e a sures 7 feet 4 inches in length 3 feet ,

2 g inch es in w i dth a bove 2 feet 8 % inches belo w a n d 2 feet , ,

} inches in height It is coloured inside a n d out a dull grey

7 .
,

w hich m a y h a ve been origin a lly bl a ck e xcept w here it is ,

decor a ted w ith bro a d b a nds of w h ite p a inted w ith gures or

orn a m ent al designs in bl a ck T he lo w er p a rt of the m onu m ent .
,

for t w o-thirds of its height is decor a ted on e a ch of its sides w ith ,

s u ch b a nds t w o horizont a l one a bove a n d one belo w a n d t w o

, , ,

vertic a l a t t h e a ngles ; e ach b a nd displ a ying a double r ow of

]

el a bor a te m a e a nder p a ttern w ith s ta rs in a ltern a te sp a ces (Fig , . .

Above this rises w h a t m a y be c a lled the cornice of the s a r

co h a g u s the sides here s w elling out s seen in prole into
p , a , ,

so m ething l i ke t h e outline of a Doric c a pita l w ith a necking or ,

tor u s p a inted in squ a res bl a ck a n d w hite a ltern a tely in i m it a tion

, , ,

of a dentil -m oulding w hich is c a rried rou n d the s a rcoph a gus

'

.
,

Above this is a bro a d b a nd of the egg a n d to n gue p a ttern a n d ,

a nother b a nd of double m a e a nder cro w ns t h e w hole So m uch for .

the e x te rior of th e m onu m ent th e rich e ffect of w hich is sho w n ,

in F ig 1 t a ken fro m a photogr a ph m a de by Mr C a rl Hu m a nn

.
, .
,

FI G . 1 E
. x r x m on o r S A RC O PH A GU S , N o
. 1 .

of Perg a m os celebrity fro m his t r a cings of the designs on the ,

s a rcoph a gus a n d kindly pl a ced by h i m a t my disposa l t o

,

ill ustr a te this a rticle .

 T WO AR C H AI C G R E E K S AR C O P HAG I . 3

T he inte r ior is orn a m ented in a si m il a r m a nner s a ve th a t th e ,

m a e a nder deco r a tion i s conned to the t w o horizont a l b a nds ,

a bove a n d belo w the a st r a g a lu s a n d d entil -m ou ldings ( See .

Fig .

FI G . 2 .
l x r nm o n o r S A C O R PH A GU S , N o . 1 .

T hegrea t a ttr a ction of th e s a rcoph a gu s ho w ever lies n ot in , ,

these extern a l decor a tions but in those on the bro a d l evel r i m ,

of the m onu m ent w hich w a s w idened ou t t o receive the lid

, .

( See F ig Here
. a re see n gu re s of m en horses dogs , , ,

FI 13 P A I NT E D Rm S AR C O P H AGI S N 1

G . . or , o . .

&c ,
. p a inted bl a ck on a cre am y w hite ground not o n ly covering ,

the bro a der portions of the r i m a t th e he a d an d foot of th e

s a rcoph a gus but extending so m e dist a nce a lso a long the r i m on
,

e a ch side th e intervening sp a ce being orn a m ented w ith a

,

double r ow of eleg a nt h eli ces sep a r a ted by a n a rr o w b an d of ,

m a e a n der T h e gures a t the he a d of the s a rcoph ag u s a r e

.

a l m ost obliter a ted but a ch a riot prob a bly a 6719 a w ith its
, , ,

vl o o c or a u r i g a follo w ed by a m a n on horseb a ck a n d w ith a

x , , ,

dog bene a th the ch a riot c an be distinguished by their fr a g ,

m ents B elo w this scene on e a ch side r i m in a squ a r e c om

.
,
-
,

ar t m e n t is represented a p a ir of w a rriors contending over the

p , ,

body of a thi r d possibly inten ded to portr a y t h e co m b a t over

,

th e body of P a troclus or so m e si m il a r contest in the w a r of ,

T roy .Mount I da be it obse r ve d w hich look s o er T r oy is
, , ,

B 2
 T WO AR C HAI C G RE E K S AR C O P H AG I .

visible fro m th e h eigh ts a bove C l a zom e n a e T h e w a rr iors in .

t h ese co m b a ts a r e a r m ed w ith long spe a r s a n d ci r cul a r sh ields ,

t h e do n [Be g e zx v /cxo e of Ho m er w h ich h a ve a b r o a d r i m o r

-
, ,

left w hite to r ep r esent t h e b r a ss w it h w h ich t h e sh ield

w a s bound . In o n e inst a nce only is the h el m et distinguish a ble ,

a n d it is ve r y l a rge a n d cu m be r so m e w it h a n enor m ou s crest ;

a n d a s t h e fa llen w a r r io r a ppe a r s to w e a r a s i m il a r h el m et it is ,
'

p r ob a ble t h a t a l l these gu r es w e r e depicted w ith hel m ets of

th e sa m e description a s a r e m ost of t h e w a rr io r s represented on
,

t h e other s a rcoph a gus B ene a th these sce n es a n d still on the

.
,

side ri m s a r e t w o co m p a rt m ents e a ch s h o w ing a p a i r of h a rpies

-
, , ,

or w o m a n h e a ded birds w ith w ings upr a ised

-
,
confro n ting e a ch ,

othe r ( See Fig

. .

4 .
- P AI N T I N G CX S AR C O I I I A GVS , N o . 1 .

T he bro a d ri m a t the foot of the s a rcoph a gus a s reg a rds the ,

position of the corpse w hen l a id w ithin it presents a ch a riot ,

r a ce or r a ther four bi g a e or 8L qbp o e t w o ga lloping to the right

'

, , , ,

a n d t w o to the left w ith a m eta in the sh a pe of a Doric colu m n

,

betw een the m T h e a rtist a ppe a rs t o h a ve intended to represent

.

th e ch a riots a s h a ving a lre a dy rounded the m eta a n d a s in the ,

a c t of r eturning to th e st a rting point T his end of the m onu

-
.

m ent h a s fo r tun a tely su ffered little inj u ry a n d the gures a r e ,

w ell preserved T h e horses a r e dr a w n w ith m u ch spirit one

.
,

c a rrying his he a d a loft t he other l ow a n a ction repe a ted in e a ch

, ,

inst a nce to distinguish one a ni m a l fr o m the other for a s their ,

for m s a r e not indic a ted by distinct outlines n or depicted of ,

diffe r ent colou r s a s in E trusc a n p a inted to m bs the t w o w ould

, ,

oth e r w ise be blended into one T h e ch a rioteers a r e n a ked s a ve

.
,
 T WO AR C H A I C G R E E K S AR C O P H AG I .

be nothing m o r e th a n the lotus so often introd u ced a s a or a l ,

orn a m ent t o ll the v a c a nt sp a ces in the eld of Arch a ic Greek

v a ses It is r epresented in Fig 5 w hic h gives one h a lf of this
. .
,

scene including t h e m eta A dog r uns bene a t h the horses of .

e a ch c ha r iot .

T h e r pna or m eta is a si m ple colu m n w ith a so r t of Do r ic

'

c a pita l r esting on a b a se for m ed of a single h uge tor u s w ith a

, ,

bro a d s q u a r e plinth be n e a th it ex a ctly l ike t h e b a ses of the ,

colu m ns of th e H e r a e u m a t S a m os a bout w h ich I believe it , , ,

is still disputed w hethe r they w e r e of t h e Do r ic or Ionic order .

O n th e col u m n rests a l a rge s ta m n os or oil j a r intended as the ,

-
,

prize for th e victor T h e c a pita l a n d v a se a r e not sho w n in

.

Fig 5 h a ving been in a dverten t ly o m itted by Mr Hu m a nn

.
,
. .

A bove this scene on e a ch side -r i m is a co m p a r t m ent in

, ,

w hich is represented a m a n on horseb a ck n a ked like the ,

ch a rioteers in the scene belo w a n d like the m w e a ring a long ,

t a sselled fez His horse is in a sh a rp w a lk the he a d c a r r ied high

.
, ,

like the ep ca vxe ve s im r o z of Ho m er the fl a g w ell se t on a n d

.
,

c a rrie d like a n Ar a b s T h e for m is dr a w n w ith m uch truth . ,

s a ve th a t the foreh a nd is extr a v a g a ntly thick a n d he a vy a fa ult ,

w h ich see m s to h a ve ch a r a cterise d the Greek horse in a ncient

t i m es if w e m a j udge fro m th e friezes of the P a rthenon a s it

, y ,

certa inly doe s the R o m a n horse a t the present da y A dog .

bene a th the h orse testies by his a ttitude hi s deligh t a t

a cco m p a nying h i s m a ster in his ride B ehind t h e horse m a n s .

he a d is a bird on the w ing a n d suspended fro m the w a ll in ,

front of hi m is a w ine j ug In a s m a ll co m p a rt m ent a bove e a ch

-
.

of th e se scenes a lso on the side ri m is a p a ir of sphinxes w ith

,
-
,

w ings upr a ised confronting e a ch other in a n a t t itude like th a t

,

of conversa tion ( S e e F ig . .

T hese gures a r e so si m il a r in m a ny re spects to those in the

E trusc a n p a inted to m bs of T a r q u i n i i a n d C lusiu m th a t a n y one ,

w h o h a s v isited those to m bs c a nnot fa il to be s truck w ith the

rese m bl a nce a n d to be re m inded o f the oft a sser ted Lydi a n

,
-

origin of t h e E trusc a ns a sserted a l m ost un a ni m ously by the ,

a ncients but in our da y disputed by cert a in a rch a eologists of

,

th e Ger m a n school T h e su bjects represented a r e ide ntic a l a s

.

sepulc h r a l decor a tions the designs a l so a r e so si m il a r th a t a n y

,

one conve r s a nt w ith the to m b p a intings of E truri a m ight t a ke -

a r ep r esent a tion of the bi a r a ce on this s a rcoph a gus to be

g
-
 T WO AR C HAI C G R E E K SA R C O P HAG I .

copied fro m the w a lls of ne ly opened Deposi to a t so m e w -

C hiusi . Y e t the design is undoubtedly a rch a ic Greek T he .

d r a w ing is infe r ior to the l a ter v a ses of the ar ch a ic Greek or

Attic style a n d m igh t therefore be a scribed to the m iddle of t h e
,

sixth centu r y B C w e r e it not for a freedo m a n d vigour a bout

. .
,

the ch a r iot r a ce a n d a n e a se a bout the ho r se m en w hich see m

-
, ,

to m a rk th e m a s not m uch e a r lier th a n 5 0 0 B C T he gu r es .

a r e in no inst a nce c a refu l ly dr a w n yet they displ a y so m uc h life ,

a n d spirit a s to le a d on e to the conclusion fr o m thei r m a nifest

defects th a t they sho w the h a nd of a n unskilful a rtist in a so m e

w h a t a dv a nced pe r iod of a r t r a ther th a n th a t of a skilfu l ,

dra ugh ts m a n in the epoch of its infa ncy .

T he second s a rcoph a gus is consider a bly s m a ller th a n t h e

other m e a suring only 6 feet 1 0 1} inches in length 2 feet 6 inches
, ,

w ide a t the he a d a n d 2 feet a t the foot the height being

, ,

FI G . 7 E. e m on or S A Rc or n A G U s, N o . 2 .

sca rcely 1 8 inches N or is it so richly o r n a m ented a s the other

.

w ith p a inted m ouldings its only extern a l decor a tion being a ,

si m ple egg a n d tongue m oulding red on a w hite ground w hich , ,

encircles the m onu m ent a t its highest p a rt With this exception .

the exterior is quite pl a in of th e n a tur a l brick -red colour of the

,
i
burnt cl a y But inside th e s a rcoph a gus to th e s a n e depth a s the
.
,

FI G . 8 . IN T E R I O R or S a n c o mu o v s , N o .

2 .

outer m oulding runs a delic a te b a nd of double m a e a nder a lter

, ,

n a ting w ith st a r s m a rked out w ith d a rk l ines a s in the ot h e r

, ,

m onu m ent A s m a ll piece is engr a ved in Fig 9 (over le a f)

. . .
8 T WO ARC HAI C G R E E K S AR C O P H AG I .

T he gre a t interest of t h is s a rcoph a gu s a lso lies in the gures

and othe r decor a tions p a inted on the bro a d level r i m in w hich

FI G . 9 .

t h e m onu m ent term in a tes a bove ( S e e Fig 1 0 ) T h e gures . .

a r e for the m ost p a rt bright red on a w h ite round but this is

g ,

o w ing to th e i m pe r fect b a king of the cl a y a s is often the c a se ,

FI G . 10
. PA I N T E D Rm or S A RC O PH A GUS .

w ith Greek va ses I t is evident th a t they w ere intended to be

.

bl a ck for in so m e p a rts t h e gures a re bl a ck or a reddish

, ,

bro w n sho w ing th a t there the furn a ce w a s hottest T he he a d of

,
.

this s a r c0 ph ag u s is w ider by one fi fth th a n the foot a n d on it is -

,

p a inted the p r incip a l scene (Fig I n th e centre is rep r esented

. .

a co m b a t bet w een t w o w a rriors contending over the body of a

third w h o h a s fa llen to the ground a n d on e a ch side sta nds a ,

bi g a the horses he a ds tu rned a w a y fro m the centre a s if e a ch
, ,

ch a riot belonged to the w a rrior ne ar est to it ; the a n mg a a w a it

'

ing the issue of the co m b a t A serv a nt on foot a cco m p a nied

.
,

by a dog a ssists in restr a ini ng the horses w hich see m i m p a tient

,

of the del a y T h e serv a nts w e a r si m ple w r a a oo but the

.
,

w a rriors those on foot a s w ell a s those in the ch a riots

, for th e ,

a a m a e in this scene a r e a lso 67rM r a L w e a r huge hel m ets w ith

g
'

, ,

eno r m ous crests of hors eh a ir th e I c p v c iw w o dda e ea of Ho m er

suc h a s is r ep r esented a s terrifying the infa nt Asty a n a x .

T h eir necks a r e deline a ted of unn a tur a l thickness a s if t h ey ,

w ere inc a sed in thei r hel m ets w hich h a ve th e a ppe a r a nce a s

,

he r e deline a ted of r esting on the ir shoulde r s like th e tilting

hel m ets of t h e m iddle a ges B u t the a pp a rent thickness
.
 T WO AR C HAI C G R E E K S AR C O P H AG I . 9

of the neck s in the ski a gr a phs i s expl a ined by other p a inted

scenes p r esently to be described T he r e a r e no inner lines .

to distin g uish th e flesh fr o m the a r m ou r or even to indic a te ,

t h e fe a tu r es O n e a r m of e a c h vi z {0 X0 9 a lso is rep r esented

. /

of unn a tu r a l thickness a s if it w ere w ra pped in a chl a m ys ,

and the h a nd of t h e s a m e ar m w ith w hich he holds th e ,

reins is disp r opo r tion a tely l a r ge a s if he w ere w e a ring a

, ,

boxing glove -
T h e co m b a t a nts besides their shields h a ve
.
, ,

e a c h a ch la mys h a nging in he a vy m a sses fr o m the sh ield a r m .

I t is str a nge th a t not one of the w a rriors depicted on this

s a rcoph a gus h a s s w ord spe a r or j a velin either the w e a pons , ,

w ith w hich they w ere co m b a ting w ere o m itted by in a dve r tence ,

or m ore prob a bly they h a ve beco m e indistinguish a ble in the

course of a ges T h e h orses a r e represented in the sa m e m a nner
.

a s in the other s a rcoph a gus one w ith his h e a d a loft the other , ,

w ith h i s he a d depressed a n d th e p a ir thus m a ssed together , ,

w ith no distinguishing outline h a ve a str a nge unn a tur a l a ppe a r ,

a nce .
( See Fig 1 1 w hich is copied fro m th e tr a cing t a ken by
.
,

Mr Hu m a nn )
. .

Belo w this scene on th e r i m on e a ch side of the m onu m ent

, ,

is depicted a p a ir of sphinxes fa cing e a ch other but sep a r a te d by , ,

a o r a l orn a m ent i n for m lik e a k r a ter Belo w e a ch p a ir a g a in a .

,

w a r rio r a ccout r ed like those in t h e scene a bove w ith he a vy

, ,

crested hel m et sh ield a n d ch l a m ys but no o ffensive w e a pon

, , , ,

is rep r esented in th e a ct of r u nning a pp a rently to esc a pe ,

fr o m so m e st r a nge obj ect r a ised a g a inst h im w hich a s it is , ,

fr inged w ith h a i r m a y be intended for t h e p a w of so m e huge

,

m onster Fig 1 1 gives a fa ithful tr a nsc r ipt of this str a nge

. .

scene .

F or the length of a bout four feet to w a rds the foot of the

s a rcoph a g us t h e r i m on e a ch side is decor a ted w ith a be a utiful
guilloch e p a ttern in red a n d w hite enriche d w ith a double
, ,

fringe of s m a ll h eli ces Beyond this ne a rer th e foot but still .

, ,

on th e side ri m s a r e t w o he a ds of w a rriors one on e a c h side in

, , ,

a very a r ch a ic style ; th e eye in full thoug h the he a d is dr a w n

in p r ole th e nose long a n d sh a r p a n d sli ghtly r etr oa ss e T h e

, ,

h el m et w orn by these w a r riors di ffers al together fro m those

r ep r esented on the gures a lr e a dy described I t is a si m ple .

Attic c a sque w ith deep cheek pieces ( w a p a yva dt S e e or xa N co

,
- r

w hich conce a l t he m outh a n d chin but th e h a ir ,

Fro . I l
. PA I NT I N G S O N T H E RI M or S A RC O P H A G U S ,
N o . 2 .
 T WO A RC H A I O G RE E K S A RC O P

H AG I . l l

struggles fr o m bene a th t h e hel m e t do w n the neck in long t h in

w a vy curls .T his hel m et h a s no c r est bushy w ith horse h a i r ,

-
,

a s h a ve the C orinthi a n hel m ets depicted in the scenes a bo x

but fr o m the fore h e a d rises perpendicul a r ly a str a nge squ a r e

1 2 W AR R 1 0 P

FI H S A RC O N 2

G . . . s E AD O N P H AGI S ,
o . .

proj ection like a h a n dle w hich ts on to the bro a d ridge th a t

, ,

cro w ns the c a sque fro m the bro w to the n a pe of the neck a s ,

sho w n in Fig 1 2 w h ich is copied fro m a t r a cing m a de by

.
,

m yself.

T h e str a nge h a ndle like proj ection is seen in the hel m et of

-

only one of these he a ds ; the other h a ving been inj u r ed does not
n ow sho w it .I t m a y h a ve been intended to hold the lo n g u p
right fe a thers w hich so m eti m es a do r ned the fronts of G r eek
hel m ets in e a rly tim es a n d a r e represented on bronzes a n d othe r
,
 T WO AR C H AI C G R E E K S AR C O P H A G I .

w orks of a r t of the a r ch a ic period I t see m s to m e ve r y pro .

b a ble th a t in this w e h a ve a n inst a nce of th e (pal a c e so often ,

m entioned by Ho m er a n d the m e a ning of w hi ch h a s been m uc h

,

dispu ted but it w a s evidently a proj ection of so m e description

in t h e front of Greek hel m ets in Ho m er s ti m e for w hen

A n t i l oc h os is represented a s k illing E c h e p ol os th e T roj a n he ,

str uck the (path os of his a dvers a r y s h el m et w ith his spe a r a n d

the point penetr a ted his fo r ehe a d

T v 5 Ba h e w
p di
'
r oc K ep t/ 6 0 9 qS h ov
)I IO
5%# 5 7 037 9) 5
' 9
E 35

O O T G V e a w i

u 7 7 6 ,
w e
p no e a
p
A bou t) Xa k x e tq I l iv . . 459 .

A si m il a r proj ection or up r ight ba r is so m eti m es r epresented

on Greek hel m ets a n d a lso on E trusc a n h el m ets a s in one of
, ,

the a rch a ic br onze r eliefs in the Mu seu m of Perugi a w here ,

Hercule s i s represented w ith bow a n d club conte n ding w ith t w o

w a rrior s Mic a h A n t P op a l t I ta lta ml pl xxx
,
.
,
. .

T h e hel m et depicted in this scene c a n h a rdly be supposed to

h a ve a det a ched ba r of m et a l ex tending over it fr o m bro w to
n a pe It is m o r e re a son a ble to reg a rd the w hite sp a ce bet w een
.

w h a t a ppe a rs to be a ba r a n d t h e c a s q ue itself a s p a rt of th e

h el m et left w h ite t o represent so m e brigh t m et a l prob a bly br a ss , ,

w hich Ho m er descr ibes a s a co m m on deco r a tion of hel m ets in

th e T roj a n w a r T h e n a rro w stre a k of w hite a lso w hic h

.
,

c r osses th e hel m et a bove the level of th e eye w a s p r ob a bly ,

intended t o represent a b a nd of b r a ss perh a ps furni shed w ith ,

hinges by w hic h the cheek pieces w ere r a ised or lo w er ed a t -

ple a su r e .

T h e w id e difference bet w een this c a s q ue a n d the he a vy

c r ested hel m ets in t h e scenes a bove m a y perh a ps not be
w ithout m e a ni n g I f so I w ould suggest th a t t h e gures
.
,

in t h ose scenes m a y represent convention a lly the he r oes of

a fo r m er a n d m ythic a l a g e not i m p r ob a bly those w hose ,

deeds a r e celeb r a ted by Ho m e r a n d t h a t i n th e t w o sep a r a te ,

h e a d s w it h t h ei r det a ils so c ar efully depicted w e see t h e

, ,

a ctu a l fa shion in hel m ets a t C l a z om e n a e a t the period w hen

this s a r coph a gu s w a s constr ucted And it is not unlikely if t h e .

,

a n a lo y of
g E t r usc a n sepulch r a l custo m s hold s good in this
p a rt icul a r a s it does in oth e r s th a t one of these he a ds w a s ,
14 T WO AR C HAI C G R E E K S AR C O P H AG I .

be seen in the he a d of the ci th a r oed u s in the Grott a del C it a redo

at T u in i i
ar
q .

T his s a r coph a g us evidently belongs to a n e a r lier period o f a r t

t h a n its fell o w If I a m co rr ect in a sc r ibing the l a tter to th e
.

end of t he sixth century B C this m ust d a te considera bly ne a rer

. . .
,

th e m iddle of th a t centu r y T h e notices of C la z o m e n a e w e .

h a ve received fro m a ncien t w rite r s together w ith the positions ,

in w hich these m onu m ents w ere discovered m a y a ssis t u s in ,

a rriving a t so m ething like the true d a tes .

T h e origin a l founders of C l a z o m e n a e w ere Ioni a ns l a rgely ,

m ixed w ith refugees fr o m C l e on a e a n d P hl i u s in A r golis w h o ,

crossed to Asi a Mino r on the D o r i a n inv a sion of th e P e l op on

n e s u s ( P a us a n vii 3 T h e city they founded w a s on the
. .
,

m a inl a nd on a site a fter w a rd s c a lled C h yt ri u m ( Str a b xiv 1

, . .
,

In the e a rly p a rt of th e sixth century B C it w a s a tt a cked . .

,

by the L ydi a ns under Aly a ttes fa ther of C roesu s w h o though , , ,

he c a ptu r ed S m yr na w a s igno m iniously defe a ted by th e C la z o

,

m e n i a n s ( He r od i Y e t w hen t h e Persi a ns a fter their

. .
,

con q uest of S a rdis inv a ded Ioni a in 5 4 0 ,

th e inh a bit a nts
of C la zom e n a e took a l a r m a n d deserting th e site fro m w hich ,

t h ey h a d sign a lly repulsed t h e L ydi a ns re m oved their r esidence ,

to the isl a nd a fe w furlongs fro m the shore w hich in Greek a n d ,

R o m a n ti m es w a s kno w n a s th e site of C la zom e n a e a n d w hich ,

Alex a nder th e Gre a t conte m pl a ted uniting to the m a inl a nd by

a c a use w a y (P a us viii 3 a n enterprise a cco m plished a t a
. .
,

l a ter period T h e re m ov a l to the isl a nd ho w ever d id not sa ve

.
, ,

the C la zom e n i a n s fr o m conquest for their n e w city w a s sub ,

sequently t a ken by the Pe r si a ns under Ar t a p h e rn e s a n d O ta nes

( He r od v . N o w a s th e e a r lier of the t w o s a rcoph a gi w a s
.

found close to the shore i m m edi a tely opposite th e isl a nd it w a s , ,

in a ll prob a bility the to m b of one of the rst settle r s on the n e w

site w h o died soon a fter its occup a tion T his c a n h a rdly h a ve
,
.

been the bu r i a l pl a ce of a n inh a bita nt of th e e a r lier city w hich

-
,

stood so m e fe w m iles a w a y to th e south w est a m ong the ra nge -

,

of rugged precipitous hills w hich divided the territory of ,

C l a zom e n a e fr o m th a t of E ry t h ra e ( Str a b x i v 1 a n d in th e . .
,

neighbourhood of w h ich fr a g m ents of oth er a rch a ic s a rcoph a gi of

the sa m e m a te r i a l a n d si m il a r decor a tions h a ve been found .

T h e l a r ger of t h e s a r coph a gi I h a ve described w a s found a m ile

or m o r e to the south of th e isl a nd in the pl a in bet w een V ourl a h ,
 T WO AR C HAI C G R E E K S AR C O P HAG I . 15

a nd the s ea a n d its position a lone a p a rt fro m the a r t i t dis

, ,

pl a ys indic a tes a l a ter d at e th a n th a t of the s m a ller m onu m ent

, ,

as the a ncients n a tur a lly buried their e a rliest de a d ne a r the city

g a tes a n d gr a du a lly extended their ce m ete r ies further a n d

,

furthe r fr o m their w a lls .

O n recent visits to C l a zom e n a e I h a ve inq u ired for the lids of

these s a r coph a gi w hich I expected to nd si m il a r in m a te r i a l
,

a n d decor a tion a n d possibly be a ring

,
inscriptions but I w a s ,

a ssured th a t th e y w ere found covered w ith si m ple stone sl a bs

'

w hich w ere pointed out t o m e T h e s m a ller a n d e a rlier m onu

.

m ent cont a ined nothing but a little circul a r pot of le a d w ith a

lid a n d a n a la ba s tr on of v a r iega ted gl a ss so co m m only found
, ,

in a ll very e a r ly old w orld to m bs Greek a n d E tr usc a n a s w ell

-
,

a s Phoenici a n As syri a n a n d E gypti a n

,
T hese ar ticles a r e n ow
,
.

in m y possession .

T hese interesting s a rcoph a gi a r e n o w a bout to be tr a nsferred

to the Museu m of Antiquities a t Sta m boul .

Besides these t w o m onu m ents I h a ve m a de tr a cings of th e ,

gures on seve r a l fr a g m ents of other s a rcoph a gi fro m the s a m e

necropolis C opies o f these tr a cings a r e given in the follo w ing
.

w oodcuts .

T h e gures a r e m ostly bl a ck on a w hite ground O n e of t h e .

e a rlie r fr a g m ents ( Fig 1 3 ) rep r esents a roebuck a tta cked

.

FI G . 13 .

fro m behind by a lion T h e buck is depicted g r a zing his he a d

.

is broken a w a y but tw o ve ry long e a rs or m ore prob a bly ho r ns , ,

a r e visible
; t h e lion w h os e ope n j a w s indic a te hi s intentions
, ,
16 T WO AR C HAI C G R E E K S AR C O P H AG I .

w hich fro m his deliber a te a ction m ight othe r w ise be m i s u n de r

s t ood l a ys tent a tively his p a w on th e buck s t a il T h e scene
,
.

be a r s a st r iking r ese m bl a n ce in this r espect to one on the w a lls

of the G r ott a C a m p a n a a t V eii the e a r liest p a i nted to m b in ,

E tr u r i a w h e r e a p a nther de l iber a te l y pl a ces one p a w on th e t a il

,

of a sphinx a n d the othe r on her ru m p T h e bu ck on this

,
.

fr a g m ent is w hite but his body like those of a ll th e a ni m a ls

, ,

depicted in th a t to m b is studded w ith d a rk spots In point of

,
.

d r a w ing it sho w s a m u ch less skilful h a nd a n d m o r e ne a r ly ,

r ese m bles the uncouth represent a tions of a ni m a l life depicted

on t h e m ost a r ch a ic Gr eek pottery of th e style co m m o n ly ,

c a lled B a byloni a n or Do r ic but w hich w ould m o r e co r rectly

, ,

be design a ted Asi a tic I t is unn a tur a lly long sh a peless a n d .

, ,

disp r opo r tion a tely ponderous for his slender li m bs His neck .

a lso is so str a ngely deline a ted a s not e a sily to be recognised .

T h e lion is no less qu a intly depicted hi s he a d being sunk ,

bet w een h i s sh ou lders w hich sho w a n extr a v a ga nt develop m ent , ,

a n d his lo w e r li m bs bei n g d r a w n in a convention a l m a nner to ,

indic a te his i m m ense m uscul a r po w e r I n this respect h e .

re m inds on e of t h e coloss a l r ock cut lion r ecently discovered

by Mr W M R a m s a y a t A ya z e e n in Phrygi a His body is
. . . .

bl a ck but his he a d a n d legs a r e w hite T h e eld of this scene

,
.

is studded w ith or a l a n d oth er orn a m ents in the style of the

e a r liest Asi a tic v a ses .

Anoth e r fr a g m ent is of less a rch a ic ch a r a cter bu t of fa r m ore ,

interest a s it p r esents a speci m en a n d th e only speci m en

, ;

hi t h erto kno w n of a polych r o m e I onic p a inti n g I t represents

, .

t w o p a i r s of w a rriors m eeting in co m b a t a r m ed w ith hel m ets

, , ,

sh ields a n d gre a ves e a ch levelling a long yello w l a nce a g a inst

, ,

his foe I t is rep r esented on Pl a te XXXI

. .

T hese gures w hich a r e 1 3 inches in height a r e cl a d in

, ,

tunics w ith o r n a m ented bo r ders a t the neck sleeves a n d

, , ,

ski r ts T hree of these tunics a r e close tting a n d m a y pe r h a ps

.
,

r ep r esent a r m our but on e is loose r a n d its folds a r e m a rk ed

, ,

out w ith w h ite lines T h r ee a r e coloured bl a ck a n d on e r e d

. .

T h e r e a r e so m e si n gul a r fe a tures in t h is p a inting but the ,

m ost striking a r e t h e h el m ets a n d s h ields T h e t w o fore m ost .

gu r es on e a ch side w e a r C orinthi a n hel m ets w ith deep c h eek

a n d b a ck pieces w hich expl a in t h e unn a tur a l thickness of th e
,

w a r r io r s n eck s a s depicted on th e e a rlier of the t w o s a rcoph a gi
, .
 T WO AR C HAI C G R E E K S AR C O P HAG I . 17

T he hind m ost w a rrior on e a ch sid e w e a rs a hel m et in the sh a pe

o f a Phrygi a n ca p to the ve r y su m m i t of w hich i s a ffi xed t h e ,

crest Both h el m ets of th is fo r m h a ve th e s a m e singul a r

.

h a ndle l ike ba r rising ve r tic a lly a bove the b r o w a s dis

-
, ,

t i n g u i s h e d th e Attic c a sque on the e a r lie r of th e t w o s a rcoph a g i ,

to w hich I h a ve venture d to a ssign t h e n a m e of (tea ms bu t ,

there i s this di fference be t w een th e m th a t w h ile in one inst a nce ,

this ba r is single in the othe r it is double a fe a ture w hich , ,

strengthens m y conj ecture th a t this proj ection m a y h a ve ser ved

in so m e c a ses to support the t w o long upright fe a the r s often ,

represented a s decor a ting a rch a ic Greek a n d E tru sc a n hel m ets .

T his hel m et w ith its double ba r m a y a n s w er to th e da ct t gt a l oc
x v i 77 w ith w hich Ho m er represents P a ll a s a s a r m ing hersel f
/
,

Kp a r i 5 dmtgba h o v d

np o v

eIr I c v ve nv T er
p ac h
I I . V . 74 3 .

In the Perugi a n bronze relief before referred to th e position , ,

of this ba r on one side of th e ridge to w hich th e crest w a s

a ffi xed cle a rly indic a te s a corresponding b a r o n the oth er side
,

of th e ridge I n so m e in st a nce s the a rch a ic Greek h el m et is

.

described w ith a s m a ny a s four (pal m a tt a ched to i t H om . . .

I l xii
. .

All the hel m ets in this scene h a ve cri m son crests bu t w hile ,

in the group to the left the crests a r e of th e u su a l C orinthi a n

fo rm they a r e double in th e right -h a nd group a peculi a rity I
, ,

do not re m e m ber to h a ve seen else w here represented on a ncient

m onu m ents a lth ough w e kno w th a t th e Greek hel m et bore
,

so m eti m es a double a n d even a triple crest th a t of T ydeus for , ,

inst a nce described by Aeschylus , ,

A I

T p GL S I ca r a a
' '
m ov e l o b
g ov c

te r
I
'
a vo v e a t rw
a s , Ic
p X pa
S ep t . 0 . T heb 3 8 4 - 5
.
,

and it even four crests if the epithet T e r p a cta mp ov a ppli ed

ha d

'

, ,

to it (I l v 7 4 3 ; xi w ill be a r th a t interpret a tion

. . . .

T h e shields a r e a ll of the l a r ge circul a r Argolic fo r m the t w o ,

to the right w hich present th e oute r side to the eye a r e ,

decor a ted w ith devices th e fo r e m ost w it h a m onstrous Gorgon ,

e i on bristling w ith tu sk s a n d sn a kes me i a l ?) 8 6 4 2 0 20 ar e a aS o v

,
d p 2

th e oth e r w ith the he a d a n d foreq u a rters of a lio n T he .

H . s v oL. . I V . 3
18 T WO AR C HAI C G R E E K S AR C O P H AG I .

shields borne by the other t w o w a rriors do not present th e

device to th e eye but S h o w h ow the a r m tted into th e fixa v o v
,

o r c r oss st r a p a n d supported the shield

-
T h e co m et like tufts .
-

w h ic h stud t h e fore m ost s h ield a r e t a ssels d

( a a vm ) w hich pro
b a bly served no purpose but th a t of orn a m ent Such decor a tions .

to s h ields a r e so m eti m e s depicte d on Greek v a ses E a ch shield .

in this scene h a s a bro a d sheet depending fr o m it a l ow a s the

w a rrio r s knee s p a inted red or bro w n to represent le a ther a n d

, ,

ter m in a ting in a n o r n a m enta l border or fringe T his w a s a r a re .

a ppen da ge to the Greek shield ; though it is occ a sion a lly seen

on v a ses even of the Perfect Style a s o n a v a se in the L ouvre , ,

w hic h r epresents the D ep a rture of Achilles for T roy w here ,

the sheet a tt a ched to the hero s shield is depicted w ith a

single m onstrous eye prob a bly a fa s ci n a m a g a inst the evil eye

,
.

I a m not a w a re if th e a ncient n a m e for this a ppend a ge to a

shield is kno w n I h a ve he a rd i t design a ted t j to u a n d the

. ,

line of Ho m er
M m rjtd

A a m S a e e x xk o vc,

r e w r ep e vm

I t . v . 453 ; xii . 4 26,

quoted in s upport of th a t design a tion bu t the conte x t in both ,

inst a nces proves th a t the w ord a ll u des to the light bucklers of

the T roj a ns in contr a distinction to the he a vy circul a r shields of
,

the Greek s .

T h e scene is closed a t e a ch end by a horse follo w ing the com ,

ba t a n t s of his side ; but the foreh a nd of e a ch be a st is a lone pre

s erved the re m a inder being broken a w a y
,
T he steed to the left .

is m ounted by a n a ked youth w h o t a kes no p a rt in the co m b a t ,

a n d the other horse prob a bly c a rried a si m il a r gure though no ,

tr a ces of it a r e n o w visible T h e h orses a r e decor a ted w ith

.

strings of be a ds a n O rient a l fa shion m a int a ined to this d ay

,
.

T hei r bodies a r e bl a ck bu t their m a nes red a n d they h a ve a

, ,

curious p a tch of cri m son on th e side of their necks w hich a r e ,

stra ngely stre a ked w ith yello w .

Above the co m b a t a nts in t he m iddle of the scene a l a rge ,

bro w n bird prob a bly intended for a n e a gle a n d the sy m bol of

, ,

victo r y is ying in a dv a nce of the right h a nd group

,
-
.

An othe r fr a g m ent on a m uch s m a ller sc a le rep r esents a horse

r a ce t w o n a ked youth s contending for th e prize
, ; or it m a y be
a m ere procession of horse m en T h e h orses a r e dr a w n w ith
.
20 T WO ARC HAI C G R E E K S AR C O PHAG I .

m uch t r uth a n d spi r it a n d t h e ride r s displ a y in t h eir se a t the

,

e a se a n d gr a ce of G r eek a r t of a good pe r iod I n truth this .

scene sho w s less of t h e a r ch a ic th a n the othe r fr a g m ents I h a ve

seen T he steeds a r e deco r a ted a s usu a l the o r n a m ents of th e
.
,

h ind m ost being of eleg a nt design T h e fore m ost ho r se m a n .

a ppe a rs to w e a r shoe s to th e toe s of w h ich n a ils a r e a tt a c h ed

,

prob a bly to a c t a s a spu r A dog a cco m p a nies e a ch horse . .

Fig 1 4 is t a ken fro m a t r a cing

. .

A very a rch a ic a n d si n gul a r fr a g m ent displ a ys a S a ty r run

ning or r a the r a C ent a ur of a novel desc r iption for this uncouth
, ,

hybrid h a s the crest m a ne a n d e a rs th e ru m p t a il a n d hoofs of

, , , , ,

a horse w ith the body li m bs a n d h e a r d of a m a n yet w ith a

, , , ,

very brute like nose of a yello w hu e a lthough the rest of his

-
,

body is bl a ck s a ve a l a r ge p a tch of red bet w een the eye a n d th e

,

e ar . Fig 1 5 t a ken fro m m y tr a cing sho w s th e str a nge for m

.
, ,

of this m onster w h o is a bout eleve n inches in height

, .

Anothe r fra g m ent of the s a m e s a rcoph a gus be a rs a curiou s

scene representing a n a ked w o m a n st a nding w ith a s m a ll cock
,

in e a ch h a nd w hich sh e a ppe a rs to be holding out of the re a ch

,

of t w o dogs w hich a r e le a ping a t the m or it m a y be fa w ning

, ,

u pon h e r to cl a i m a sh a r e of her a ttention She w e a rs h e r h a ir .

in a tuft over her forehe a d a n d a pl a ited t a il behind m uch in , ,

t h e fa shion of the Greek w o m e n a t the present d a y A B rob .

d in g n a g C h a ntic l eer a s t a ll a s herself t w elve inch es in height

, , ,

a nks her on e a ch side T h e dr a w ing is very rude a n d a rch a ic

.
,

a n d is pro ba bly by the s a m e h a nd a s the S a tyr or C ent a ur a s ,

the fr a g m ent evidently for m ed p a rt of the s a m e s a rcoph a gus .

T h e l a st fr a g m ent I h a ve tr a ced represents a w inged sphinx

sitting on h e r hind qu a rters Above her in a sep a r a te co m p a rt .
,

m ent i s p a rt of a hu m a n gure a pp a rently a w o m a n on a ll

, , ,

fou r s prob a bly representing a fe m a le tu m bler T h e he a d a n d

, .

gre a ter portion of th e body h a ve disa ppe a red T h e b a nd w hich .

sep a r a tes these t w o gures sho w s a ch a in like o r n a m ent novel -

to m e a s a G r eek decor a tion .

T h e site of the a ncient necropolis of C l a zo m e n a e is n ow

occupied by viney a r d s w hich p r oduce th e choicest r a isins for the
,

expo r t m a rket of S m y r n a In m a ny p a rts a w hite a rgill a ceous

.
,

r ock co m es to t h e su r fa ce w hich being m oder a tely soft a n d very

,

co m p a ct a s often he w n into s a rcoph a gi sever a l of w hich a re ,

n o w lying a m ong the vines T h ey m e a su re a bou t 7 ft 4 in long

. . .
,
22 T WO AR C HAI C G R E E K SA R C O P HAG I .

a ppell a tion n o t only a s reg a r ds the yello w cl a y in w hich it

,

a bounds ,
so w ell a d a p ted to t h e m a n ufa ctu r e of pottery a n d ,

w hich expl a ins t h e gener a l u se of terr a cott a for sepulchr a l

m on u m ents in this nec r opolis but a lso a s reg a rds its position in
,

a hollo w ne a r ly surrounded by steep a n d lofty heights a sort of ,

Devil s Punc h bo w l on a n extensive sc a le But a s Str a bo te lls

-
.

th a t a t C h y t r i u m w p dr ep ov i dp v v r o K h a op e va t th e identity of
'

th is site w it h th a t of t h e e a r lie r city m ust be c a lled in question ,

bec a use t he spot ret a ins no t r a ce o f h a bit a tion in a ncient ti m es ,

a n d bec a use the e a r lie r city of C l a z o m e n a e w hich successfully

,

r esisted t h e po w e r of Aly a ttes fr es h fr o m hi s conquest of

,

S m y r n a m ust h a ve e nj oyed so m e n a tu r a l a dv a nt a ges of position

, ,

s u c h a s w ere a l w a ys selected for thei r cities by Greek colonists

in e a r ly ti m es N or ca n a n y of the lofty a n d precipitou s heights
.

w hich h e m in this tr a ct of y ello w cl a y h a ve been the site of the

rst C l a zom e n a e for I h a ve sc a led the m a ll w i thout nding tra ces

,

of the existence of a city in a ncient ti m es such tr a ces a s no ,

l a pse of ti m e c a n entirely obli t era te I hope in a future se a rch

.

to be m ore successful .

T h e loc a lity in question w ell deserve s the n a m e of H ypocr e m

nos but Str a bo a pplies th a t design a tion to a nother 7 677 0 9 dis
, ,

tinct fro m C hy tr i u m situ a ted to the south of it a n d a t th e

, ,

co m m ence m ent of th e isth m us co m ing fro m T eos (x i v I 3 1 . .

,

G E O RG E D E NN I S .

8 51 m m .
 T H E GRAE C O -
R O MAN C IVILI S AT I O N I N l I S lD lA

. 23

TH E G R AE C O -
R O MA N C I V I L ISA T I O N I N P I SI D IA .

1 . O N J u ne
hile tra velling fr o m Apolloni a to
3 ,
1 8 8 2, w

Antioch of Pisidi a w e obse r ved a long inscr iption in a ce m ete r y

,

by t h e ro a dside a bout eleven or t w elve m iles w est of the l a tte r

,

to w n a n d close to th e vill a ge of Gond ane I t w a s engr a ve d on

,
.

a pill a r of peculi a r sh a pe co m m only used in R o m a n a n d B yza n

,

tine ti m es : a horizont a l s e c t i w of the colu m n w ould give the

a nnexed gure .

I NS C R I PT I O N .

A short inspection sho w ed th a t the i n s ri p t i on w a s i m port a nt ,

a n d Sir C W i lson del a yed the m a r c h fo a da y to a llo w m e to

.
r

copy it I w a s exceedingly a nxiou s to g e t a n i m pression but a

.
,

strong an d bitterly cold north w ind a cco m p a nied by frequent ,

he a vy sho w ers frustr a ted our a tte m pts At l a st by l aying m y

,
.
,

co a t over the i m pression -p a per on the stone I got a s q uee ze of ,

a s m a ll p a rt T h e inscription h a s been e n g r a ved by a n n u

.

skilful w ork m a n : the lines a r e very uneven the letters a r e ,

u nequ a l in size a n d v a rious in fo r m so m eti m es deeply a n d ,

cle a rly cut so m eti m es m erely scr a tched lig a tures a re fr equent
, , ,

a n d often three or even four letters a r e united

,
In so m e c a ses
, .

it w a s i m possible to tell except from the m e a ning w hether a , ,

group of letters belonged to on e line or a nother I n the he a vy .

r a in the only w a y o f copying the in scription w a s to le a r n h a l f a

line by he a rt a n d ge t into so m e shelter w here I could w r ite it
,

out in m y notebook I n this w a y I ma de a co m plete copy .

during the da y : a t n igh t I w ro t e out lists of the prope r n a m es ,

24
: T H E G RA E C O - R O MA N C IVILI S AT I O N I N P I S I D IA .

p a r ed t h e di ffe r ent fo r m s toget h er a n d m a de a note of th e ,

pl a ces w h ere d iffi culties struck m e N ext m orning t h e rest of .

t h e p a r ty w ent on to Antioch : I w a ited behind revised the ,

w h ole of t h e insc r iption a n d c a r efu l ly obse r ved eve r y difculty

,

t h a t I h a d n oted A fe w othe r di fculties h a ve occu r r ed to m e

.

in sub s equent study of the insc r iption ; but in the g r e a t m aj o r ity

of c a ses w he r e I re m a r k on a n unce r ta inty the difculty w a s ,

distinctly p r esent in m y m ind w h en co m p a r ing t h e copy w ith

the stone I h a ve th erefore con dence in believing th a t the
.

follo w ing text is p r etty a ccu r a te though a l l w h o h a ve tried to ,

r e a d on a MS or a stone n a m es of a str a nge l a ngu a ge w i ll

.

underst a nd h ow difcult ( I m ig h t a l m ost s a y i m possible ) it is to

a tt a in perfect cert a inty w hen the ch a r a cters a r e fa int a n d
blurred H a d I found this inscription a ye a r soone r on m y rst
.

j ou r ney in Asi a Mino r I could not in the circu m sta nces h a ve

,

m a de a text a t a ll trust w orthy .

T h e colu m n on w hich the inscription w a s engra ved w a s

1 1 ft 7 in high : the w riting beg a n a t the very t op a n d
. .

extended to w ithin 1 ft 2 in fro m the botto m . A piece a

. .

fo ot long w a s broken off th e top of the colu m n : this fr a g m ent

h a d been split in t w o a n d the rig h t h a nd h a lf w a s lying ne a r
,
-
,

bu t w e could n ot nd the othe r T he letters on the s m a ll .

fr a g m ent th a t re m a ined w ere so w orn th a t only h a lf of the m

could be re a d T h e inscription consists a l m ost entirely of a list
.

o f persons w ith the pl a ce to w hich they belonged a n d a s um of

, ,

m oney esti m a ted in den a rii a ppended to e a ch n a m e T h e short .

superscription describing the obj ect of these contributions is so

m util a ted a s to be a l m ost unintelligible O f the pl a ces m e n .

t i o n e d I hope to prove th a t one is spoken of by Str a bo

,
N one .

of the others a r e m entioned so fa r a s I kno w by a n y a uthor older

, ,

t h a n the Byz a ntine lists of the sixth a n d follo w i n g centu r ies .

T his does not see m a pro m ising a ccount yet I believe th a t a ,

m inute ex a m in a tion of the inscription w i l l yield a consider a ble

a m ount of infor m a tion a bout a district of Pisidi a w hich w a s
hithe r to unkno w n even in n a m e I sh a ll give rst a s a ccur a te .

a n ed ition of the text a s possible then a philologic a l a n d ,

geog r a phic a l co m m ent a ry a n d n a lly the historic a l inferences

,

t h a t see m to r esult fr o m the insc r iption In the text a squ a r e .

bra cke t denotes th a t the i nclosed lette r or lette r s a r e inserted

to ll a l a cun a on the stone a round b r a cket denotes th a t th e
 T H E G RA E C O -R O MAN C IVI LI S AT I O N IN P I S I D I A .

inclosed letter either w a s doubtful on the stone or w a s w rongly

engr a ved a n d depends on a co r r ection of t h e re a ding I h a ve .

tried to distinguish bet w e e n a ctu a l v a r i a tions of spelling a n d

m e r e fa ults of the eng r a ver s h a nd co r recti n g the l a tter a n d ,

le a ving the for m e r T h e dots i n e a ch l a cun a indic a te a ppr ox i

.

m a t e the nu m ber of letters lost : a line indic a tes t h a t I could

for m no opinion a s to the nu m ber o f letters w a nting Whe r e .

neit h e r dots n or a line is given in t h e text it is to be unde r stood ,

th a t no letter h a s been lost With m ore ti m e I could h a ve .

deciph ered m ore pe r son a l n a m es but a s ti m e w a s so short I g a ve ,

m ost a ttention to t h e geogr a phic a l n a m es .

2ext of t h e I nsc r iption

. T .

I sh a ll not give the unci a l text as it is i m possible to represent ,

by type t h e i r regul a r c h a r a cters of t h e insc ription I m a y quote .

M F ou ca r t s w o r ds i n a si m il a r c a se ( A ss oc B etta p 2 2 1 ) J a i
.

.
,
.

r enonc a publier l e text pigr a phiqu e p a rce que les c a r a ct er e s ,

ordin a i r es r endr a ient inex a cte m ent une inscription qui r a ppelle

p a r fois les gr a fti de Po m peii T h e Greek sy m bols for .

etc a r e rende r ed thu s a 8

.
, , , .

(L ) ? p ey d h n Ap r ent e

one

Aa w 9 I
( 5t
9 I
6K r . a ya hwp a '
rw v

C I MO Y
10 I FN T A . .

A dp I l a 7r [ci ] 9
'
'
r ov 96

1 3 . T he rs t l e t t er s of t h e s e l in e s l in e or i n th e s am e l in e as Ga c .

ar e v c
er y u n er ta i n
()
r
p er h a p s 1 ;

Ap 1 0 1 1 . V e ry fe w l e t te r s h a ve b e e n
T G/M S i s q u i te c er t a i n , n o t l os t at th e b e g i n n i ng of t h es e l i n es .

2 .
( V) rs t h al f of th e N a l on e re 11 . O n l y t h e l ow e r p ar t of t h e l e t
m a in s i t i s d ou b tf ul . t e rs ME N r e m a i n s , b u t th e r e a d i n g
4 .
O n th e r e l a t i on s ee m s c e r t a inI f th . e s yn t a x i c rre c t s o ,

o f 1 3 , 5 , 6 t o 4 , 79 , s ee b el ow 9 . w c
hi h is d b tf l i
ou u n t hi s i s c i p ti o
n r n,

71 0 [E 1 rl i ep] e w s b d
'

[O unk fno v i t i s i m p os s i l e t o

a n y th i n
r ea
g l ik e
.

; p os s i b l y [K a l i d [e m r a y dv
l
a Jr o ? T he K of ? r o n
[ l ]

'
r -

p os i ti on of AT P is r e m ark a bl e : i t is a d] 7 0 8 r e fe rr i n
, g t o t h e p r i es t .

d ou t u l bf w h e th er i t i s in a s e p ar a t e
 '

a
s T H E G" mm n o rm x C I V I L I S A T I O N I N P I S I D IA .

Ka p . Me i [v j ov / 9 0
e 7r i ,Bp a e v r :

Ah e fd v dp o v

w
'
IC

Ka i A up Z
.
.
-
w r r lc o
( ) ii Mev eh d o v Ma p a t a vo
09

15 A zxp Z . ai r e/
'

A p T L /JJ SO GO Q A nn nr p t o v K a pBo x w mj [n] 9 8012 1

.
-
r 0 9 ag e d
I d i o e K a r a weo g MO p S L a I ci e Mdp x o v I a r p ( a )

/

' '

H dp nv o s
'
'
n ar r o v et % ep ,

Md g m o e
F t a nv ds

E 86 0 9 Z i v

A zzp Ap r a w v ,B

20 .
'
v in/ ( 1 o /c eu

h e dc

A p S w ay vo s A J N
'

/ch ci

a ov

.

A dp Ap r ey w v Me vv o v K eh

. m d me oo
'

c
n d dne E
'
A dp Aa t . t o' e v o v
pi y
Aa x h nm d dm T e t a o e ov

25 I d i c e P w /t zih ov I a p S L BL cu / s

o /cp rj r t o e K o i w o e K v t vr o v
' '
96, 3a
'

A dp ( K 0 ) p i N a o vk e s
'
. 0 9 , *xyw b
A zi p K a p u c be

. E C
a
p ei e i
dp nvds o
'
i i
'
o /c
p nr eo e A m /a ce H et m ov v rc c,

30 A (l i p ) . A ( 0) nv o v o p

ca
nv ds * yxa ,
r

Au p I d ebe B cip a s O h v vzr o a w mj r ne * yX

'
r
.
,

Au p 11 0 0 1 5 6 1 4 0 9

. A p r p w vo e K t vv a Bop 7j v o e
A zip K a p m be

K t v va BO p t d m e *q ca
'
.

'

Aup A o r mw c K a p uc oi} N e e5 77( v) 6 9 96 7 95a

'

.
,

A u p A t o l r d vne H a w c2 T eh e a cop o v H r a yt a vci e

35 .
- ' '

A dp May a BJ Movo x h np e t r ne
V
. . I /L GI J O

12 .
( our ) on l y th e l ow er part of th e th e s t on e .

l e t te r s re m a i n s . A s l ig h t g a p w i th no 28 .
[r] , on th e s t on e r r em a i n s , th e
l e t t er w as le t f b e t w ee n A an d O . N 0 b eg i n n i n g of N or H , or T , or I ;
spa e c b e t w ee n T an d 96 .

AV i s pe r h a p s th e n a m e, or

13 . main , t h e r e a di n g s e e m e d q u i te

Aw e os for A w lA e w s , a n am e n ot

c er t a i n ; pr o b ab ly K t

ew l .
(B) on l y th e k n o w n , bu t q u i te in a cc or d a n c e wi th
l ow er h a l fr em a i n s . a n a l og y , of . A u r fbm ws


.

14 N tr a c e of [a s ] v i s i b l e th e P b bly A n n aaos i s t h e c orr c t

. o , 33 . ro a e

l ow er h a l f of th e l e t te r s a l on e re re a d i n g , I in p l a c e of th e c
s e on d 11 on

m ain s . th e s t on e .

15 .
( e) on c o py .
(6 ) A on c opy . 34 .
( v) on th e c py I b t i t sh
o ,
u ou l d

[a ] om i tt e d by t h e en g r a v er . A s pa e c c e r ta i n l y be c on n e c t d w i th t h e l g
e e of

le t f b e t w e en H and t h u s , 11 H t h e li tt l e c ros s -s r o t k oft v

e s ar e en er y

16 .
[n] N on th e s t on e . f a i n t on th e s to n e .

22 . A s lig h t gap on t he s t on e , w i th 36 .
[s ] on th e an a l ogy l ine 4 0 ;
of

no tra c e of l e tte r s b e tw een Ite m and on

I ne u o s s ee 5, p ro b a bl y r ead

(I V. Ma na s

. S ee b e l ow .

23 .
(w ) P en
g r a v e d by m is ta k e on
 T H E c a x r c o n on x x C -
IVI LI S A T I O N I N PI S I I H A . 27

A rip Me n / ea ; .
r U p o vp e m r p e ( ri ) e
"
I pav Z or n /c 0 1 3 *, 7 p a
dc * gy p a
" ' '
Ar r a c K ol V r ov T '
u r nv

]
[ p d A t odci vnc l u e vo e ll s )( q a
"

40 A . > ,
'
ra
yt a
v v

R a p e/09 E p h o y u ov T a r a e s * w
c

r
y

A rip I d w e ,8 H ufi o v

.
'
m d r ns 96 8 co y
w uet ,,
'

A u p lI a n ci s Me w o v Mu m
'
w v e t ai r ne X ylw
'

a
' ' '
.

Z t K OS

dd
'
s , o Z/c bv c v A h r g o m

45 Aup ll a zr uh o c E v in / a
'
.
,

A a /ch mn ri a
c '

mn
'

K t vv a o p t a

Au p .

E /ca r
'
ou r ne
A h e gci v dp o v I a nv s

A tip . R a p e/c o s

a v

Map /c og 8
,
/ t a v er
(oz ns
8
[p ] [ ]

A h fa Z fcp * gba

Aup . v o 9 K u p uc 0 0 o /c i v e u N e .

Azi p .
p ov 1 1 67 7 6 09

vvr ek a qw e
,
A p T /L [A ]

A up . w l r r d 7t ov A

[A do M] d ft u o s ,
v

r u c 09 ,
]

[ a
A d Z m 8 ~
O ew r dr h je
H m fo u X
'
-
0 9 a ra
r
A tip E pw i s ,8 I n O Q * r a
.
' ' '

Z e myp o e K a p [uc] 0 0 Avw e7t a 51 70 09 ) (

'
. ra

A l ip A p r p w [v ] 8
.
,
'

[A 130 ] A zr m i H [e 0 ] 5 t a v s * Br d
'

[ e ] Z or n / 09 [Me v] vo v K vov r e w e zi e
A ri

(30 Al ip Z o p t o e M[1 7V0 ] qbf) o v Am c a p mo e

. x
'

A up K a p t /c 0( 9 ) Z ai r e/c0 13 O et w dr m * a a
'

Adp * pa
' '
8 Aa w cmo s
'
.
,

Ap r p nrr t ci do v K vo v r e w

i

w v Aa lch ez e *, Bp a
'
' '

Ma p 0 [t ] a v0 9
' '
Avr ci e
65 ] 9 Me w [0 5 ] c0p 0 v
o v a

ae,,8 a
Il a w a Ap r ep w u o e K ap a (a ) ea v6 9

37 .
(u) N on th e s t on e . lin e 5 3 , H
er m es , l i n e 5 3 , a n d A i t c

38 .
( B) th e s ton e is br o k e n , P c er i n on , l i n e 5 7, ar e t h re e b r o t h er s , w h os e

t a in , B p r o a l e , ( e ) O on b b t h e s t on e f a th e r an d g ran d a th e r a r e n a m e d f
44 . I
n s e r t ed i n s m a l l l e t te r s b e t w een Ma n or I m a n ; w i th t h e v a ri a t i on in
43 an d 45 .
s p el l i n g cf . Z KU
I

FJ I O S 21 , an d

c p uos
45 .
60 1 : is en
g ra v e d on li n e 4 4 , i m 71 , N p e rs on s w a n t
o
m e d i a t el y a ft e I bu t i n l arg e r l e t t ers . th e e th n i c xc e ep t th e tw o in 5 5 , 5 7 .

52 . l e tter v y a i n t on
er f s t on e , 61 .
(s ) E on th e s t on e .

pe rh a ps E I -P A or E I P A, or E I H A . 62 . T h e t e r m in a ti on 6
~ w r os is nu

56 P b bly g p b f Z
. ro a no a e or e ev p o s . k n ow n i n Gr e e k .

5 7 ( M) v y d
. b tf l th er ou u on e s t on e , 65 .
( e) C on th e s t on e .

w h ic h s m s t o h ve A I
ee Bu t Z a . oti c u s ,
66 . E on th e s t on e .
 28 T H E G RA E C O -
R O MA N C IVILI S AT I O N I N P I S I D IA .

T 69 * a c0 v
(p

v ) 0 77v ,

Ma x 6 86 ( v) o e T vp a n[v] <i e 5 0 22 7 -0 9 X ,
a 0)

t7
A[ ]p Ma p /co g Me v o v
'
. T a hw er r nvds
0

1 Z w r u co
'
i) ) 6, a w

[A i
Ma p o v r nv ds

t
p Z m] r m 09
. I m c15( a ) v0 v
ado s * J MPV

H a w

] Mmya r (o ) v Ma p ovr nvo e

'
'
cc

-
0 9 A d v o v r o e A vvr eh a dw s

]
'

g
e fci v S o v
]

5 a 9 A h p
0 9 h I e v v o v Ma o r r p v ik
] p
* a \lr a ,

] d
'

t a s A p /c a o
-
w y e * a
x v a ,
'

]
'
os
'

,
8 Ad i/ K e ny a s
'

x

-
o /c
p vr to
y k] T rr o s

P a t mvo e j
c)

A ti p [Aj w as Ma p /co v O zi e w i

80
'
ec r o v
'
.

A dp H . er /7 &9 Z ai r u c o
'

'
A mu rrp t o v T e vea v o(9 )
[A230 ] bc nv ci e %, a
'
Z w r uc A np nr p t o v T vtr
va
'

"
H Mo e Ma ft ju o v '

85 ] o s K o tv r o v
'

'

Z ai r e/c 0 23 K a x o nv ci s

do a w

]

A vy m/ oe

Au p w c ew r
.
pa v0 9

A v p A dfd vmv [ f l
i

[ ZBO

GW W * m

. O

Arip . A 0 25K L 0 9 j ov

90

Z ai
] n /c o O ew t d r m % a uy a ,

I
a me * a 7 7 a
-
D een ,
'

Me v v] a 9 dr ne
'
ri O
[ a
A Aa xh
nm ov ew t

69 . I n s e r te d i n s m a l l l e tt er s b et w een 79 T h i s l i n e i s a d de d a t th e e n d
68 an d 70 . B etw e e n a. an d A t h er e i s o f 7 8 8 0 , i n t h r ee li n e s s tr on g l y a n d
-

a g ap w i th no t ra c e of l e t t er s ; t h e d i s t i n tl y e n g r a e d c v .

a dj c t i ve
e i s th er e f or e m os t p r o a l y b b 8 1 ( 3 ) N I Z i n m on og ra m on t h e s ton e ,
.

r a A w er r nv ds 7 1 a re e xc e e di n gl y f i a nt (7 1 ) q u i te c e r t a i n on th e s ton e
I
. .

and b fu l on t h s t on e
d ou t e . M ex
/ 6 0 v 82 .
(0 )
"
l on th e s t on e .

w i t h on e N i o th e to e s n s n . 84 . s ee m e d th e r ea d i n g of the
7 0 e te m p r o b a b l y b e l on g s
. s e to l in e s t on e , Ib el i e v e T a mp e r/ e ds i s c orre ct .

6 9, in w hi h c w e mu s t s u pp l y [6 6m m ] 85 . b oth l et t e r s f a in t bu t p r o
w foa w [a d ] Kin 70 i s pr o a l e b b . babl e in 99 a c er t a i n cas e o cc u rs of 7

7 5 1 1 2 , or 11 2 , or I l l on t h e s t o n e

. for V.

v
i t i s a l w a y s e ry di fi u l t t o d i s ti n g u i s h fc 88 . S e em s a m er e r e p e t i t i on of 8 7,
b e t w een I I a n d F1 i n th i s in s r i p ti on c .
no c er t a i n t ra c e of [N] .

76 .
( o) E on the s t on e . 89 .
( u
)v ery d o b t fu l
u .
30 T H E G RA E C O -
R O MAN C IVILI S AT I O N IN P I S I D IA .

o r der but this contributo r pe r h a ps o w es h i s pl a ce to his offici a l

,

position a s Bp a Bev n js T h e l a rgest ce r t a in s u m is

den a r ii

. .

T he r e is a tendency through ou t to nu m be r s lik e

& c a s if it w a s a n obj ect to p a ss a r ound nu m ber by one
.
,
T he .

p r ope r o r der is broken i n 11 3 7 6 6 a n d 8 2 w he r e the c or .

, , ,

r ection is obvious in 11 1 0 8 - 1 1 8 w h ere 1 1 3 ,

h a ve prob a bly .

bee n a dd e d to the o r igin a l enu m e r a tion a n d in l 7 9 ( 2 ) w hich ,

.

h a s been a dded a t t h e side of 7 8 8 0 a little belo w its proper

position .

4 . D d a te o f the insc r iption is xed a bout 2 2 5 A D

a ta T he . .

by the no m encl a ture a n d t h is d a te a g r ees w ell w ith the for m of

,

t h e letters .

( 1 ) I t is l a ter th a n P e s c e n n i u s N ige r ( 1 9 3 A D ) l 1 1 3 . . .

It i s l a ter th a n S e p t i m i u s Se verus l ,
5 6 48 :L
,
ucius is th e
co mm onest R o m a n n a m e in the inscription .

ethnic Ma p n a vo c is prob a bly de r ived fr o m M a rci a

T he r
'

rst w ife of Seve r us h onoured by h i m w ith st a tues a fte r hi s,

a ccession I believe it not i m prob a ble th a t t h e n a m e w a s given

to a st a tion on th e R o m a n r o a d h a lf w a y be tw een Anti och a n d ,
-

1
Apolloni a w hen the ro a d w a s r ep a ired unde r h is gove r n m ent
,
.

( ) T he p ra eno m en Au r elius w h ich is bo r ne by a l m ost every

4 ,

contributo r w a s p r ob a bly a ssu m ed w h en the e m pe r or C a r a c a ll a

,

extended t h e r igh t of citizenship to the w hole e m pire : it i s

so m eti m es but not ve r y often bo r ne by th e fa thers of con
, ,

t r ibut e r s so th a t th e gene r a tion w h ich cont r ibuted i s on th e

,

w hole t h a t w hich w a s living in 2 1 1 1 7 A D . .

L an
g ua g e T he
l a r ge nu m be r of fa ults in e n gr a ving t h e
text m igh t be d ue only to the w a nt of skill in a vill a ge w o r k
m a n : but this w ill not a ccount for a l l the peculi a rities of t h e
text .

( )
1 V a riou s fo r m s of the a dj ective derived fr o m the n a m e
of a pl a ce
a Bo
v p v o s an d Ka i/
op t d ms

va .

H em 5 7714 59
-
and
'
A a v m yv c e an d A a vlc env ds
.

1
S e y e ru s s ec m s to h a v e r epa i r e d th e in Mi tt/t ai l
p ap er . I ns t . A th . 1 88 2 ,
r oa ds I n P h rv g i a and Pi s i dia ; s ee my p 1 30
. .
 T H E G R AE C O -R O MAN C IVILI S AT I O N I N P I S I D IA . 3]

( 2 ) V a ri a tions in spelling prob a bly du e to v a ri a tions or

indistinctness in p r onunci a tion .

i
'

T ur nvc s , T v
e t
'

m v o e, T o m i/ 09 , T vt r nv s
.

'
X t p evnvoe K r og , e r/ 7712 69 .

' '

ms i me O dr m

Q ew t a , v tc
-
,
vet w a r ns , O ew t .

O h vw cw
roz mj me '
.

B a ri/ I p dnvo e Ma nvo e

'

(so

wo e an d ,

Ma p m c Ma nor 7 77mg prob a bly fa ult of the engr a ver

-
ov v , ,
a .

i m r eh a dm/ de p

A eh a dnvde , .

K o e w r oe 1 1 2 , K t vr o s 2 5 , 8 5 , K lj t VT
' '
O S 25 .

A t ow ci vns 3 5 , A L O
JC
V779 40 .

B t rw w d

ns
o ms
'

, B ot n vea

.

( 3 ) Gr a m m a tic a l fa ults is used a fter n a m es in th e :

no m in a tive a ppa rently in i m it a tion o f the for m ul a a t th e

,

beginning w here the n a m es a r e in the genitive a n d

,
is
cor r ect .

In a ddition to these peculi a rities w e m u st re m e m ber th a t

though the person a l n a m es a r e in gener a l Gr a e co R om a n a -
,

provinci a l h a lf educ a ted tone ch a r a cterises th e inscription T h e

,
-
.

non Greek co m bin a tion a vy w hich occurs in the w ords I p dq vo g
- - '
,

is P h ryg o Pisidi a n a s i n A a /c a nv s Ak p nvoe T h e

-
,

, .

person a l n a m e I m a n M a en I m a n I m e n os is a very re m a rk , , , ,

a ble one : I believe th a t I m a n genitive I m e n os a n d I m a n or , ,

M a en genitive I m a n os or Ma n os a r e m erely v a rietie s of on e

, ,

n a m e T h a t n a m e is t h e n a m e of the god Men w hich w a s

.
,

a ssu m ed by th e Greeks to be their w ord m j v but w hich is u n ,

,

doubtedly a n a tive non Gr eek w ord G r eek perso n a l n a m es -

.

co m pounded w ith Men begin to occur a bout the thi r d century

B C
. but they a r e a t rst conned to a n d a l w a ys m ore co m m on
.
, ,

in Asi a Mino r T h e w o r sh ip of Men sp r e a d into Greece in t h e

, .

R om a n period but is distinctly ch a r a cteristic of Pisidi a a n d

,

southern Ph r ygi a T h e Ma n es of L y do P h r ygi a n m y thology is

.
-

doubtless the s a m e w ord w hich is G r a ecised a s Men I nd the

person al n a m e M a n es O u r a m m o s on a n u nedited inscription of
A n a bou ra a Pisidi a n to w n quite close to t h e district of our i n
,

scription T h e prexed t in I m a n a n d I m a n m a y be co m p a red

.

w ith th a t in I s k m n o s a n d I s tr a t i dt s
y .

I t a ppe a rs to m e th a t these fa cts c a n be expl a ined only in one

32 T H E GRA E C O -
R O MAN C IVILI S AT I O N I N P I S I D IA .

w ay G r eek w a s not the l a ngu a ge m ost fa m ili a r to th e persons

.

w h o d r e w up t h is insc r iption : it w a s t h e l a ngu a ge of w riting

a nd of educ a tion but the a ncient l a ngu a ge of the d ist r ict

, ,

P isidi a n or Phrygi a n w a s still spoken by t h e people I t is a n, .

i nte r esting point to observe a t w h a t ti m e G r eek suppl a nted th e

1
n a tive l a n gu a ges of Asi a Mino r In th e ti m e of St r a bo it is .

p r ob a ble th a t Ph r ygi a n w a s gene r a lly spoken in a t le a st th e

centr a l a n d e a ste r n p a r ts of P h r ygi a ; even in a r ic h a n d i m
port a nt city like C ibyr a situ a ted on the w estern sid e of Phrygi a ,

to w a rds t h e G r eek count r y four l a ngu a ges w e r e spo k en in h i s ,

ti m e L ydi a n Pisidi a n G r eek a n d th e tongue of t h e Soly m i :

, , , ,

o n the other h a nd L ydi a n h a d died out in L ydi a a n d p r ob a bly

, ,

P h r ygi a n h a d i n t h e cities of P h r ygi a m ost exposed to G r eek

,

inuence given pl a ce to Gr eek ,

2
N ine ex a m ples a r e kno w n to .

m e of a fo r m ul a invoking a curse on th e vio l a to r of th e to m b ,

p r esu m a bly w ritten i n t h e P h r ygi a n l a ngu a ge T hese belong to .

t h e R o m a n pe r iod a n d they a r e found in the h e a r t of Ph r ygi a

, ,

not do w n on the w estern side L y c a on i a n w a s t h e co m m on .

l a ngu a ge a t L ystr a w hen St P a ul visited t h e city thoug h it .

,

p r ob a bly la y on t h e g r e a t h ig h r o a d to th e C ilici a n G a tes 3 a n d

w a s a n i m po r t a nt co m m erci a l to w n a s w e m a a r gue fro m th e
y ,

existence of a conside r a ble J e w ish colon y i n t h e district I t is .

t h e r efo r e not extr a o r din a r y th a t the n a tive tongue should h a ve

pe r sisted till the thi r d centu r y in a dist r ict r e m oved fr o m t h e
d i r ect inuence of the Gr a e c o R o m a n civilis a tion a n d h a ving no -
,

l a r ge city a s a cent r e .

6
A list of t h e n a m es of pl a ces is of in t e r est
.
,
as our kno w
ledge o f Pisidi a n n a m es is so sc a nty
'

A ynv os
r
,
87 , 8 8 th e vill a ge n a m e Age o r Aga .

Ah fe m , 4 5

.

dnv s

p eh a or A v rr e X 5 1 , 5 6 , 7 4 98 , 1 0 6 , 1 1 0 1 1 1 , Am
,

pel a d a : see belo w 8 .

78 Ar c a s t-a .

'

Ap XeXa ev s , 5 4 : A rc h e l a i s : perh a ps the pe r so n is a stra nger

fr o m A rc h e l a i s of C a pp a do c i a ,
c
p 20 4 5.
, .

S t ra b .
P 631 .
3
As s u m i n g th a t L y s tr a i s ide n t i a l c
2
My p i n i on on t h i s p o i n t h a s ee n
O b w i t h Ma rten S lack er , or B i n B i r X i ~

c om l et e l
p y a l te r e d b y a s t u d y o f t h i s l is s eh .

c
i n s r ip t i o n .
 T H E G RAB O C R O MAN C I VI LI S AT I O N 1 N P I S I D IA
-
. 33

30 60 ,
: Ask a r a : c
p A s k r a i o f Boeoti a
. .

'

[ ] or r c0 m d r rye, B o r n
B w a ns , 7 2 1 1 8 : B o i t in ia
,
.

g nv e, 4 7 G a n za n a t h e m od e r n vill a ge is G o n d zi n e

I a v a ,
.

Fa t t a z/ oe ,
25 G a r di b ia .

G i s za in t h e C a r i a n to w n n a m e
'

19 , 75 : : r
y rcr a a

Mon og i s s a is expl a ined as

stone ,

S tep h B y z . .
,

P h e r r e zi s

,
50 G le tt i a .

pe r h a ps c p 38 : D a b en a i : . T b a i of Pi sidi a
a ,

T a b a of C a r i a ; t h e w o r d r a Ba is expl a ined r ock

( K e r e t a pa
"

R ock of t h e C a r i a ns

E t p e v ne v u i m c 1 1 9 ; E i r e u m e n i a , .

E a p e q , 2 8 : E z ar i a or A i z a r i a (is P a m ista k e for N ?

c
p .

A i za n i of Phrygi a Phrygi a n A nv be a rd )
and

'
Ka gnvo e 86 K a k oz a

xo , .

20 .

K a p BO K w /u j ne, 16 K a r b o k dm ( vill a ge of C a r bo a fte r

'

r ,

so m e R o m a n gove r no r ?)
K a p o e mdnv e, 5 2 K a r s e ia ,
or K a r s e i da .

( K eh o o m dr ne,

l
22 K e l os n i a ? a ve r y
doub tful n a m e .

K ep a a e 6 7 9 6 K er a si a : e p K e r a sous
ca r , ,
. .

v a BO
p i dr
ne a n d K rm a Bo rj u o e 3 2
p 3 3 4 6 ' '

, , ,
: K i n n a bor i on :

c
p. K a n n a d lo i .

KI
O U T GU '
GI Q , J 5 9, 6 2 ,
1 00 K n o u t e n ia : c
p T . eni a .

70 : doubtful n a m e .

and e, 6 1 , 7 9 nk a

A a vmyuo s Aa v /ce nv L a .

Aa w et a r
p e e, d 1 03 L a pe is t ria .

Aux toa the r e w a s a L yci a n colony in Apolloni a

e
jm c ,
23 :

this vill a ge therefo r e w a s p r ob a bly on th e nor th w estern edge of -

the l a k e a t th e edge of the pl a in of Apolloni a .

Ma p ov r vyz e 7 1 7 3 7 6 Ma m ou t a : c p A dr a m y t ta T h e
/ , , ,
. .

n a m e is p r ob a bly connected w ith t he epith et of C ybele a n d

pe r son a l n a m e M a m a s .

Ma p a h r r nvo s 9 4 : Ma r a l i t a or Ma ra l i s : Step h a n us m entions

'

a to w n N a r m a li s in Pi s idi a ethnic N ar m a l e u s ,
.

Ma p m a v oc 1 4 6 4 : p r ob a bly a h a lf w a y st a tio n on t h e r o a d

, ,
-

fr o m Apolloni a to Antioc h est a blished or i m p r oved w hen t h e ,

r o a ds w ere r ep a i r ed unde r th e e m pe r o r S e t e r u s a n d n a m ed ,

a fte r h i s r st w ife M a r ci a .

9 7 Ma s v li a : doub tful n a m e .

11 . S . 1V .
34 T H E G R AE C O -
R O MAN C IVILI S AT I O N 1N P I S I D IA .

M e p yv t a m sr Me r g n i a
'

,
1 07 : .

m w ve ea r ne 4 2 4 3 Mik k n i a

.
, ,

Mo vo x xnp e t m s 3 6 : Mon ok l r o s : c p K l r os O r ci n e s a n d

, .

K l r os P ol i t i k e s in P h r ygi a S a lut a ris a n d a bish op of K l r o i in ,

t he s a m e province T h e G r ee k te r m w a s therefore
.

a plied to these s m a ll to w nships

p C p M on o i s s a
g . . .

N ds 2 1 2 7
ov h e N a z ou l a i

a

, ,
: .

N e r 877( v) 69 3 4 4 9 or N idos , ,
N e i d os .

O k v nw o x w w yr ne 2 6 3 1 : O ly m pos w a s a s co m m on a n a m e

, ,

for m ount a ins in Asi a Minor a s in Greece .

'
H e t S p nv oc 1 8 2 9 : P e i dr a or P i dr a , , .

H e a dlan d r m (P e s k e ni a t e s fro m P e s k e n i a ? see

-
1 05 : ,

belo w ) .

e a /cam a m s 1 1 3 : P e s k c n i a the vill a ge n a m ed a fter P e s c a n

, ,

n i u s N iger perh a ps re a d H e a x e ut d n) ; single for doubl e V a s

,

in
116 P oly m a r g a .

U p o vp e t a r pezi s , 3 7 P r ou r e i s t ri a
-
.

H r a yt a v e, 1 5 , 3 5 , 4 0 , 8 1 , 9 9 : P t a g i a
v
: c
p . P a t a r a or P ta r a
of L yci a .

P a t r nv e, 7 9
(
R ha i t a .

E r
p() 0 vw v 0 9 , 1 09 doubtful n a m e .

T a k e/1 6 0 06 159 T a A tp e m a

.
,
84 , 85 : or AL /J VCL Za ,
se e bel o w
8 .

T a k w e r r nv s , 6 9
very doubtful : .

T a r a s t e 4 1 : T a t a i a th e vill a ge of T a t a s a co m m on a n d
, , ,

a ncient Phrygi a n person a l n a m e : c D oryl a i on fro m D or yla s

p .
,

A kk i la i on fro m Ak y l a s Att a i a fro m Attes or Atys , .

T ema vo s 8 2 T eni a , .

T up o m s 6 7 6 8 1 0 2 : i t is interesting to nd this n a m e
'

, , , ,

re m e m bering the tr a ditiona l connection of the T vp a nvo t w ith

Asi a Minor T va w a s a to w n in L ydi a Steph a nus m entions .

a to w n T yros of Pisidi a .

'
T '
v t r nu e, T e v t r nu o s ,

T u m09 /
, 3 9 6 5 77, 8 3
, ,
: T yi t a :

c
p.T i tya s s os of P a m phyli a ,
T i ti ou p ol i s of I sa uri a .

T w r w u t c r ns , i '
44 : T ot on i a .

X t /z e myv e an d

K r t a e myv oe, 1 0 8 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 4
'
: K t im e n o s : s dlc

r f/L e v o v w r o h re dp o v .

25 : P s e r k i o k dm e -

S l ew rdm e, O

eem i m s O ds t w dr ns, , 5 3 8 0, 8 9 9 1
, , ,
 T H E G R AE C O R O -
MA N C I VILI S AT I O N 1N l lS I D lA

.

92 ,
93 ,
1 18 : Q i n ia : c
p . O i n o a u da , s ee be lo w .
[N ame

o m itt e d , 5 5 ,
-
u e r nvo s ,
,
90 .

a
-
w a ysr m ,
$8 .

I h e r e a fe w P isidi a n n a m e s for t h e s a k e f c o m pl t e n s s
a dd o e e .

H o w co q occu r s fo u r ti m e s i n a n u n e dit e d i n scripti o n o f A n a

b ou r a Bl ah/ 79 O dp a /L /Adns is a n o th e r fr o m t h e s a m e t o w n A L E
,
1

.

n m occu r s i n a n i n scripti n o f P isidi a o r n o rth e r n P a m p h yli a o

,

a n d is e xpl a i n e d by D e e c k e a s Z eu s t h e L ord H om occu r s a l s o

'

i n C yp ru s a s a n e pith e t o f Z e u s 1
I p d nv or Md m) h a s b e e n

.

m e n ti o n e d a b ov e : it is do u b tfu l w h e th e r a n y oth e r p e r s o n a l
n a m e i n this i n scripti on c a n b e r e ck on e d a s n a tiv e P isidi a n ;
p e rh a ps S ou r i o s O u e s s m i os G i l i on a n d e v e n B o u ba l o s
, , , .

T h e n a m e s a s a w h o l e a r e n ot u n lik e th os e w hic h a r e c o m m on
i n w e st e r n A si a Mi n o r e sp e ci a lly P hrygi a a n d C a ri a a n d t h e , ,

P isidi a n l a n g u a g e w a s th e r e fo r e p e rh a ps a k i n t o t h e P hrygi a n .

O i n oa n da i n t he C i byra ti s b e a rs a n a m e d i ffe ri n g o n ly i n t h e
t e r m i n a ti on fr om O in i a T he t e r m i n a ti on a n d a on d a i n d a i s .
,
-
,
-

v e ry c o m m on i n P hryg o C a ri a n t ow n n a m e s : A li n d a H ors e -
,

t ow n S i bi do n da I s i n da K yi n d a D a l i s a n dos th e s a m e e n di n g
, , , ,

a pp e a rs i n A l ou dda ; H ors e t ow n A t tou dda A ttys t ow n (c p
- -
.
, ,

A li a A tt a i a ) C la n n ou dda (cp K e l e n a i or K e l a i n a i )
, , . .

7 P er s on a l h e r e i s a gr e a t m on o t n y i n t h e
Z\ cmn cs T
'

. .
o

p e rs on a l n a m e s : a t t h e pr e s e n t da y a list of t he i n h a bit a n ts of
a P isidi a n v ill a g e w ou ld r e p e a t ov e r a n d ov e r a a i n a s m a ll st ock
g
of n a m e s S u l e i m a n Me h m e t &c a n d s o i n this i n scripti on
, , ,
.
,

Z ot ic u s occ u rs 1 9 ti m e s Me n n e a s 1 7 K a r ik os 1 1 Al e x a n dr os 9 , , , ,

A rte m on 8 App a s or A p a s 8 ,
.

( )
1 T h e m o st c om m on cl a ss of n a m e s is d e riv e d fr om g o d s
c h a r a c te ristic of A si a Mi n or w orship : Men ophilos Me n odor os , ,

Me n n e a s 2 I m an I m a n Ma n r e fe r t o t h e g od Men w h os e
, , , , ,

w o rship i s a l m o st u n iv e rs a l i n P isidi a a n d S o u th e r n P hrygi a :

Ma m a s a n d D e m e tri os r e fe r t o C yb e l e D e m e t e r : P a p a s P a pi a s -
, ,

1 S ee B u ll . C or r /
. H el l . iii . 335 ; f r om su ch a w ord as Me n e d m os , or

D eet k e i n B u r s J a hr cs b . .
, 1 88 2 , p . 221 , Me n a n d ros . A s t he n a me is e xc ee d n g l yi
and i n B czzcn b B ci tr . . vi . c o m m on i n As i a Mi n o r and r a re in
2
F i ck , Gr i cch . P cr s on cn n . p . 1 9 4, G re e c e, 1 nd h i s e xp l a n a t on i u n te n

ma k es Mc n n ea s a

pet n amc ,

der iv e d a bl e .

'
38 T H E GRAE C O RO -
MA N C IVILI S A T IO N I N P S D A I I I .

P a py l o s A pp a s r e fe r t o P a p a s a n d A tt a s t o A tt e s or A tys b o th
, , , ,

ch a r a c t e ris t ic P hrygi a n g od s : A scl e pi a de s A s cl e pi os A s c l a s , , ,

T e l e s p h o r os r e fe r t o A scl e pi o s w o rship A rt e m on A r t e m i d ot os
, , ,

a n d H e c a t e s i os r e fe r t o A rt e m is : H e li o s H e r m e s P o sid o n iu s , , ,

w hi c h a r e r a r e m a v b e l o n g t o this cl a ss o r t o cl as s
, ,

( 2 ) G r e ek name s of g ood om e n , P h r on i m os S ,
oph o s ,
S t r a ti o t e s ,

A u x a n on Z ,
o t i k os , lxl n s t e os .

s a d o pt e d e ith e r a s b or n e by e m p e r o rs S e p t ou m i o s
N am e , ,

S e v e r os A u r e li u s or a s ch a r a ct e ristic R om a n n a m e s L u ci u s
, , , ,

Ma r c u s Q u i n t u s G a i u s : L u ci u s a n d Ma rc u s a r e r a th e r c o m
, ,

m on e r th a n G a i n s a n d Q u i n t u s w hich is p e rh a ps du e t o t h e i r ,

b e i n g t h e n a m e s o f S e v e r u s a n d C a r a c a ll a : L u ci u s o cc u r (5 s

ti m e s Ma rc u s 5 G a i n s 4 Q u i n t u s 4
, , ,
.

( ) F a n cy
d riv fr d c ti d r s
a di n g :

l d m

e e o e u a nam e
on a n e ,
.

hist oric a l a r e C a t on i u s C o r n e li u s Ma xi m u s R om u l u s Me i da s , , , , ,

Me n e l a os P yr r h os A tta l o s A l e x a n d r o s a n d Al e k a s t h e di m i n u
, , ,

t iv e Ma k e d on A t h e n e os : lit e r a ry
,
a r e L u c r e ti u s
,
L u cr e t i u s ,

T it u s Me n a n d r o s D i og e n e s : o f n o s p e ci a l ch a r a ct e r a r e D i o
,
1
,

ph a n e s T i m ot h e o s C h a r i de m os Me n e d e m os A n t [i ] l e os X e n on
, , , , , ,

H e r m og e n e s S k y m n o s , .

( 5 ) Va ri o u s : l d or di a n os fr o m Mor d i a i on t h e o ld n a m e o f

,

A p ol l o n i a ; K a i i k o s a n e xc e e d i n gly c o m m o n n a m e i n l a t e r ,

P hrygi a n i n scripti on s 2 S ou r i o s O u e s s m i o s G ili on B o u b a l os a r e , , , ,

p e r h a ps P isi d i a n n a m e s th o u g h t h e l a s t is k n ow n i n Gr e e c e ,
.

T h e n a m e s d e riv e d fr om r e li g i on a n d th o s e w h ich a r e ,

d i s t i n c t l v n a tiv e i n ch a r a ct e r Me n n e a s I m a en &c a r e m or e , , , ,

n u m e r o u s a m on g t h e fa th e rs o f t h e c o n trib u t ors th a n a m on g ,

t h e c o n trib u t ors t h e m s e lv e s : s o a r e t h e G r e e k n a m e s o f g o o d
om e n T h e fa n cy n a m e s a r e d e c i d e d lv m o r e n u m e r ou s a m on g
.

t h e s on s a n d r a r e r a m on g t h e fa th e rs
, T his s u gg e sts th a t .

e d u c a ti o n w a s a d v a n ci n g t he pr o vi n c i a l n a t iv e c h a r a ct e r a n d ,

t h e p o w e r o f r e li g i o n gr o w i n g fa i n t e r i n this a n d t h e pr e ce di n g ,

g e n e r a ti o n T h e w h ol e t on e o f t h e i n s c ripti on p o i n ts t o this
.

c on cl u si on T he n a m e s a r e s u c h a s G r a c c o R om a n civilisa ti on
.
-

E l i -h a n dl e s i s a fv
a ou r it e na me in n a me of a ra c e, the s te m is C o m m on

A9 3 ) ll nn l
'

, l
a s o in n a mes o f 19 9 0 6 8 ,
1 1 is i lw on ly casc o f a co mmo n Ki r a, li e res m s , and o u rs i n cc a d iv i ne

name i n AW ] Mi n o r d u i w ul fr o m t h e name, ) c 1 K a ro n .
38 T H E G R AE C O R O - MAX C IVILI S AT IO N I N I I I
P S D A .

by H i e r oc l e s i n t h e pr o vi n c e H e ll e sp on t u s is a n oth e r for m o f ,

t he s a m e n a m e B a l a n do s m e n ti o n e d i n L y d i a by t h e N ot i t i a e
'

1
.
,

is pr ob a bly t h e s a m e t ow n a s B la u n d os w h i c h li e s n e a r t h e ,

fr on ti e r diffi c u lt for m Ml a d a w a s a v id e d i n t w o w a ys :
. T he o

ng Am l
( )
1 A m l a d a A m b l a da ( b e c o m i p e a d a
) a nd Bl a n d o s o r ,

Bl a d e s o r B l a u n dos : Ma la n d o s b e c o m i n g A m ila n d a a n d
B a l a n d o s p e rh a ps e v e n t h e m o d e r n G a l a n d os
,
.

A m p e l a d a A m p l a d a A m b la d a o r A m il a n d a f m u st h a v e b e e n

, , ,

s o m e w h e r e o n t h e e a st si de o f t h e l a k e w h e r e a g oo d s ou th e r n ,

e xp o s u r e sh e lt e r e d fr om t h e n or t h w i n d w ou ld fa v ou r t h e
, ,

gr o w i n g o f vi n e s T h e m o d e r n t o w n G a l a n d os li e s n e a r t h e
.

l a k e on t h e e a st a n d pr ob a bly r e t a i n s t h e a n ci e n t n a m e I t is .

s a id th a t a t E g e r di r on t h e s o u th sid e o f t h e l a k e n ot m a n y ,

m il e s fr o m G a l a n d os a n d j u st b e y o n d t h e li m i t s o f t h e district
,

e m br a c e d i n this i n s cripti o n t w e n ty v e diffe r e n t sp e ci e s of ,

-

3
gr a p e s a re fou n d N e ith e r H i e r oc l e s n or t h e li s t s of bish oprics
.

m e n ti on a t o w n n a m e d A m bla da i n P isidi a bu t t h e y a l l giv e a n ,

A m bl a da i n L yc a on i a T h e Byz a n ti n e pr ovi n c e o f L yc a o . n i a did

n ot e xt e n d fu rth e r w e st t h a n S e rk i S e r a i e a s t of l a k e C a ra l is ; ,

so th a t it is q u it e i m p o ssibl e t o s u pp o s e t h a t a n y p a rt of t he
d istrict e m br a c e d i n t his i n scripti o n w a s i n cl u d e d i n L yc a on i a .

I t is a ls o i m p o ssib l e t o su pp os e t h a t a t ow n sit u a t e d a t or e a st ,

o f S e rki S e r a i fu r n ish e d s e v e n c o n t rib u t ors t o ou r i n scripti o n

, ,

o r th a t it c ou ld be c a ll e d by S tr a b o 7 0 29 ( R o u gh; 5p 0 0 9 or th a t
p ,

P t ol e m y c ou ld h a v e pl a c e d it i n w e s t e r n P isidi a T h er e a r e .

th e re for e on ly t w o a lt e r n a tiv e s : e ith e r th e r e w a s a n A m bl a da

i n L yc a o n i a a n d a n ot h e r A m bl a da i n P isidi a a n d t h e l a tt e r
, ,

t ow n dis a pp e a r e d b e for e t he Byz a n ti n e p e ri od or H i er oc lc s ,

4
m u st a s F orbig e r s u gg e sts h a v e m a d e a m ist a k e i n a ssig n i n g
, ,

A m bla d a t o L yc a o n i a T h e lis t s of bish oprics a r e g e n e r a lly .

a cc o rdi n g t o t h e p olitic a l divisi o n s o f t h e c ou n try a ll t he ,

bish ops of P isidi a a r e u n d e r t h e m e tr op olit a n s e e of A n ti och ,

bu t i n s om e fe w c a s e s a bish opric is c on n e cte d w ith a dist a n t

m e tr o p olis I c a n on ly su pp os e th a t for s om e r e a s on or oth e r
.

A m bl a da w a s pl a c e d u n d e r t h e s e e of Ic on i u m a n d th a t ,

1
M W a d d in g t on t h i n k s
. it is a c t u al l v u s ed for Am bl a da i n A ct C ou vel .
'

Bl a u n d os , m en t i dh
on e e re hv m itk
s a e 3
ii
B i t t e r , I x l ni i ms i c n ,
'

. as t h e b oo k
p ro ba b l y he is r i g ht S . ee L e ba s , I n s cr . is n ot in an y Ath i l ib en a n ra ry I
As . Mi n . N o . 1 01 1 .
g iv e th e ex ct f c a re e r e n e .

3
T h e fo r m A m i l a n d a AW i p 33 5

or A m a la n da is 4
0 g m .

. . .
 T H E G RAE C O R O -
MA N C IVILI S AT I O N I N I I I
P S D A .

H i e r ocl e s w h os e list ha s b e e n m u ch i n fl u e n c e d by t h e e n u m e r a
,

ti o n o f bish oprics h a s a ssig n e d it t o t h e w r on g pr ovi n c e T w o

1
, .

r e a s on s fa v ou r of t h e l a tt e r a lt e r n a tiv e : rst it is e x
a re in
c c e di n g ly r a r e for a t ow n w hich c o i n e d m o n e y u n d e r t h e R o m a n

E m pir e t o dis a pp e a r i n t h e Byz a n ti n e p e ri od a n d a c o m p a r a t iv e ,

li s t o f t o w n s i n t he t w o p e ri ods pr o v e s th a t pr o sp e rity i n cr e a s e d
st e a dily a n d th a t t h e o ld t o w n s a ll r e m a i n ; s e c o n dly t h e
, ,

2
l a n g u a g e o f P h i l os tor g i u s w h e n h e m e n ti on s t h e Byz a n t i n e ,

A m b la da a ppli e s v e ry w e ll t o t h e A m pe l a da o f o u r i n s c rip t i o n
, .

H e s a ys t h a t it l a y i n a n u n h e a lthy a n d u n pl e a s a n t sit u a ti n o
,

t h a t t h e s oil w a s b a rr e n a n d th a t t h e i n h a bit a n ts w e r e v e ry r u d e ,

a n d u n e d u c a t e d : this l a st tr a it is q u it e i n a cc ord a n c e w ith ou r

i n scripti o n .

A m p e la da a n d Q i n i a fu r n ish m o r e c o n trib u t ors th a n a n y o th e r

t ow n s H a s t he n a m e Q i n i a a n y c on n e cti on e ith e r tr u e o r
'

.
,

a cc ordi n g t o p op u l a r e ty m olo gy w ith o i r o s ? m ight l o o k ,

for t h e t ow n i n t h e vi n e gr o w i n g district n e a r A m bl a da a n d -
,

tr a c e its pr osp e rity t o t h e s a m e s ou rc e .

K in n a bor i o n w hich is thr e e ti m e s m e n ti on e d i n o u r i n scripti o n

, ,

w a s a bi s h o r i c i n t h e B z a n ti n e p e ri o d I t is m n ti on e d i n
p y e .

N ot E p i s c p i vii v iii ix
. a n d on e o f its bish o ps a tt e n d e d t h e
tz . . . . .

sixth g e n e r a l c o u n ci l w hil e a n oth e r w a s a bs en t fr o m t h e c ou n cil ,

of C h a lc e d on A lth ou gh it is i n t h e h e a rt of P isidi a it is
.
,

a l w a ys pl a c e d u n d e r t h e m e tr op olis of S y n n a d a i n P hrygi a
S a l u t a ris T hi s is on e of t h e g e ogr a p h ic a l irr e g u l a ri t i es th a t
.

s om e ti m e s occ u r i n t h e list s of bish o prics K i n n a bor i on is n ot .

m e n ti o n e d by H i e r oc l e s n or i n t h e v e ry fu ll list N ot E p i scop iii . . .

x . xiii
, I n s o e xh a u stiv e a n e n u m e r a ti on of t h e t ow n s a s
.

H i e r oc l e s giv e s i t c a n h a rd ly be d ou bt e d th a t s om e of t h e fi fty
,

ve pl a c e s m e n ti on e d i n t h e i n scripti on m u st occ u r I n m a ki n g .

a c om p a ris o n w e m u st r e m e m b e r w h a t gr oss e rr o rs o ft e n occ u r

i n t he B y z a n ti n e lists 3 of H i e r ocl e s a n d t he N oi i t ia c H i e r ocl e s .

1
H im u
e s ome t es s es su ch e xp res e rrors : th c tu l v i t i n s f
ey are a a ar a o o

i 6 T m S ] s p ell i g d t t h i n di t i c t p

s on s a s [e ra ew l
n a x o vro s . n ue o e s n r o nu n

H E cc l
2 v 2
. es , . . c i ti a d p v i c i l di l ct f h l f
on a n ro n a a e o a a

g iv x pl du c t d p p l e H o w p
3
I m y h a e re e a fe w e am es e a e l y ed c t d
eo . o or u a e

th t h v a h i th t pa e er o u zzl e d t he c om ev t h e bi h op s f th e By t i e
en s o za n n

m e n ta t ors , K on i on p ol i s for D i on y s o p i d w r m y b j dg d f m t h
er o e e a e u e ro e

p i
ol s , S i tou p oli s for An a s t a s i op ol i s , f c t th t o f th p s t t th
a a ne o os e re e n a e

l h ani p s iou p o l i s for T h e m i s on i on Ma n

'
. y c u c i l f C h l c d c ld n t m i t
o n o a e on ou o e

i i
o f t hes e V a r e t e s a re n ot m e e le r a l r c ic hi s ow n nam e .
40 T H E G R AE C O R O -
MA N C

IVILI S A T I O N I X P IS I D IA .

begi n s his list of P isidi a n t ow n s th us ,

A nt i ochi a ,
N ea p oli s ,

L im e na i ,
S a bi n a i ,
Atm e n ia . T he rst tw o, n ow c a ll e d
Y a low a t c h and K a r a g h a tch ,
li e ea st of G o n dzi n e ,
a littl e
no rth of la ke
(l a k e o f B e i s h e h e r ) I n st e a d o f A t i n e n i a
C a r a lis .

w e n d i n N of i t i a c vii viii ix t h e fo r m s A t e n i a A t e n oa '

. . .
, , ,

and it is h a r dly doubtful th a t T e m a vc s i n t h e i n s cripti o n

r e fe rs t o t h e s a m e pl a c e B u t fu rth e r th e r e is e q u a lly lit t l e .
,

doubt th a t A a a e c o f t h e i n scripti on a n d S a bin a i o f H i e r oc l e s

a r e t h e s a m e pl a ce a n d th a t S a b i n a i o u gh t t o b e c o rr e ct e d ,

D a bi n a i 1
I t n o w b e c om e s cl e a r t h a t his e n u m e r a t i on foll o w s
.

a w e ll d e n e d g e ogr a phic a l o r d e r
-
F irst h e t a k e s t h e c ou n try .

b e t w e e n A n ti och a n d t h e t w o l a k e s t h e n t h e c ou n try b ord e ri n g ,

o n E v c a on i a th e n t h e n orth e r n p a rt o f P isidi a th e n t h e s ou th
, ,

w e s t e r n r ou n d B a ris ( l s b a r t a ) th e n t h e s ou t h e r n fr o n ti e r , .

F i n a lly it is pr o b a bl e th a t t h e fo r m T a mn e v e s o cc u rs i n t h e
,

i n scripti on th ou gh t h e r e a di n g i s d ou btfu l on t h e st on e (s e e
,

critic a l n ot e 1 8 4 T his fo r m w o u ld be d e riv e d fr o m r a k i

.

p w a T d A t n w a i t A zi t v a i a a n a m e p e rh a ps for t h e s m a ll

. .
, , , , ,

i l a n ds i n t h e l a k e 2
T d A cn m a is t h e A qu a/ a t o r A v p e z a c or


s . . /
, ,

or A t n my o f H i e r oc l e s a n d t h e N oz fzt i a c : A me / 6 159
'

A unv a i a , ,

oc c u rs as t h e a dj e ctiv e T his i d e n t ifi c a ti on e n a bl e s u s t o .

r e c og n is e thr e e c on s e c u tiv e t ow n s of H i e r oc l e s i n t h e district

e m br a c e d by t h e i n scripti o n .

If m y i n t e rpr e t a ti on of T a k t ne v e vs is a d m itt e d it t e n d s t o '

c on fi r m P r o f Hirschfe ld s V i e w th a t t h e d ou bl e l a ke a l on g w hich
.

th e se t o w n s or vill a g e s w e r e situ a t e d w a s c a ll e d i n a n ci e n t ti m e s
A CL U / a t I t a pp e a rs th e r e fore th a t s om e o f t h e c on trib u t o rs
.
, ,

m e n ti o n e d i n o u r i n scripti o n c o m e fro m t h e e xtr e m e s o u th e r n

c o r n e r of t h e l a k e a n d it h a s a lr e a dy b e e n sh o w n th a t Ma rsi a
a n d L y k i o k o m e w e r e pr ob a bly o n t h e n o rth e r n sh o r e t o w a r d s

A p oll o n i a T h e s u bscripti on w a s th e r e for e c o m m o n t o a l a rg e

.

c o u n try a ll t h e n o rth e r n a n d e a st e r n sh or e s of t h e l a k e L e t u s
, .

n o w t u rn t o t he m u t il a t e d s u p e rscripti on t o s e e w h a t o bj e ct
br ou g h t t og e t h e r s u ch w id e ly s e p a r a t e d vill a g e s .

H is tor zca L

9 .
T he ly fa ct th a t
on ca n be g a t h e r e d w ith
c e r t a i n ty fr o m t he m u til a t e d b e gi n n i n g of th e i n scripti on is th a t
1
T h e t ow n is not m e nt i on e d in au v i s la n ds . i p iti
Th s ld os on w ou n ot s u it
ot he r pl c a e .
the i c ip t i
ns r i t i d ivi d
on , as s e d by
l i c f p ce t i f m th d i t i c t h

H

ro l . rs h e ld la
s L im en a i at m ou n a ns ro e s r -
i re th e
l ig v l t l i l
'

, t he p r o m o n t o r v be s d e i t he ot h e r t f d
o w n s a re ou n .
 T II E G l t AE C O R O

-
MA N C I V I LI S AT I O N IN l I S lDI A

. 41

th e m o n e y s u b s c rib e d w a s d e v ot e d t o b u yi n g c ert a i n a rticl e s

e m pl oy e d i n t h e w o rship o f t h e gr e a t g o dd e ss A rt e m is bu t t he
s u bscripti on is o n s u ch a l a rg e sc a l e t h a t it m u st h a v e b e e n
i n t e n d e d for a gre a t e r p u rp os e T h e w ord S i m / (K a y ) m a k e s it .

pr ob a bl e th a t t h e obj e ct w a s e ith e r t o b u ild o r t o i m pr ov e a n d ,

b e a u tify a t e m p l e o f t h e g od d e ss N o w t h e a rr a n g e m e n t o f t h e .

p
o en n i g li n e s is r e m a rk a bl e
1
T h e i n scripti on w a s e vid e n tly i n
.

t e n d e d a t first t o b e gi n w i th li n e 4 w e w ill c o nj e ct u r e th a t it
d e n e d t h e obj e ct o f t h e s u bscripti o n 7 93 t h e d a t e [ e

i e p ] w q 7 vr i ep em e u 1 2 a n d t h e list of th o s e w h o h a d s u b
,
a ,

scrib e d m or e th a n 8 5 0 d e n a rii A ft e r w a rds s om e a dd iti o n w a s .

m a d e a t t h e b e gi n n i n g i n t h e bl a n k sp a c e a b o v e t h e rst li n e o f t h e
o rigi n a l i n scripti o n T h e r e w a s n o t r oo m t o i n s e rt a ll th a t w a s
.

n e e d e d i n t h e sp a c e a b o v e a n d six w o rds w e r e a dd e d a t t h e right

h a n d of t h e old i n scripti on : this a dditi on r e c ord s th a t s o m e p e rs on s

m a d e a t th e ir o w n e xp e n s e a phi a l e a n d s om e o th e r a rticl e s

a n d c h a lk om a t a a n d
p a t e l l a i a n d a li ba n o t r i s T his a dditi o n is .

e n gr a v e d i n s m a ll e r l e tt e rs a n d l e ss d e e ply th a n t h e r e st it is
th e r e fo r e m u ch m o r e diffic u lt t o d e ciph e r T h e phi a l e a n d t h e .

l iba n ot r i s oft e n o c cu r i n i n v e n t ori e s o f t e m pl e pr o p e rty i n t h e

C orp us A
L Ba w r t s
v is t w ic e give n w h e r e t h e s e n s e c e rt a i n ly

d e m a n d s A L Ba I w rp t q ( 1 5 7 0 b a n d P a t e ll a e a r e n ot

/ '

m e n ti on e d i n a n y o th e r G r e e k i n scripti on k n ow n t o m e : t h e
o cc u rr e n c e sh ow s t h e m ixtu r e o f G r e e k a n d L a ti n t e rm s
ch a r a ct e ristic of t h e l a t e r R om a n a n d Byz a n ti n e ti m e s F e st u s .

e xpl a i n s p a t e ll a e a s d ish e s i n w hich food w a s s e t b e for e t h e g ods ,

e sp e ci a lly t h e L a r e s a n d P e n a t e s C h a l k om a occ u rs o ft e n i n .

t h e s e n s e o f a br o n z e pl a t e t o e n gr a v e a n i n sc r ipti o n o n : it i s
m e n ti o n e d i n i n s c ripti on s o f C o rcyr a a n d S icily .

T h e s u bscripti o n a pp e a rs t o h a v e e m br a c e d t h e vill a g e s a n d

3
s m a ll t ow n s n e a r t h e l a k e fr o m t h e e xtr e m e s ou th e r n e xtr e m ity

t o t h e n o rt h w e st e r n c o r n e r
- A gl a n c e a t t h e m a p W ill S h o w
.

th a t this i n cl u d e s a ll t h e l a k e c ou n try e xc e pt t w o w e ll de n e d -

d istricts m a rk e d ou t by t h e m ou n t a i n syst e m t h e pl a i n of -
,

A p oll on i a a n d t h e district i n w hich li e B a ris S e l e u c e i a S id e r a , ,

A g r a e a n d C on a n a
,
th e s e t w o districts c e n tr e r ou n d p oi n ts
a w a y fr om t h e l a k e W hil e t h e district e m br a c e d by t h e i n s c r i p
,

1
An a t te m pt is m a de to i di c
n a te it T a A cu s [u] e s is re e j ct e d, t h e b o u n d a ry
i n the te t x . is e xt e n de d fa r s ou t h by ot h e r con
2 E v en i f th p p
e ro os e d i n te r p re t a t on i s id i
e r a t on s .
42 T H E G R AE C O - R O MA N C IVILI S A T I O N I N I I I
P S D A .

ti on is t h e l a k e c ou n try pr o pe r T h e p e opl e of this l a k e c ou n try .

s u bscrib e t o w a r d s a t e m pl e of A rt e m is sit u a t e d n e a r t h e l a k e ,

a n d a b ou t t h e m i d d l e o f t h e di s trict N o w i n t h e s o ci a l syst e m .

w hi c h is k n o w n t o h a v e e xis t e d i n C a pp a d o ci a i n P hrygi a a l s o , ,

i n S m yr n a a n d E ph e s u s i n t h e n on G r e e k p e ri o d diffe r e n t ,
-
,

d istri c ts h a d th e ir c n t r e i n a hi er on e t h e pri e sts o f t h e hi er on

i n t e rpr e t e d t h e w i ll o f t h e g o d a n d t h e p e o pl e a r ou n d w e r e t h e ,

s e rva n ts of t h e h i er on [ep o S o v k o u G r e e k civilis a ti o n w a s a l w a ys

'

h o stil e t o this sy s t e m a n d t h e hist o ry o f A si a Mi n o r w h e r e v e r

, ,

w e k n ow a n ythi n g o f it sh o w s a l w a ys t h e s a m e c on ict b e t w e e n
,

t h e p ol l s s y st e m o f t h e G r e e ks a n d t h e h i cr on syst e m o f t h e
'

n a tiv e s T h e G r e e ks d e v e l o p e d a 7r o7u e t a w hil e t h e n a tiv e

'
-
. r
,

sys t e m is t e ch n ic a lly d e scrib e d by t h e ph r a s e K w a n8o v

'

the p e o p le livi n g i n t o w n s or vill a g e s h a d n ot a d e fi n i t e

, ,

p olitic a l syst e m bu t d e p e n d e d on t he izi cr on T h e w orship of

,
.

Ar t e m is a s C u rti u s h a s r e m a rk e d w a s p e c u li a rly a ss oc i a t e d w ith

,
1
,

l o w lyi n g l a n d a n d r e e d c o v e r e d m a rsh e s
-
T h e r e e ds sh a r e d
-
.

w ith m e n i n t h e w ors h ip o f t h e g odd e ss a n d m ov e d t o t h e s ou n d ,

o f t h e m u sic i n h e r fe stiv a ls or a s S tr a b o s a s t h e b a sk e ts
y , , ,

d a n c e d or i n L a c on i a m a id e n s cr o w n e d w i t h r e e d s d a n c e d
,
.

T his d e scripti on e n a bl e s u s t o fo r m s o m e c on c e pti on of t h e

w o rship of A rt e m is b e sid e t h e P isidi a n l a k e ; a n d t h e r e m a r k

a bl e s u it a bility t o this p a rtic u l a r c a s e pr o v e s t h e tr u th o f ou r

a pplic a ti on E v e ry d e t a il s o fa r a s t h e d e t a i ls a r e k n ow n i n ot h e r
.
,

c a s e s fr om ou r s c a n ty i n form a ti on su its h e r e a d m ir a bly L i m ,

.

n a tis w a s a fa v ou rit e e pith e t o f t h e g o dd e ss u s e d s o m e ti m e s a s ,

h e r a ct u a l n a m e : s o w e n d a L a c on i a n d e d i c a ti o n d v dnx e
A rm/ ai m ?
W e h a v e a fe w p a g e s b a ck s e e n r e a s o n t o a cc e pt
, ,

P r of Hirschfe ld s c onj e ctu r e th a t t h e l a k e n e a r w hich this hi cr on

st ood b or e n o m or e d e n it e n a m e th a n L i mn m} .

It c a n n o t b e s u pp o s e d th a t t h e Mar e n syst e m s u rviv e d i n its

p u rity thr ou gh t h e R om a n p e ri o d : t h e hi cr on w a s n o w on ly a
s o ci a l c e n tr e w ith n o p olitic a l p o w e r B u t it a pp e a rs th a t t h e .

w h ol e district still l o ok e d t o it a s t h e r e ligi ou s s a n ctu a ry All .

o v e r A si a Mi n o r w e ob s e r v e t h a t a s a r u l e t h e s a n ct u a ry is

o u tsid e t h e city : s o a t E ph e s u s a t S m rn a a n d m a n y o th e r
y , ,

pl a c e s A p olitic a l c e n tr e gr o w s u p bu t it is a l w a ys a p a rt fr o m
.
,

l
C ur t i
i n A r ch Z tg 1 8 5 3 ,
us . 1 50 ; . p .
2
S e e F r an k l A ch e ,
r . Z g
.

. 1 8 76 , p .

E Mull e r i n P h i l ol on G y g cs . v ii . . 2 8, on Ar te m i Li msti na s .

K . O Mull e r , D or i c r ,
. 3 82 i p
. .
 T H E G RAE C O -RO MA N C IVILI S AT I O N I N P IS ID I A . 43

an d in pp o siti o n t o t h e r e ligi ou s c e n tr e I n t h i s c a se t h e R o m a n
o .

d om i n a ti on pr e v e n t e d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f p olitic a l p o w e r : t h e
a d m i n istr a ti on o f t h e i m p e ri a l pr o vi n c e o f G a l a ti a i n w hich t h e ,

di s trict w a s e m br a c e r g a v e a pp a r e n tly l e ss fr e e d om t o t h e i n
,

h a bit a n ts a n d a ll ow e d l e s s l oc a l g ov e r n m e n t t h a n t h e s e n a t o ri a l
pr ovi n c e o f A si a : i n t h e l a tt e r t h e t o w n s h a d t h e right t o p u t .

t h e n a m e s o f th e ir o w n m a gi s tr a t e s on t he ir c oi n s H e n c e it .

w ou ld a pp e a r th a t t h e G r a c c o R o m a n civilis a ti on w a s fa r b e tt e r
-

e st a blish e d i n t h e v a ll e y o f Me tr o p olis th a n i n this d istrict a s ,

is e vi d e n t fr o m t h e c on t e m p or a ry i n scripti on s o f Me tr op o li s
p u blish e d i n this n u m b e r of t h e J ou r n a l D e v e l op m e n t c a m e .

w ith t h e spr e a d o f e d u c a t i on a n d k n ow l e dg e o f G r e e k ; t h e u s e

o f n e c l a ssic a l n a m e s b e g a n t o b e c om m on a t t h e e n d o f t h e

s e c o n d c e n tu ry T h e i n scripti on b e a rs w it n e ss t o a pr osp e rity

.

a n d c on t e n t m e n t r e m a rk a bl e t o a n on e th a t k n ow s t h e m o d e r n
y
c ou n try I d ou bt if a n y m a n i n t h e district is n ow rich e n ou g h
.

t o s u bscrib e t w e n ty d e n a rii t o a n y p u rp o s e .

I t is dif c u lt t o g a th e r w h a t r e l a ti on s e xist e d b e tw e e n t h e
h i cr on a n d t h e diffe r e n t t ow n s a n d w h a t w e r e t h e d u ti e s a n d
,

p ow e r s of t h e of c e rs a pp a r e n tly t w o i n n u m b e r c a ll e d Bp a
, ,

Be v r a lf B u t t h e fa ct t h a t c o i n s of A m bl a da a r e k n o w n u n d e r
'
.

C o m m od u s a n d C a r a c a ll a pr o v e s t h a t t h a t t ow n h a d its o w n
m a gistr a cy a n d s e p a r a t e g o v e r n m e n t It is h o w e v e r q u it e .
, ,

p o ssibl e t h a t t h e M or on o f A r t e m is u a s a t t h e t ow n o f A m bl a da ,

a n d th a t t h e s u rr ou n di n g v ill a g e s w e r e d e p e n d e n t on it a s t h e

c e n tr e of a u th ority .

A m ola d a A lth ou gh th e
p oi n t is of littl e i m p orta n c e
T
otc on
,

I a m u n w i l li n g t o l e a v e it w it h ou t s t a ti n g disti n ctly t h e r e a s on s
w hich l e a d m e t o t hi n k t h a t a ll t h e di ffe r e n t t o w n s n a m e d
A m bl a da ,
A m pl a da ,
A m p e la d a ,
A m ila n d a A m a l a n d a A m l a d a
, , ,

a re r e a lly on ly on e t ow n situ a t e d b e s i d e t h e l a k e o f E g e r d ir
, ,

p ossibly a t G a l a n d os T h e o c c u rr e n c e o f a b e fo r e ( l i n s om e
.

c a s e s a n d its a bs e n c e i n o t h e rs s h ow
,
t h a t t h e n a sa l s ou n d w a s
,

v e ry sl ight pr ob a bly t h e 72 o n ly m a rks a n a sa li s e d v ow e l w hich

. ,

w a s g e n e r a lly disr e g a r d e d w h e n t h e w o rd w a s w ritt e n i n G r e e k

l e tt e rs T his w e a k n e ss o f t h e 92 b e fo r e d h a s l on g b e e n k n o w n
. .

a s ch a r a ct e ristic o f t h e P a m h l i a n a n d C ypri a n di a l e cts s o

p y ,

th a t it is n ot str a n g e t o n d it a ls o i n P isidi a .

If w e s e t a sid e for t h e m om en t t h e e vi d e n c e of ou r i n sc ripti on ,

44 T H E G RAE C O RO

-
MA N C IVILI S A T
'
IO N I N I I D IA
P S .

it is e vid e n t th a t a ft e r t h e id e n tic a ti on o f A n a b ou r a &c

, ,
1
.
,

t h e r e a r e o n ly t w o p o siti o n s i n w hich it i s p o ssibl e t o pl a c e

A m bl a d a t h e e a st e r n sh o r e o f t h e E g e r d i r l a k e s a y a t G a l a n d os
, , ,

a n d t h e n e ighb ou rh oo d o f S e rk i S e r a i N ow a n e x a m i n a ti o n .

sh o w s th a t t h e e vi d e n c e o f S tr a b o a n d o f P t ol e m y is a cc u r a t e
a n d cl e a r if th e y a r e r e fe rri n g t o G a l a n d o s b u t if th e y a r e ,

r e fe rri n g t o S e rk i S e r a i th e ir l a n g u a g e is e xc e e d i n gly l oos e a n d

i n a c c u ra te .

S tr a b o d e s crib e s l a k e C a ra li s i n c on n e cti on w ith L yc a on i a a n d

its 6p o 7 r 5 ra h e e vid e n tly c on c e iv e s th a t t h e l a k e li e s b e tw e e n
.

L yc a o n i a a n d P isi d i a I t is n ot c o n sist e n t w ith this t o pl a c e a

.

P isi d i a n t o w n e a st o f t h e l a k e a t S e rki S e r a i A g a i n h e s a ys .

A m bl a d a is o n e O f t h e t o w n s 7 0 29 ( v gi v 5p p o t K a i K a p iq o , .

H e c on sid e rs t h e b o u n d a ry b e t w e e n P hrygi a a n d P isidi a t o

b e a li n e r u n n i n g e a st a n d e s t a littl e s ou th o f A n ti o ch a n d

A p oll on i a Ga l a n dos is th e n m o st cl e a rly ( I Dp U E Zv ou op o q bu t

'
.
,

S e rk i S e r a i is n ot I n t h e rst pl a c e it is a l o n g w a y s o u th o f t h e
.

fr o n ti e r li n e i n t h e s e c on d pl a c e t h e t o w n of A n a bou r a w hich
-
,

S t r a b o m e n ti on s is ri g ht b e t w e e n S e rki S e r a i a n d t h e fr o n ti e r
, .

P t ol e m y 2
pl a c e s N e a p olis d u e s ou th of A n ti o ch A m bl a d a ,

s o u th w e st o f A n ti o ch a n d w e st of N e a p ol i s
- 3
T his a gr e e s .

e x a ctly w ith G a la n d os b u t is q u it e w r o n g if w e thi n k of S e rki ,

S e ra i I a m a w a r e th a t P t ol e m y is n ot a l w a ys t o be tr u st e d
.

i m plicitly b u t I c ou ld qu ot e s e v e r a l c a s e s w h e r e h e is a bso l u t e ly
,

a c c u r a t e w hil e m od e r n g e ogr a ph e rs a r e q u it e w r o n g .

A g a i n th e r e is pl e n ty of e vi d e n c e t o s h o w th a t t h e n e ighb ou r
h ood o f t h e l a k e o f E g e r d i r is rich i n gr a p e s a n d i n w i n e I ha ve .

a lr e a dy giv e n on e q u o t a ti on t o this e ffe ct : c o m p a r e t h e fol l o w i n g

s e n t e n c e tr a n sl a t e d fr om t h e D j i /za n m mm o f t h e A r a b g e ogra ph e r
H a dj i K h a lfa w ith t h e p a ss a g e o f S tr a b o a b ou t t h e m e dici n a l w i n e
o f A m bl a d a Ra vl o e s t l e n o m d u n e m on t a g n e a u p r es d u l a c

4
,

C e t t e m on t a g n e a b on d e e n r a isi n s e t e n m ur e s

d E g e r di r .

bl a n ch e s d on t o n fa it u n e e sp ec e d e v i n c u it q u i e s t fo rt
,

I k n ow n o e vi d e n c e th a t gr a p e s a b o u n d e d on t h e e a st sid e of
l a k e C a r a l i s ; t h e Is a u ri a n m ou n t a i n s fa r t o t h e s o u th e a st a r e -

t h e on ly o t h e r gr a p e gr o w i n g district m e n ti o n e d -
.

1
S e e m y a er, p p Mi lt/ 7 1 8 8 3 N 1, 0 2 .
, o te s 3
N ea
p o l is is th e s am e as A n a bo u r a ,
a n d I ns r c i p i f m A i Mi
t on s ro s r n or .

s ee Mi tth c i L , l . c .

3
I th t xt f th l h 4
V ivi Ma r t i n
'
use e e o e a uc n i tz S ec en St . A rn e . L i n
,

ed it i on o f P t ol c m v . cu r e, ii . 699 .
46 a S T AT UE O F TH E YO UT H F UL A S K L E P I O S .

UE YO T H FU L AS K L E P I O S
T
A S T AT O F T H E .

T m : m a r bl e t y o u t hfu l m a l e g u r e h ol d i n g i n h is l e ft
s ta ue o f a

h a n d a s n a k e e n c i r c l e d st a ff w hi c h is r e pr o d u c e d i n t h e a e c om
-
,

p a n yi n g pl a t e w a s f o u n d by S ith a d I o rch e r a t C y r e n e a n d is
. m n
1
,

n o w i n t h e c o ll e c t i o n o f t h e Br itish Mu s e u m By i t s o ri g i n a l d i s .

c o v e r e rs t hi s g u r e w a s n a m e d A ri s t a e u s : a n a t trib u ti o n w hi c h

h a s b e e n a d opt e d th o u gh w it h s o m e h e sita ti o n i n t h e Mu s e u m
, ,

G u ide t o t h e G r a c c o R o i n a n S c u l p t u r e A s h o w e v e r this
'

-
s .
. ,

a t t r i b u ti n s e e m s m o re t h a n d o u b t fu l
o it m a y be w e l l t o l a y ,

b e for e t h e r e a d e rs o f t h e H e l le n i c J o u r n a l s om e a dd i ti on a l
r e m a rks u p o n t h e s u bj e c t a n d t o d ir e c t S p e ci a l a tt e n ti o n t o a
,

s t a t u e w h ich is n ot a m on g t h os e ph ot ogra ph e d i n th e H zs l or g/
'

0f D i s c r c i cs a t C it/ a c a n d w hich h a s n o t hi th e r t o b e e n g u r e d

o r 1 4
, , ,

e l s e w h e re .

T h e s t a t u e n ow t o b e d es c rib e d is fou r fe e t v e a n d a h a l f
i n c h e s i n h e i g h t a n d r e pr e s e n ts a y ou n g a n d b e a rdl e ss m a l e
,

g u r e s t a n di ng fa ci n g His r i g h t h a n d r e sts u p on his hip a n d

.
,

u n d e r his l e ft a r m is a st a ff r ou n d w hi c h is c o il e d a s e rp e n t .

T h e l o w e r h a lf of t h e b od y is w r a p t i n a lzzm a tzon t h e e n d o f
' '

w hich fa lls o v e r t h e l e ft s h o u l d e r l e a vi n g t h e ch e st a n d t h e ,

r i h t a r m u n c ov e r e d T h e h a ir i s w vy a n d c a r e f u lly c o m p o s ed
g a .
,

b u t doe s n ot fa ll l o w er t h a n t h e n e ck : a r ou n d t h e h e a d is a p l a i n
b a n d a b o v e w hi c h h a s b e e n s o m e ki n d of c r ow n or u p r i g ht h e a d
,

d r e s s : t h e t p o f t h e h e a d h a s b e e n w o rk e d fla t
o 0 u t h e fe e t .

a re s a n da l s a n d a t t h e si d e o f t h e l e ft fo o t is a c on ic a l obj e ct
,

w h i c h h a s b e e n c a ll e d a r u d e r e p r e s en t a ti o n o f t h e om h a l os
p ,

b u t w h ic h is i n a l l pr o b a bili t y a m e r e s u pp ort
, T h e h e a d of
,
.

1
[l i s te n/ cf D i s r o zc r i cs a t C y r en e , b y 2
Part ii . p . 4 8, N O . 114 .

C a p . i
t S m t h a n d C o m m a n d e r P or c h e r . T he s ta tu e i s a t p res en t i n t h e Gr a cc o

L o n d on , 1 80 4 , p . 1 0 3, N o . 74 . l l o m a n Ba s e m e n t .
49 A S T AT UE O F T H E Y O U T H F UL AS K L E P IO S .

P l e n ty ,
1
or p e rh a ps as a sh e p h e rd b ea ri n g u p on his sh ou ld e rs a

m 2

ra .

if w e a re w illi n g t o disc a r d A ris t a e u s a n d t o x o n

B ut
A skl e pi o s as th e p e rs o n a g e h e r e i n t e n d e d ou r di ffi c u lti e s ,

w ill b e m u c h l e ss e n e d by r e c a lli n g t h e fa c t th a t c e r ta i n
a n c i e n t st a t u a r i e s p o rtr a y e d t h e G od o f Me dici n e n ot u n d e r
t he i m a g e o f a m a n o f m a t u r e a g e bu t a s a y o u th T h o u gh , .

I h a v e n o r igh t t o m a k e th e p u bli c a ti o n o f th is st a t u e a n e xc u s e
fo r a di ss e rt a ti on o n t h e pr e s e n t m e n t o f Askl e pi o s i n a r t I s h a ll , ,

p e r h a ps be j u sti fi e d i n s a yi n g a fe w w or d s a s t o th is y ou thfu l
,

t vP e o f t h e G od o f Me di c i n e .

T h e r e ca n I th i n k b e l ittl e d o u b t e sp e ci a lly if w e l oo k t o
, , ,

t h e n u m i s n ra t i c e vid e n c e th a t t h e b ea r d e d t yp e o f A skl e pi o s i s ,

t h e o n e w hich e a rly b e c a m e g e n e r a lly p r e v a l e n t T h e cr e a ti on .

o f t h e Z e u s lik e i d e a l o f t h e G o d o f H e a l i n g h a s
-
w i t h m u ch ,

pr ob a bili t y b e e n r e e rr e d by O ve b c c k t o A l k a m e n es or t o
f ,
r
3
,

s o m e o n e or oth e r o f th o s e p u pils o f P h e i di a s w h o m a d e i m a g e s

o f A skl e pi o s T h e p o rtr a y a l of A skl e pi o s a s a y ou th m u st

.
,

pr ob a bly be r eg a r d e d a s s o m e thi n g q u it e e xc e pti on a l j u st a s

,

t he r e pr e s e n t a ti on ( by B o ct h o s ) of A skl e pi o s a s a ch i l d w as

cl ea rl y e x c e pti on a l 4
E v e n t h e g e n i u s o f S k op a s w h o d e lig h te d
.
,

s o m u c h i n t h e b e a u ty o f o u th a n d w h o w a s p e rh a ps a l m o st
y
t h e rs t t o d ispl a y t h e G o d o f H e a l i n g a s y ou n g c ou ld ,

n o t w m for this c o n c e pti o n a pl a c e i n t h e a ffe cti on s of t h e

m u ltit u d e z N e o s 3 e yp a la s S a m K a 6 t 7 r 7r ci a a) m en s a i d

ar a 9

r / ,

o f this y o u n g A skl e pi o s ; a n d a s w e k n o w fr o m i n n u m e r a bl e ,

c fg ie s fr o m c oi n s a n d fr om g e m s fr om st a t u e a n d fr om
, ,

v otiv e r e li e f i t w a s t h e bea r ded A s k l e pi os w h o d i d i n t h e

,

e n d pr e v a il I t is u n fo rt u n a t e th a t of th i s r e m a rk a bl e typ e
.

w e sh o u l d k n o w s o littl e ; b u t th e r e a r e I be li e v e on l y thr e e , ,

5
u n d o u bt e d r e fe r e n c e s t o st a t u e s of A skl e pi o s a s a y ou th .

1
E c k h el , N a m . Vet A n ccd . .
,
p . 1 07 3
G r l cch . I I a s l i lc

( 3 rd ed i ti on ) , v ol .

G . C . Mu l ler , D e C or c y r a cor m n I l e i p
. . 2 74 .

j m bl t c cl

, p . 55 .
4
O v
ck S l if tq l lc N 1 5 9 9
er be , c u
'

uc n, o . .

2
S ee the a rt icl e

Ar i s ta eu s

in 5
b ck ( G i h P l t i 2 7 4
O v er
-
e r ev . as . .
,

D a r e m be r
g and S a g l i o, D i al . ( les A nt . 3 d r d ) i c i d t ll y
e .
m k th t n en a re ar s a
A br o n /a :
s ta tue f
ou n d in S a rd i i n a l
it l
r ax p t d A kl pi
e es re
y th r e s en e s e os ou
l e
pu s c n t in
g a
y ou n g a n d n u d e m a l e f l b t I c
u , t d
u
y th i ty f an no n an au or or
g u re , on u h O S e b o dy a r e b e e s , h a s th i t t m s st N d bt i t i
a e li p en . o ou s a s
bee n e xp l i a ne d as Ar i s ta e u s see S p a n o, of t h e p e n fo r S k op a s .

L N . S u f i /U ,
 A S T AT UE O F T H E YO UT H F U L AS K L E I I O S
.

Perh a ps th e e a r liest of w hich w e he a r is t h e a g a / m a w hich stood

a t the entr a nce of t h e T e m pl e of Asklepios a t Sikyon a n d w hich ,

w a s m a de in gol d a n d ivory by t h e sculptor K a l a m is ci rc B C

( . . .

l
5 00 P a u s a n i as w h o desc r ibes it a s th a t of a be a rdless ,

gure disti n ctl y c a lls it Asklepios a n d th e r e is n o re a son to

,

suppose hi m m ist a ken th ou gh this represent a tion of t h e G od of ,

He a li n g is a pp a rently u n iq u e th e god holding in one h a n d a

S ceptre a n d in t h e ot h er a pine cone A be a rdless st a t u e of
2
.

3
Asklepios is a lso m entioned a s existing a t P hl i u s but P a us a ni a s ,

giv e s u s no p a rticul a rs respecting it L a stl y w e le a rn fro m the .

,

s a m e a uth ority th a t th e g re at S k op a s m ade for the T e m pl e of

A sklepios at Gortys i n Arc a di a a n a g a l m a of t h e g o d i n w hich
4
h e w a s represente d a s youthful We sh ou l d h a ve been gr a teful .

t o P a us a ni a s for a n y det a ils concerning this w or k for in a l l ,

proba bil ity it w a s no m ere repe tition of a n older ide a b u t itsel f ,

a n origin a l A sklepios ty p e B u t t h e indefa tig a ble tr a veller t o .

w h o m a l l a r ch a eologists o w e s o m uc h h a d no roo m in his n o te

bo ok for long desc r iptions a n d h e m erely describes this yout h ful ,

Asklepios a s he describes th a t of Sikyon a n d of P h li a s by ,

s aying th a t it is an Asklepios w ho h as n ot yet gro w n a be a rd

6
7 m y ve m O n ext a nt m onu m en ts representa tions
r .
,
'

of th e youthful God of Medicine a r e e xtr e m e ly r a re A coi n .

see dc u t ) in th e F r e n ch C ollection iss u e d in t h e reign of

( w o o ,

C a r a c a ll a a t P hli u s s e e m s cer ta inly to portr a y A sklepios a s ,

be ardless though t h e speci m en is unfort u n a tely not i n a , ,

6
very s a tisfa ctory sta te of p r eserv a tion I n a ddi tion to this .

1
Fa ns . ii . 1 0, 3 . O p O er e k , . v b c w as a m ar b l e s ta t u e of As k l e p i o s a ll e d c
Gr i cch P l as t ( 3 r d i 2 1 72 22 l op r dm o s ( a u s i i 1 1 , a n d b e a us e
P c
'
. . .
. .
.

C p th e t h e A s kl ep i os of Gor ty s i n Ar a d i a w as c

-
2
H i r v o s K a mby r s
a '
p e po v . .

r el i e f i n th e
A erfva rou, v ol . V .
, p . 3 1 8, b e a r dl e s s , i t is s u p p os e d b y C u rtiu s

N o. 3 9, and L en or m an t , L cs O r i g in es (P el op om w s os i p 3 5 ) a n d b y P an of k a , . .

d ap r es l a B i bl e (2 n d ( A s k l ep i os ) t h a t t h is s t a t u e w a s l i k e

de l H i s t .

p 84.
( n ote ) .
w se i b ea r d l es s .

3
P au s . ii 1 3, 5
. .
6
P an ofk a , i n h i s A s k l ep i os (T a f . v .

4
Fa ns . v
O p U r l i ch s ,
i ii 2 8 , 1 . . . n . e n g ra v es th e re v e rs e t yp e of a

S kop us , p 1 5 f , a n d p 3 9 .
O er . . f . v s i m ila r c oi n of Ph li as ( obz . h ea d of

bce k ( on S k op as ) , G r t ech P l as t ( 3 r d

. . S ep t . Se v eru s S upp . iv .

v ol .
p . 11 f . 1 0 4 4, p bu t . m i a n e tre m e l y x
5
S k opas al s o ma de a s t a tu e of b a d s p e i m en c
T h e c om h e re r e p ro .

As k l e p i os for th e T e m pl e of Ath en e d u c e d i s t a k e n r om a a s t k i n dl y s e n t f c
Al ea i n T eg e a ( P an s ii i 4 7, I t . v .
m e by M B a be l on of t h e B l bl l otll eq u e
.

i s n ot s t a te d by a u s a n i as w h e th er or P N a t i on a l e I n t h e a s e of t h e y ou t h
. c
n ot it w as b ear dl es s . A t T i t an e t h ere fu l s ea t e d g ur e e e di n g a s e r pe n t f
H . S VO L I V .
E
. .
50 A S TATU E O F TH E Y O U T H F U L AS K L E P I O S .

t h ere shoul d be m entione d t w o m a rble st a tues e n gr a vings ,

of w hich m ay be consu l te d i n C l a r a c or \Vi e s el er Mii ll e r

1 -
.

B oth t h ese st a t u e s ( N os 7 7 5 a n d 77 6 i n Pl a te l x of th e . .

D en k m ci l cr ) represent a y ou thfu l m a l e gu r e w h o st a nds fa cing

le an ing on a sn a ke -encircled st a ff O n th e left of one gure .

( N o .7 7 5 ) st a nds a nette d o m p h a los on t h e left of t h e other ,

N globe T h he a d of t h e gure N o 7 7 5 s om ew h a t
( o . a e . .

resem bles th at of a young Her a kles a n d his h a ir is shor t ,

a n d curly : th e h a ir of t he other gure ( N o 7 7 6 ) is long .

,

a n d h a ngs d ow n on e a ch side of th e he a d It is extre m el y .

uns atisfa ctory t o no te th a t i n t h e c ase of both these m a rbles th e

serpent an d st a ff a r e restor a tions T h e he a d of N o 7 7 5 cert a inly . .

belongs t o the st a tue a n d the he a d of N o 7 7 6 is st a ted by ,

.

C l a r a c to be a ntique e t seule m ent r att a che but I a m m uch

, ,

i nclin e d t o doubt w h e th e r it bel ongs of righ t t o i ts present

body .

T o these ex a m ples of th e youthful Asklepios such a s th e y

a r e w e m a y n ow a d d t h e st a tue w hich for m s the subj ect of the

present p aper Ho w ever little th a t st a tue m ay reproduce the

.

w or k of S k op a s it i s a rch a eologic a lly of so m e i m port a nce a s

, , ,

another inst a nce of a very r a re a n d interesting cl a ss of r e

present a tions ; w hile i t h a s the m erit o f being a bsolu tely

unt am pered w ith by modern restorers I t evidently belongs .

t o R o m a n ti mes bu t is perh a ps not l a ter th a n the reign of

, , ,

H a dri an T h e tre a t ment of the dr apery i s h ard an d the fa ce

.

r a ther expressionless T h e v a c ant look w hich the eyes n ow .

w e a r m ay indeed h a ve been obvi a ted ori g in al ly by the u s e of

, ,

r e pres en te d on a s il v r c oi
e n of Z ac y n c
p . roP f P G rd . . a n er s

T yp es of Gr eek
th u s , it is ha z d
ar ou s to d e t er m i n e C oi n s , P I vi ii N . . o .

w h e t h er Ap ol l o or th e y ou n g A s k l ep i os 1
Mu s . de S a t lp t . P l 5 4 9,
. N . 1 1 39
b e i n t en d e d .
( S ee Mi on n et , t i i . .
( tom . iv . x
t e t, p . Pl . 545 , N o .

p 2 06,
. n . 8 c
P l a n hes , P l l . xx i i i . n . 3 1 1 45 ( t orn . i v t e t, p
. x . 3, N o.
52 A S TATU E O F TH E Y O U T H F U L AS K L E P I O S .

My chief grounds for th is contention a r e th a t (in t w o a t an y r a te

, ,

of the i n st a nces) th e a rr a nge m en t of t h e h a ir in long tresses is

un m ist a k a bly Apolline a n d t h a t the gures ar e introduced
,

co m pletely undr a ped w h ile w e h a ve no evidence th a t such w as

,

the c a se w ith Asklepios even w h en r epresented a s a youth W hil e .

t h erefore it m a y be w ell in se a rch ing for ex a m ples of th e

y ou thfu l God of Medicine t o be w a re h ow w e m ist a ke a n Apoll o
for a genuine young Asklepios yet i n ou r C y r eni a n st a t u e both
,

t h e style of th e h a ir a n d t h e presence of dr a pery le a d u s t o see a n

ex a m ple of the youthful Asklepios r a ther th a n a n Apoll o hol di ng
the A s k l epi an st a ff
.

W A RWIC K W a or n .
 ME T RO P O L I T AN U S C AMP U S . 53

ME T R O P O L I T AN U S C AMP U S .

I T m ay not be unsuit a ble t o t h e pu rpose of t his J o u r n a l t o

dep a r t for on c e fro m th e strict ly scientific m ethod a n d describe ,

shortly t h e proble m of a L ost Phrygi a n C ity a s it presents

,

itself t o th e explorer both in its re l a tion t o a ncient liter a tu r e

a n d in its a ctu a l m odern fe a tures I t a ke the ex a m ple of a city
.

w hich pl a yed no p a rt in a ncient histo r y w hich is m entioned

,

o n ly t w ice or thrice incident a lly in cl a ssic a l liter a tu r e w here ,

n o kno w n event took pl a ce a n d n o pe r son kno w n to fa m e w a s

born w hich in sho r t is a bout a s insi g nic a nt a s a city could

, , ,

w ell be a n d I hope t o sh o w th a t the discovery even of such a

,

little city m a y h a ve interest a n d v a lu e for c la ssic a l schol a rs .

T h e p a ss a ge in w hich L ivy describes the m a rch of t he consul

M a n l ius on hi s pir a t ic a l r a id through A si a Minor is one of
peculi a r interest on m a ny grounds a p a rt fro m its v a lue for
,

students of geogr a phy T here i s n o p a ss a ge in th e w hole of

.

L ivy w hich is m ore obviously tr a nsl a ted fro m a Greek origin a l

it is therefore of gre a t i m port a nce in the question of his rel a tion
t o h i s a uthorities a n d of h i s trust w orthiness in u s i n g t h e m .

B eyond t h e m ere resolution of t h e true schol a r t o underst a nd

h i s a uthor th ere is t h e further incentive to study this p a rticul a r
,

p a ss a ge th a t t h e a uthor s h istoric a l ch a r a cter is t o so m e exten t
dependent on i t N ow the third recorded st a g e beyond S a g a
.

l a ssos in M a nlius s m a rch is the Metr op ol i ta m zs C a mp u s Where

.

in w ide Phrygi a w a s the Me t r op oli t a n u s C a m pus

When Alcibi a des found th a t the ga m e w a s lost a m ong the
G r eek cities he took t o a rovi n g life in Asi a Minor a n d a t l a st
, ,

w a s sl a in a t a vill a ge bet w een Metropolis a n d S yn n a da T he .

closing scene in th e life of a m a n w h o w a s for a ti m e t h e cent r a l

gu r e in Greek history ho w eve r m uch of a scoundrel h e m a y
,

( like seve r a l other distinguished old Greeks ) h a ve been is not ,

w holly devoid of inte r est t o Greek schol a rs .

54 ME T R O P O L I T AN U S C AMP U S .

St ra bo q u ot e s a s e ntence fr o m A r te m idorus describi n g th e

r o a d t h a t w a s fo r m ed u n de r th e Di a doc h i bet w een E phesus a n d

M a z a c a of C a pp a do c i a a ft e r w a r ds c a lled C a e s a r e i a ; t h e fi rst
,

st a tio n m ention e d e a s t of A p a m e i a on this ro a d is Met r opolis .

I s h a ll not he r e d w ell on t h e fa ct th a t vie w ed a s a w h ol e t h e

h isto r y of Asi a Mino r for m a ny centu r ies depend s on this g r e a t
a r t e r y of co m m un i c a t ion ; I m e r ely a ppe a l t o t h e d esi r e w hic h ,

eve r y t r ue sc h ol a r h a s t o und e r st a nd t h o r oughly th e a utho r h e

,

r e a ds .

T o nu m is m a tists Metropolis h a s the inte r est th a t it p r esents

t o h i m the p r oble m of uncl a ssied coins T here is a Metropolis .

i n Ioni a a n d there a r e t w o citi e s Met r opolis in Phrygi a ; of the

,

l a tter one w a s included i n the province of Pisidi a a fter 2 9 7 A D . .

,

and ma
y be distinguished as t h e s ou th e r n Metropolis T he

.

coins of Metropolis m a y be d ivided i n t o cl a sses :

( 1 ith t h e l e g e n d MH T
) C oins w P O N O A E I T Q N T Q N GN I Q N I A :
Metropolis of Ioni a .

( ) 12 ith the C oins

legend MH T P O U O A e l T Q N c Y : one of
w

the t w o citi e s Metropolis i n Phrygi a a n d a s I sh a ll prove here , , ,

the southern Metropolis 1

T h e m a gistr a te is t h e w i r os '

p
.

cip v .

( ) C
3 oins w ith the legend MH T P O I I O A E I T Q N m entioning

a a r a m ce a s epony m ou s m a gistr a te
p y ; these c a nnot h a ve been
coined by the s ou th e r n Metropo l is T h e y begin i n the third .

2
centu ry a n d t h e list of m a gistra tes kno w n t o m e includes eleven
,

n a m es .

(4 ) C oins w ith the legend MH T P O U O AG T n N m entioni n g ,

the g a m es c e B A c T A K A I C A P H A (s i c) ; one of this cl a ss

m ent i ons a str a tegos so th a t these coins a re struck by t h e s a m e
,

city th a t coined cl a ss T h e choice is li m ited therefore to

Metropolis of Ioni a a n d the northern Metropolis T his cl a ss .

a lso belongs t o the th ird century .

(5 ) C oins w ith t h e legend MH T P O U O A E I T Q N a n d ,

C w ith t he legend MH T P O TI O A Q Q C So m e of the

oins .
,

co m s i n th e s e tw o cl a s ses a r e ce r t a inly Phrygi a n .

M Wa dding
.

1
I p r op os e d t his a s s ig n a t i on on in 9
Mi on n e t q u ot e s f om S
r e s ti n i a c orn
s u t c re n t
i
.

g rou n d s in I ns t . of An t on i n u s P us w i t h t h e l e g en d ,
A lh 1 88 2 , p 1 4 5
. . .
BT U MH T I O U O AE I T Q N .
55 ME T RO P O L I T AN U S C AMP U S .

h ere w e soon discove r ed th a t t h e r e w e r e seve r a l inscriptions on

stones h a lf bu r ied in the ce m ete r y a n d th e n a tives s a id th a t a t
-
,

the lca l e on a little h ill ove r t h e vill a ge t h e r e w er e old stones

an d

old h ou ses A t t h e s a m e ti m e w e m a de a not he r less
.

ple a s a nt discovery : I h a d in t h e m o r ning sent on t h e b a gg a ge

a n d se r v a nts to a vill a ge w h ic h w a s s a id to be a t a n h ou r s
d ist a nce but i n T a t a r ly t h e n a tives decl a r ed this vill a ge w a s
,

fo u r long h ou r s r ide a w a y a n d a l r e a dy i t w a s w ith in t hr ee hours

of sunset I t is i nj udicious to be fa r fr o m c a m p a fter sunset in

.

a h a lf popul a ted country w h e r e no ro a ds exist but it w a s h a r d

-
,

to desert the i n sc r iptions E speci a lly te m pting w a s one very .

l a rge m a r ble b a sis on the under side of w hich w e could see a n

,

inscriptio n in big letters We got out a ll the a ble -bodie d m e n.

of the vill a ge a r m ed w ith the clu m sy n a tive picks a n d s m a ll

,

trees to serve a s levers a n d p r oposed t h e m a gnicent re w a rd of

,

tenpence if th ey succeeded i n turning round the big stone I .

m a y s a y th a t I h a ve dug up m a ny T urkish ce m eteries i n Asi a

Mino r a n d never m e t w it h the sligh test dis a pp r ov a l except once
,

a t T y a n a in C a pp a doci a w here so m e veiled l a dies c a m e up hot

, ,

a n d a ngry luckily j ust too l a te to hi nder the m e n fro m u ncover

,

ing a n inscription for m y benet : in fa ct so fa r a s m y experience ,

goes T urk s a r e neve r so j ovi a l a n d re a dy to lend a h e lp i n g h a nd

,

a s w hen digging up the gr a ves of thei r a n cestors After a n .

'
hour s toil th e stone w a s still un m ove d a n d t h e w ork m en beg a n ,

to rel a x their efforts We r a ised ou r re w a rd a n d encour a ged

.
,

t h e m by pro m ising one shilling a n d fourpence ; the j udiciou s

m u n i ce n ce produced good e ffect a n d the stone w a s m oved ,

su fciently for m e to copy t h e insc r iption T he others w ere .

e a sily copied : w e hurried off w ith out visiting the lua l e a n d ,

luckily r e a c hed the c a m p w ith out a n y m is a dventure except a long

r ide in the d a rk .

N one of the insc r iptions found in t h e v a lley cont a ined the

n a m e of the to w n a n d for t h e ti m e it see m ed th a t w e h a d fa iled
,

to d iscov e r our e i t v But in Ma y 1 8 8 2 I h a d the opportunity

.
,

du r ing a j ou r ney in co m p a ny w ith Sir C h a rles \Vilson of a o ,

q ui r ing a w ider k no w ledge of the country I t th en bec a m e .

cle a r th a t t h e Met r opolis w he r e M a nlius h a lted a n d w hich l a y ,

on t h e ro a d fro m E phesu s to C a e s a r e i a M a z a c a m ust h a ve been ,

in t h e T c hy l O v a a n d th a t t h e v a lley is the Me t r op oli t a n u s

,

C a m pu s P a ssing th r oug h P a r is in Dece m ber 1 8 8 2 i t occu r r ed

.

t o m e th a t M \Va ddi n g t o n s w i d e kno w le d ge of Ph rygi a n

.
 ME T RO P O L I T AN U S C A MP U S . 57

a nti q uities m ight en a ble hi m to ide n tify so m e of the n a m e s

m entioned on m y insc r iptions a n d a t t h e r st gl a nce h e recog
,

n i s e d th a t the pe r son h onoured i n one of th e m w a s a m a gist r a te

m entioned on unedited coins be a r ing the legend MH T P o n o

Ae I T e N c Y .

Professo r Hi r sc h feld h a s pl a ced t h is sout h e r n Met r opolis in

th e v a lley of Apolloni a a n d w h en w r iting on t h e t opog r a p h y of
,

t h is dist r ict in t h e Jl l l het l a nym ( les d eu ts chen [a s l l l a l s 2 a A l icea

for 1 8 8 2 I could only follo w h i s a ut h o r ity Seve r a l of t h e

, .

a rgu m ents in m y p a pe r t h e r efo r e ce a se to h a ve a n v lue b ut

, y ,
a

t h e p r opos a l m a de in it to a ssign t h e coins of cl a ss to t h e

sout h e r n Metr opolis h a s since p r oved co r r ect As in t h e p r esent .

p a pe r I sh a ll h a ve occ a sio n to diffe r fr o m Pr ofesso r Hi r sc h feld

on seve r a l oth e r points I m ust h e r e s a y t h a t in the gr e a t
,

m aj ority of c a ses t h e sites w h ic h h e a ssig n s to Pisidi a n a n d

Ph r ygi a n cities see m to m e ce r t a inly co r rect a n d t h a t m y diver ,

geney fr o m hi s vie w s is on points w h ich h e h a d not t h e opp e r

t u n i ty of seeing so t h o roughly His j ou r ney m a de Pisidi a
.
,

p r eviously a l er r a l a cog m l a one of t he best k no w n p a r ts of Asi a

Minor .

N o . 1 .

T he pl a ce of hon ou r is given ,
as is but fa i r to ,
th e inscription
on t he l a r g e m a r ble b a sis .

H BO Y A H K A I

O AH MO E
T l MH C AY P
A Ae i A N A P O N
'

K A P I K O Y ME N N E
O YE N A O Z-WE

N E I K H E AN T A
O I K WN TT A N K P A T I

O N A F WN A G E ME
10 WE ME N N E AN -
C
TT P WT H E AO G
C l -E T -
F AY K Y T A
T -
I TT AT P I A I Y TI O

T O YTI AT I TT O Y
'

AY T O Y
58 ME T RO P O L I T AN U S C AMP U S .

i d oij /a o s
t

Ba r/ N ) lpn ya A dp

H Ka er e e A k g a vdp o v K a p m oi}
.
'

hl e v ve o v

Ew ;

e d ve t /c rya a v r a

'

[H u
m e/I rv w a v x p d r l o v cvyciiv a
'

.

(D ep e w
/
s Me vv e a ve r p mme -
5 0 9 6 [l ] 0 779 7
f} yk v /cv r
'
d ry '
7i

a l
1 7 3 6 7 0 0 7r d77 7 r ov 3
(1 1 7 0 8 .

I he m is or dy d w e p a 1 u c 5 9 the prizes given to the victors

n a T
i n t h e spo r ts w e r e not m ere g a rl a nds but obj ects of v a lue su m s , ,

of m oney or even a n h ono r a r y st a tue

,
1
Such g a m es w ere .

co m m on in L yci a P a m phyli a Pisidi a a n d w e m a y fr o m th is

, ,
.

insc r iption a dd sout h e r n P h r ygi a T h e genitive of 6 6mg in this .

sense is usu a lly Bea l do v but in this a n d a nothe r inscr iption of

Metr opolis it is Q/xew g I t w a s a fe a ture of the Gr a ecising

.

civilisa ti o n of t h ese countr ies th a t so m e w e a lthy citizen p a id

t h e expenses of the festiv a l a n d w a s r e w a r ded by h a ving his
n a m e given to it ; the custo m rec a lls t h e c h o r a g ic a n d si m il a r
litu r gies in At h ens but it is quite contr a r y to the de m ocr a tic ,

pr ide of At h ens t h a t t h e n a m e of a n y citizen sh ould be given

to t h e festiv a l I f t h e dono r w a s still living it w a s usu a l t h a t
.
,

h e s h ould be a g on oth etes if the g a m es w e r e celeb r a ted W ith

m oney be q ue a thed for t h e pu r pose a rel a tiv e o f t h e donor often ,

l led t h e o f ce So w e nd .

At O i n oa n da a 9 6 t y cov w E a p e d l in hich the

'

(1 ) a v v r e w v, w

give r of t h e ga m es J ulius ,
L ucius Me idi a s E u a r e s t os is d ya y a '

Ger m I . G 4 38 0.

At B a l bou r a a O ea t e the gift of Me l e a g r os C a stor w hose

( )
2

, ,

gr a ndson T h oa n t i os is a yw vo dm e Bea Blo v a n d h olds th e g a m es

r
, ,

a t le a st eleven ti m es
(0 I G . . .

At S a g a l a s s os a n A y cbv K a k k m m a v e l o c celebr a ted w ith

(3)

v
,

m oney be q ue a t h ed by M U l p i u s K a ll i pp i a n os in w h ich Q A u .
,
.

r elius D i om e d i a n u s A lex a nder is dy w v o m e ( G I G . . .

At Side a @ a t e H a a tpuma x iy T o v na t a v e l o e in w hich

(4 ) ,
'

Aurelius P a i ou e i n os T ou e s i a n os the dono r is d yw vo dem q are r

BL o u (0 I G

. . .
,

'

At T e l m e s s os a 9 ea m r e r dp r q d yai v w v H p o k a vai v in
( )
5 r
,

w h ic h M Do m itius P h ilippus is d yw vo r ne a s. Bl o v ( 0 I G r '

. . .
.
,

4 1 98)

1
S ee L
g pe i i e r i n R ev N a m i s m
on . . As . Mi n . N o. 1 2 0 9 ; B a ll . C or r H . el l .

1 8 6 9 7 0 ; W a dd i n g ton on L e a s , I ns cr b . i ii p 3 4 0
. . .
6O ME T R O P O L I T AN U S C AMP U S .

E re l/ ma e A up . Me v v a e [@ j ey e w s
,

A dp .

[] l
,
A Xe E a v 5 6n

dk ew e

ov T e c ou , a
p p d
or e ra
a vne 7 7
3
9 w , 6 12

d dDs / o v H v 6 t /c di v
[i vw [] w a vx
p a n ov .

his is the hono r a ry insc r iption p r ob a bly fo r m ing p a r t of

T ,

the p r ize ( Gena ) put up by th e a gonothetes under th e di r ection

,

of the st a te in honour of t h e victo r in th e p a nc r a tion Aurelius

1
,
.

Me n n e a s t h e a gon othetes pl a ce s th e inscription a n d the r efor e

, ,

p a ys its cost He is no doubt the s a m e Me n n e a s w h o a s w e

.
,

h a ve seen w a s dono r a n d a gonothetes of t h e Me n n e a n i c

,

T h e m id e s T his T h e m is in w hic h Au r elius Alex a nde r T i e i ou

.
,

w on the p a nc r a tion m ust cert a i n ly be th e r st other w ise the

, ,

e xpression Be v r p a q or r p t m e w ould be a dded a s in the fol
'
,
~

l o w ing insc r iption a n d in m a ny ot h e r c a ses But w e h a ve j ust .

se en th a t th e victo r a t t h e r st T he m is w a s gr a ndson of the

dono r a n d w e c a n n ow restore t h e pedigree of the fa m ily a s
,

follo w s
Au r e l ius Me n n e a s

[Aureliu s ] K a r ik os Me n n e a s

Au r eliu s Alex a nd r os T i e i ou .

T he peculi a r indeclin a ble n a m e T i e i ou i s quite in a ccord a nce

w ith Ph r ygi a n a n a logy : w e find a T l cl/L O U Mv CI Da p va/c o v , ,

M972 K ap o v I t is one of the l a s t lingering t r a ce s of the pre

2 .

Greek l a ngu a ges of A si a Minor .

When I sh o w ed t h is inscr iption to M W a ddington he .

,

r ecognised th a t Alex a ndros T i e i ou w a s m entioned on t w o

inedited coins of Met r opolis of Phrygi a in his collection By .

h i s per m ission I h e r e desc r ibe the m

( )
1 O ba R a di a ted he a d of D ecius r ight ,

( si c )
R evWithin a t e t ra s ty e te m ple of C o r inthi a n order C ybele
.

.
,

se a t ed t w o thi r ds turned to t h e l eft h olding a p a te r a in t h e

-
,

right h a nd a n d h a vi ng t h e left r esting on a tym p a nu m O n

, .

the ground on e a ch side of her a lion T h e pedi m ent of the .

te m ple is q u a intly o r n a m ented w ith tr a cery a n d w it h fou r

1
C mp o AAd y
ar e
p p p Lydi M
av Ep p '
E X A N
ov a Aor ex a a, ou cr . u u. O . o. O
'
a .

p

i
e vo u i cr i p ti
n an f om T i
ns f on r e ra o
 ME T RO P O L I T A N U S C AMP U S . 61

obj ects like disks or phi a l a i m e s om p h a l oi ,

a l a r ge one in the
centre a n d a s m a lle r one in e a c h co r ner .

TT A P AA E Z T I | O Y AP XTT P
.

MH T P O TI O AG I

T Q N P Y

Size ,
10 of Mi on n e t .

O ba Bust of the e m p r ess to r i g ht .

R ea Fo r tune st a nding ,
w ith co r nucopi a an d r udde r .

MH T P O TT O A E I T Q N CD

Size ,
8 of Mi on n e t .

T
these I a dd t w o other inedited coins fro m
o th e collection of
Mr L a w son m entioning the s a m e m a gistr a te
.
, ,
1
w hich he ha s
pe r m itted m e to publish .

(3 ) O ba Bust of Decius
r
.

R ea Si m ul a cru m rese m bling th a t of t h e E ph esi a n Arte m is .

l O Y U P AP
MH T P O TT O A G I T Q N CD P Y

Size , 6 of Mi on n e t . A a nd P in m onog r a m .

Bust of Decius
(4 ) O bv .
.

R ea T h e god Men st a nding slightly turned to the right h a nd ,

w e a ring t h e h igh Phrygi a n c a p a n d a sho r t tunic w ith the ,

crescent on his shoulders h olding a spe a r in the right a n d a p a ter a ,

in the left h a nd .

MH T P O U O AE I T Q N P Y

Size , 6 of Mi on n e t .

1
O n e of th e m I d s c ib ed Mi tl h ezl m is p r i n t w h i h w ou ld h a e b ee n c or
c v
'

e r in . a

I ns t . A sh 1 8 82 , p 1 4 4 , bu t w i th t h e
. .
r e ct e d i f I
h a d s een t h e p r oo s h e et s ) , f
i ns c c
ri p t i on i n om p l e t e, a n d ( t h r ou g h in c orr e ct .
63 sm or ot t u x c s C A MP U S .

Al e x an d e r F irs t Ar c h o n i n t h e r e ig n o f T r a j an u s
T i e i ou w as

D e c i u s 2 4 9 5 1 L D We m a y t h e r e fo re pl a ce t h e r s t T h e m is
.
-
. .

so m e ti m e be t w ee n 2 2 0 a n d 2 3 0 T h e fa m il y w a evi d e n tl y t h e .
s

ri c h es t i n t h e v a ll e y o f Me t r po l is a n d i m e n ti o n ed be l ow i n o
,
s

i n c ri p t i on
s Wh en Al e x an d e r w a s h ea d o f t h e fa m il y th e ,

S t a te
p e rh a p r e ca ll e d h i v i ct or v a s
s a y o un g m an i n t h es

pa n c ra t i o n an d c mm e m or a t ed i t bv a s ta t u e a n d i n c ri p t i on
.
o s .

a rg u m e n t ,
i s m en ti on ed i n t he n es t i n s c r ip t i o n .

O n a s ma ll be s i s , b u r ie d up id e d ow n i n
s ce m e t e r y a t
.

c o ul d n ot un c o v e r t he rs t l i n es o f t h e i n
s cr i p t i on .

C E A E Y K O N BI A

N O PO I TO YA E N

T O E T O N KA I Z N '

T I K O N N E I KH E A N
5 T AE N AO N C

A N A PN N TI A N

KPA T I O N Q E M
ME
'

N N E AN H N
AE T E PA N

[6 3 5 2m:
[] i
'
cr a ti ng e
-
or B ta ro
p o s H or

S e w os 7 6 2 g a l a br fo a w go j ms d i gp er
'
x z'c t n tr a v x a r tov

r a
p
r

] ME I m a r t) :
'
O ep r
-

O AH H O C

E T E I MH C E AY P
AP T E MN N AB
O A . 9 ' 3
T e t p na e A tl 3
"
o
p . Ap r p co r a z 7
.

T
his i ns c ript i on a ls o m u s t be lo n g t o the t h ir d ce ntu r y ,

bo t h fa t h e r a n d n am e are ca l l ed Aur Ar te m on T he cus tom . .

64 ME T R O P O L I T AN U S C A MP U S .

t e xt of t h e i n scripti on h a s b e e n a lr e a dy p u blish e d by
T he
P r of Hirschfe ld i n his p a p e r on K e l a i n a i A p a m e i a
. My c opy is -
.

m or e c om pl e t e th a n h is a n d giv e s t h e foll ow i n g r e a di n g w ith ,

p e rfe ct c e rt a i n ty
l
fp na e v lA n c a u Gu y a r p a Ah e fa v op o v
' '

6 '
re
'

A o w ct a /c o v Zep a a a /A myv w cgba vcbs e as

' '

77 6K 0 1 1 .

T h e A rt e m is T r p ol o s o f Me tr op olis is r e pr e s e n t e d on a
au o

c oin d e scrib e d a b ov e a fte r t h e fa shi on o f th e E ph e si a n Ar t e m is

, ,
.

T h e n a m e Me tr op o lis p oi n ts t o t h e w orship o f t h e Mo th e r
g odd e ss a s t h e chi e f c u lt u s of t h e city 1
It is n ot n e c e ssa ry t o .

thi n k th a t A rt em i s w a s a disti n ct g odd e ss fr om t h e Met er w ith ,

a s e p a r a t e t e m pl e T h e r e w a s a t e n d e n cy t o giv e G r e e k n a m e s
.

2
t o t h e g ods of P hrygi a a n d th e i r n a tiv e n a m e s ar e n ot oft e n ,

pr e s e rv e d A s th e s a m e d e ity pr e s e n t e d a n a l ogi e s w ith s e v e r a l

.

G r e e k d e iti e s it w a s e a sy t o giv e s e v e r a l diffe r e n t G r e e k n a m e s

,

t o on e g o d S o a t Ic on i u m w e n d a g odd e ss c a ll e d A ch a i a
3
.

a n d id e n ti e d w ith D e m e t e r bu t i m m e di a t e ly a ft e r w a rds styl e d ,

S e x da a go g w hich i n dic a t e s a g od d e ss of t h e typ e o f t he

E ph e si a n A rt e m is T h e s a m e d ou bl e id e n tic a ti on t oo k pl a c e
.

a t Me tr op olis .

P a u s an i a s giv e s a r e m a rk a bl e e x a m pl e o f t h e w a y i n w hich
G r e e k l e g e n d s u ppl a n t e d n a tiv e P hrygi a n l e g e n d u n d e r t h e
i n u e n c e of Gr a e c o R om a n civilis a ti on A c of n w ith h u m a n -
.

b on e s of i m m e n s e siz e h a d b e e n fou n d a t T e m e n oth yr a i on t h e

riv e r H yl l os a n d t h e p e opl e i n g e n e r a l c a ll e d th e m t h e b on e s
,

o f G e ry on e s ; b u t P a u s a n i a s a rg u e d th a t this w a s i m p ossibl e ,

a n d fou n d th a t th o s e w h o w e r e skill e d i n t h e a n tiq u iti e s o f t h e

district (o i 7 6 w A v Bc e fnynr a t ) 4 a ssig n e d t h e b on e s t o H yl los

r

,

1
I t i v y xt s di y th t F
er e 0 I ra or G N nar a or 3
. . . o .

big A l G g
er , M t p li
e f eo rTh . d gn ym
on b id
e ro it o s o 4
e w or '
s, es es s

P h yg i r h ld p
a, s c th i d i v
ou t ch i c l s
r on o u ne i l ig i o s l
e oft s er a e n a ens n re u aw , en

tion l h li h ac cr c . d t i P i th p h en o e s n au s a n a s e ers on s w o
2
Th s m e te d cy h s p t d
a e h d hi m v
n en th ig h ts f th e d i
a o er a e s ow e o er e s o s

in G ce it l f i m y c
r ee se
e t i t d xp o d d t h i m i t
n an ti
as es , se r c an e un e o s an

F o u c art L eb I ip P l p N
on
q i
as , l h d ly d i t i g u i h bl
ns c r . e o . o . u ar a n or e , ar s n s a e

3 26 p 1 65 f m h i p nyn g id

a , . . ro s we t
'
r s , or u e.
 ME T RO P O L I T AN U S C A MP U S . ( i f)

the s on of H e r e w e s e e th a t a s e a rly a s
Ge .
A D o r d i n a ry . .

p e opl e h a d q u it e forg o t th e ir cou n try l e g e n d s a n d l e ar n e d G r e e k

m y th ol ogy ; a n d I h a v e e ls e w h e r e pr o v e d th a t t h e p e o pl e o f
Ma g n e si a a d S ipy lu m h a d by this ti m e s u bstit u te d t h e G r e e k
lite r a ry for m of t h e N i ob e a n d T a n t a l u s l e g e n ds for t h e n a tiv e
1
ta l e s .

N o . 7 .

At H or r ou , on a m a rbl e b a sis br ok e n d o w n t h e m i ddl e .

T he l e ft h a lf of the st on e rem a in e d L e tte rs v e ry m u ch

.

r
w o n .

T O N FH C KA I O
AE E U O T H
T O I A KA I E AP A
O N E E VH P O N I I E P T

A Y FO Y E T O N
E YE E BH
N I KO N
Y O Y T O N C GD T H P A
'

T H Z O I KO
10 n N A N AA n MA
AQ F A Y P Z C E

T he l e tte rs i n li n e 1 1 a r e v e ry d ou btfu l .

T ov 7 779 x a l [a 7t da a m] S ea w r v a br ox p d] r o [p ] a K a ca a p a

[A E e w r fp l ] ov E ev p ov l l ep r U va x a ] Aiiy o v a r ou
'

' ' '

.

E i me [ABm B zu /cov [H a p dl /c ov ?

o u r ev a m r a
p
5 9 O ZK O [U /L V779 e le a w dva k a ma h w v

] w I A up

7 7 . . .

T he for m u l a s i n this i n scripti o n sh ow gr e a t i g n or a n ce o f

t he pr op e r o fci a l titl e s o f t h e e m p e r o r It i s a l m o st d ou btfu l .

if it sh ou ld n ot be r e st or e d a s r e fe rr i n g t o M A u r e li u s l a .
,

C a r a c a ll a w h o is s om e ti m e s styl e d S e v e r u s
,
T h e R om a n V i s .

b orr ow e d t o d e n ot e th e n on Gr e e k s ou n d i n th is w ord -
.

I c opi e d fou r oth e r fr a g m e n t a ry i n scripti on s a t H o rr ou ,

J ou r n H. el l . S tu d 1 8 8 2 ,
. S i p yl os an d C y bel e .

H . S . I V . F
66 ME T RO P O LI T A N U S C A MP U S .

1
T a ta rly, and O k t c hil a r , bu t th e y
i m p e rfe ct th a t it is ar e so

u n n e c e ssa ry t o p u blish th e m T w o w e r e i n L a ti n on e c e r t a i n ly
.
,

se p u lchr a l : L a ti n i n scripti o n s a r e r a r e ly fo u n d a w a y fr o m t h e

R om a n r oa ds i n A si a Min o r .

T h e s e i n scripti on s do n ot giv e u s m u ch i n for m a ti on a b ou t

Me tr op olis : bu t th e y pr o v e cl e a rly th a t t h e city t ook a s u dd e n
s tar t i n pr osp e ri ty d u ri n g th e third c e n t u ry w h e n t h e R om a n ,

E m pir e w a s gr o w i n g s o w e a k a n d r ott e n a t its c e n tr e T his .

w as c on r m e d by its c oi n a g e w hich s u dd e n ly a pp e a rs i n con

,

s id era bl e a b u n d a n c e d u ri n g t h e r e ig n s o f P hilip D e ci u s a n d , ,

Ga lli e n u s I w ill a dd a n oth e r u n e dit e d c oi n fr om t h e c oll e cti on

.

of Mr V Vh i tta ll 2
. .

O hm B u st of t he em pr e ss O ta cili a to righ t .

MAP K I A N Q T AK I A I C B

Row For tu n e st a n di n g w ith r u dd e r an d c or n u c opi a .

MH T P O TT O AS I T Q N Q WY I

We r e c ogn is e th e s a m e styl e of re ligi on a n d of civilis a ti o n a n d

of n om e n cl a t u re th a t is ch a r a ct e ristic of s ou th e r n P hrygi a a n d

P isidi a a t th is p e ri od O tr ou s a t o w n n e ar S a n du k l i strik e s a
.
, ,

n u m be r of coi n s a t t h e b e gi n n i n g of t h e third c e n t u ry g e n e ra lly ,

be a r ing t h e n a m e of A l e x a n dr o s t h e A si a rch S o w e fi n d a l l .

o v e r this district of A si a Mi n o r th a t on e u n ifo r m Gr a e co R om a n -

,

ty pe e st a blish e s itse lf r m ly a b ou t 2 0 0 A D I b e li e v e th a t . .

this civilisa ti on a n d prosp e rity i n dic a t e t h e tri u m ph of w e st e r n

m a n n e rs a n d l a n g u a g e i n t h e district G r e e k civilis a ti on did .

n ot d e n it e ly s u p e rs e d e t h e n a tiv e c u st o m s
on t h e pl a t e a u till

this p er i od ; t h e fortr e ss e s a n d citi e s o n t he gr ea t r oa ds by ,

w hich t h e G r e e k ki n gs m a i n t a i n e d a n d c
on s olid a t e d th e ir r u l e ,

w e r e Gre e k bu t t he m a ss of t he c ou n try w a s P hrygi a n or

,

P is i di a n i n ch a ra ct e r T h e m ou n t a i n ou s districts of t h e T a u r u s
.

w e r e h a rdly th or ou ghly s u bd u e d by f
or e ig n m a nn e rs e v e n i n
t he Byz a n ti n e pe ri od T he c oi n a g e of t h e s m a ll citi e s o f u pp e r
.

P h rygi a be l on gs t o this l a t e ti m e w h e r e a s t h e c oi n a g e of t h
, e

1
A v il l ag e t w o m l e s fr om T a ta rly ;
i u n de r D ec iu s, i n H zl l h c i l
.
'

. I ns t. Alh .

p er h a ps Ak tc h i la r, t he c ook s cit b v

.
as ed a o e.
3
i
I h a ve p u bl s h e d a n ot h e r s tru ck
68 ME T R O P O L I T AN U S C A MP U S .

w e st on w h o se s ou th e rn sl op e S a g a la s s os w a s b u ilt T w o p a th s
,

a cr oss t h e m ou n t a i n s w e r e o p e n t o Ma n li u s O n e l e a ds cl o s e .

b e sid e t h e w a lls of S a g a l a s s os a n d cr o ss e s t h e m ou n t a i n s by a
,

v e ry st e e p a n d difc u lt p a ss fe e t a b ov e t h e pl a i n t o
, ,

I s b a rt a t h e a n ci e n t B a ris T he o th e r l e a ds w e st w a rd by a l on g e r
,
.

r ou t e t ow a rds B u ld u r a n d th e n g oe s a l on g t h e s a l t l a k e A sc a n i a
,
.

T h e t w o r oa d s j oi n n e a r t h e v i ll a g e of P a r a dis a n d h e n c e fo rth ,

t h e w a y to S y n n a da i s dir e ct a n d u n m ist a k a bl e T h e r e is on e .

v e ry m a rk e d n a t u r a l fe a t u r e on i t s c ou rs e thr ou gh t h e D om b a i
O v a viz t h e n e spri n gs of B ou n a r b a s hi w hich ris e f ro m t h e
,
.
,

foo t of t h e r o ck s on t h e e a st sid e of t he v a ll e y a n d fl o w d ow n
i n t o th e m a rshy l a k e on c e c a ll e d A u l ocr e n e i n t h e h oll ow An y
, ,
.

n a tiv e i n d e scribi n g t h e r oa d w ou ld be s u r e t o m e n ti on th e spri n gs .

Ma n li u s t ook t h e r oa d t o B u ld u r a s P r of Hirs ch fe ld rightly ,

.

s a ys : s o A l e x a n d e r t h e G r e a t did b e fo r e h i m P e r h a ps on t h e .

third da y h e m ight r e a ch t h e spri ngs o f B ou n a r ba s h i : h e c ou ld

h a rdly do s o s oon e r ow i n g t o t h e d iffic u lty of m a rchi n g a cr oss
t h e m ou n t a i n s A l e x a n d e r t o ok v e d a ys t o r e a ch A p a m e i a
.
,

w hich is on ly a fe w m il e s fu rth e r L ivy m u st m e a n B ou n a r .

b a shi w h e n h e sp ea ks o f Rh ozr i n os F on l cs T h e r e a r e n o oth e r

,

.

fou n t a i n s a l on g t h e r oa d ; w e i n q u ir e d v e ry c a r e fu lly fr om m a n y
p e opl e i n t h e n eighb ou rh ood T h e s e spri ngs a r e a l a n d m a rk by.

t h e w a y a n d a n y m u l e t e e r of t h e c ou n try w o u ld a t on c e u n d e r
,

sta n d w h a t pl a c e w a s m e a n t i f h e w e r e t ol d a b ou t a fou n t a i n
o n t h e r oa d fr om C a ss a b a t o A h l a s a n I h a v e the r e fo re n o
g .

d ou bt th a t I lll r l r in i F on l cs w e r e h e r e i n t h e D o m b a i O va j u st
i
,

b e hi n d Apa m e i a a t a dis ta n c e of s e v e n or e ight m il e s H e r e it

,
.

w a s n a t u r a l th a t S e l e u c u s sh ou ld c om e fr om A a m e i a t o m e e t
p
Ma n l i u s a n d t a k e ch a rg e of th e sick .

T h e r e is on e d ifc u lty i n t h e t e xt L ivy i m pli e s th a t R h ot ri n i

F on t e s a n d A p or idos C om e w e r e cl os e t og e th e r b u t P a r a dis is ,

a t l e a st t w e lv e m il e s fr om t h e fou n t a i n i n t h e D o m b a i O v a It .

a pp e a rs t o m e th a t if w e a d m it t h e id e n tic a ti on of P a r a dis
,

1
w ith A p o r i d os C o m e a s I thi n k w e m u st e ith e r t h e r e is a fa u lt
, ,

i n L i vy s a cc ou n t ac a s l ight m isr e pr e s e n t a ti on of t h e G r e e k
,
.

o rigi n a l } o r t h e n a m e P a r a dis h a s b e e n tr a n sfe rr e d fr o m its

1
I t m u s t h ow e v er he r e m e m b e re d bee n tha t Ma n l i u s p a s sed n ea r A p i ar

t h a t A c or i d os or Ac a r i d o s m a y b e t h e d os C om e , and en c am p ed i
bes d e Rh o
tru e i
re a d n g .
tr i n os Fon t c s .

2
T he or ig i n a l s ta t e m e n t i
m g h t li
 ME T RO P O L I T A N U S C A MP US . (30

i
a nc en t si te t o a n o th e r a t s o m e dist a n c e a ph e n o m e n o n n o t ,

u n e x a m pl e d i n A si a Mi n o r T h e fo r m e r s u pp ositi o n s e e m s t o
.

m e m o r e pr o b a bl e a s P a r a d is is c e rt a i n ly a n ol d sit e
, .

T h e n a m e J l /w l r i n os u n k n o w n e ls e w h e r e is p e rh a ps a c o r
, ,

r u pti on O n a co i n o f A p a m e i a t h e n a m e C a llirh oe is giv e n t o

.

this fou n t a i n : Mi o n n e t d e scrib e s t he c o i n th u s : Mi n e rv e

c a sq u e e t v et u e d u n e t u n iq u e a ssis e s u r l e m e n t I da a g a u ch e

1
, , ,

e t t ou r n ee v e rs l a dr o it e j ou a n t d e l a d o u bl e fl fi t e ; d e i r i er e u n

, ,

b ou cli e r e t l a fon t a i n e C a lli rh o e v om i ss a n t d os e a u x s u r n u

cyg n e n a g e a n t ; d e v a n t Ma r sy a s s u r l e s om m e t d u n e m on t a g n e

a ve c le zzl l i u m l e s m a i n s l e v e s e t s e r e t ou r n a n t

p , .

( S up p l V I I p . . .

O n this c oi n w e h a v e t h e w h o l e m y th of A th e n e a n d Ma rsy a s
w ith t h e l o c a lity t h e fou n ta i n a n d l a k e ,
cl e a rly r e pr e s e n t e d .
,

T he fou n t a i n is n a m e d C a llirh oe .

I t is obvi ou s th a t R hotr ln os c a n n ot be a c orr u pti on o f C a l

l i r h oe w hich is pr ob a bly a m e r e fa shi on a bl e n a m e giv e n t o t h e
,
-

fo u n ta i n u n d e r t h e i n u e n c e of G r a e cisi n g civilisa ti on I t ha s .
,

h ow e v e r b ee n s u gg e st e d th a t t h e tr u e r e a di n g is O t r i ma c a n d
, ,

this r e a di n g ha s b e e n a l m ost u n iv e rs a lly a d opt e d I t w ou ld .

giv e a cl e a r a n d e a s y s ol u ti on t o t h e di fc u lty a b ou t t h e c ou rs e
,
.

o f t h e O br i m a s T h e O bri m a s is m e n ti o n e d by P lin y ( v 1 0 0 )
. .

a s on e o f t h e riv e rs of A a m e i a fa lli n g i n t o t h e
p M a ea n d er .

N ow t h e n a tiv e s h a v e a l w a ys b e li e v e d th a t t h e w a t e r o f L a k e
A u locr e n e p a ss e s u n d e r t he m ou n t a i n a n d e m e rg e s i n Ap a m e i a
a s t he Ma e a n d e r a n d Ma rs a s H e n c M a xi m u s T r i u s s a ys
y e y .

o i n e l K eh a w ct s us e ds w a t T l /MBO L 77 0 p
p /


0 09 36 0 M ap
'

a ue w I t a l Ma l a v oy ak hym v a rk 0 0 9

GZBO V 7 0 09
'
-


. w o r a p ov s
.

) 5 9 i 5 d a v l e r a l w a r d 12 0 37 0 11 7 779
7 m mp 0 7r
p o e7t 0 0 a

'

.
, 0 7r 7 .

K a ii t s x s l dol ex 7 0 0 cl a r e c e S l e k o a a r o l e w o r a p o l s I t a l
'

'
.

7 6 i38
w ; [ca l 7 8 ; da d L a r a
/
?
W e m ig h t t h e n u n d e rst a n d t h a t t h e

O br i m a s is t h e w a t e r of B ou n a r ba s h i an d P r ofe ss or Hirschfe ld ,

h a s m a d e a si m il a r s u gg e sti on th ou g h n ot c on n e cti n g t h e ,

n a me w ith B ou n a r ba s hi B u t I i n cli n e t o a n oth e r vi e w

, .

A r e fe r e n c e t o t h e pl a n of A p a m e i a in P r ofe ss or Hirsc h fe ld s

p p e r sh ow s th a t t h e Ma rsy a s a n d t h e Ma e a n d e r ris e n e a r e a ch
a
3

o th e r w hil e t h e O rg a s r is e s s e v e r a l m il e s a w a y a n d fl o w s d o w n
,

thr ou gh t h e p l a i n t o t h e city B e fo r e r e a chi n g th e city it i s .

1
C p S t b x iii p 6 1 6
. ra . . . Ap m i C l
.
i B e l A b/ 3
d a e a- e a en a e n r . za a .

Di t v iii 8

2
s s er . . . 1 8 76 .
To ME T R O P O L I T A XU S C A MP U S .

j o i n e d by a str e a m w hich ris e s i n t w o l a rg e spri n gs a n d ,

o w s for a h u n dr e d ya rds or m o re w ith a c on si d e r a bl e b ody of

w a t e r t o j oi n t h e O rg a s T his str e a m I n dj e r ly S u is n o t w e ll.
, ,

r e pr e s e n t e d i n P r ofe ss o r Hirschfe ld s m a p : it m a y be t h e

O br i m a s 1
T h e fou r n a m e s o f t he riv e rs o f A p a m e i a a r e th u s
.

a pp o rti o n e d t o t h e o n l fou r disti n ct str e a m s ; a n d t h e O br i m a s

y
is s o s m a ll a str e a m th a t it is e m i t t e d by e v e ry w r it e r e xc e pt
P li n y I m u s t a d d th a t i n a ll p oi n ts e xc e pt this on e P r ofe ss o r
.
, ,

Hirschfe ld s e e m s t o m e q u ite c o rr e ct i n h i s disc u ssi on of t h e

t op ogr a phy o f A p a m e i a .

W h e th e r t h e r e a di n g Rhotr i n os is c orre ct or n ot I b e l ie v e ,

th a t u n til fu rth e r e vid e n c e is br ou gh t for w a rd it m u st be r e ta i n e d

i n th e t e xt a n d t h e r e a di n g O br i ma c m u st b e giv e n u p
,
O ne .

fe e ls l oa th t o q u it this b e a u tifu l fou n ta i n a s l oa th a s t h e tr a v e ll e r ,

d oe s t o q u it t he sh a d e of its tr e e s a n d t h e m u r m u r of t h e
spri n gs a n d g o on a cr oss t h e sh e lt e rl e ss pl a i n on a h o t d ay i n
,

J u ly H a rdly i n G re e c e its e lf i s th e r e a pl a c e m or e s a cr e d
.

w ith l e g e n d H e r e A th e n e thr e w a sid e h e r u t e a n d Ma rsya s

.
,

pick e d it u p ; h e r e Ma rsy a s c on t e n d e d w ith A p oll o a n d on t h e ,

pl a n e b e sid e t h e fou n t a i n he w a s h u n g u p t o be aye d I n t he .

pl a i n b e l ow L ity e rs e s w a s sl a i n i n t h e h a rv e st - e ld by the sickl e s

,

o f t h e r e a p e rs T h e ph y sic a l fe a t u r e s of t h e pl a i n a r e s o

2
.

striki n g t h a t w e n e e d n ot w on d e r t o fi n d s o m a n y l e g e n ds
a tt a ch e d t o it .

F r o m B o u n a r ba s h i a l on g d a y s m a rch o f sixt e e n m il e s

br ou ght t h e R om a n a rm y i n t o t h e T c hyl O v a Metrop ol i ta n u s ,

C a mp u s T w o d a ys m or e o r p e rh a ps thr e e w e r e n e e d e d b e for e
.
, ,

th e y r e a ch e d S y n n a d a ; u n fo rt u n a t e ly I tr a v e ll e d a gr e a t p a rt
o f t h e r oa d i n t h e d a rk n e ss o f n igh t a n d a m for t h e pr e s e n t ,

u n a bl e t o for m a n
y opi n i on a s t o t h e st a g e c a ll e d D i n i a s or
D y ma s i n t h e t e xt o f L ivy F or t h e s a m e r e a s o n I h a v e n o thi n g .

to sa
y b ou t t h e t om b o f A lcibi a d e s e r e ct e d by H a dri a n w hich
a , ,

A th e n a e u s s a w on t h e r o a d b e t w e e n Me tr op olis a n d S n n a da
y .

I n t h e p a p e r on t h e t op ogr a phy of this distr ict a lr e a dy r e fe rr e d

t o I br ou ght for w a rd s o m e a rg u me n ts t o sh ow th a t t h e n orth e r n
,

1
I t has ch a h rt c ou rs e t h a t
su s o 3
Mi ch ael i s , A n na l i , 1 8 5 8 ; Ru h l ,
S tr a bo, g i v i g a v ry a c u t e n d d i s
n e c ra a Z fl .
f . O as tcr r . Gy mna s 1 8 8 2 . . Th si
i c
t n t a cc u n t f A p m i m e ti on
o o a e a, n s l ast p ap er is n ot a cc es s ibl e to me .

Ma rs y a s , Ma e a n d e r , an d O r g a s , bu t Pl i ny ( xvi . 8 9 ) m en t i on s t he pl a ne -t re e
om it s O br i m a s .
on w h i ch M a r s ya s w a s f a s te n ed .
72 ME T RO P O L I T A N U S C A MP U S .

A u l o cr a w as a m erevill a g e w hich is n o t lik e ly to h a v e l e f t

,

a n y r e m a i n s : H i e roc l e s c a lls it d em o s A u r a c l e i a T h e b ou n d a ry .

b e t w e e n t he Byz a n ti n e pr o vi n c e s P h rygi a S a l u t a ris a n d P isidi a

, ,

m u s t h a v e cr o ss e d t h e v a ll e y a n d A u l o c r a is a l w a ys a tt a ch e d t o
,

t h e fo r m e r pr o vi n ce T his is r e m a rk a bl e a s A u l oc r a m u st
.
,

u n d e r t h e R o m a n e m pir e w h e n t h e p o w e r o f t h e A si a n
,
ci ti e s
w a s n o t d isc ou r a e d h a v e b ee n on e o f t h e m a n y V ill a g e s s u bj e ct
g ,

to A p a m e ia : 77 0 7 0 61 9 e dBa rp O t I/ a c m on a c {H m/c ow s exe r ts ,

D io
C hrys . xxx v .

P r ob a bly t h e s a m e G ra e cisi n g t e n d e n cy h a s a ffe c t e d t h e n a m e

o f t h e fo u n t a i n on c o i n s o f C e r e t a p a A u l i n d e n o s T his n a m e
, .

a ls o is a n a dj e ctiv e d e riv e d fr o m A u l in d a w hich is pr ob a bly ,

a lt e r e d fr om t h e n a t iv e for m A li n d a t o giv e a c on n e cti on w ith

a k e u t e
, . A li n d a is a C a ri a n n a m e pr ob a bly d e riv e d fr om
,

a l a t h e C a ri a n w ord m e a n i n g

, h ors e a n e xc e e di n gly c om m on

e l e m e n t i n l oc a l n a m e s o f A si a Mi n o r .

W M R AMS AY . . .
 T H E A R MO UR O F II O ME RI C H E RO E S . 7
G
C

QUE S T I O N S C O N C E RN IN G TH E AR MO UR O F
H O ME RIC HE RO E S .

WH E N P a n da ros tre a ch e r ou sly sh oots at Me n e l a os ( A 1 3 2 sq ) ,

th e a rr o w lights

66 { p o s 6x276 ? wa r

u a e w o a zi v e o v I c a i Bu rK 6 0 9 ii i/ T e r a ai nf
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-
Xp x p . .

5 371 6 0 6 w a r ij p l ci p np on t o d

t o r ov
-

p c

5 l cz p u Zi p m a r p o eh i jlt a r o 5 a t 5 a 7t o w

c o s w ok v a l sd lt o v q p e w r o

K a i Bu t ai m
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1 57

m V e c o e t va a
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6

o c vr w v
[ p
. 7
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5 w k e i o r o v ep u r o Bu r /7 ,0 5 5% i

89
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0 Ka 7 .

A littl e l a t e r Me n e l a os s a vs ,
of the sa m e w o un d (A
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l 6 50 a

eu t
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a
, p y .

T he rd
wo o c c u rs a g a i n on ly i n f 4 8 2 a p a ss a g e w hich ,

we w ill p ostp o n e for t h e m om e n t a n d i n I 6 8 3 of t h e b ox e r s

,
'

girdl e w hich d oe s n o t r e q u ire fu rth e r c on sid e r a ti on

, .

C om p a ri n g t h e s e c on d a n d third o f t he p a ss a g e s q u ote d w ith

t h e rst it s e e m s p e rfe ctly cl e a r th a t t h e Coha n w a s a p a rt of t h e
, .

aSp nf a n d n ot a n a pp e n d a g e t o i t T h e w o rd i n fa c t st a n ds a s
, .
, ,
74 SO ME QU E S T IO NS CO N C E R NIN G
a p a ssiv e t o th e ctiv e c rr l tiv e { co m rip a n d m e a n s th e p a r t of
a o e a
-
,

t h e 6 0 3a w hich w a s fa st e n e d d ow n by t h e girdl e I t is q u it e .

cl e a r fr om t h e old e st v a s e p a i n ti n gs th a t t he l o w e r p a r t of t h e
0 ( 1) a w a s b e n t ou t w a rds i n t o a s o rt of r idg e a ll r ou n d i n o rd e r ,

t o m a k e a h oll ow w hich sh ou ld b e c a p a bl e of h o ldi n g t h e gw a n jp

i n its pl a c e . T his is v e ry w e l l s h ow n i n t h e w ood c u t w hich ,

i s t a k e n fr o m Go n z e s Mch s clzc T h on mfci ss c L e ipzig 1 8 7 7 T h e

' '
'

.
, ,

w a u a l o xo g is e xpr e ss e d by t h e p a r a ll e l li n e s a t t he
b o tt om o f t h e th or a x ; t h is i s cl e a r fr om t h e K a m e i r os pi n a x ,

w h e r e t he li n e s a r e di a g on a l a n d th e re fo r e d o n ot i n dic a t e '

a n ythi n g i n t h e n a t u r e o f s u ch a w r e l o v a s w e sh a ll pr e s e n t ly
p y i

h a v e t o disc u s s .

I t a k e it th e n th a t ( Ba a m e a n s t h e w a ist of t h e c u ira ss w hich

is c o v e re d by t h e gum-7 6p a n d h a s th e u pp e r e dg e of t he [M T pn
,
'

o r pl a t e d a pr on b e n e a th it fa st e n e d r ou n d t h e w a rri or s b ody ; a n

a rr o w l ighti n g on this sp o t h a s t o pi e rc e a l l thr e e b e for e it c a n

r e a ch t h e e sh I t is o bvi ou sly i n di ffe r e n t w h e th e r t h e m i ddle

.

o bst a cl e w a s c a ll e d 0 4)
a or ai p a th e m o r e s o b e c a u se t he

ridg e a t t h e b o tt om o f t h e c u ir a ss w a s s o m ar k e d a fe a t u r e a s
t o r e qu ir e a sp e c i a l n a m e a n d th u s
,
its e lf a t e rm of
 TU SO ME Q U E ST IO NS CO N C E R NIN G
by afa ll e n gi a n t i n a S e li n u s m e t e p e of w hich t h e r e is a c a st i n
t h e a rch a ic sc u lpt u r e r oo m i n t h e British Mu s e u m T his i s life .

siz e a n d sh o w s s om e thi n g of t h e n a t u r e o f t h e u n d e rg a r m e n t
,

t h e r e is t h e o w i n g b o rd e r o f t h e chit o n a n d b e t w e e n th a t a n d ,

t h e th o r a x th e r e a pp e a r s t o b e a sh o rt thick b a n d w hich m a y ,

be q u ilt e d bu t h a s n o r e s e m bl a n c e i n a n y w a y t o a w r ep y l o u
, ,

a s it sh ow s n o sig n a t a l l o f a n y m e t a l pl a ti n g B u t th is is t h e .

on ly i n st a n c e i n w hich I h a v e b e e n a bl e t o s u pp or t m th e ry
y o

by r e fe r e n c e t o a rch a ic sc u lptu r e i n t h e r ou n d t he H a rpy t om b

a n d t h e st e l e of A r i s t i on sh o w t h e w r ep v y l o v a t a d a t e w h e n

t he c on s e rv a t iv e v a s e p a i n t e rs still a dh e r e d t o t h e a rch a ic
-

t yp e .

I n th e br on z e r oo m a t t h e British Mu s e u m on t h e t op r o w o f ,

w a ll c a s e 4 th e r e is a w e ll e x e c u t e d st a t u e tt e o f a w a r ri or i n t h e
-
,
-

a c t o f c a sti n g a sp e a r w hich sh o w s t h e ri m m e d th or a x a n d t he
,

m itra a s w e ll a s a n y of t h e v a s e s ; b u t cl o s e by t h e r e a r e thr e e

o th e rs w h ic h h a v e a n u n m ist a k a bl e W T E p I J VL O V A l l th e s e h ow .

e v e r a r e i n t h e l a t e r a rch a ic sty l e I n t h e t a bl e c a s e i n t h e m id dl e .
-

o f t h e r oo m o n t h e s a m e sid e is a v e ry a r c h a ic g u r e
( Ma rs
i n w hich t h e a pr o n c on ti n u e s t h e li n e o f t h e th o r a x bu t l ittl e
st r e ss c a n be l a id on this for th e w ork m a n ship is s o r u d e th a t ,

t h e gr e a v e s a r e i n dic a t e d on l y by i n cis e d li n e s d o w n t h e l e gs .

I n g e m s fr o m C r e t e (B I II 8 1 a n d 7 3 ) a n d on s om e of t h e g o ld . .

o r n a m e n ts fr o m Myk e n a i ( S c hli e m a n n N 0 3 2 5 3 2 5 1 3 1 3 , .
, ,

w a rri o rs w e a r s o m e thi n g r o u n d t h e w a ist w hich pr oj e c t s ,

a l m o st t oo m u ch for a b e lt a n d h a s a n a pr on o f s o m e s o r t ,

pl a i n l y sh o w n b e l o w it ; t h e sc a l e is t oo s m a ll fo r a n y p ositive
d e d u cti on s to be dr a w n fr om t h is bu t it m a y v e ry w e ll be t h e ,

r i m o f a th or a x
1
.

T h e p o siti o n w hich I h a v e a tt e m pt e d t o e st a blish is th e n

this : th a t t h e a rch a ic a r m ou r a s r e pr e s e n t e d i n e a r l y v a s e s
i n c lu de d a th or a x w ith a pr oj e cti n g r i m m e a n t t o h o ld t h e b e lt , ,

a n d c a ll e d t h e Coir t a t h a t th e r e w a s n o thi n g a tt a ch e d t o t h e
/ .

l o w e r e dg e o f t h e th o ra x bu t th a t t he hips a n d u pp e r p a rt of ,
'

t he thigh s w e r e pr o t e ct e d e ith e r by a b e lt of l e a th e r s om e ti m e s ,

1 S hee v Mi l h h f A f l
ow e er ct ig N ck th i t d
oe e r , Fig en . ( cr s on s er a e er ur n v or

K u ns t i G i h p 93
n. r cc E i t i ch t
.
, d t
.
, H

m sti ls f gm
n n e .

e en on s a so ou r e s

deu tl i c h b d o lb b il d
ers e i th B li M
e isw e m h i ch h
en th en n e er n u s eu w s ow e

t
u n ern R d i an P b
e n es i ch t s m i g a n ze r s d eze g i g f m ne . a e r n , an a n e r -r n ro

A ll d i t a en l s i c h d i e Ri g S l i hi i
, ( as s s h i ch
es Ba d r
r itn a on c n w n e ni

no c h i l tg i c h i c h B
n a r e b i s
(M t ll en r on z e n e e a
 T H E A R MO UR O F II O ME RI C H E RO E S . 77

pl a t e d c a ll e d t h e m i tr a or e ls e o n ly by t h e l ow e r p o rti n o f t h e
, ,
o

a n d th a t this c o rr e sp o n d s e x a ctly w ith H o m e r s d e s c r i

'

e a w
p
ti on ; w hil e i n l a t e r ti m e s i t w a s c h a n g e d b v t h e a dd iti on t o t he
th o r a x o f a m a il e d a pr on c a ll e d t h e w r ep yl o v w hich i n n o w a y r
,

t a lli e s w ith a n y p a ss a g e i n t h e H o m e ric p o e m s N e gl e ct o f this .

dist i n cti on s ee m s t o h a v e l e d a ll c o m m e n t a t o rs i n t o a gre a t

m is ta k e .

T h e m od e r n crit i cs s o fa r a s I c a n s e e a l l m a k e a3na
, ,

a n ap r on di ffe ri n g on ly a s t o w h e th e r it w a s l a rg e r th a n
,

t h e n l r p q a n d r e a ch e d d ow n t o t h e k n e e s or w a s sh o rt e r a n d , ,

e xt e n d e d o n ly fr om t h e a n k t o t h e u pp e r p a rt o f t h e thighs .

O n e V i e w or t h e oth e r th e y a r e e ss e n ti a lly t h e s a m e is t a k e n
by R u st ow a n d K oe hly ( Ges ek d os g r i ech K r l egs w cs cm p 1 2 . .
,
.
,

w h e r e a m ost e l a b or a t e bu t p u r e ly i m a gi n a ry d e scripti on i s

giv e n ) B u chh o l z (H am R ea li cn v ol ii
,
. E b e li n g A n te n ,
. .
,

r i e th a n d S e il e r i n th e ir l e xic on s H e y n e A m e i s a n d H e n tz e , , ,

F asi a n d F ra n k e ( A P i e rr o n L a R och e (on A a nd ,

P a l e y i n th e ir c om m e n t a ri e s D ii n t z e r is p e c u li a r a n d p e r ve rs e
.

i n e xpl a i n i n g {oi /e a a s t h e m e t a l pl a ti n g of t h e a pr on mr pn of

,

t he w oo ll e n ba c k i n g i n fa c e of t h e e xplicit d e scripti on r qyv
,

a X/ e c [C d/ L O V fi r 8p w hich b e l on gs on ly t o th e l a tt e r F i n a l ly
'

/
X c .
: .

L e hrs ( d o A r S t H oo t . p 1 2 1 ) a cc e pts th e s a m e vi e w a n d
.
,
.

a ttrib u t e s it t o A r i s ta r ch os E xc e pt i n L idd e ll a n d S c ott

.
,

I h a v e fou n d n o t r a c e of t h e e xpl a n a ti on w hich I h a v e give n

a b ov e .

T h e foll ow i n g obj e cti on s a pp e a r t o m e d e cisiv e e v e n a g a i n st

th is con s cn s u s ( 1 ) I c a n n d n o a rch a ic r e pr e se n ta ti o n o f s u c h a
.

d o u bl e b e lt a s is i m pli e d v i z b o th p lr pn a n d ai p a ( 2 ) I f th e

. .
,

w is pr it is disti ct fr m h 6 3
pp d a ge
'

h o. a n a on n o t e a 7
p g7 a n a e n ,

a n d n o t a p a rt o f i t a n d t h e t w o w o rds c a n n o t b e u s e d i n t e r
,

ch a n ge a bly a s th e y cl e a rly a r e i n t h e p a ss a g e s q u ot e d I t is
,
.

qu ite o bvi ou s fr om t h e n a t u r e of thi n gs th a t t h e Qw a n ip m u st

, ,

'

h a v e g on e o v e r t h e a ct u a l pl a t e s of t h e c u ir a ss a n d a n a rr ow ,

m u st h a v e m e t th e s e if it pi e rc e d t h e b e lt T h u s in the .

e n u m e r a ti on o f A 1 8 5 7 w e c o u l d s e e th a t a n e ss e n ti a l e l e m e n t
,

i n t h e d e scripti on w a s l e ft ou t d id { ul na n ot m e a n p a rt o f t h e ,

pl a te s e v e n if w e h a d n ot A 1 3 6 t o cli n ch t h e p o i n t I n oth e r
,
.

w o rds if ( ci a o m e a n s a n a pr on th e n th e r e m u st h a v e b e e n fo u r
, .
,

l a ye rs of a r m ou r r ou n d t h e w a ist of w hich thr e e o n ly a n d n ot , ,

t h e s a m e thr e e a r e n a m e d i n t w o c a r e fu l d e s c ripti on s o f t h e
,
78 SO ME QU E ST IO NS CO N C E R NIN G
o bs t a cl e s t h e a r r ow p a ss e d t l i r o u g h ( 3 ) A g a i n st t h e g e n e r a l .

o pi n i on th a t t h e p l u m w a s a n a r r ow b a n d on ly u n d e r t h e
a pr o n a n d th e r e for e hidd e n fr om sight I w ou ld u rg e t h e

, ,

e pit h e t a l o h o p l T p ns ( E H ow e v e r w e e xpl a i n t h e rst

-

p a rt of t he w ord it i s a bs u rd t o s u pp os e th a t a n y w a rri o r ,

w o u ld be d e scrib e d by a n a dj e ctiv e t a k e n fr om a n i n visibl e

p orti on o f his g a r m e n ts ha t p oe t w o u ld d e scrib e his h e r e a s
'

o f s u ppl e fl a n n e l w a istc oa t ? 1
I t fo ll ow s th a t t h e p l r p n m u st
h a v e b e e n a t l e a st i n gr e a t p a rt visibl e a n d th e r e fo r e th a t t h e ,

{ d a m if a n a pr on a t a l l m u s t h a v e b e e n a sh o rt on e ; a n d th e n ,

t h e a u t h o rity o f c e rt a i n sch o li a sts o n w h ich a l on e t h e c u rr e n t ,

o pi n i on is fou n d e d fa lls t o th e g r ou n d 2

.
,

S ch ol B o n A 1 3 3 giv e s this a n ci e n t v i e w m o st cl e a rly

.
,

q u oti n g it fr om T e l e p h o s T h e sch oli on is m a i n l v o cc u pi e d .

w ith t h e q u e sti on of t h e Bm h o o e 6 0 3 o w h ich w e sh a ll c o m e
a t
pr e s e n tly ; bu t h e b e gi n s T ik eo q ydp 4 mm 7 0 c27 0 7 0 13 a dxe vo c r r . 7

(ZXp L du osa k o i p a rca I ra h e l a a t 8% 0271 0 k a y dvcc v dxp l

a ,
'

5% 7 0 5

K r
np
( tha n w , ,
v W3 7 u

w r i 1} L L L 0 a vu w ci

? 0 d

d

i
p 0 5

t w p L
a K 12
X
a r e 7 a 7 7 1 1!
Xp p , g , 71

p e d 0 5 p a g 039 e i p n r a t w ep i R a y on/a 9 S L 7
'
h a / o v co zr
'

o
, ,
'

ctr/ 03 6 6 12 5 e0 {ja m n ip
-
T his is pr e cis e ly t h e vi e w w hich.

I h a v e b e e n c om b a ti n g a n d s e v e r a l tr a c e s o f it a r e fou n d i n ,

o t h e r pl a c e s T h e n a m e o f T e l e p h os w h o liv e d a s l a t e a s t h e
.
,

t i m e o f H a dri a n a dd s n o w e ight t o t h e th e ory b u t L e hrs , ,

a ttrib u t e s it to Ar i s t a rc h os ; a n d al th ou gh t h e a u th ority of
A r i s t a r c h os is n o t gr e a t i n m a tt e rs o f a rch a e ol ogy it is a l w a ys ,

w o rth w hil e tr i n g t o fi n d o u t w h a t h e r e a lly th ou ght

y T h e .

a u th o riti e s a r e a s foll ow s : t h e rst thr e e sc h oli a fr o m A b e i n g

o f c ou rs e o st e n sib l y by A r i s t o n i k os

(I ) () Bt vr h ) S 7 L Bo x o ii cr t du l

K 77 ai p a l
'
I r w es T a ir r e va l . [ca
'

3 a dk h d d /I

{ ma jp 0 1 1c x a h ei o v va w r ev ov 33
'
r i a rt r 7
'

I1 I I
56
r

Beo v
I

w p a /m
)l

[ 1 .

q 0 77 0 7 0 v ,
T o e f w
ev a vl
'
w a r/ 7 a.

( 2 ) A 1 3 3 (7)

51 1. K 0 9 3v Bl w h o c zz

1
Yet so vi r tu a l ly Ru t t m a n n , L ac . di f c ul ty in e xp l i ia n n
g ZS
a c Ao s , w h er e v er

p 66 (E . n
g . w h er e a iv e a is it r e ers f to ar m ou r , as i di c ti
n a g th e
n

d e r ed iv f rom t he su pp l en e s s a nd

g la n ci ng

of i
l gh t on th e m e ta l s u r
ll e x ih i l i ty es s e n t a l i
to the w a sti .

I t als o f
o l l o w s t h a t t h c rc i s no
80 SO ME QU E ST IO NS CO N C E RNIN G

5 o k wyv Bun X60 12

e vidently co m e a fter e
p S 7 )
La
1 9

5 rd 7 1 3 11 o vp
- -

bna t v ( 7 9
QaSp a /cd c '
22 60 6 1! 5 2: 7 739 ,p g Ka i
u t r
'
a .
3
7 1 9 o vv 5 a ew s

K a t 7 0 23 Qui p w

a wn e 7r /c e r r o a 7rdv r a ,
p

co s

v a c t ' ovo a
yy
'

8 b

p n
'

xe i h a yoa

c
'
w a v np a Ka 7 1. rn t u
.
p ,

Q p a x o q 5 5 8; 7 5 ,w ) a v v 5 e 5 e 0 9 a t d xk k o m '

71 7 6
' '

p yla1 '
Ka Xe ZT a L .

5 % W L T L QMt-W L u dvo v d k k k o cs K a i

,

a v a c u 'y
y p p e va {2 7 5
5 L 7r 7\ o i) v Gai p cm a

5V d w e p y d go vr a t

7 g p o s i

7 0 1 w a v ,
7 ex e a e .

T he r st of these t w o expl a n a tion s a ppe a r s te n a ble n a m el y ,

t ha t th e l9 m a w a s c a l l ed 5 1 7 K 6 0 9 a l l r ound its lo w e r e dge ,

bec a use i t w a s t h e r e doubled by th e u ppe r p a r t of the u i r p n ,

'
.

T h e seco n d is excluded if t h e w r ep v y o v h a d no pl a ce in Ho m e r s
'
r
t

a r m ou r I p r efe r a thi r d n a m ely t h a t t h e t h o r a x w a s 5 1 7 K 60 9

.
, ,

a ll t h e w a u
y p both sides w he r e t h e t w o pl a tes fo r bre a st a n d ,

b a ck m e t a n d ove r l a pped T his gives a n especi a lly a pp r op r i a te .

sense in T 4 1 3 6 : -

5 cip /c779 5 20 9 AXL Mt e s

5 V Bu h e i
'

7 ,
c /c ov n 7r o

12 65 7 0. w a
p i a
r o o v r os
n 5 6 L { ma v p o e oXe q
'

r m i l/ e c l! K a i 5 L r h do s i v r e r o 9 4)
Xp a ew
x 7 j a

) 5 e 5 t O i mpa h i v E y xe o c i xmi

(
'

c w r uc e 7r a a
p
'
z
X p .

A spe a r th r o w n fr o m r a t h e r be h ind a t t h e side of a m a n

r un n ing p a st w ould inevit a bly be guided st r a ight into t h e j oint

w h e r e t h e b r e a stpl a te ove r l a pped the b a ckpl a te a n d w ould so ,

follo w ex a ctly the cou r se described a bove .

T h e r e r e m a i n s one dispu ted p a ss a ge in w h ich t h e w ord cy a

occu r s 5 , ( O dysseus spe a king in a feigned ch a r a c ter)

77 6a i i Cai g a
'

dx oq
'

dk k a o o v cs
w Ka .
p
( a ew dv .

A fe w lines on he r e l a tes hi s ow n w o r ds
I V A V I A
g
-
ou

TO L en ro o m L u e r e a o o u a c,
'
a kk a p 6 e cy a
,
I A x
5a h
3

y a p xw Xk a d w a cpe
'
va r a u f 5 a tuw v
'
ou w a w w a
3 IT CU , 3!
p p

O LO V e p e v a c.
X L

F r o m this it w ould a ppe a r th a t the game; a n d X ere the -

L ra v w
'

s a m e t h i n g viz a m a iled co r slet or dai p ng (h ence

,
.

a nd

t h is fa lls in w ith A r i s t a r ch os doct r ine (see Ap ol l L ox a bove )

. .
,

ra g a I c a l a zr r bs 6 6 a3p a f

{ na is a w o r d of suc h gene ra l

.

sign i c a nce th a t there is no diffi culty in supposi n g it h ere t o

 T H E AR MO UR O F H O ME R I C H E R O E S .

mean the thing gi r t on in the sense o f t h e daip a g a s a w h ole ,
a

i n deed this sense w ould p r ope r ly suit t h e tw o p a ss a ges in A

,

d iscussed a bove a n d if w e put the opinions of t h e a ncie n t

,

co m m ent a to r s ou t of sight it w ould pe r h a ps even be thoug h t ,

t h e m ost n a tur a l T h a t e a i v so m eti m es m e a ns a m a iled oute r

.

g a r m ent is cle a r not only fr o m the co m m on epith e t Xa X/c o

,

t r w u e q by t h e side of a K /c eo d ai nx e q but fr o m p a ss a ges such

X X p ,

as N 4 39

f a p gbi XL r i va
'

i fev 5 6 o
'

f
Xd k x e o v, 59 o f 7T p 0 0 6 1l ci rr d Xp o s filo /c a dh e dp o u '
.

C o m p a re a lso B 4 1 6, and the d i f cult P 31

Lu ci a n

3
7 0 1 9 a dr o i op ea x o v e vr i a r
p ew r o i a t
' '

c ha t.

and E 113

e 5 rd
'

fp a 5 d vnx dvn

p e vr r o i o Xw cvo e

'
a . a r .

only question is h ether the xt r a w in these p a ssa ges is
T he w '

th e ordin a ry a r m 6 9 O p a f or so m e thing in the n a ture of a

-
,

le a thern j a cket onl y p a r ti a lly covered w ith m et a l pl a tes T h e .

l a tter w a s the V ie w of Ar i s t a r c h os a ccording to Apoll L ear . .

d K e n -1 5 00 7 0 0 ,

c v
p ew r o io X tr d wo c
'

7 6
h ox iyv hich i plies c d veo r p a p p vnv s i r/ a t
le
'

;) V rim m
t lcw v w
7 w
p T Ic s a ,

or ch a in a r m our But it h a ppens th a t the identic a l w ound

.

w hich c a uses t h e gush of blood in E 1 1 3 is desc r ibed in E 9 9

a s being infl icted th rough th e Qui p n/co q y a h o v I t follo w s t h a t .

the a r p em ds Xw aiv w a s e ithe r the c r a n k QaSp a f itself o r a

'

non m et a llic unde r g a r m ent O n P 3 1 the note of A r i s t on i k os

-
.

is t r d wa s 7 0 5 9 vna r o e {2 7 0 5 157 0 12 9 d '

x
' '

y p 7

a r tw o rk e
e l o v { r e
x v e /( a
( quoting E ,

Here a ga in t h erefore w e h a ve t w o contr a dicto r y a ccounts of

, ,

the opinion of Ar i s ta rc h os ; the lexicon of Apoll being p r ob a bly .

m ist a ken i n the n a m e X ur afv s h ould indeed . on ,

Ho m eric a n a logy m e a n exible r a ther t h a n u ov e n ; i t is
,

used m et a pho r ic a lly in this sense in the ot h e r p a ss ag es in w hich

it occu r s ( 1 4 9 7 O 2 0 3 T I n no p a ss a ge of Ho m e r a n d
, , ,

so fa r a s I kno w in no a rch a ic rep resent a tion does ch a in or

, ,

sc a le a rm ou r occur ; nor is t h e r e a n y e xplicit ph r a se w hich

H . s .
v 0 L . iv G
.
52 , SO ME QU E ST IO NS CO N C E RNIN G
w ould indic a te th a t the Ho m eric h e r e h a d a choice of t w o so rts
of a r m our for h i s body .

T a ki n g a ll t h ese conside r a tions togeth e r I w ould w ith di f d e n c e ,

'
-
sug g est the follo w ing conclu sions ( 1 ) T h a t cr rp e rr r o q m e a ns .
' '

( 2 ) T h a t such

quilted or ple a ted

ve x a ,
.

-
o v a r eg
a q uilted g a r m ent w a s w or n under the Bai a f
p as

a ppe a r s to be t h e c a se in t h e S e l i n u s m etopes a n d t h a t th e ,

lo w er portion of it belo w t h e cuir a ss w a s pl a ted form ing the ,

( )
3 T h a t it w a s c a lled d x eo q p a rtly for this r e a son

h
a cr
, p a .
x ,

p a r tly bec a use it w a s only used in a ssoci a tion w ith the

-
Qaip a f ( 4 ) .T h a t both the H ai
p f
a a n d a T
p e vr r ds
xw ai v are
-

included under the te r m { s p a in 0 d 5 4 8 2 a n d th a t oZo xi T w z/ a .

,

.

i m plies both .

I m a y a dd th a t a p a rt fro m a n y a esthetic ground the a bove

, ,

re a sons a ppe a r to j ustify th e tr a nsl a tion of xt r aiv in Ho m er by '

so m e such w ord a s doublet for in m a ny c a ses a t le a s t it w a s

, ,

a m ore s u bst a nti a l g a r m ent th a n w h a t w e underst a nd by shirt
,

the w ord by w hich Prof G a rdne r w ould w ish to see it a l w a ys .

rendered (J ou m H ell S tu d iii 2 6 5 note . .

, .
,

O N A V AS E I N TH E BRI T I SH MU SE U M I N S C RI B E D WI T H TH E

s ans or A n a s rs .

While looking through the evidence a s to the a r m ou r on

bl a ck g u re d v a ses I w a s p a rticul a rly su rprised by a gure of
-
,

Me m non on th e a m phor a N o 5 5 4 N o 7 0 in the g uide book ,

. .
-
.

I t represents Me m non st a nding bet w een t w o E th iopi a n soldiers ,

both of w ho m w e a r the nor m a l r i m m ed corslets a n d the tight

m itr a O n the obverse is Achilles sl a ying Penth esilei a ; these
.

a lso w e a r t h e s a m e corsle t a n d the o w ing end of the chiton .

T here a r e the usu a l w hite a n d cri m son a ccessories ; bu t it is

re m a rk a ble th a t the corslet of Me m non w h ich ha s a ve ry short ,

w r ep ii y ro v is entirely w hite
, T here is no other inst a nce of this .

in the Museu m nor I think in Gerh a rd or Milli n g e n s v as es Mr

, , ,

. .

C ecil S m ith w h o kindly helped m e to look the m a tter up found

, ,

1
only one other inst a nce in v a ses of this cl a ss a n d th a t w orn by ,

a w a rrior w h o is a lso considered to be Me m non by D e Witte .

1
D u e de L uyn es , Vas es p oi n ts , p l . qu es t i on . T he s ty l e a p p e a r s t o be t h e
X1 1 O t h e rs a l l t h e
. c w ar r i or e t or , Hc s ame as in ou r v a s e. T h er e i s an in
bu t t h e re i s l i t t l e t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s c ri
p t i on , bu t i t i s m e an i n gl es s .
84 SO ME Q U E ST IO NS CO N C E RNIN G
kind . T he h a ve a l w a ys A MA E I E
othe r v a ses of Am as is
E H O I E E E N or ME I I O I E Z E N very cle a rly w ritten a n d i n ,

one st r a ig h t line ve r tic a l or horizonta l

,
T he r e is t h e r efo r e .

g ra ve r e a son for doubting if the r st w o r d be E H O I H E E N

a t a ll .

But the r e is a t le a st a s good r e a son fo r doub ting if this

a m p h o r a is the w o r k of t he s a m e h a nd w hic h executed t h e

ot h er A m a s i s v a ses I h a ve only been a ble to co m p a re on e

.

othe r origin a l a n oinocho e in the British Museu m but this

, ,

certa inly sho w s a m a rked di fference of style ; both in dr a w ing

a n d orn a m ent t h e a m phor a is fa r m o r e a dv a nced T he sa m e .

m a y be s a id of the d r a w ings given by P a n ofk a so fa r a s it is

1
,

possible to j u dge of their ch a r a cter fro m a m e r e outline on a

s m a ll sc a le O n the other h a nd the r e is a n extr a ordin a ry r e
.

se m bl a nce bet w een ou r a m phor a a n d the w ork of E x ek ia s A .

v a se in the next t a ble c a se in the B ritish Museu m be a ring his

-
,

n a m e h a s the s a m e subj ect the de a th of Penthesilei a on the

, , ,

obverse a n d the t w o gures of Achille s a r e identic a l except in

,

so m e s m a ll det a ils of dress ; both v a ses ex a ctly correspond in

s h a pe a n d orn a m ent .

T h e te m pt a tion the r efore to expl a in the n a m e A m a s i s in this

c a se a s referring to th e K ing of E gypt a n d not to th e potter is
not w ithout so m e a pp a rent j u stic a tion It w ould of cour se be .

s a tisfa ctory if w e could give a n y expl a n a tion of the m ysterious

w o r d to t h e left of Me m n on s h e a d

I t is no doubt a copy by .

a n ignor a nt a r ti s t of so m e signic a nt w o r d N o a tte m pt to .

conj ectu r e w h a t the origin a l w a s ca n be m ore th a n a m e r e

exe r cise of ingenuity ; so th a t I m e r ely offer for w h a t it m a y be
w o r t h t h e suggestion th a t the w o r d w hic h it w a s sought to

t w ist into so m e se m bl a nce of the fa m ili a r E I I O I H E E N m a y .

h a ve been A E N E E t h e n a m e of the godd e ss to w ho m the

linen corslet w a s dedic a ted in L indos by A m a s i s T h e c h a nge .

to t h e w ord a s w e h a ve it w a s very slight T h e A is untouched ; .

the i s virtu a lly identic a l w ith the O w hich w e h a ve T h e .

fou r th a n d sixt h letters N a n d 2 r equire ve r y little a lte r a tion

, ,

t o m a ke the m into H a n d N so th a t only the thi r d a n d fth ,

needed a n y subst a nti a l ch a nge .

W ithout l a ying a n y str ess on such possibilities I sh a ll be

1
A r clzu u l . Z e itu n
g , 1 8 4 6 , pl . 39 .
 T H E AR MO U R O F H O ME RI C H E R O E S .

s a tised i f I h a ve m a de ou t a re a son a ble ground fo r supposing

th a t Me m non w e a rs a linen co r slet i n direct refe r ence to his
E gypti a n o r igin a n d th a t t h e r e is a p r oble m in connexion w it h
,

the A m a s i s v a se w h ich still a w a its solu tion 1

.

W AL T E R L E AF .

1
I t ou g h t p e r h a ps t o b e m e n t i on e d s t ea d of a w h i te c or s l e t , an d th a t
a s an i n s ta n c e of t h e c
au t i on n ee d e d i n B ru n n ( Ges ek .

a cr Gr . K i t ns tl c r , I I .

s t u dy i n g v a s e -p a i n t i n
gs f om
r an y s o u r e c 656) an d P a n ofk a b o t h m ak e the rs t

e xc e pt th e or i g i n a l s , t h a t G er h a r d in l e t ter of th e d ou b t fu l w or d 11 , w i th o u t
h is d r a w in g of the a m p h or a ( A u s cr l . a ny h in t c
of u n e r ta i n ty .

Va s cn bi l d cr , p l 2 0 7) g i . v es a bl cka in

[A
not dissi m il a r V ie w a s to the v a se d iscu ssed by Mr L e a f .

h a s been set forth by Dr L os c h k e in the A r c/i d olog ts ch e Z a ta n g

for 1 8 8 1 ( p D r L os ch k e re m a rk s th a t he doubts w h ether

'

the v a se be th e w ork of Am a s i s ; for in pl a ce of E I I O I E E E N

is a group o f letters W i th out m e a ning ; a n d the position of th e
inscription in rel a tion to the gures on th e va s e see m s to
indic a te th a t th e n a m e A m a s i s m a y be th a t of one of the
Aethiopi a ns portr a yed T h e technique of t h e v a se i s r a ther.

th a t of th e w o r k s of E x e ki a s th a n th a t of A m a s i s .

Mr L e a f h a d not seen D r L os c h k e s p a per ; the p a rti a l

. .

conr m a tion of his vie w by so co m petent a n a uthority m ust

nee ds give it gre a ter w eigh t E D ]
83 VI E W S O F AT H E N S IN T H E Y E AR 1 687 .

V I E WS O F AT H E N S I N T H E Y E AR 1 6 8 7 .

S I N C E suc h w orks a s B eu l c s L A cr op olc d A i /t n es the C oun t ,

D e L a borde s A t/t n cs a u x v x v i et xvii S i acl es a n d Mi c ha e l i s s

e
,
.
e
,
.
e
,

P a r then on h a ve a ppe a red t h e history of t he Acropolis a n d its

,

buildings h a s been m a de w idely kno w n o r a t le a s t the a s ce r ,

t a in m e n t of ex a ct infor ma tion h a s been m a de e a sy for a l l

interested in these s u bj ects T he m ore co m plete the list of
.

re cords the m ore i m por ta n ce do w e a tt a ch to a n y n e w docu m en t

,

referring directly to the Acropolis or the P a rthenon T h e t w o .

d r a w ings in the l ib ra ry of the l a te Sir T h o m a s Phillipps a t

T hirlst a ne House C heltenh a m here published give vie w s o f
, , ,

the Ac r opo lis in 1 6 8 7 .

T he m a in points i n the history of the P a rth enon (for this

e ver re m a ins the centre of interest on the Acropolis of Athens ) ,

a r e the follo w ing : After its co m pletion i n 4 3 8 it a ppe a rs to

h a ve re ma ined in its origin a l condition until it w a s turned into
a C hristi a n church a bout the m iddle of the fth century or th e

m iddle of the sixth a n d by peculi a r persistency of its or igin a l

,

dedic a tion to the virgin goddess of w isdo m it a ppe a rs to h a ve ,

been a t rst converted into a chu r c h of S t Sop h i a a n d t h en .

of the V i rgin M a ry T h e a lter a tions m a de chiey a ffected the

.

inte r ior of the te m ple T h e ent r a nce w a s tr a nspl a nted fro m

.

the e a st to the w est a n d a n a pse w a s built a t the e a st end

, ,

the roof w a s v a ulted in the interior a n d t w o niches w ere ,

pl a ced in the ty m p a nu m of the w este rn pedi m ent O ther

m odic a tio n s w ere m a de tho u gh on the w hole they d id not

,

m uch a lter t h e outer a ppe a r a nce of the building At the .

beginning o f the thirteenth centu r y it w a s converted fro m a

G r eek C a t h olic into a R o m a n C a tholic chu r ch a n d in 1 4 5 8 it ,

w a s tu r ned into a T urkish m osqu e T h e a l ter a tions in this .

c a s e w e r e a g a i n chie fl y in the interior w hile in the e xterio r ,

88 VI E WS O F AT H E N S IN T H E YE A R 1 687 .

t h is w onde r fu l te m ple w h ic h in t h i s w o r ld c a n never a g a in be ,

buil t up 1
It is w el l kno w n h ow Mo r osini cove ted t h e be a utiful
.

h o r ses fr o m t h e c h a r i o t of Athene in the w estern pedi m ent a n d ,

h o w t h e r opes by w h ic h th e v w e r e bei n g lo w e r ed s n a pped a n d t h e

m a r bles d a s h ed in t o a t h us a nd S plinte r s T h e ot h e r o ffice r s o .

too fou n d ple a su r e in t h ese w orks a n d w h a t eve r w a s h a n dy a n d ,

po r ta ble w a s c a r ried off a n d s o fr a g m ents of t h e P a rth enon ,

h a ve been found a t C openh a gen a t K a rls r u h e a t P a ris &c , , ,

.

But w h a t be a rs m ost upon t h e dr a w ings here p u blish ed is the

fa ct th a t a m ong t h e It a li a n o f cers t h ere w e r e m a ny of a n
a nti q u a ri a n bent w h o w rote let ters r eg r e tting the destruction of

the g r e a t w orks of a nti q uity a n d took notes a t the ti m e So m e ,

.
,

like Fr a ncesco Mu a zz o t h e Anony m ou s in the lib ra ry of St , .

M a rc s Ant B u l i fon e a n d Fr a nc F a n e lli s w rote a n d published

,
.
,
.
,

a ccou n ts w ith d r a w ings a n d pl a ns .

O n e of t h ese It a li a n ofcers under Moro s ini is m ost prob a bly

the a utho r of the m a nuscript book w hich I h a d the good fortune
of seeing in the libr a r y a t C h elte n h a m T h e nu m ber in S ir .

T ho m a s P hi lli pp s s c a ta logue 2 of MSS is T his s m a ll

'

8 v e m a nuscript book cont a ins in th e text noth ing of a r ch a e o

logic a l interest I t is the a ccount of a diletta nte It a li a n of th a t
.

a e of the m ythology of G r eece in a ve r y j uvenile style i n te r

g
spe rsed h e re a n d th ere w ith rough sk etches of so m e of t h e
r e m a ins h e s a w a n d those th a t a ppe a led t o hi s ,
t a ste T he .

m o s t i m por ta n t of these is th e folded d r a w ing gured in

1
S ee t h e D i a r y a nd L ette rs o f A n na c c on e rn i n g th e P a rt h e n on m a r les b .

A lr e r lij c l m , L a b rd
o e, i bi d . 11 .
p . 25 6 T his w as n ot t he c as e . T h e d ra w i ng s
3 4 9, als o Mi c h a e l i s i bid p 6 3
, . . . c hi
w e re e y o f b
m a r l e s i n t h e p os s es s i o n
2
C a l a Zn ls L t br or u m rll rm us cr ip of P v an el (e x 7 0 1! ( a vBe
p u i s t h e n ot e

to r u m i n s l zotlzeca P 12 i l l zpp zca c

'

.
g e n e ra ll y a d d e d ) , w hi h are n ow in
3
I l e d t o g o t o C h el te n h a m be
w as t h e L ou re vT he . c op i e s o f in s c ri p t i on s

cau s e m
y a t t e n t i on w a s d r a w n to N o . w ou ld
p e rh a p s be i n t eres t i n g t o an

7 0 1 0 i n t h e p r i n te d a t a l og u e D raw c e p i r a ph i s t
g T hi s i s s t i ll m or e t h e
. c as e

i n g s of Gr e e k s ta t u e s an d ins c
p t i on s i n ri w i th a n ot h er s et of MS S . N o . 1 7 36 9 .

t h e p os s e s s i o n o f M . F a u v e l , a t C on T h es e al s o c ame f ro m t he Gu il for d

s t a n t i n op l e , 8 c h S . . x viii . E x Bi l b . l i b rar y a n d a p p e ar e d t o m e t o be i n th e
Gu i l f rd
o .

Fau v e l w as c on s u l at s ame h a n d w ri t i n g as t h os e of N o . 70 1 9 .

A t h en s i n t h e t i m e o f L h oi s e u l ~Go u t e r s W ho c

t he a u t h or of t h es e op i e s w as
b
e m a s s y a n d w a s , a s fa r a s t h e P a r
b ec a m e qu i te c l ea r, w h en on t he b a c k of
t h e n on m a r b l es w e re c c on e rn ed , t he c
l e tt er p a p e r on t a i n i ng i n s r i p t i on s t h e c
ri v al of L
E lg i n or de r e ore t h ou h t
.

g I th f a d d r e s s A l la S u a B a e l S i n
g c
I V N or th . . .

b
i t n o t i m p os s i l e t h a t t h e s e d r a w i n s
g w as f
ou n d H e n o ou t a l s o op i e d
. d b c
c
m ig h t on t a i n s o m e n e w i n or m a ti on f t h e i n s c r i pt i on s i n N 0 7 0 1 9 . .
 VI E WS O F AT H E N S IN T H E YE AR 1 6 8 7 .
89

fa c si m il e a n d i n its origi n a l siz e h e r e

-
I t is a pl a n o f .

A th e n s w ith t h e P ir a e u s t h e t o w n cr ou chi n g a t t h e sid e o f ,

t h e A cr op olis t h e A cr op o lis its e lf w ith t h e P a rth e n on a n d t h e

, ,

T u rkish m i n a r e t n o t q u it e a cc u r a t e ly pl a c e d T h e cl e a r n e ss .

w ith w hi c h t h e p o siti o n o f t h e t ow n its di m e n si on s a t th at ,

ti m e a n d t h e e xt e n t of th e w a lls a r e r e pre s e n te d m a k e t h e
, ,

dr a w i n g o f r e a l v a l u e O th e r w is e th e r e is n othi n g n e w w hich
.

is n ot giv e n i n o th e r dr a w i n gs e sp e ci a lly th os e o f t h e V e n e t i a n ,

c a pt a i n of t h e e n gi n e e rs u n d e r Mor o si n i V e rn e da p u blish e d by , ,

L a b ord e i n his A th en es or e v e n t h e dr a w i n g p u blish e d by ,

P a paya n n a k is ,
a nd F L . e n or m a n t i n t h e Ga zette A r c/zeolog i qu e}
or t he p u blish e d by v on D u h n i n t h e [Mi tzi/L ei l a n g en t h e
on e ,
2

l a tt e r of w hich fa r su rp a ss e s o u rs w ith r e ga rd t o a rtistic n ish ,

th ou gh ou rs w ou ld c o m e n e xt i n this r e sp e ct S till t h e C h e lt e n .

h a m dr a w i n g y i e lds n o su ch a d diti o n a l i n fo r m a ti on a s w e g a i n
fr om t h e V i e w o f t h e r oo f o f t h e P a rth e n on a s giv e n i n t he
dr a w i n gs of t h e Mi tthei l u n g en a n d t h e Ga zette A r ch eolog zgu e

. .

Mr F e rg u s s on s th ry of t h e lighti n g of t h e P a r th e n on w h ich

3
. e o

h a s j u st b e e n p u blish e d m a y h a v e s o m e i n t e r e sti n g b e a ri n g ,

u pon t h e e l e v a ti o n i n t h e c e n t r e o f t h e r oo f i n v on D u h n s

dr a w i n g w h e r e thr e e s m a ll e p a i a a r e n otic e a bl e A p a rt fr om .

t h e fa ct m e n ti on e d a b o v e th a t e v e ry d oc u m e n t r e fe rri n g t o t h e
"

P a rth e n on b e for e its d e str u cti on is of i m p ort a n c e ou r dr a w i n g ,

r e c e iv e s a dditi on a l i n t e r e st fr om t h e titl e p a g e of t h e s m a ll -

b ook r e pr od u c e d in fa c si m il e i n t h e origi n a l sc a l e -
T his .

c on t a i n s a n oth e r V i e w of t h e A cr op olis a s a vig n e tte w ith a

a g y i n g fr om t h e F r a n c on i a n t ow e r a n d th e titl e w r i tt e n

,

i n t h e h a n d of th e a u th o r of t h e b ook : D es cr i tti on e D ell

A n ti chi tta D e A tten e m te D e R i ea u a r a L i 1 0 D ed em br e D el

'

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y e a r ; t h e a u th o r m u st th e r e fo r e h a v e n ish e d hi s pl a t e s o f t h e

A cr op olis i m m e di a t e ly b e for e t h e d e st ru cti on of t h e P a rth e n on ,

a n d w a s th u s a l m os t c e rt a i n ly o n e o f t h e foll ow e rs of Mo r o si n i .

CH AR L E S WAL D S T E I N .

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a s e ri e s o f o bj e cts o f m i n o r i m p ort a n c e w hich h a d hith e r t o

b e e n a w a iti n g id e n tic a ti on a r e i m m e di a t e ly s e e n t o c on n e ct
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a n ci e n t a r t is c on ti n u a lly be i n g e xhibit e d w ith a n e a r e r a ppr o a ch

t o c om pl e t e n e ss . T h e pr e s e n t a rticl e is a n a tt e m pt t o a dd
a n oth e r m i n o r w ork t o t h e list of st a t u e s a n d r e li e fs w hich

gr ou p th e m s e lv e s r ou n d t h e fri e z e of t h e G r e a t A lt a r o f
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d r a w n b a ck a littl e fr om h e r e n e m y : a n d w hilst h e rs e lf pr o t e ct e d
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w e a p on h e ld i n t h e right h a n d T h e p ositi on o f t h e h a n d .

r e stricts ou r ch oic e t o t h e sp e a r or t h e th u n d e rb olt A sp e a r is .

h e r m or e u s u a l w e a p on : bu t w h ilst for m e ch a n ic a l a n d o th e r
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92 AT H E NE AN D E N C E L AD U S .

c on sist e n t w ith th e dig n ity of t h e c om p ositi on A c on sid e r a bl e .

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w o rks c o n sists r a th e r i n si m il a rity o f styl e a n d i n tr e a t m e n t o f ,

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a d m iss ibl e t o o cc u py sp a c e w ith m e r e c o nj e c tu r e u n s u pp or t e d ,

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bl a ck gr ou n d ou t li n e s i n bl a ck i n n e r m a rki n gs fa i n tly tr a c e d
, ,

in re d .

H e r a kl e s p u rsu i n g t h e r obb e r C a c u s t h e h e r o is b e a rd e d
1 .
,

t h e li on s sk i n c o v e rs his h e a d a n d h a n gs d o w n h i s b a ck b e hi n d

i n his l e ft h a n d h e h olds h i s cl u b : h e str e tch e s ou t h is ri ght

h a n d t ow a r ds t h e r obb e r w h o i e s l ooki n g b a ck a n d str e tchi n g
, ,

ou t b o th his h a n ds t ow a rds hi m : t h e b e a rd a n d h a ir of C a c u s

a r e w hit e a n d sq u a lid dr a p e ry 1
is t w ist e d r ou n d his l oi n s b u t
, ,

t h e g u r e h a s b e e n r e t ou ch e d i n th e s e pl a c e s a s h a s a ls o t h e ,

g u r e of H e r a kl e s : b e t w e e n th e m [C h] a r m ide s K a l o s ; 2 r ev a . .

y o u thfu l b e a rdl e ss gu r e cl a d i n a m a n tl e w hich e n v e l ops his

h e a d a n d a r m s : h e l e a n s on his st a ff H . .

T his v a s e w hich is giv e n on pl a t e X XX is t h e s u bj e ct of t h e

, ,

pr e s en t m e m o ir i n w hich I sh a ll h op e t o sh ow : ( 1 ) th a t t h e
,

i n t e rpr e t a ti on of t h e sc e n e a s a b ov e d e scr ib e d is n ot e x a ctly

fe a sibl e ; ( 2 ) t h e p o siti on w h ich m y i n t e rpr e t a ti on w ou ld t a k e
i n t h e cycl e o f H e r a kl e a n l e g e n ds ; a n d ( 3 ) its c on n e cti on w i t h
c e rt a i n oth e r l e g e n ds of a si m il a r for m .

F irst I w ou l d offe r on e or t w o r e m a rks a b ou t t h e styl e a n d

,

p e ri o d of ou r v a s e W e h a v e s e e n th a t o n e si d e b e a rs t h e i n
.

scripti on C h a r m ul cs K al os ; n ow o f a ll t h e n u m e r ou s n a m e s
m e n ti on e d i n a si m il a r c on n e cti o n on v a s e s th a t of C h ar m i de s is
p e rh a ps t h e o n e of m o st fr e qu e n t occ u rr e n c e a n d i t m a y be ,

w o rth w hil e t o c on si d e r w h a t r e su lts m a b e obt a i n e d fr o m a

y
1
T hes e e re m od e r n i
r e s t or a t on s l l l t ll ha v e S inC e be e n cl eane d aw ay .
98 V AS E WIT H RE P R E S E N T AT I O N O F

'

sh e e r c a r e l e ss n e ss on th e a rtist s p a rt T h u s i n ou r v a s e t h e h a n ds .

a n d fe e t o f b oth g u r e s a r e t h e o n ly p o rti on s of t h e d e sig n

w hich b e tr a y a n a ct u a l w a n t o f n ish a n d c on tr a s t str a n g e ly ,

w ith t h e r e n e m e n t o f t h e m o d e ll i n g p o w e r displ a y e d thr ou gh

o u t t h e r e st of t h e d e sig n .

T h e r e is a p e c u li a r tr e a t m e n t of t h e e y e w h ich is c om m o n t o
a l l th e s e C h a r m i d e s v a s e s a n d w hich I h a v e n ot fou n d e ls e ,

w h e r e : it is o bs e r v a bl e i n t h e e y e of t h e H e r a kl e s o f ou r v a s e ,

t h e p u pil o f w hich is o f a n e x a gg e r a t e d siz e s o m u ch s o th a t ,

it n e a rly lls i n t h e e n tir e sp a c e o f t h e w hit e I n t h e i n s cr ip .

ti on w e a l w a ys h a v e t h e th u s a n d a p e c u li a r tr e a t m e n t of ,

t h e P ( m o r e lik e a A t u r n e d sid e w a ys) a n d of t h e A i n w hich ,

t h e cr o ssb a r is a l m o st w ith ou t e xc e pti on om itt e d T h e fa c t th a t .

t h e s e p e c u li a r m a n n e ris m s r e c u r on s o m a n y v a s e s of t h e s a m e
styl e i s I thi n k str on g e vid e n c e i n fa v ou r of t h e v a s e s b e i n g
, ,

t h e w ork of a n i n divid u a l a rtist I a m a a r e th a t a n a tt e m pt

w 1
.

ha s b ee n m a d e t o r e fe r this i n scripti on t o th a t C ha r m ide s

w ho w as t h e fa th e r of P h e idi a s : pr e s u m i n g th a t th e
e rs on a g e n a m e d on s o m a n y di ffe r e n t v a s e s w ou ld n eces
p
s a r ily h a v e b e e n a p e rs on a g e s om e w h a t c e l e br a t e d t h e w rit e rs ,

o n this s u bj e ct h a v e th ou ght th e m s e lv e s j u sti e d i n j u m pi n g

a t o n c e t o th is c o n cl u si on B u t th e r e n ee d be n o di fc u lty .

i n t h e m a tt e r if w e a ss u m e for t h e r e a s on s I h a v e giv e n th a t ,

a l l t h e C h a r m ide s v a s e s a r e fr om t h e s a m e h a n d ; t he n a m e
w as n ot a n u n c om m on on e ; a n d j u s t a s o u r m od e r n a rtists

i n m a n y c a s e s p u t t h e ir priv a t e m a rk on th e ir w orks ou r v a s e ,

p a i n t e r p u t th e n a m e of his fa v ou rit e a s a p osy w hich w ou ld ,

b e for h i m a pl e a s a n t w a y of r e c og n isi n g his o w n h a n di w ork .

I n e x a m i n i n g this v a s e cl os e ly I h a d b ee n str u ck by c e rt a i n ,

fa i n t i n dic a ti on s of a n i n scripti o n b esid e t h e h e a d of t he s e

c a ll e d C a c u s a n d a c a r e fu l cl e a n i n g of t h e e n tir e sc e n e c on r m e d
,

m y origi n a l r e a di n g for th e w ord S A q A w hich h a d e sc a p e d

, ,

n otic e hith e rt o n ow st a n ds ou t a s cl e a rly a s it is sh ow n i n P l a t e

,

XXX T w o oth e r a lt e ra ti on s a ls o c a m e a b ou t from this pr oc e ss :

.

t h e dr a p e ry w ith w hich t he w a ist of b oth g u r e s w a s s m e a r e d ,

a n d t h e w hit e p a i n t on t he h e a d o f C a c u s b oth t h e w ork of
,

s om e m od e r n r e st or e r dis a pp e a r e d w h olly T h e i n scripti on th e n

, .

l e a v e s u s n o r oom for d ou bt a s t o t he r e a l sc e n e r e pr e s e n t e d
1
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h e r e : t h e gu r e p u rsu e d by H e r a kl e s is c e rt a i n ly G e r a s t h e ,

p e rs on ic a ti on of O l d Ag e a n d i t m u st be a ll o w e d th a t i n t h e ,

l a n k for m t h e l e a n shr u n k e n li m bs a n d pi n ch e d e xpr e ssi on o f

, ,

t h e w ri n kl e d fa c e t h e a rtist h a s s u cc e e d e d i n pr od u ci n g a
,

s u f ci e n tly ch a ra ct e ristic if r e p u l siv e c on c e pti on o f his s u bj e ct

, , .

I t w ill be w e ll pr e s e n tly t o s e e h ow fa r this pict ori a l G e r a s

c orr e sp on ds w ith a n y si m il a r c on c e pti o n i n lit e r a t u r e .

A ll e g oric a l p e r s o n i c a t i on s i n G r e e k a r t th ou gh r a r e a r e by ,

n o m e a n s u n k n ow n ; i n d e e d w h e n w e r e a d t h e lists o f th e m i n ,

H e si od s T hcog on i a a n d oth e r w rit e rs w e a r e r a th e r str u ck by

, ,

th e ir c om p a r a tiv e sc a rcity fr om th e e a rli e r m on u m e n ts It is tru e .

,

E p t e F e a r @ 63 0 9 a n d T e rr or A e l u o e a r e
"
s u ch for m s a s S trife , , , , , ,

fou n d on c e rt a i n of t h e e a rly v a s e sc e n e s b u t i n th e s e p e r s on i c a ,

t i on s t h e a rtists a r e c on t e n t a s a r u l e t o pr e s e n t s om e t h i n g
o bvi ou sl y r e p u lsiv e w ith ou t g oi n g a n y d e e p e r i n t o d e t a ils w hich
,

w ou ld be ch a r a ct e ristic
1
W h e n w e c om e t o t h e ch e st of K yp s el os
.

a s d e scrib e d by P a u s a n i a s w e m e e t a fu rth e r d e v e l op m e n t ; o n on e

s id e h e s a y s w a s d e pict e d D ik e a n d Adi ki a i n a c on t e st b e t w e e n
, , ,

E t e ok l e s an d P ol yn e ik es Fa t e is p r e s e n t :a third sc e n e r e pr e s e n t e d
N igh t h oldi n g S l ee p a n d D ea th i n h e r a r m s I t s e e m s pr oba bl e .

tha t w ith t he i n tr od u cti o n of w riti n g this m e t hod of i n tr od u ci n g

a bstr a c t c o n c e pti on s i n a h a ph a z a rd w a y obt a i n e d pr oba bly

t o a gr e a t e xt e n t b e for e t h e n e c e ssity w a s fe lt for a ssig n i n g a

d e n it e a n d disti n ct cl othi n g t o th e on e a bstr a ct id e a l : a n d i n
fa ct w e s e e this p oi n t fu rth e r br ou ght ou t i n th e e a rli e r v a s e
s c e n e s w h e r e t h e s a m e m otiv e r e gu l a rly d oe s d u ty for a pl u r a lity
,

o f i n cid e n ts w hich a r e s e v e r a lly id e n ti e d on ly by th e ir i n

,

s cri p t i on s
2
L a t e r on a n i n cr e a s e d fa cility i n r e pr e s e n t a ti o n
.
,

w ou l d n a t u ra lly bri n g w ith it an a m biti o n t o l ay a sid e th e s e

pr ops a n d t o a ll ow t h e a rt t o t e ll its st or y i n its ow n

,

w a y ; t h e r e s u lt w hich w e sh ou ld a p r i or i e xp e ct
,
n a tu r a lly ,

foll ow s F r om this ti m e on w a r d p ers on i ca t i on s a r e of r a r e r

.

occu rr e n c e and a disti n ct id e a l is gr a d u a lly for m i n g its e lf

,

for s u ch c on c e pti on s a s still s u r viv e d W ith P olyg n ot os .

an d t h e v a r i e d r e s ou rc e s of c ol ou rs a n d skilfu l dr a w i n g a t

his disp os a l c om e s i n a g a i n a strivi n g a ft e r i n g e n i ou s

,

1
For th es e t y e s s e e Ge h a d, Gee p r r . T av .
Q .
, an d s e e Mu rr ay Gr eek S ca lp
,
.

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. . x ii . tu r e, p . 61 , an d Lu ck c
en b a h i n t h e
2
p ci
E s e al l y th e e a rl y C o n th an ri i J a hr b .
f ur cl . P hi l . Su ppl . ban d
i c
Aryball , f A nna lt del l I ns t 1 86 6 ,
.

. p . 5 04 .

H 2
1 00 V AS E W IT H R E P RE S E NT AT IO N O F

p e r s on i a t i on s , a n d c
this t i m e w ith m or e s u cc e ss i n t h e r e s u lt .

His w e ll k n ow n pict u r e of O k n e s i n t h e L e sch e a t D e lphi w ill

s u fc e t o ill u str a t e m y m e a n i n g : O k n e s s a ys P a u s a n i a s is , ,

r e pr e s e n t e d a s a g u r e w h o pl a its a r op e of str a w w hich a s h e ,

a s s is for e v e r e a ti n g .

I thi n k w e sh a ll be a bl e t o tr a c e a s om e w h a t c orr e sp on di n g
d e v e l op m e n t t a ki n g pl a c e i n G r e e k lit e ra t u r e ; I m e a n rst t h e , ,

str on g fe e li n g for p e rs on ic a ti on w hich obt a i n e d i n e a rli e r ti m e s ,

a n d w hic h a l m o st dis a pp e a ri n g b e for e t h e r o b u st p e ri o d of t h e

,

lyric p oe ts 1 c a m e i n a g a i n i n l a t e r lit e r a t u r e a s it h a d d o n e i n
,

ar t T h e g o ds o f H om e r w e r e fa r t oo h u m a n t o a ll o w of th e ir
.

e m b odyi n g a n y disti n ct a bs tr a ct q u a liti e s o f virt u e a n d vic e ,

g ood or e vil ; th e s e w e r e i n c on s e q u e n c e r e l e g a t e d w h e r e v e r it
w a s n e c e ss a r y t o v a g u e p e r s on i c a ti on s w hich w e r e r 0 23 ct p r a e
,

ter eu n ih i l T h e e n d o w m e n t of s e p a r a t e divi n iti e s w ith s e p a r a t e

.

s u p e rh u m a n q u a liti e s fo ll o w e d n a t u r a lly a s t h e r e s u lt o f t h e
h igh e r a n d p u r e r c on c e pti o n of t h e g ods of t h e ti m e of P h e i di a s ,

a n d t h e i n tr o d u cti on of n e w cr e a ti on s i n t h e spirit u a l w orld

w a s r e n d e r e d n e c e ss a ry by t h e P a n th e istic t e n d e n ci e s of l a t e r

Gree ce .

T h e r e is on e c u r i ou s d e t a il i n o u r v a s e w hich s e e m s t o p o i n t
t o its h a vi n g b e e n c o pi e d fr om s om e o th e r r e pr e s e n t a ti on o f t h e
s a m e sc e n e : H e r a kl e s h olds t h e cl u b i n h i s lef t h a n d w hich ,

h ow e v e r is dr a w n a s if it w e r e a r ig h t h a n d S u pp osi n g .

th a t i n t he origi n a l d e sig n t h e g u r e s h a d b ee n m ovi n g i n

t h e c on t r a ry dir e cti on w ith t h e ch e st of H e r a kl e s still
,

t ow a rds t h e sp e ct a t or t h e p ositi on of t h e cl u b a n d t h e h a n d
,

w ou l d be n e a rl y c orr e ct : it is c on c e iv a bl e th a t i n tr a n sfe rri n g

t h e a cti on fr o m right t o l e ft t h e a rtist m a y h a v e c o m m itt e d this ,

2
m ist a k e .

T his p ossibility is fu rth e r str e n gth e n e d by t h e fa ct th a t t h e

s a m e sc e n e o cc u rs on a bl a ck g u r e d v a s e w hich I sh a ll d e scrib e -

m o r e fu lly l a t e r o n : fr om t h e d e scripti on of it i n A r ch Z ett . .

xxxix p 4 0 t h e a cti on d e t a ils a n d t h e i n scripti on sA q

. .
, ,

s e e m t o be id e n tic a l w ith th o s e of o u r v a s e .

1
Cf . L cken b ch
u a , l oe . ci t , p . 56 4 . i c
d f u l ty in turn i ng ck f hi s
t h e ba o
2
I t m a y b e t h a t t h e or g n a l com i i g ur e to t h e s p ct
e a t or w h ich p i t a n e rs

p si i
o t on w a s i n t h e r ou n d , i n w h h a s e ic c un t il i
q u t e a l a te er o e p i d f lt ; c f .

t h s c j c tu
i on e re be c om es m ore p ro babl e . E n g e l m a n n i n t h e A n n a l i d el l I

ns t.
A c l p to w
s u r o u ld n ot f
e el the s am e 1 8 79, p24 2
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1 02 V AS E W IT H R E P RE S E N T AT I O N O F

s a n s t e e th s a n s e y e s s a n s t a st e s a n s e v e rythi n g
, ,
It i s tr u e , .

th a t H om e r sp e ak s o cc a si on a lly of ol d m e n a s u s e fu l i n
c ou n s e l b u t his m ost u s u a l vi e w o f K u yp bv y ijp a s a s w e ll a s
,
r '

th a t o f a l l G r e e k ti m e s is e xpr e ss e d i n H e si o d s w e ll k n ow n
,

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dict u m p ya u w v Bo v h a l 3e p a mv 6 13v 5 % yep dv r w v W e

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, , ,

s e e t his a l l t h r ou gh G r e e k lit e r a t u r e a n d h ist o ry ; i n H o m e r if ,

a m a n i n his a e ch a n c e s t o h a v e childr e n w h o a r e w illi n g a n d

g
a bl e t o pr o t e ct hi m o r if lik e N e st o r h e w e r e e xc e pti on a lly
, , ,

u s e fu l his d e cli n i n g y e a rs m ight c o m m a n d a c e rt a i n a m ou n t of

,

r e sp e ct ; if n o t his l o t w a s a w r e tch e d on e for th e r e s e e m s

, ,

t o h a v e b e e n littl e s e n s e o f r e sp e ct for a g e p er s e .

T h e s a m e s e n ti m e n t a ls o p e rv a d e s t h e L y ric p oe ts : P i n d a r
a nd T h e og n i s a r e for e v e r h a rpi n g on t his r e fr a i n th a t ,

ol d a e is a p e ri o d o f u n n e c e ss a ry disc om fort for th os e w ho

g

m u st o f n e c e ssity m e e t t h e c om m on fa t e of d e a th a n d th e y ,

c a n n ot n d w o rds i n w hich t o p a i n t it i n a su f ci e n tly r e p u lsiv e

pict u r e .

L a stly i n t h e P e rik l e an a g e a n d d ow n w a rds w h e r e v e r t h e

, ,

typic a l ol d m a n is t ou ch e d u p on it is q u it e a s oft e n fr om t h e ,

p oi n t of vi e w o f his w ea kn es s a n d g ueru l oa s ness a s of hi s ,

e xp e ri e n c e a n d s a g a city A rist op h a n e s fr e q u e n tly t a k e s t h e

.

O pp ort u n ity of h oldi n g u l d m t oppr bri u m w hil e t h e

p o e n o o ,

cli m a x of this a n i m u s is p e r h a ps r e a ch e d i n th e ch oru s i n

H er cu les F u r cns ( I w h er e t h e m is e ri e s of a g e a r e
.

d e pr e c a t e d w ith a n i n t e n si ty of fe e li n g w hich w e w ith ou r ,

m od e r n opi n i on s c a n h a rdly a pp r e ci a t e
, E v e n P l u t a rch 2
in . ,

pl e a di n g t h e c a u s e of O ld A g e sp e a ks o f 1 ) y exw ue vn n a k ed x a t ,

.

o r ts
p T . h e G r e e ks w ith th e ir k e e n a ppr e ci a ti o n o f t h e b e au tifu l
,

a n d l ov e of e nj oy m e n t w ou ld h a v e fe lt t h e l e ss scr u pl e i n
,

ridic u li n g a p e rs on ic a ti on w hich typi e d for th e m a c on diti on

o f life sig n if i n g d e str u cti on o f b e a u ty a n d l oss o f t h e w e r of
y p o

e nj oy m e n t .

W h e n ce th e r e for e c om e s this c u ri ou s p e rs on ic a ti on of Ge r a s
, ,

i n t o G r e e k m yt h ol ogy ? I h a v e l ook e d i n v a i n thr ou gh th e

m yth ogr a ph e rs w ith ou t n di n g s o m u ch a s a t r a c e of h i m i n this
for m bu t i n d e fa u lt of b e tt e r e vid e n c e I t h i n k a stu dy of s om e of ,

t h e typic a l ol d m e n of m yth ol ogy w ill thr ow light u p on his hist ory .

1
S ee th e i
a dm ra bl e t r an s l a t i on of th i s s ub e j ct .

th i chs oru s in Mah a fI y , c

S o i a l l if e i n 2
E l n p
'
ur e pgi n oA n evr e ov,

X . 4 .

Gr eece, p . 235, an d cf . Mah a tfv on

 H E R A K L E S A N D G E R AS . 1 03

I t is r e m a rk a bl e th a t i n a l l G r e e k lit e r a t u r e w e sh ou ld n d
n ot o n l y n o tr a c e o f a G e r a s i n t h e c on n e c ti o n h e r e giv e n ,

bu t sc a rc e ly a m e n ti on w hich c a n be p ositiv e ly r e fe rr e d t o a
e rs on ic a ti on o f A g e a t a l l L et u s exa m in e in o rd e r s u c h
p .

i n st a n c e s a s I h a v e b ee n a bl e t o c oll e c t .

A ct l n ti n s of Ge r a s or si m il a r fo r m s A s w e m ig h t
( )
1 u a m e o .

e xp e ct ,
w e n d i n t h e T h eog on l a o f H e si o d ( 1 a Ge ra s .

m e n ti on e d w h o is t h e o ffspri n g o f N i g h t
,

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Bu t this is a b a r e m e n ti on a n d fr u itl e ss a s fa r a s c on c e r n s ou r ,

p oi n t : a n d h e n c e for w a rd h e disa pp e a rs a s a r e a lly G r e e k p e r s o n

a lity fr om G r e e k lit e r a t u r e .

( 2 ) R om a n m yth ol ogy r e c og n iz e s S e n ec tu s a s a p e rs o n ic a ti on ,

bu t this is n o m or e th a n a n e m pty n a m e b orr ow e d p r ob a bly i n , ,

c om m on w ith m u ch of th e ir T h eog on y dir e ct fr om H e si od ,

.

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i s by V e rgil ( / E u v i 2 7 3 ) m a d e a spirit of h e ll a n d g iv e n a
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,

p o siti on i n t h e e n tr a n c e o f T a r t a r u s b e s id e L u c t u s a nd

Morbi .
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N e ith e r of th e s e p a ss a g e s h e lps u s m u ch ; t h e r e a r e c e r ta i n
o th e r dir e ct m e n ti on s of P w v a s a n 11 1 1 3 6 1 orna ti o n w h ich s h ou l d
p 1 .

n d a pl a c e h e r e th ou gh I s h a ll r e t u r n t o t h e ir c on sid e r a t i on
,

pr e s e n tly .

( 3 ) P a u s an i a s I I I x x i 8 s a ys a s foll ow s : T h e p e opl e of

.
, .
,

Gy th e i on a fr m th a t t h e ir city w a s fou n d e d by n on e a m o n g
m ort a ls bu t j oi n tly by H e r a k l e s a n d A p ol l o w h e n t h e y h a d m a d e
,

u p th e ir q u a rr e l for t he trip o d A n d hi m w h om t h e G y t l ze
a t a e c a ll G e r on s ay i n g th a t h e liv e s i n t h e s e a I fou n d t o be
, ,

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w h ich 1 w ill for c o n v e n i e n c e s a k e disc u ss l a t e r on S u f c e it t o .

n ot e h e r e th a t H om e r d oe s n ot m a k e u s e of t h e n a m e N e r e u s
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. at . D . III . 17 .
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t e m pl e t o h i m h e s a y s ( Vtt Ap oll V i v ) P rjp w q 0 5 v Baa/1 5 v . . . .

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R om a n lit e r a tu r e B u t th e r e a r e c e rt a i n p e rs o n a g e s w h o r e c u r
.

i n G r e e k m yth ol ogy i n w h o s e p e r s on i e a t i on s t h e ch a r a ct e r istic

of old a e for m s a n i m p ort a n t e l e m e n t N o w th e r e is on e p oi n t
g .

w h e r e i n ou r e xpl o it o f H e r a kl e s is sp e ci a lly n otic e a bl e a n d ,

w hich for m s a n o th e r c o n n e cti n g li n k b e t we e n th e s e m th s o f

y
old a e I n e v e ry o th e r c a s e o f a c on t e st b e t w e e n t h e h e r o a n d
g .

a h u m a n or divi n e g u r e his a n t a g o n ist d oe s n o t a s h e r e sh u n , , ,

t h e c on flict bu t a s A r e s G e ry on E ryx K y k n os a n d t h e G i a n ts
, , , , , ,

a dv a n c e s b oldly t o m e e t h i m T h e on l y c a s e s s o fa r a s I k n ow .
, ,

w h e r e H e r a kl e s a ct u a lly p u rs u e s a fl e e i n g g u r e a re in th e ,

sc e n e s w ith (A ) G e r a s ( B ) N e r e u s ( or T rit on or P r ot e u s for , , , ,

e a ch o f th e s e n a m e s is a ppli e d t o t h e h u m a n fo r m o f t h e s e a

g od i n this c on n e c t i on f ) a n d ( C ) H a d e s .

( A ) Ger a s : t h e r e pr e s e n t a ti o n s o f this p e rs on ic a ti on w ith

w hich I a m a cq u a i n t e d a r e th e s e :

( ) T h e British Mu s e u m v a s e t h e s u bj e ct o f this p a p e r
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A bl a ck g u r e d p e ltl e w h ich L os c h ck e m e n ti on s i n t h e
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as mi x/ o r 26, 28, 61, 204, an d F u r t w an g l el

3 t i
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. als o P i nd . I s th m . V .
(V I ) 1 . . B r o n ze] . zu O l ymp . p . 96 .
 1 06 V AS E W IT H RE P RE S E N T AT I O N O F

L os c h c k e l e a st giv e s u s a u th ority for a b e a rdl e ss sh a rp p oi n t e d

at ,
-

c h i n s u ch a s this .

6) Gr eg I I x v i 2 a
( E a rly v a s e w ith bl a ck g u r e s i n l m . . . . .

H e r a kl e s h oldi n g bow i n l e ft a n d br a n dishi n g cl u b i n righ t ,

h a n d spri n gs on a n u d e b e a rd e d g u r e w h o h a s fa ll e n on t h e
,

gr ou n d a n d offe r s n o r e s ist a n c e ; th is g u r e i s r e pr e s e n t e d a s
p a rti a lly b a ld w i th a h ook e d n os e a n d r e p u lsiv e gr ot e sq u e
, ,

fa c e .

( (
{f) l ) E tr u sc a n i n t a gli o i n British Mu s e u m A g u r e w ith .

a cl u b ( H e r a kl e s c r ou ch e s on t h e l e ft be sid e a w i n g e d a g e d
1
gu r e w h o m ov e s a w a y fr om h i m l ooki n g b a ck
, .

( B ) T he c a r i ou s D i vi n i ti es of th e S ea T h e s e s e e m n a t u r a lly .

t o divid e th e m s e lv e s i n t o thr e e typ e s v i z ,

.

( a ) P iscifor m i e a h u m a n b o dy (u s u a lly w ith w hit e h a ir )

,
. .

t e r m i n a ti n g i n a sh s t a il o f w h ich ty p e a s t h e i n st a n c e s of

, ,

it a r e v e ry n u m e r ou s it is s u fci e n t t o giv e h e r e t h e g e n e r a l ,

m o tiv e H e r a kl e s h a s t h r ow n hi m s e lf u p on t h e b ody o f his

.

victi m s o a s t o b e strid e it w hil e w ith b oth a r m s h e cl a sps it ,

r ou n d t h e w a ist .

2
H u m a n fo rm s h e r e t h e h e r o a dv a n c e s t ow a rds a h u m a n
g u r e w h o h a s w hit e h a ir is dr a p e d a n d c a rri e s u su a lly a , ,

sh .

( y) H v a li os G er on 1 V a s e p a i n ti n g ( bl a ck g u re d
) p
. u b .
-

l i s h e d i n Ge rh a rd A u s Va s N o cxxii ; a cl o s e ly dr a p e d gu r e . . . .

h oldi n g a p a l m ette st a n ds l ook i n g on a t a gr ou p of H e r a kl e s

ghti n g w ith K yk n os .

2 Br o n z e t a bl e t w ith r e li e f fr om O ly m pi a ( s e e A u sg r i v
.
, , . .

p .1 9 ) ; c on t e st of H e r a kl e s w ith a piscifo r m g u r e i n scrib e d

A M o e P p w v
"
.

3 . I n ta gl i o in Brit Mu s p u bl . . . R ev A r ch N S
. . . . x x v i ii .
,
P l 1 2, 1
. .

1
( n) ( t) . I n t h e A n na l i , 1 8 71 , T av. H era kl i
es s e z es w h te -h a i i r ed gu re w ho
F a r e d -g u re d v as e is p u bl s h e d w i i th , h ol ds a c pt
s e re an d s h an d is cl o s el y

on on e s id e, r i
I ph i k l e s l e a n n g t h e l yr e dr a p e d and Ge rh ar d , Ver zei ch n i s s d er
f rom L ines ; on t h e o t h er , H era l e s , k V 1 75 3 , kl s h l t d B g g s
H er a e a en o en e

b eh i nd w h om s ta n d s an ol d man , p t g g n P i d o ( F i ch d D i
an u e e os e n s un re

w r n i kl e d a n d s q u al id b es d e t h i i s l a tt e r za ck ) zu c h u t I A li s a .

n n na ,

g i i c ib d D E 1 8 78 T E i p bl i h d a v p i c tu e
u re s ns r e P F CDS O the , av . . s u s e ase r

w h i ch m y p h p s b a i gn d t t h i
er a e as s e o s
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g r ou : era es , s a u
m t
s ee i t m f rm f o su so e o o th e p er s on i up se t v as e t t ck s w i th a t i d t an
s, a a r en
c a t i on of Ger a s
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.

a e r u a
M C a ta l N 71 6 ,
.
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g . va s e in B . . . o.
 H E RAK L E S A N D GE R A S . 1 07

(C ) H a d es 1 rly E
H e r a kl e s A rg o s v a se ith sc e n e of

. . a w

A r ch Zei t 1 8 5 9 T a f cxxv p 3 4

i n t h e h ou s e o f Ha de s , . .
,
. . . .

H e r a kl e s c a rryi n g b o w a n d q u iv e r thr ow s a st o n e a t H a d e s w h o ,

h a s ris e n fr o m his thr o n e a n d e e s sc e ptr e i n h a n d l ooki n g , , ,

b a ck : b e t w e e n th e m is P e rs e ph on e H a d e s is r e pr e s e n te d a s .

a n ol d b e a rd e d g u r e cl o s e ly dr a p e d , .

2 Bl a ck g u r e d v a s e i n Mu s
.
-
Greg I I T a v lii 2 a . . . . . .

H e r a kl e s w ith cl u b a n d q u iv e r m o v e s t o w a rds a dr a p e d a g e d
g u r e ( H a d e s) w h o e e s l o oki n g b a ck : i n t h e sc e n e a r e a ls o ,

A th e n e P e rs e ph on e a n d C e rb e r u s
, ,
.

3 R e d g u r e d v a s e m e n ti on e d i n B u ll etti n o d elt I n s t A r ch

-
. . .

1 8 4 2 p 3 0 O n on e sid e is H e r a kl e s ch a i n i n g C e rb e r u s w h o

.
, , ,

h a s on ly on e h e a d : on t h e o th e r a n o l d m a n ( H a d e s ) c o v e r e d ,

w ith a n a m pl e m a n tl e a n d c a rr y i n g a st a ff s e e m s t o a cc o rd t o ,

t h e h e r o t h e p ow e r o f c a rry i n g off t h e d og o f h e ll

.

I thi n k w e sh ou ld b e a r i n m i n d th a t t h e p e r s on i c a t i on s of
H a d e s a n d P l u t o th ou gh c oi n cid e n t u p t o a c e rt a i n p oi n t a r e
, ,

r e a lly s e p a r a bl e a t a n
y r a t e i n p oi n t of ti m e,
Ha d e s se em s t o .

be t h e e a rli e r typ e i n g e n e r a l u s e of w hich t h e pl a c e w ith c e rt a i n ,

m odic a ti o n s w a s ll e d i n l a t e r m yth ol ogy by P l u t o A ll t h e .

a b ov e sc e n e s b e a r tr a c e s of t h e i n u e n c e of a n e a rly tr e a t m e n t ,

a n d th ou gh ( 3 ) is a r e d u r e d v a s e it m ll h a ve be en

a w e -
g y ,

c opi e d fr om a v e ry m u ch e a rli e r w ork o f a r t I n e a rly m e n ti on s

1
.

of this g od a s i n e a rly r e pr e s e n t a ti on s sc a n t c ou rt e sy is a cc ord e d

, ,

t o h i m a s if h e w e r e a n e vil spirit a bds er Gei s t w h o is a t e n m ity

, , ,

w ith m a n ki n d a n d e v e n w ith t h e o th e r g o d s : th u s i n H om e r
,

( I t .V 3 9 5 ) H
. e r a kl e s w o u n ds hi m w ith a n a rr o w a n d in P in da r ,

( 0 t ix. 2 9 ) t h r.e a t e n s h i m w ith a cl u b

2
V e ry di ff e r e n t is this .

t o t h e k er a s b e a ri n g g od o f e a rli e r a r t or t o th e c on c e pti on of t h e
-
,

l a t e r P l u t o t h e p ow e r fu l g od of E l e u sis : it is p o ssibl e th a t a
,

m or e r e n e d c o n c e pti on o f t h e u n d e r w o rld m a y h a v e c o m e i n
si m u lt a n e ou sly w ith a m or e r e v e r e n t h a n dli n g of t h e g o ds i n a r t
a n d lit e r a t u r e a n d this t e n d e n cy m a h a v e b e e n still fu rth e r
y ,

i n u e n c e d by t h e P l a t on ic phil os ophy : a n i n script i on p u blish e d

i n th e R ev A r ch N S x i v p 6 2 s e e m s t o r e e ct this disti n ctly
. . . . . .

o i) [ca /e ds e a r Ai da s n a xx pr t sts

(

3
t dt f ve for P l a t e K l

)
-
r a ty o e
p , ,
. . .

1
T he i
s n g l e -h ea de d C er beru s i s ev i w i th o th e r de t ii e s : s ee J a h n , A r ch .

d en ce in f v a ou r of th i s . A uf s . p . 52 .

2
H e is s om e t im es in a n ta
g on s m i 3
Cf . Mau ry , H is t des Re l
. . iii . 436 .
1 08 V AS E W IT H R E P RE S E N T AT I O N O F

ag a i n st this c on c e pti on of t h e g od o f t h e u n d e r w orld a s a

for m id a bl e d e ity 1
.

W e sh ou ld m or e o v e r n a t u r a lly e xp e c t th a t c on t e sts of a h e r o
w ith g o ds w o u ld p er s e sh ow i n t e r n a l e vid e n c e of a n e a rly
, ,

p e ri od ; w e n d th e s e c on t e sts i n e a r l y a r t a n d lit e r a t u r e w hich ,

dis a pp e a r a m idst m a t u r e r e t h ic a l c on diti on s ; th u s P i n d a r O l .

ix 3 0 .

i
-
p a /ch ne o /c ti r a k o v r i v a fe Xep a
'
77 63 9 d v ptcB r oe H ovr
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i

ii i/ m du ct } H uh o v o r a e l s ifp e ede I l o a e t dd v

'
iyp et d v a w ci p yvp e cp r o frp n ok eu i w v
' '

'
r
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0 133 :
A L Ba e ci /c t mj r c w exe pel t
' ' '

H e r e t h e h e r o c on t e n ds w ith t h r e e g o ds P o s e id on A p oll o , , ,

a n d Had es i n t h e K yk n os l e g e n d h e is on ly st opp e d by Ze u s
fr om e n g a gi n g w ith A r e s : th e s e a n d si m il a r c on t e sts a r e qu it e
i n t h e spirit o f t h e w o rldly c on c e pti on o f t h e g o ds o f H o m e r
w h o m i x i n th e q u a rr e ls a n d a r e w ou n d e d w ith t h e w e a p on s , ,

o f m ort a ls It s e e m s pr ob a bl e th a t w h e n th e s e m yths w hich a

.
,

l a t e r a rt w ou ld d e e m irr e v e r e n t dis a pp e a r s om e m odic a ti on of , ,

t h e d e t a ils a d a pt e d a n d c ol ou r e d t o s u it c on t e m p o r a ry id e a s
w o u ld t a k e t h e ir pl a c e : a n d s o it c o m e s t h a t l a t e r a r t p u ts ,

3
C e rb e r u s or T h a n a t o s or C h a r o n i n t o t h e p l a c e of H a d e s a n d
, , ,

T rit on o r a si m il a r fo r m i n t o t h a t of P o s e id on : it m a y b e th a t
ou r G e r a s m yth i s a ls o a ffe ct e d by s om e s u ch pr o c e ss of
d e v e l op m e n t t o w h ich T i t h on o s a n d si m il a r for m s w ou ld ow e
,

th e ir e xist e n c e .

R e tu rn i n g t o ou r thr e e m a i n typ e s of G e r a s N e r e u s a n d , , ,

H a d e s w e s h a ll s e e th a t i n c e rt a i n p oi n ts th e y b e a r a r e m a r k a bl e
,

si m il a rity t o on e a n ot h e r : th a t th e s e gu r e s a r e a ll p u rsu e d by
H e ra kl e s w e h a v e s e e n : th e y a r e a ll r e pr e s e n t e d a t o n e ti m e
,

or a n o t h e r a s h a vi n g w hit e h a ir a n d o f gr e a t a g e T h e l a tt e r .

id e a w ou ld p e rh a ps r e s u lt fr om t h e fo r m e r : a ssu m i n g t h e a t tr i
b u t i on o f w hit e h a ir a s su it a bl e t o t h e c on c e pti o n o f t h e h oa ry

s e a a w h it e h a ir e d p e rs on ic a ti on o f t h e s e a w ou ld n a t u r a lly l e a d
,
-

t o a s u gg e sti on of a g e O ld a g e a n d d e a th a r e n a tu r a lly n e a r .

1
Cf R b t Th . t op 3 2 tc er 16 ;
,
d th c t s t f H
a na os , kl a d .
, e .
,
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a d B a k h C I 1 0 6 7 2 1 5 %X p A p ll f
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st g i
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1 880 p 2 1 6

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1 8 5 9 p 3 4 Br , .G K u tl I p
, un n , r . ns . . .
1 10 R E P RE S E N T AT I O N O F H E R A K L E S A N D G E R AS .

be sch e w e d by m a t u r e a r t a n d lite r a t u r e w ou ld h e lp t o a cc ou n t
e

for i t s a l m ost t ot a l dis a pp e a r a n c e i n l a t e r ti m e s A s u gg e sti o n .

o f it h o w e v e r s e e m s t o r e a pp e r
a i n t h e a n n o f
ssig e t H e b e t h e
m 1
,

p e rs on ic a ti on of y ou th a s t h e brid e of th e H e r o of w h om ,

H e si od s a ys T heog 9 5 0 , .

c
i s I tl p a /elt ij o e
va i et d n rju a vr o e l d y rjp a o e u a r a d vr a

xa n .

C E CI L S MI T H .

1
C f Ke . k u l e, c c, p . 9, etc. T h er e r ip !
'
gur
H pa u Ae ov s

. Th i s s tr an g e e

is a p a s sage in L ciu an ( LV .

H p a n As , l d by t h
ea s gr t c m p y f e c ars a ea o an o

1 ) w h i ch is a c i
u r ou s c o mm e n t u p on p p l by g l d c h i w h i c h i
eo e, o en a ns s sue

ou r v s th
a e e a u t h or t h e r e d es c i be
r s a f m hi m th T h xp l t i g i v
ro s ou . e e an a on en

l t i c d i v i i ty c i th i t t ib t th p w r f

Ke n w ho is al l ed 0 7 14 7 0 3 , s th K l t s e e s a r u e e o e o

bu t w h o is a. r
s t an g e m ixt u re of th e l q
e o u enc lg t t H m b t t
e, o os , n o o er es , u o

k typ of
Gre e e H er a kl es w i th th a t o f a H kl ;
er ad i c p 6 A67
es { an s n e
'
o u os 0: 1!

p o i c t i o
er s n a n of
O ld Ag e I epw v e o r l v

wi pe
; (po m?

e vr e A e

m de fx vv a da t

a v r oi s 7 2) E a x a r o u dua qi a h a ur fa s , a n d:
'
dx pxriu , i t i s n a t u r al t h a t t hi s yp e t of

d t 3 5 3 6 a ; Aa n r a l r a w r p i x i v, n e d: H er a kl es s h ou l d i cl
n ude a c c pt i
on e on
'

7 0 8 5pm ; K a i S t a k ex a vne uos r d a d du of Ge r as a s w el l . S ee L on gp e ri e r in t h e

r a r ov O i u i e i a w o i O a Aa r r ovp yol y p ow e s
' '
R ev . Ar h c . 1 8 4 95 0 , p . 3 8 8 , for t h e

# 8). o 6 % X ci pw v o .


)
r

I a n er v 7 1m 7 531! d er iv ti a on of rd as a K el t ic wo

n or a
p
'
ra p fw u, Ka l n dvr a r a d e r!
e 7)
bu t I h s o ul d l m t b t m pt d t l k
a os e e e o oo
'
H pa K A e a
'
( l uau 3 w i da era s
e n


A AAd u p on it a sa Gr k form c o ee c t d w i th nn e e

I ta l r oro iJr o s
- dw { X6 1 3] t . r ipe '
O K GU 1 V ) the K auai} y p of Ar c hi l 9 1 a os . .
 A P R E -H I S T O RI C B UIL D IN G A T S A L AMI S . 11

T H E foll ow i n g p a p e r ow e s n othi n g to m y hand bu t i ts E n glish

dr e ss .

Its a u th or a y ou n g G e r m a n g e n tl e m a n h a s b e e n e n g a g e d for
, ,

n ear ly thr e e y e a rs p a st i n c on d u cti n g u n d e r m y dir e cti on w ith ,

fu n ds s u ppli e d by t h e ki n d n e ss o f Mr C T N e w t on a n d h is . . .

fri e n ds e xc a v a ti on s a t di ffe r e n t p o i n ts i n C ypru s His e n t h u s i

,
.

a s t i c a n d i n t e llig e n t w ork h a s yi e l de d m a n y i n t e r e sti n g a n d I ,

h op e s om e v a l u a bl e r e s u lts .

H e d e scrib e s h e r e a p r e hist oric m on u m e n t c om m on ly c a ll e d

-
,

t h e T om b of S t C a th e ri n e a t S a l a m is n e a r F a m a gu st a
.
, , .

T h e bu ildin g n e a r L a rn a c a k n o w n a s th e H a gi a P h a n e r om en e
w a s fu lly l a i d b a r e l a st y e ar a n d d e scrib e d i n t h e A r ch d ol
, .

Zei tu ng B e rli n 1 8 8 2 p 3 1 3 I n th e m osqu e on t h e w e ste r n

, , , . .

e dg e o f t h e S a lt L a k e a t L a r n a c a k n o w n a s t h e U m u l H a r e m
- -
, ,

or H a l it e S u lt a n T e k e is y e t a n oth e r lik e str u ct u r e c om p os e d

, ,

of t w o st o n e s w hich s u pp ort a th ird g ig a n tic bl o ck h oll o w e d ou t ,

on t h e u n d e r sid e T h e s e thr e e st on e s s o ru n s t h e l e g e n d
.
, ,

tr a ns p or te d th em s e lv e s fr om Ra m l e h t o J a ffa a n d th e n c e oa t e d ,

a cr oss t o th e ir pr e s e n t sit e t o fo r m a w o rthy t om b for t h e fost e r

m oth e r of t h e P r oph e t w h o di e d on t h is sp o t
,
I a m q u ite s u r e .

t h e b u ildi n g w ou ld be fou n d of th e s a m e a g e a n d c on stru cti on

a s t h e t w o a lr e a dy m e n ti o n e d bu t t h e s a n ctity of t h e shri n e
, ,

a n d t h e h a n gi n gs w hich a d or n i t pr e v e n t e x a m i n a ti on or
,

m e a su r e m e n t .

C L AU DE DE L A V AL CO B H A M.

LARN A C A , Ap r i l 1 6 , 1 88 3 .
112 A P RE -H IS T O RI C B UIL D IN G AT S A L A MI S .

A P RE ~ HI S T O RIC BUI L D IN G AT S A L A MI S .

T H Eci e n t b u ildin g w hich I pr op o s e t o d e scrib e o n e of t h e

an ,

m ost i n t e r e sti n g o f its ki n d i n C ypr u s a n d t h e E a st h a s b e e n ,

c a s u a lly m e n ti on e d by A P di C e s n ol a (S a l a m i n i a p 2 1 8 8 2 ) . .
, .
,

a s a w a ll ; p e rh a ps a p a rt of t h e a n ci e n t w a ll b ou n di n g t h e

i n t e ri or a r e a o f t h e h a rb ou r a n a rchit e ct u r a l t op ogr a phic a l , ,

a n d g e o l ogic a l i m p ossibility By R H L a n g ( C yp r u s 1 8 7 5 . . .
,

p 2 5 ) a s a C ycl op e a n r u i n By U n g e r a n d K ot s ch k y w h o a dd
.
.
,

t o a n i n su fci e n t a cc o u n t a n i n diffe r e n t dr a w i n g ( D i e I n s et
C yp er n W i e n 1 8 6 5 p
, ,
b u t w ith gr e a t e r j u dg m e n t
,
.
, ,

d e scrib e it a s a C ycl op e a n w e ll t e m pl e L R oss (D en lcm aler u

'

. . .

F or s chu n g en A r ch Zei t u ng A pril 1 8 5 1 p 3 2 8 ) c a lls it a

,
.
, , .

P h oe n i ci a n t om b c p L P di C e s n ol a C yp r u s p 1 7 1 G e r m a n
,
. . .
, , .
,

e dit . R P oc ock ( 1 7 4 5 I I 2 1 7) sp e a k s of it a s a ch a p e l b u ilt

.
,
.

of thr e e st on e s t h e fou r sid e s c on sisti n g on ly o f t w o st on e s

, ,

a n d i t is c o v e r e d w i t h a third w hich is a n g u l a r a t th e t o p If , .

I m ist a k e n ot I m a y s a y this S a i n t ( C a th er i n e) w a s b u ri e d i n
, ,

this ch a p e l a n d th e r e s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n a t om b i n it
,
I .

b e gi n by e xpl a i n i n g m y dra w i n gs m a d e w ith gr e a t c a r e on t he ,

sp o t ; e v e ry st on e w a s m e a s u r e d a n d r e d u c e d t o sc a l e I t d e n o t e s , .

r ock I II m a s on ry S e e P l XXXI I I
, . . .

T h e w a lls of t h e l a rg e r ch a m b e r a r e b u ilt u p of st on e s t h e ,

sm a ll e r ch a m b e r i s cu t o u t of t h e livi n g r ock on e i m m e n s e ,

st on e E is visibl e b o th w it h i n a n d w ith ou t b o th ch a m b e rs fo rm ,

i n g i n t h e l a rg e r a p a rt o f t h e c o r n ic e i n t h e s m a ll e r a p a rt of ,

t h e e n tr a n c e w a ll E li e s on t h e r o ck R
- 1
. o u t o f w hich t h e ,

r ou n d a rch d o or D b e t w e e n t h e t w o ch a m b e rs a n d t h e n ich e
2
,

N a r e ou t A s t h e w h ol e b u ildi n g is n ow l ook e d on by C hristi a n

.

C ypri ots a s t h e ch u rch of S t C a th e ri n e of w hich t h e r ock r oom .

,
-

H 1
,
H 5
is t h e s a n ct u a ry w orshipp e rs pu t m on e y a n d c a n dl e s i n ,

b o th t h e i n n e r ch a m b e r a n d t h e n ich e T h e c u st om m a y h a v e .

b e e n of P a g a n o rigi n or p e rh a ps t h e n ich e i n w hich a m a n ca n

, ,

sit c om fort a bly w a s t h e p o st o f th e g u a rd w h o w a tch e d t h e

,

i n n e r r oo m .

T h e di m e n si on s a r e a s foll o w s n e a rly : ou t e r c h a m b e r l e n gth , ,

3 6 fe e t br e a d t h 1 8 fe e t h e ight 1 9 %fe e t ; i n n e r ch a m b e r l e n gth

, , ,

1 4 fe e t br e a dth 7 fe e t h e ight 8 fe e t
, , .
1 14 A P RE H -
I S T O RI C B UIL D I N G AT S A L A MI S .

ir r eg u l a r iti e s i n t he d e t a ils of t he w ork T h e w e l l is n ot i n t h e .

m iddl e of t h e r oom its e dg e s a r e n ot e q u a l n o m or e is t h e

,

d oor fr a m e H e r e t oo t h e c or n ic e is l ow e r by ve t o s ix i n ch e s
.

at C
1
a n d l o w e r t oo a t C
,
2
th a n a t C 3
By M a n d M (s e e
1 2
.

t h e gr ou n d pl a n a n d F i g 6 li n e 07 ,
6 ) o n e m ight thi n k
.

th a t t h e b u ild e r rst pr op os e d t o a dd t w o oth e r r oom s bu t ,

a b a n d on e d t h e id e a and a ft e r h a v in g c u t t h e l ar g e st on e s
,

ll e d u p t h e i n te rv a ls M a n d M w ith s m a ll e r ston e s a n d
1 2
,

2
p rh a ps for t h e s a m e r e a s on c or n ic e s C a n d C a r e n ot e qu a l
e 1

t o c o r n ic e C 3

T h e h u g e st on e s a r e a d m ir a bly tt e d t og e th e r w ith ou t c e m e n t ,

w hich is on ly u s e d a t t h e d oo r w a y a n d t he st e p c on str u cti o n -

,

a n d i n t he w a lls e vid e n tly r e p a ir e d or r e b u ilt w hich pr oj e ct

, ,

a b ov e t h e gr ou n d a t P T h e j oi n ts a r e sc a rc e ly visibl e
. T he .

b a rr e l v au lt t oo is c on str u ct e d w ith w o n d e rfu l e x a ct n e ss ; e a ch

c ou rs e e xc e pt t h e m iddl e on e h a s t w o k ey st on e s T he e n or m ou s
, , .

bl ocks of st on e m u st h a v e b ee n rst h e w n a n d tt e d t og e th e r ,

t h e j oi n ts r u n n i n g a s n e a rly a s p ossibl e i n t h e li n e s of t h e fo ur
w a lls t h e i n t e rv a ls be m ll e d i n w ith s m a ll e r s t one s T h e
, g .

st on e s of t h e v a u lt w e r e l e ft r ou g h ou tsid e w ithi n th e y w e r e ,

m ost c a r e fu lly d r e ss e d s o a s t o sh ow i n s e cti on a p e rfe ct s e m i

,

circl e S e cti on a B F ig 4 s h ow s th a t o n ly thr e e st on e s i m

.
-
, .
,

m e di a t e ly a b ov e t h e c or n ic e giv e a l e n gth of 3 6 fe e t i n sid e ,

a n d o v e r 3 7 fe e t ou tsid e .

F i g 8 sh ow s a si n gl e bl o ck r e a chi n g t o t h e si n gl e k e yst on e ;
.

h e r e a di a m e t e r of 1 6 ft 8 i n is v a u lt e d a cr oss by thr e e . .

st on e s .

T h e w a lls pr oj e cti n g a b ov e g rou n d on t h e sh or t er s id e s P r a re ,

cl e ar ly of a l a t e r p e rh a p s C hristi a n e p och b u ilt u p of s m all e r

, ,
'
s t on e s a t P r irr e g u l a r a t P r m or e r e g u l a r ; a t P r
, , is the pr e s e n t
e n tr a n c e thr ou gh a h ol e m a d e i n t h e w a ll a b ov e gr ou n d
, A .

r ou gh st a ir w a y om itt e d i n t h e pl a n s c on d u ct e d d ow n i n t o t h e
, ,

b u ildi n g S e e P l X X X I V -l T he s m a ll e r r ock ch a m b e r is
. . .

c ov e r e d by a n e n or m ou s m on olith T h e b u ild e rs rst br ou ght .

t h e bl ock i n t o its pl a c e sq u a ri n g on ly th os e p a rts of t h e m on olith

,

a n d t h e liv e r o ck w h e r e th e s e t ou ch e d e a ch oth e r T h e n fr om .

w ithi n th e y h e w e d a n d h oll o w e d b o th bl o ck a n d r ock till fr om

t h e t w o th e y h a d giv e n t h e ch a m b e r a p oi n t e d r oo f T h e u pp e r .

s u rfa c e of a l l th e s e st on e s w a s l e ft r ou gh T h e sp ot w a s n o .

d ou b t ch os e n a s w e ll for t h e e xc e ll e n t sp ri n g a s for t h e n at u r a l ,
 A FE E -
H I S T O RI C B UIL D IN G AT S ALAMI S . 115

sa ndstone rock w hich crops up he re lik e a n isl a nd a n d out o f ,

w hich the i nn e r ch a m be r w a s he w n .

T h e sketches 1 to 7 Pl XXX I V sho w a m ost interesting

, . .
,

series of the e a rliest C yp riot buildings erecte d by t h e s a m e r a ce ,

w hich built the hypog a e a o f Mycen a e T he m ost perfect in .

develop m ent is this building a t S a l a m is .

T he step or pyr a m id construction re m inds us of B a byloni a n

w ork T h e a rchitect m a y h a ve w ishe d to i m it a te in its
.

exterior a ppe ar a nce the to m bs of X y loty m bo (N os 4 a n d .

T h e spect a tor w h o w ondered to see the s a m e step for m a tion

w ithout the covering of e a rth w hich prese r ved the equilibr iu m

in those of Xyloty m bo w a s still m ore a stonished to find the

,

i mposing pyr a m id a l roof upborne by a v a ul t of giga ntic stone

blocks .

I believe the building to belong to a T e m enos w hich w a s in ,

co m m unic a tion w ith one of the princip a l g a tes i n the w estern

w a ll of S a l a m is through a line of ruins stre w n w i th fr a g m ents ,

of colu m ns a n d blocks of gr a nite a n d m a rble O n this r o a d I

,
.

found in 1 88 0 t w o fr a g m ents of inscriptions of the Ptole m a ic

e ra . West w a rds of the T e m enos lies a high tu m ulus w hich ,

L P di C es n ol a professes to h a ve e xc a v a ted to its b a se

. . .

South w ar ds I found pieces of sta tuettes pointing to a sa nctu a ry ,

there of Aphrodite C ybele B et w een the tu m ulus a n d our

-
.

C yclope a n building is a clu m p of trees Z i zyp hu s S p i n a C hr i s ti , ,

e a sily confounded w ith the s a cred L otus tree Z i zy/p hu s L otu s , .

T hese a r e still held in reverence both by Mosle m a n d

C hristi a ns w h o a r e restr a ine d fro m i nj uring the m by fe a r of St
,
.

C a therine s w r a th ; only once a ye a r br a nches a re cut fro m

the m for the E a ster bon fi re .

I n the sketch Pl a te XXXI V ar e seen tr a ces of other w a lls .

run n ing south w a rds a n d a sm a ller C yclope a n structure not yet

,

exc a v a ted .

I n a fe w w ords I w ill s ay w h a t I believe to h a ve been the

purpose a n d use of the building .

1 A S pring or w ell house

.
-
.

2 A te m ple or s a nctu a ry perh a ps a lso a to m b

.
,
.

3 A tre a sure house a n d pl a ce of refuge in ti m es of w a r

.
,

or trouble .

T h e doors (the princip a l door cert a inly) could be closed o n ly

fro m w i t hin T he in m a tes then m ust h a ve been w a tching a
.

I 2
116 A P RE -
H I S T O RI C B UIL D I N G A T S ALAMI S .

tre a sure I found ne a r the building a fr a g m ent a r y inscription

,

be a ring the letters T A ME l or b a r ric a ding the m selves fr o m

a n ene m y M a ny a m osque a n d chu r ch i n the E a st h a s se r ve d

.

in its d a y for so m e or a ll of these use s .

I need not d w ell on th e obvious rel a tions of the building

a t S a l a m is to t h e h ypog a e a of Greece Adler m a y see in .

t h e m only kingly to m bs : but the lively t r a dition w hich c a lls

the m t r e a su r ies toget h e r w ith t h e n a tu r a l tness for such a
,

purpose of t h e s m a ll r ock he w n inner r oo m s w h ich occur in -

the s o c a lled t r e a sury of Atreus a n d in this s o c a lled to m b of

-
,
-

St C a therine m ust be a llo w ed its w eight

.
, .

T o m e it is e a sier to believe the m tre a suries ; cert a inly the

building a t S a l a m is w a s not a to m b only D e a d m e n c a nnot .

close a door .

MAX O H N E FAL S C H RI C H T E R .

L AR N AC A , C r r nu s , Ap r il 1 883 .

B U I L D I N G S F I G U RE D ox PL . X XXIV .

1 . c
S e ti o n of b er of t he s o c al l e d c h a p el of the H ag i a P ha n e
th e i n n e r ch am -

r om e n n e ar L a rn a c a
e, T h e d om e d va u l t a m on ol i t h r ou g h l y h l l ow e d
.
,
o .

2 S e c t i on of t h e ou t er c ha m b er of th e H P h an er om en e t h e va ul t a m on ol i th
. .
, ,

r u d el y h ew n .

3 S m al l er c h a m b e r o f t h e s o c all e d H a g i a C a th r i n a n ea r S a l a m i s
.
- Pa r t of a ,
.

t h e w a l l i s for m e d by t h e l i ve r oc k t h e vau l t a m on ol i t h .

4 S e c t i on of a t om b n ea r Xy l oty m b o
. .

5 S e c t i on of a n oth e r t om b n e a r Xy l oty m b o
. .

6 T o m b (n ow d e s t r oy e d ) i n a g a r d en a t O ld L a r n a c a
. T e n s t on es ve a n d .
,

v e for m d t h e r oof
, e .

( ) S e c t i on of b r ea d th
a .

b
( ) A p ar t o f t h e r oo f a s s ee n fr om w i t h i n s h o w i,
n g t h e j u n c t i on s of
,

th e s l a b s .

(c ) S t on s of r oof e .

7 S e c t i on of t h e l a r g e r c h am b er of th e s o c a ll e d H C a th a r i n a
. - . .
1 18 AN T E F I X E S FRO M T AR E N T U M .

T his Medus a type ha s m ore bre a dth a n d gr a ndeur th a n a n y

other of these a n t e x e s kno w n to m e I t is the cul m in a ting .

point of a se r ies of t h is subj ect I obt a ined a t T a rentu m .

co m plete speci m ens of t w o h isto r ic a lly previou s st a ges a n d a ,

fr a g m ent of a thi r d T he fir st the w el l kno w n e a rliest

.
, ,

g r otesque tongue prot r uding type of Go r gon is on a thin a t

, , ,

til e rounded a t t h e top but w ithout the ordin a r y a n t e x a l

, ,

p roj ection behind T h ough b a r b a rous it is very decor a tive in

.

gener a l e ffect T o it succeeds the type of w hich I kno w only a

.

fr a g m ent but the severely m odelled a n d m a g nicent sn a kes of

,

this fr a g m ent a n d the corner re m a ining of th e m ou th sho w th a t

t h e w hole m ust h a ve been very ne a n d m ore th a n a n y of the , ,

others illustr a tive of the Aeschyle a n Bp a x ovr a M L P O p YO VGQ:

,

'

'
a n d of the k o v s ( be a v v of Apollodorus Another

e
y y a r
,
.

gentler type si m il a r to th a t on v a ses of the nest ti m e w ith ,

quietly m a ssed h a ir follo w s ; then th a t sh o w n in the pl a te

, .

T h e be a rdless he a d of P a n in the pl a te see m s so m e w h a t l a ter

in style I t is w irier a n d m ore e m otion a l T he incised pupils
. .

a n d iris of the eye a re re m a rk a ble but not singul a r in T a rentine ,

a rt . Much in this he a d is curio u sly re m iniscent of the Medus a ;

the m outh the pointed e a rs incredibly set on repl a cing the
, ,

recurved sn a kes the h a ir repe a ting the s a m e curves an d grouping s

,

on thinner lines a n d the str a ngely pl a ced horns w h ich succeed

,

to w h a t I h a ve c a lled the button T h e s h a pe of these horns

.

a lso is unlike th a t of the horns of the ordin a ry P a n or P a nisk .

O n e h a s seen horns on v a ses to so m e extent si m il a r but I ,

think I h a ve m e t a n ex a ct p ar a llel only in E gypt Here the .

str a nge a ntelope curve a ppe a rs to follo w the lines of the h a ir

a n d suggests not indistinctly the Gorgon s sn a kes I n th e

B ritish Museu m shield supposed to be a copy of the w ork of

,

P h e idi a s the knotted sn a ke s on Medus a s he a d spring fro m the

s a m e point a s these hor n s N o tr a ces of colour are preserved on

.

this he a d .

T here a r e sever a l points w orthy of notice in t h e he a d of

Her a kles Professor G a rdner infor m s m e th a t there is in the
.

B ritish Museu m a T a rentine coin of the fourth century m ost

strikingly like this terr a cott a T here exists a si m il a r typ e on
-
.

a coin of Me t ap on tu m I s a w a t T a rentu m v a rious other

.

ex a m ples of this he a d o f so m e w h a t s m a ller size th a n the one

gured a n d of distinctly inferior execution All this see m s to
, .
 AN T E F I X E S F R O M T ARE N T I
'

M . 1 10

i m ply a w ell kno w n origin a l T he info r m a tion w e possess a bout .

the fa m ou s C olossus by L ysippus re m oved fro m T a r entu m to ,

R o m e sho w s th a t w e c a nnot seek th a t o r igin a l in it Indeed by

,
.

the ti m e of L ysippus th e conception of Her a kles see m s to h a ve

been gener a lly of a gure squ a re r a n d m ore br a w ny th a n could
a gre e w ith this he a d I a m not a n a r e of a n y ot h e r w o r k of a r t
.

in th e to w n on record w hich m ight h a ve bee n the source of our

ex a m ples but there m a y w ell h a ve been one in th e city of

Hercules T h e a r r a nge m ent of th e lion s skin is inte r esti n g in

.

its el a bor a teness a n d perh a ps illustr a tive of th a t w a r a tti r e of

K a lli a s to w hich Aristoph a nes a lludes in the F r og s T h e m a ne .

see m s to be brought round w ith decor a tive purpose a n d fa stene d

under the upper j a w of the a ni m a l w hile th e skin of the u h ler
a w w hich in a ll coin he a ds of Her a kle s kno w n to m e h a n gs
j , ,

,

under the hero s chin is r a ised so a s w ith the e a r to ll the pl a ce

, , ,

of the double p a ir of plu m es so m ti m es seen on Greek hel m ets 1 e

.

I t is j ust possible th a t the o w i n g locks though so fell lik e ar e ,

-
,

those of Her a kles h i m self a n d h a ve reference to his S ol a r c h a r a cter ,

a s m ight a lso th a t fe a ture I su ppose to be the skin of the lion s

lo w er j a w but w hich is so str a ngely like a r a m s horn I t

,

.

cert a inly is on record th a t th e T a rentine hero w a s t h e L ibya n

Her a kles a n d a lso th a t the l a tter in his ho m e in E gyp t ha d on
, ,

certa in sole m n occa sions a r a m s skin put o n h im B u t in spite

,

.
,

of t he opinions on t h e person a l a ppe a r nce of the hero of a

,

Hierony m us of R hodes a n d D i ca e a r ch u s a s quoted by C le m ens

Alex a ndrinu s a long an d loose h a ired Her a kles w ould be a l m ost
,
-

a s re m a rk a ble in Hellenic Art a s a r a m s horned one At a n y .

r a te it is w orth notice th a t a l l these he a ds a re w inged a s it ,

w ere h a ve a nking projections w he ther in the for m of serpents , ,

pointed e a rs horns or skin of j a w I h a ve a gold e ar ri n g

, ,
.
-
,

fro m T a rentu m in w hich t h e lion s m a ne is w orked out in a
w a y m uch m ore liber a l m u ch m ore rese m bli n g the locks on
,

this Her a kles he a d th a n i s usu a l i n th a t co m m on type of j e w el

.

T he decor a tive use of th e r ow of s m a ll teeth (lik e so m e a rchi

te c tu ra l m oulding ) in pl a ce of the m ore co m m on l a rge tusks a n d ,

the m a sterly rendering of the lion s lip a n d w hiskers a re w ell

sho w n in the pl a te .

T here re m a ins to be considered the horned he a d in w hich a

1
Al g on s e ri e s of s m a ll er t erra - c ott as T a r en t i n e s to he a d g ear .

p rov s t h e
e lu xuri ou s c are gi ven by
1 20 AN T E F I X E S FRO M T AR E N T U M .

t a urine type of bro w is so skilfully co m bined w ith the hu m a n

fa ce It is inte r esting to re m e m ber th a t th e keen n a t u r a listic
.

a pp r eci a tion of a ni m a l ch a r a cte r istics sho w n in the s h ort h a ir

a bove the fo r e h e a d h e r e in the lion fa ce w e h a ve j ust conside r ed

, ,

a n d in t h e h o r se s h e a d discussed by Professor Mich a elis in t h e

l a st nu m ber of t h is j ourn a l belongs to t h a t city w hose poet ,

L eo ni d a s pr a ises w ith suc h de lic a te feeling a n d perfect e x

,

pr ession the c ow of Myron chief a m ong a ni m a l sculptu r es in

,

the ar t of Hell a s I t is not i m possible th a t our he a d rep r esents

.

a t a urifor m river deity T he conception is fa m ili a r on coins of

.

the w estern He llenes T here is a good de a l a bout the hu m a n

.

p a r t of t h e forehe a d to re m ind one of so m e of the cent a urs of

the P a rthenon m etopes T he lines of be a rd a n d m ousta che see m.

riverine B u t it a ppe ar s m ore prob a ble th a t w e h a ve here a

.

represent a tion of D ionysu s N ot only is his bull a spec t .

continu a lly recurrent in Greek liter a ture in gener a l b u t in ,

T a rentu m itself I le a rn fro m F a ther de Vi n ce n t i i s hi story of

the to w n (he st a tes the fa ct a s though he kne w it for a fa ct but ,

does not give his a uthority) th a t one of the t w o te m ples of the

god there a n d the centr a l te m ple w a s dedic a ted to the
Phrygi a n Dionysus S a ba z iu s w ho m one kno w s to h a ve been
horned T h e fa ce too h a s been coloured a deep red in a p
.
,

r o r i a t e to a river deity m ost a ppropri a te to D ionysus P a u

p p .

s a n i a s tells u s of t w o st a tues of Dionysus in Argos gilded ,

except the fa ces 5 %7r p 60 w 7r a dk o cc 0 1 v s p v pg '

.
"

a n d the only descriptive epithet of Dionysus I c a n nd fro m a

n a tive pen is in th e a w e fa a v r e e o Zz/ ow w B dI C XQ) K a i E a r i ip o w of '

'
.

1
L eonid a s of T a rentu m T hu s it is prob a ble w e h a v e here a he a d
.

'

of the Dionysus Bovx ep w c T a u p ox ep w s T a up w w oq ,

, ,

of S ophokles E m pedokles Ion a n d t h e O r phic Hy m n I t is tru e

, , , .

th a t the be a r ded D ionysus of t h e v a ses belongs to a distinctly

e a rlier pe r iod of ar t a n d is of a m ore lordly type th a n this fa ce
w ith its so m e w h a t s a tyric tendencies a n d dignity not rising a bove ,

t h e V ir g ili a n epithets of m olle a n d h on e s tu m B u t the v a se

.

D ionysus K a t a p og on is not typic a lly t a uro m orphic T here is .

cert a inly a l a rge foreign ele m ent in a ll Hell enic Dionysus story .

1
P f sso
ro e r Ga r dn er in fo m s m e t h
r at w or th c
n ot i e tha t the ep i g r am s of

a n y m ph an t e x h as be f d
en ou n at L e on i d a s s h ow l a rg e an d s p e ci al de v
o

T a r en t u m . t

r eg ar d t o thi s an d t i on t o t h e s e p ow ers an d t o D ion ys u s .

t o t h e h ea d of P an in ou r
p la te i t i s
 T H E P E R GAME N E F RI E Z E .

TH E P E R GAM E N E F RIE ZE .

( C on ti n u ed fr om Vol . I I I , p .

T H Ed escription of the l a rger friez e c a nnot a t present be

co m pl etely m ethodic a l a s the t a sk of a rr a nge m ent a n d recon
,

struction is not yet n e a r its end a n d skill or a ccident m a y ,

discove r t h e re l a tive position in the w hole w ork of m a ny fra g

m ents a n d sl a bs th a t a r e a t present isol a ted a n d through their ,

isol a tion lose m uch o f their signic a nce It is ce r t a in a t le a st .

th a t t h e a rtists h a ve been gu ided in their grouping of the gu r es

by a higher p r inciple th a n th a t of m ere d ecora tion T h e n a tur a l .

a i n i t of person a ge s h a s been to so m e extent respected : thu s

y
there is r e a son to believe a s h a s been s h o w n t ha t Her a cles
, ,

st a nds ne a r to Z eus ; a n d w e see eng a ged in on e co m m on a ction

a fa m ily of deities th a t belong to the nether w orld ; w e see a

group of s e a divinities a n d a round C ybele th e ny m ph s th a t a r e

-
,

a tt a ch ed to th e M a gn a D e a w hile befo r e t h e Su n god the god

,

dess of th e d a w n is riding Y e t su ch connections a s one

.

m ight suggest w ill not give a cert a in clue in t h e a rr a nge m ent of

the sl a bs T hu s th e fr a g m ent upon w hich the gure of Dio n ysos
.

is p r eserved m igh t be supposed to belong to the p a rt of the

friez e cont a ining Hek a te to w ho m bec a use of h i s C hthoni a n
, ,

ch a r a cte r h i s a in i ty in m yth is close T h e t r a dition a n d pro
, .

b a bly a lso the a r t of t h e sixth centu r y B C h a d t a ken notice of . .

this a spect of the m a ny n a tu red god for in m a ny of th e bl a ck

-
,

g u r e d v a se s published by Ge r h a rd w e see Dionysos in close

connection w it h Perseph one p r o m inent in t h e rep r esent a tion s
,

of h e r r etu r n to th e upper w orld : a n d a n a llu sion is conveyed

of thei r m yste r iou s m a r r i a ge w hile a ccordi n g to m ore th a n one
a uth ority H a de s a n d D ionysos h a d been identie d by H e r ac li t u s
l
.

Indeed th e r e is so m e evidence to sho w th a t this peculi ar

H er cl i ti Rel i qu i e e d B y w a t r frag m cxx vii
1
a a . e , . .
 T H E P E R GAME N E F RI E Z E . 1 23

ch a r a cter of the l a tter god h a s h a d a n inuence u pon the m yth

w hich h a s a ssigned hi m a p a rt in the gig a nto m a chy . .

In the a ccount of Apollodo r us w e nd hi m r a nged by th e

1

side o f Hek a te a n d a s the n a tur a l w e a pon w hich the goddesse s

,

of the nether w orld use a g a ins t the gi a nts is a torc h so on t h e ,

v a se of Al ta m ur a a n d on the a m phor a fro m t h e L ouvre a torch

, ,

is seen i n the h a nd of Dionysos As in the T h r a ci a n w orship .

his n a ture see s to h a ve been m e ged in the S u g od s here too

m r u 2

his ele m ent is re not t he re of t h e celesti a l dei t ie s but r a ther

, ,

the e a rth s fr u ctifying w a r m th upon w hich the m ysterious cul t ,

of De m eter a n d Pe r sephone w a s b a sed N ow it w ould see m .

th a t the legend of his gi a nt b a ttles is co m p a r a tively l a te ; 3 on the -

v a ses w ith bl a ck gures th a t conta in this the m e he is r a rely

seen a t a ll a n d i s never conspicuous w hile on v a ses th a t belong ,

to the m ore perfected style a n d those a l so of the Alex a ndrine ,

e r a his presence is to be expected a n d the p a r t th a t he pl a ys

,

is i m por ta nt T h a t is to s a y he enters into this m yth a t a

.
,

ti m e w hen the i n u ences of th e N orth Greek religion h a d -

di ffused a n enl a rged conception o f Dionysos a s the deity of the

sky a n d of the nether region a n d a lso a t a ti m e w hen the hu m a n ,

ch a r a cters th a t h a d a tt a ched to the group o f gi a nts w a s fa ding ,

a n d their physic a l im port a s de a dly forces of n a ture w a s m ore

cle a rly e m erging .

His p a rticip a tion in a gig a nto m a chy th a t h a d beco m e s y m

b ol ica l in the sense before desc r ibed is thus n a tur a l e nough ,

a n d w ould w i n credit w ith th e popul a r fa ncy w hich cherished

the older legends of Pentheus a n d L ycurgu s a n d t h e t a le of the ,

5
contest bet w e en D ionysos a n d T riton (P a u s ix 2 0 T he . .
,

a rtists of Perg a m on therefore w he r e a B a cchic cult prob a bly , ,

1
Ap ol l i 6 . . . an d t he g i g an t om a h y h a s c b e en 3 11 g
2
c
S h ol i a t o Ar i s toph an es , L 313 3 8 8 , .
g es ted by W i es el er ; and in th es e
Ma r ob i u s , S a t i
c 1 8, W el k er,
. . c f m er t h
or eg od a pp ear s a s D i on ys os
c c
Gr i e hi s h e Gotter lch r e, 1 , 4 29 , 4 3 0 . L y c gu ur s , a s ben e cen t a n d es t ru t i e d c v
S o a l s o t h e l eg en d of D i on y s os y e t t h i s g i es n o s u p p or t t o Mull e r s
v
3

Z ag r e u s an d th e T i t an s w hi ch is in t h e 0 1 y , a l r ea d y s t a te d , t h a t t h e e pr es x
m an y c ts p r l l l c a ot cc r d
res p e a a e ,
nn , a o s i on o f t h is o ld re l i g i o u s on e p t i on i s c c
i g to L b ck A g l wp h m
n e e
pp 6 1 5
, c a os , . f ou n d in t h e g i g an t om a h y i t s e l c f : s in c e

6 1 6 be r g de d s m u c h e r li
, e ar th n a a er a th e v
t h ou g h t , i f e e r en t e r ta i n e d a t al l ,

th e t i m e of O n om a cr i t u s . t h a t t h e g i an t s w e r e t h e m a l e o l en t v
J ou r na l fH
o ell en i c S t ud ies , O t ob er c n a t u re of t h e g o d s , w a s er ta i n l y l os t c
1 8 8 2 , p 3 0 3 5
. . b e fore D i on y s os w as b rou g h t i n to t h e
5
T h e l i k en es s b e tw een th es e l eg en d s a c ti on .
1 24 T H E P E R GAME N E F RI E Z E .

existed 1 w ere oblige d to nd a pl a ce for h i m in their w ork I s

, .

t h e r e a n y p r oof or indic a tion th a t t h is pl a ce w a s in or ne a r th e .

follo w ing of Hek a te a s w e should be led to expect in a ccord a nce

,

w i th t h e a ssoci a tion of ide a s a bove desc r ibed T h e intern a l

evidence w hich the a rtistic w ork or contex t m ight supply fa ils
, ,

u s here : for t h e a ttributes of the god a n d his m ethod of a tt a ck ,

w hich m ight help to decide the question a r e not su fciently ,

sho w n on the fr a g m ent of th e sl a b But fr o m exte r n a l evidence .

,

fr o m cert a in signs on the outer left edge of th e stone a n d on

the b a ck i t a ppe a r s to h a ve for m ed one of th e corners of th e
,

a lt a r a n d the r efore a s t h e gu r es sho w w a s on the right side o f

, , ,

t h e corner As this is th e c a se w e c a n r ej ect a hyp othesis

.
,

w h ich m ight r eco m m end itself if our principle of reconstruction ,

2
w e r e m erely th e a f nity of m y th s : the hypothesis th a t
Dionysos sh ould follo w or precede th e m other of the god s ,

w hose gure h a s been preserved for u s T h e legend of their .

close connection so rife in Phrygi a m a y h a ve indeed existed in

, ,

Perga m on : ye t the t w o deitie s w ere prob a bly sep a r a ted by a

w ide interv a l on the fr ieze For th e sl a b on w hich C ybele .

a ppe a rs is prob a bl y itself a lso a corner sl a b a n d on the right

-
,

side of the cor n er T his therefore a n d the sl a b of Dionysos

.
, ,

c a nnot co m e into a n y j uxt a position unless w e a ssign the grou p ,

of C ybele to t h e sout h e a st corner o f the sid e w hic h w a s in ter -

r u p t e d by the st a irc a se or to the corne r a t the beginning of the ,

left w ing of th e st a irc a se ; but t h e l a tter position w a s cert a inly

occupied by a group of s e a dei t ies a n d their a nt a gonists t h e - 3
,

for m er prob a bly by Hek a te a n d the goddesses of the neth e r

w orld .T h e ch a nces a r e th us a g a inst the supposition th a t
Dionysos a n d C ybele w ere brought together upon t h e fr ieze .

T o pl a ce h i m ne a r Apollo w ould be a nothe r a rr a nge m ent

w hich w ould coincide w ith a m ythologic a l belief but this is
4
,

once m ore to bring h i m into connection w ith Hek a te : for there

ar e so m e i n dic a tions th a t Apollo hi m self w a s eng a ged in the

s a m e p a rt of th e a ction a s th e goddess a n d to pl a ce D ionysos ,

ne a r to both w ould a cco r d w ell w ith t w o groups of m yth If .

1 P au sx 18 5
. .
, .
b y O v r b e c k A t l K s tm y th
e ,
as eu un .

2
Ap ol l 3 5 3 .
, , . ( 1 t f v 1 ) t h g u r g h t i a g .b h
.
i nd a , e e n e

3 V i d e C o z D ie E g b i s e d n e .
D i y s i p v d by t h
r e n s er on g me t
so s ro e ,
e a rr a n e n

A us gm b g un P e g mon p
en zu 5 4 o f t
r h ea h a i ,
b y t.
h c,
d f t h q i v r r, e or o e u e ,

1 880 .
d b y t h t o c h hi c h h e h ld
an t be e r w o s, o

4
O n c
th e y l i x f om V c
ol i p u b l i s h e dr A p ll o n d
,
n t H e r m es : c f S t r
o b o 468
a o . a ,
.
 1 26 TH E P E R GAME N E F RI E Z E .

look a t t h e stone before u s w e m a y conc l ude th a t he is holdi n g ,

a w e a pon in e a ch h a nd N ow the r e w a s cert a inly n o shield on.

the outstr etched left a r m for this never for m s p a rt of his equip
m ent one m ight r a t h er suggest th a t th e s a m e spirit of r e d u n d
a ncy w hich a ppe a r s in th e p a inting of the L ou vre a m pho r a
, ,

w he r e Dionysos is holding both thyrsos a n d torch h a s pro m pted ,

the Pe r g a m ene a r tist to put into th e h a nds of the god both

t h ese e m bl e m s of his divine n a tu r e T h e l a tter of the t w o .

could h a rdly h a ve been w a nting if the th eory is correct th a t he ,

belonged to the follo w ing of Hek a te : a n d fe w a ttribu tes a r e

m ore suit a ble in th e p r esent c a se t h a n the thyrsos O n the .

v a se of Al ta m ur a his left h a nd is holding a l a rge a n d spre a ding

,

vine br a nch ; on the cylix fro m V olci a fa llen gi a nt is

- 1

ent a ngled in the m eshes of his i vy br a nch es w hich h e h a s c a st -

,

over the ene m y a l m ost a s a R o m a n reti a rius c a s ts his net B u t .

in a tte m pting a reconstru ction in the present c a se w e c a n

.
,

sc a r cely a ppe a l to these inst a nces or to the v a se in the B r itish ,

Museu m w here he holds a c a n th a r os in his left h a nd a s he

,

a dv a nces a g a inst a gi a nt : for neith e r the one a tt r ibute n or the

other w ould be in pl a ce h ere : t h e vine br a nches w ould be d i f -

cult to repr esent in sculpture a n d such a represent a tion as th a t

on the V olci cylix w ould b e still m ore difcult a n d its qu a int ,

n ess w ould be a ltogether u n t t i n the e a rnestness a n d re a lity of

g
the a ction on the sl a b N eithe r is it prob a ble th a t he w a s .

holding a cylix t h e w e a pons of the gods in th e Perga m ene

, ;
n
w o r k being h a rdly ever m ere a ttributes of a n idle sy m bolis m
I

But the thyrsos w a s a w a r like a r m enough a n d w a s borne by

3
,

D ionysos in the b a ttle w h ich E uripides describes a s w r ought on

t h e te m ple a t D elph i T h e pe r son of D ionysos a r m ed in.
,

this fa sh ion a n d c a r r ying th e t or ch though distinct fro m th a t ,

of a n y oth er O lym pi a n w ould n evertheless be th a t of a god : ,

h
fo t ere i s no refe r ence discover a ble h ere to t h e legend
r th a t
h e w a s one of the t w o hu m a n co m b a t a nts su m m oned by
Z eu s to s a ve th e c a use of he a ven I n this a n d in a ll oth er .

rep r esent a tions of the gig a nto m a chy h e a ppe ar s a s he h a d

1
O v erb e c k

s K zt ns t- Mythol og ie , I . m il i ta ry ch a ra ct er .

p 362
. . N o . 15 .
4
c S h ol . Pi nd . N . 1, 1 00 . I t is
d ou b t f
2
Gerh a r d, A u s er l es en e Va s m bi l d er ,

ul h e t h er th is is of
w
p ar t a

1 , 64 g en ui n e ear l y tr a i ti ond .

3
Ma c rob i u s , S at . 1 . x ix , n ot i es c i ts
 TH E P E R GAME N E F RI E Z E . 1 27

a ppe a red i n the B a cch a e a s a god peculi a r i n ch a ra c te r yet in

,

po w er not inferior to the other gods .

And like other d eities he h a s hi s subordin a te m inisters ,

hi s helpers in the b a ttle : behind hi m in fa int re l ief on the

sl a b a r e t w o sli m s a tyr s m a rching side by side a n d so pl a ced
, ,

th a t the presence of the one m ore re m ote is only sho w n a l

l u s i ve l y by th e a r m th a t a ppe a rs w ith the fr a g m ent of a s t a or

spe a r fro m behind the body of the fore m ost T he for m of th e .

one w h o is m ore fully presented w hose o nly g a r m ent is a n a p r on ,

of so m e be a s t s skin round his loins a n d w hose m otions a r e ,

ex a ctly those of h is m a ste r h a s so m e n a i vete a n d so m e touch o f

,

re a lis m b u t the ordin a ry burlesque ch a r a cter of the s a tyrs

,

a ppe a rs neither in hi s body nor his fa ce I t w a s prob a bly t h e .

p r esence of D ionysos a n d Silenu s in the a ction t h a t te m pted

co m edi a ns a n d p a rodists to h a ndle the the m e for their pu rposes .

but it w a s by no m e a ns inevita ble th a t such g ures should

interfere w ith the e a rne st tre a t m ent of a poet or a rtis t w h ose
a i m w a s serious T hey a ppe a r on e a rly represent a tions w here
.
,

the style is su fciently a ustere : a s on a v a se fro m Southe r n

It a ly in the British Museu m th a t sh o w s a be a r ded B a cchus w ith
a n i vy cro w n a dva nci ng behind Athe n e a n d Z eu s to do b a ttle
,

w ith the gi a nts ; a n d o n a n a m phor a w ith bl a ck gures desc r ibed ,

by Gerh a rd Silenus is found eng a ged in the a ction in co m p a ny

1
,

w ith the s a m e deities .

So m e of the ex a m ples to w hich I h a ve al re a dy referred w ill

help to a ns w er the question a s to the o r igin a lity of this p a rt of
the Perga m ene w ork T h e det a ils w it h w hich the group is
.

co m pleted a r e borro w ed fro m a n e a rlier tr a dition ; even th e

p a nther th a t a ppe a rs bet w een th e legs h a d been seen a lre a dy on
v a ses of t h e fth century giving vigorous a i d Y e t the a rtist
,
.

h a s skilfully co m bined such ele m ents a s h e found re a dy to

his h a nd a n d w h ile the a ttributes of Dionysos a n d the m inor
, ,

gur es th a t enter into th e scene belong in a l l prob a bility to a n

i nherited m ode of description so to spe a k yet t h e form a n d , ,

a ction of the god a t once sculpturesque a n d vigorou s the unity

, ,

a n d co m p a ctness of the w hole g r oup i m press upon the w ork the ,

2
ch a r a cter of an origin al cre a tion .

1
A us l e Va s
er es en bi lde i p 25
en Mi o n et of t h t im e f S p ti m i u s S v
r, . .
,
n ,
e o e e e

N ot 2 3 6
e .
m B cc h is i n a f m w h i ch
s, a us s e en or
,

O n a c oi f S l eu c i
n o e q ot e d by r m i d
a, u f th P g m etyp n s on e o e er a en e e.
1 28 T H E P E R GAME N E F RI E Z E .

N e a r to the sl a b of Dionysos in t h e rotund a of the m u seu m

, ,

there is pl a ced a fra g m ent w he r e a goddess is c a rved w h o i s ,

riding w ith her ba ck to t h e spect a tor but w ith her he a d tu rned

,

for w a rds in the d i rection of her co u rse so th a t the prole of her

fa ce is displ a yed T here is m u ch liveliness in the form s a n d
.
,

v a riety in the lines a n d here a s in m ost p a rts of the frieze

, , ,

the det a il is ve r y p r ofuse She is clothed w ith a n e ly m a r ked

.
-

chiton w hich is secured w ith a high girdle a n d fa ll s a w a y negli

,

gently fro m her left shoulder displ a ying esh th a t is rendered

,

w ith a ra re fr eshness Around h e r lo w e r li m bs a n d bene a th her

.

is d r a w n the hi m a tion one end of w hic h see m s to h a ve been

,

lled w ith the w i nd a n d is utte r ing be h ind h e r T h is a r r a nge

,
.

m ent of the dr a pery is perfectly d r a m a tic a n d v a riety h a s

,

been a tt a ined w ithout a n y excess or br a vu r a ; the tendency to

1 30 T H E P E R GA ME N E F RI E Z E .

obvious throughout to sho w the contr a st betw een the m otley

for m s of the gi a nts w hich a r e in m a ny c a se s ove r ch a r ged
,

w it h sy m bolis m a n d the co m pletely hu m a n types of the

,

divinities .

T h e a bove given inte r p r et a tion i s not inv a lid a ted by the

-

a bsence of t h e veil or of the bow w ise a r r a n ge m ent of t h e

,
-

hi m a tion a bove h e r he a d w h ic h is so often t h e c h a r a cte r istic

,

of Selene Such a r r a n ge m ent m a y w ell h a ve been a voided

.

by the Pe r g a m ene sculptor a s a piece of sy m bo l is m inte r fe r ing

w ith the dr a m a tic e ff ect o f the dr a pe r y T o m a ke the m e a ning .

cle a r he prob a bly trusted r a ther to the expression given in the

counten a nce to the a ction of her right h a nd a n d perh a ps a lso
, ,

to her pl a ce on the frieze .

Wh a t this a ction is a n d to w h a t p la ce w e ar e to a ssign he r a r e

, ,

t w o questions of i m port a nce I t is quite cle a r th a t her righ t a r m .

is not uplifted in order to hold a p a rt of her hi ma tion in the fa shion

a bo ve described for the sl a b is preserved suf ciently to disprove
,

this ; an d i n her present un w a rlike a ttitude she could not h a ve

been lifting a n y w e a pon for a tt a ck B u t if a s m a ll torch w ere .

in her h a nd a s w e see it in m ore th a n one rep r esent a tio n of

,
1

t h e m oon goddess her person w ould inst a ntly be recognised

-
,
.

T hus equipped a s Selene she w ould n a tur a lly co m e into con ,

n e c t i on w i t h a g r oup w hich h a s been w ell preserved w herein ,

the sun god a ppe a r s d r iving his ch a riot \Ve m ig ht a lso a s k

-
.

w hether these t w o contr a sted for m s a r e not brought into the

frieze to m a rk the ti m e a n d the co m p a ss of the w hole co n ict ,

w hich bre a k s fo r th a t d a ybre a k a n d r a ges through the w hole

exp a nse of t h e sky fr o m e a st to w est I t w a s to se r ve such a .

function a s living bound a ry m a rks of th e scene th a t the gure s -

of Helios a n d N ight or Sel e ne w ere c a rved in the corners of

, ,

the e a st pedi m ent of the P a r thenon a n d a ppe a red a lso on the ,

b a sis of Z eus s throne a t O ly m pi a a n d on R o m a n reliefs such a s

2
th a t p u blished by Gerh a rd We h a ve a m ore speci a l ill u str a tion.

of their presence a n d m e a ning in the giga nto m a chy a fforded by ,

the dr a w ing on the fr a g m ent of the e w er fro m R uvo w here the ,

ch a riot of t he sun is seen m ounting on the right a n d the horse ,

of Selene dep a r ting to the left B u t on the Perg a m ene a lt a r .

they could not h a ve been pl a ced so a s to serve a s li m its For .

Mii ll e r-W ie s e l e r D c n k m a l cr , ii 2
L i ch tg ottlzc ztcn , T af i ii

. .
, .

1 73 , 1 76 .
 T H E P E R GA ME N E F RI E Z E . 131

on a fr ieze th a t r uns round a fou r s q u a r e bu il ding n o t w o -

,

gure s c a n be so a rr a n ged a s to in c lude t h e w h ole unless t h e v ,

a r e in j uxt a position a n d e a ch tu r ned in a n O pposite di r ect i o n

,

fro m the other Ap a r t fr o m th e a w k w a rd n ess of such a

.

sche m e there co u ld h a ve been no suc h intention h e r e since t h e

, ,

god a n d the goddess a r e p a ssing in the s a m e di r ection And .

w hen w e look a t the sl a b itself w h ich cont a ins Selene w e s e e , ,

a t once th a t though possibly i n a ctive she is no m e r e exte r n a l

, ,

w itness of the a ction For close to her shoulde r on the right is

.

a fr a g m ent w h ich c a n be nothing else but t h e co a r se a n d po w er

fu l plu m es of a gi a nt s right w ing w h o m a y thus be thre a tening

her fro m behind .

N ow if w e m ight t a ke a s our guide the nu m erous v a se

represent a tions w here Selene is seen preceding the ch a riot of
the Sun w e should bring the sl a b I h a ve been considering into
,

the i m m edi a te neighbourhood of the g r oup of H e lios C lothed .

a s a ch a rioteer in long o w ing g a r m en t s he is guiding his fou r ,

horsed c a r to b a ttle a n d is le v elling h is torch a g a inst a gi a nt

,

th a t see m s suddenly to h a ve crossed his p a th a n d w ith a ,

p a nther s fell w r a pt round his left a r m is confronting the st a rtle d
ho r ses O n the extre m e left of this se r ies of sl a bs so fa r a s th e
.
,

recon s tru ction h a s a t present proceeded is a m ounted goddess , ,

w hose horse see m s s w e r ving in fe a r a t the su dden a ppe a r a nce of

a n ene m y turning his he a d round i n the m iddle of his g a llop

,
.

T h e goddess c a n be none other but E os w hose proper pl a ce is ,

here She is gener a lly represented driving a c a r but th e

.
,

u ov drr w h o e A aS s is kno w n to E uripides a n d h e r position on t h e

' 1
, ,

frieze a s w ell a s the soft a n d delic a te chiton proper to the

,

goddess of the d a w n w ould su fciently interpret the gure to the

,

spect a tor O f he r function in the a ction one m a y s a y th e s a m e

.

a s h a s been s a id of Selene s : her a ppe a r a nce is m a de to serve a

dr a m a tic purpose for w hile the lo w er li m bs a r e on t h e w hole

,

a rr a nged so a s to sho w u s the godde ss i n her n a tur a l m ove m ent ,

riding a t e a se before the rising sun her upper li m bs a r e obeyi n g ,

a di fferent i m pulse a dr a m a tic i m pulse ,

As she is striving w ith .

gre a t e ffort to control the terried ight of her ho r se her right ,

shoulde r a n d a r m a r e disto r ted fro m their n a tu r a l posture in ,

o r de r a s it see m s to d r a g hi s he a d ba c k to t h e fo r w a rd d i r ection .

T his contr a st bet w een t w o m ove m ents united i n t h e b od v h a d

1
O r es tcs . 1 00 4 .
1 32 T H E P E R GAME N E F RI E Z E .

of course long been p a rt of t h e tr a dition a l skill of t h e sculptor

it a ppe a r s w ith so m ething of the s a m e effect a s he r e in one o f
the se a ted goddesses in th e P a r theno n fr ieze ; it a ppe a r s in on e
o f t h e ying nereids of the British M u seu m w h o tu r ns in h e r ,

igh t But the reconcil i a tion of t h e t w o is fa r less h a ppy in t h e

.

l a st m entioned gu r e th a n h e r e w h e r e the a r tist h a s been a ble

-
,

to pose the lo w er li m bs so a s to slig h tly a llude to the contr a ry

i m pulse of the upper And the dr a pery is a rr a nged so a s to
.

a ssist the d r a m a tic expression be ing i n m a ny pl a ces rolled over

,

into folds th a t illustr a te the co m plic a ted a ction I t is in th is .

th a t the o r igin a lity of the a rtist s w o r k consis ts for if she w ere ,

m e r ely r iding a t e a se h e r for m w ould re se m ble t h a t of Sel e ne

,

on the fr a g m ent of the R uvo v a se a n d still m ore striki n gly the

,

fo r m of a Selene th a t a ppe a rs on a cr a te r of the B r itish Museu m ;

a n d w ould be a reproduction of a m uch used type In th a t c a se .

a ll th a t m ight be noticed a s peculi a r in the p r esent gu r e m ight

be the rich t r e a t m ent of the dr a pery a m a ze of bro a d surfa ces ,

inte r ch a nged w ith deep a n d n a r r o w ; a n d the r heto r ic a l spirit ,

o r spirit of r edund a ncy w hic h h a s led the a r tist to sho w on h e r

,

knee the end of her w oollen girdle c a rved so a s to rese m ble a ,

bell sh a ped o w e r
-
.

But w h a t is it th a t expl a ins the m otion of E o s a n d th e te r ror ,

of her ho r se ? A fr a g m ent h a s been discovered a n d h a s been

n e w set up in th e r otund a of t h e Be r lin Muse u m w h ich cont a ins ,

a ho r se s hoof a n d the re m n a nt of a r ig h t a r m holding a spe a r :

it is a p r ob a ble conj ecture th a t the h oof belongs to the h o r se of

E o s a n d th e a r m to a gi a nt w h o w ill be st a nding bet w een h er
,

a n d Selene if Selene belongs to t h is g r oup O f th e ene m ies

,
.

w h o m these deities of light a r e confronting little s a ve a fe w ,

doubtfu l hints c a n be d iscovered except in the c a se of the ,

opponent of Helios T his gi a nt sta nds fa cing ou t w a rds his he a d

.
,

t urned to w a rds his ene m y his righ t h a nd r a ised w ith so m e

,

w e a pon .T hough his fa ce is so m e w h a t m util a ted so m e w ild ,

locks of h a ir c a n be seen w h ich spe a k cle a r ly of his c h a r a cter ;

,

but his for m is co m pletely hu m a n a n d his a n a to m y is r endered

,

w ith less violence th a n usu a l We m ight indeed h a ve n a tu r a lly

.

expected to see confronting t h e Sun god a gure w h ich w ould -

by so m e cle a r sy m bolis m h a ve e xpressed t h e violent eruptive

forces of n a tu r e w hich d a r kened t h e lights of he a ven but t h e ,

a rtist h a s prefe rred the hu m a n a n d dr a m a tic interest to th a t of

1 34 T H E P E R GAME N E F RI E Z E .

T he b a ttle a n d t h e d efe a t the exp r e ssion of fe a r a n d ,

o f h igh con dent effort a r e m otiv e s w ell co m bi n ed ; a n d ,

t h e m ove m ents i n t h e group w hile le ss violent a n d less ,

p a t h etic a r e a s s t a t e ly a s t h o se i n the g r oups of Z eus a n d

,

A th e n e .

h w
T eh m yt h ol g ic a l q uestion r e m aoin s o far t h is a ctive

p a r ticip a tion in t he gig a nto m a c h y of Helios w it h his a ttend a nt

deities is a pp r o p r i a te to t r a dition As fa r a s I h a ve bee n a ble .

to d iscove r i t is i m possible to illustr a te these m otives in the

,

Perg a m ene w o r k eit h e r fro m liter a tu r e or a r t \Vhen the .

d ivi n i t ies of light a ppe a r in a n y conn e ction w i t h the a ction it is ,

gener a lly a s w itne sses or a s extern a l to it It is thu s on th e ,

.

v a se of R uvo a n d i t is t hus on the cylix of B erlin of w hich th e

, ,

ex t erior sho w s a gig a nto m a chy a n d the interior a re pr e s e n t a t i on ,

of E os w ith the w inged h orses of the d a w n In the a ccoun t .

given by Apollodorus the function of Helios Selene a n d E os is , , ,

i n a c t ive m erely : they a r e ch a rge d by Z eus to w ithhold their

ligh t for a se a son until he ha d obt a ined the drug w hich E a rth
,

1
h a d produced a s a ch a r m to preserve h e r children a n d none

of the l a ter poets a n d a rtists in their renderi n g of the subj ect

h a ve d e a lt w ith these deities a s the Perg a m ene a rtists h a ve
de a lt N or is there a n y re a l i n dic a tion of reference to the a ction
.

?
of H elios in a n y of the cyclic T i t a n o m a c hi e s Ye t there a r e
ce r t a in fa cts w h ich m ig h t h a ve p r o m pted one to believe th a t
these a ncient divinities w o u ld h a v e been brought into connec
tion w ith th e m yth of the gi a nts Selene is the d a ughter of .

P a ll a s th e m ysteriou s king of w ho m Ho m er spe a k s (Hy m n to

,

He r m es line , th e n a m e Aeg a eon w hich is a pplied to

B ri a reu s the gi nt of
a ,
t h e w a ter is s a id to design a te Helios ;
3
,

an d w e h a ve the t a le of th e Ph a ethon w ho m Z eus de

stroys w ith lightn ing I f M uller s theory w ere true th a t .
,

the gig a nto m a chy is a tr a dition due to the e a rly d u a l

conception of t h e gods a co n test bet w e en their be n e c e n t ,

a n d de a dly n a tures m ight not Helios h a ve been thu s r e ,

g a rded a n d for this re a son h a ve pl a yed a pro m inent p a rt in

the contest ?
T h e w orship of Helios w a s cert a inly found in e a rly Greek
tribes a n d w a s loc a lised in Arc a di a w here the m yth of the ,

1
A p ol l . B i bl i . . 6 .
m c nte ( Zc r cp i s c/zcn P ocs zc , D
' '

u n t zer
"
xx iii
.

S clzol Vc n l 1 . . . . 2 95, and F r ng 3

E l ym , Ma g , 3 . Y. y a gw
Az .
 T H E P E R GAME N E F R I E Z E . 1 35

gig a nto m a chy h a d t a ken r oot But the gure of Helios in th e .

1

e a r ly t r a d ition se e m s r a r ely to be sep a r a ted fr o m t h e n a tu r a l

fa c t pe rsoni e d ; a n d eve n in Ho m e r his pe r son a lity is not

conceived w i t h suffi ci e n t cle a r n e s a n d w it h su ffi ci e nt i n de s

p e n de n c e t,
h a t h e s h o u ld t a k e p a r t i n t h e vi o r ou s a c t i o n of
g
the o t h er gods ; he is r a the r a w a t c h c r of h u m a n a n d d ivine
tr a ns a ction s And it is p rob a bl e t h a t b f r e t h e l e ge n d of t h e
. e o

gi a nts a n d th ei r b a ttles ha d g r o w n h is gu r e h a d fa ded i n t t h e

'

, o

ba ckg r ound o f old b e lief a n d his pl a ce in the m a ni f ld d r a m a of

, o

popul a r t r a dition is ta ken by ot h er pe r s o n a g e s w h o h a ve e m e r ged

fro m hi m a s Her a cles a n d Apollo Bu t h i s w orsh ip h a d survived
,
.

a t R hodes a n d w a s m a int a ined w i t h unique spl e ndour

,
a n d th e

coloss a l w ork of Lysippu s m a y h a ve a t once ex pressed a n d

quicken e d the popul a r concep tio n o f the Sun god a s a d e ity o f -

2
person a l po w er N o w t h e c o nn e ction bet w e e n t h e P e rg a m e ne
.

a n d R hodi a n schools of a r t is k n w n a n d h a s been f u rth e r illus o

t ra t c d by the discovery of a n i nscrip t ion a t Perg a m on b e a ri n g

the n a m e of Xenoc ra tes w ho w a s a c tive there a n d w h o is kno w n
to h a ve been of the L ys i ppe a n follo w in g 3 B hodi a n in uenc e s .

m a y therefore w ith so m e p r ob a bility be a ssigned a s th e re a son

w hy the Sun god a s d is tinct fr o m Apo l lo is given so p r o m inen t
-

a pl a ce i n the scene of the Perg a m ene fr ieze

'

L . R . F A RN E L L .

1
E g
. . in Man t i n ea ,
P au s . 8, 9 , 2 , o x en of H era cl es is a s ol a r m y th , an d
i n Me g al op oli s , P au s . 8, 31 , 4 : at is in s om e r e s p e ct s a k in to th e t ale of

T roe zen t h e r e w a s an a l t ar of H e l i os th e g ig an t om a h y c .

E l e u th er i os , P au s . 2, 31 , 5 .
3 z
C on e , D i c E r g clm i s s c ( for A rt s y / u .

2
T h e l ege n d of Al c y on eu s an d th e bn cn :u. P c r aa mon , 1 8 80 -1 88 1 , p 4 7 . .
1 36 I N S C RI P T I O N S F RO M RH O DE S .

I N S C RI PT I O N S FR O M RHO DE S .

MR A L B E RT B I L I O T T I the Britis h P r o C o n sul a t R ho des

.
,
-
,

w h o in conj unction w ith his b r othe r h a s been c a r rying on

exc a v a tions in th a t isl a nd for so m e ye a r s h a s se n t m e th e ,

follo w ing eight inscri ptions w hich h e h a s noted fro m ti m e to

1
ti m e a n d w h ich so fa r a s I kno w a r e unpublished
,
H e ha s ,
.

very kindly pl a ced a t m y dispos a l his copies a n d w here they ,

could be procured p a pe r i m p r essions ,

.

1 O n a fr a g m ent of m a r ble 5 inch es h igh by

. 3 inc h e s , d
:

bro a d discove r ed in the course of exc a v a tion s on the Ak r opolis

,

of K a m iros : co m plete on th e upper a n d left h a nd side s -

a p a per i m pression .

E P I A A Ml o YP l O YZ A
F P A MMA T E YO N T o Z M

T H N Z YN l E I Z I Z T P A "

T o lZ MA Z T Po l /Mk /

E F E I A H A PI Z T O KP A T F

T A Z T A O E I Z Yl
o kA M
'
Z O Z T EH /

i Ba p t o v p yo 2 u

E '
rr '
.

r e o vr o e M ci a r a de l ve s
'
y p a /L
y a
[ p w 'r o

r ai n o f H ew ra r
p
d w c E 5 0 56
7 o Ma o r p o cq

xa l K a [p t p ei}or t
. .

5 i7

a e 7r e t 7 0 1 7 Ka

r a a r a e i e {2 7r d

c y , i n t h e A r h E p i g r Mi tth c i l
c
1
S in e t h is p a p e r w a s w r it t e n , a E . L oe w . . .

c ol l e c ti on of u
p w a r d s o f e i g h t y Rh od i a n aus O es tc r r 1 88 3
. on
p 1 3 4 h e g i es
. v
i ns c ri p t i on s has be en
p u b l is h e d b v D r . the x
t e t of N os 1 a n d 2 of m y l i s t
. .
 1 38 I N S C RI P T I O N S FRO M RH O D E S .

E P MI A Z A G A N A FO PA
Z O A E YZ E KA T A I
Z A PA F I A XA P I Z T H P I O N
Z e E I Z E k ME l A A O Y
'

k l N A YN O Y

A aa va / o
p a
c

c
E ok e zxs

E /cc r cui '

-

w
X p a n yp t o v

a m e i s ex p ey dk o v r

la / 5 251 m
x m

his i n scripti on w a s c opi e d by o n e of Mr Bili ot t i s w o rk m e n

T .

fr o m a m a r ble n e a r Mon olith o ; i n a r e c e n t l e tt e r Mr Bili otti .

t e lls m e th a t his o v e rs e e r w h om h e h a s si n c e directed t o t a k e a ,

p a p e r i m pr e ssi on o f this st on e is u n a bl e t o n d i t I giv e th e ,

u n ci a ls therefore a cc ordi n g t o Mr B i l i ott i s tr an script w h ich

.
,

s e e m s pr ob a bl y c orr e ct w ith th e e xc e pti on o f the rst w o rd i n

t h e third li n e w hich sh ou ld a pp a r e n tly b e e ith e r 2 a p a 7r e t or
'

ot
'
}
E a
p a vn

i n scripti o n r e c ords t h e d e dic a ti o n of s o m e obj ect t o

T he
H e k a t e a n d S a r a pi s by on e H e r m i a s a n a tiv e o f S oli a th a n k ,

o H e r in f o r his pr e s e rv a ti on fro m d a n g e r An i n s c ripti on fr om

g .

D e l o s (B u l l d o H ell vi p 3 3 1 ) is v e ry si m il a r i n fo r m :
. . . .

m3u K a i
,

K aSZo s e i s dk w v 5 19m m

H p ai r o c a w K 7r o 7t 7 u ey K at/

Z
"
6 6 0 29 do w

d A vo vBe L ,

e
p vr e t ,
I a et, o v vv
x p
a

w
'

ip
n co v .

S e ttl e rs fr om S o li a r e o f fr e qu e n t o cc u rr e n c e i n R h o di a n
i n scripti o n s : m o st of th e s e a r e fr om L i n d o s of w hich t ow n
2
, ,

a cc o rdi n g t o S tr a b o 1 4 6 7 1 S ol i w a s a c o l on y , , ,
.

3 C opy fr om a m a rbl e a t K e ra m i a pl a c e n ea r t h e vill a g e of

.
,

S ian a .

ME I A A E I A l A I Z
F O N T H P E I Z F YN A

l E I Z I Z T PA T O Y
T l MO k P I T O YA P FE I O Y
S i c
n e th i
i tt I h v s w as w r en a e re g i v pl ies a nl y t h e m or e D or ic f or m 67 .

c e i ve d p p i m pr i
a a f (2 ) f m
er e s s on o ro
2
Ros s , H e l l cn i k a , N o . 3 2 , b, an d 38
Mr . B il i t t i i
o h i ch th c
,
iv d
n w e u rs e rea Ar h c . A u fs . ii pp. . 5 9 0, 5 9 1 , 5 9 2 an d

i ng 2 p a
i
5 i c m d ; i pl c
c 1n t s on r e n a e 6 05 . B u ll . de C or r . H el l . ii . p . 6 1 8,
of e x,

h v (1
ow e th imp ier . e r e s s on N o . 8 .
 I NS C RI P T I O N S FRO M RH O D E S . 1 39

Me ya h e t a ( D ak a r
'
'

H o vr w
p [ b] 9 y v vd
e 5
[% ,
'

H ew w r p d r ov
' '

h
'

T W O /(
p a t) Ap y e t o vr
.

B o nh d e m e s h e r e r e fe rr e d t o a r e a lr ea dy k n ow n ; th a t of
the
t h e P o n t o r e i s r e c u rs i n B ec k h I 2 5 1 3 R oss I n s cr I n ecl iii , .
, , . . .

p 3 1 a n d F ou c a rt I ns cr ale B /zod cs N o 3 6 t h e l a tt e r s u pp o s e s
.
,
.
, .

th a t it w a s a d e m e of K a m ir o s si n c e R o ss s i n s cripti on w a s ,

fou n d n e a r K a l a v a rd a the a n ci e n t sit e of th a t city A r g e i oi

, .

a r e m e n ti on e d i n F ou c a rt R A xiii 3 0 a n d x v 6 0 w h e re the ,
. . .
, .
,

n a m e is r e fe rr e d by hi m t o a d e m e o f L i n d o s r a th e r th a n t o t h e

t o w n of A rg o s T h e n a m e Me g a l e i a d oe s n o t o cc u r i n P a p e s
.

l Vd r te r bu c/L
'

4 C opy of Mr Bili o tti

. . , fr om a st on e in the ch u rch of t he
v ill a g e o f Mon olith o .

A F A G A N A PO Y
k A I T A Z F YN A I k O Z
MA k E A O N lA Z

yv v a m oc Ma x eBo w a c

Arya dvop o v l

I ca '
.

5 py . C o of Mr Bili otti fr o m a m a rbl e

. s tele i n the vill a g e of

Mon ol ith o a b ou t 2 fe e t hig h .

MO Z XE I N A
F YN A A F A G A
ME P O Y
XP H Z T A
XA I PE
E FE N H Z

Moo Xe i va d Xa i p e fye vns

'
A ya ga p p
' '
- '
o v, r
e
X p na
r
r v v cz
, y , , .

6 . C opy fr om a m a rbl e at K era m i n ea r S ia n a .

BO T P YZ A A
A I AZ
AA AT AZ E N
FE N H E
XA I PE XA I PE

B r p v g Aa M d s

a i e e
,
ew e
y yc x p v p , .
140 I N S C RI P T I O N S F RO M RH O D E S .

4- 6 I t h i n k w e a r e j u sti e d i n a ssu m i n g th a t a l l t h e s e
.

i n scripti on s a r e the e pit a ph s o f sl a v e s T h e o m i s si on o f th e .

p a tr o n y m ic i s s u fci e n t pr o o f th a t t h e n a m e s a r e n ot th o s e o f
R h odi a n citiz e n s w h ilst t h e fa n cifu l n o m e n cl a t u r e e m pl oy e d
,

i n Ma x e Bo w a I a x r a c B o -
s u gg e sts a str o n g pr o b a bility


r vs
f
, p , ,

th a t th e s e a r e sl a v e s r a th e r th a n Me t oi k s T he t e r m y ye v s .
' '

m or e o v e r h a s b e e n sh o w n i n si m il a r c a s e s 1
to h a v e t h e
s e n s e o f o Z/coy e w e or 62 5 0 7 9 2 s o f D e lphi a n i n scripti on s
'

2
y

and t o b e a ppli e d t o t h e c a s e o f sl a v e s b o r n i n R h od e s ,

o pp o s e d t o i m p o rt e d sl a v e s w h o s e E th n ics a r e giv e n

as ,

u n l e ss a s Ma x e Bo v a t he n a m e s a r e s u fci e n t e vid e n c e o f th e ir

r ,

n a t i o n a li t y .

N os 4 a n d 5 a r e i n t e r e sti n g a s b e a ri n g on t h e q u e sti on of
.

t h e i n t e r m a r ri a g e o f sl a v e s T h a t s u ch m a rri a g e s w e r e .

r e c og n is e d is k n o w n fr om ot h e r s o u rc e s (F ou c a rt l oc ci t
, , .
,

N os . b u t o f t h e ft y n i n e i n sta n c e s o f sl a v e s i n R h odi a n -

i n scripti on s c oll e c t e d by B o t t e r m u n d on ly three e x a m pl e s

2
,

o cc u r of m a rri e d s l a v e s an d o n ly six o f sl a v e s b or n i n ,

I f the r e a di n g i n N o 6 o f A a M c is c orr e ct it

R h od e s . . a ,

s e e m s a n un u s u a l pr ov e n a n c e for a R h odi a n sl a v e m o st ,

o f th o s e i n B ot t e r m u n d s list h a ili n g fr om r e m ot e p a rts of

t h e m a i n l a n d ; R e tr u s w ou ld i n this c a s e r e pr e s e n t a fe m i n i n e
name .

7 . C o py o f Mr Bili otti : i n t h e N e kr op ol is
.

of K i m i s s a l la

( S i an a -
Mon olith o) a sl a b fr o m a t om b i n scrib e d

ME A A N T AZ

T his w ou l d a ls o s e e m t o b e t h e m on u m e n t of a sl a v e .

8 . P a per
i m pr e ssi on fr o m a m a rb l e fr a g m e n t fou n d on t h e
A kr op olis o f K a m ir o s : l e tt e rs h a rdly visibl e br ok e n a pp a r e n tly
on a l l fou r sid e s H e ight in bV .in . .

1
. 1 l
lA O k P A l
T H PI FY
3\ MI O Pl

Fou c ar t i n R ev A r ch . x i v pp. . 334, N os . 1 4, 1 5 .

336 cf . B u l l d e C or r
. . H l l ii p
e . . . 6 20 , 2
D e R ep . R h od . C om m en ta ti o , p . 9 .
1 42 T H E R UIN S O F H I S S AR LI K .

TH E RUI N S O F H I S S AR L I K .

P r ofe ss o r J e bb s
rticl e on T h e R u i n s a t Hiss a rlik

I N a

,

p u blish e d i n t h e l a st n u m b e r o f th e J ou r n a l of H ellen i c S t u di es
I I I I n d a st a t e m e n t a t t rib u t e d to m e p w hich I
( .
( .

m u st b e g l e a v e t o discl a i m 1
P r o fe ss o r J e bb th e r e m a k e s m e
.

d e cl a r e th a t a n y on e h ow e v e r i n e xp e ri e n c e d i n q u e sti on s o f

,

a rch a e ol ogy m u s t s e e th a t a l l tr a c e s o f t h e A e o lic Ili u m c e a s e
,

six fe e t b e l ow t h e s u rfa c e o f Hiss a rlik A r e fe r e n c e

at .

h o w e v e r t o m y l e tt e r i n t h e A ca d em y o f N o v e m b e r 1 2 th 1 8 8 1
, ,

n o t N ov e m b e r 5 t h a s P r o fe ss o r J e bb s a vs w ill s h o w th a t he
( , ) ,

h a s a lt og e th e r m is a ppr e h e n d e d m y m e a n i n g a n d th a t m y l e tt e r ,

sp e a ks on ly o f o bj e cts fou n d a t Hissa rlik a n d g u r e d i n I li os ,

a n d c on t a i n s n o a ll u si on e ith e r t o w a lls or t o a n o th e r ki n d o f
y
b u ildi n g My w ords th e r e for e ca n h a ve n o re l a ti on t o t h e
.
, ,

a rchit e ct u r a l e p o chs w hich D r D or fe l d r e c og n is e s a t Hiss a rlik

p . .

C on s e q u e n tly th e r e is n o o pp ositi o n b e t w e e n m y vi e w s a n d
th os e of P r ofe ssor G oodw i n a s q u o t e d by P r o fe ss o r J e bb O n ,
.

t h e c on tr a ry lik e D r S c h li e m a n n a n d I b e li e v e P r ofe ss o r J e bb
,
.
, ,

h i m s e l f I th o r ou gh ly a gr e e w ith P r ofe s s or G o od w i n th a t th e r e
,

h a v e b e e n o n ly t w o i m p o rta n t s e ttl e m e n ts a t Hiss a rlik t h e

s e c o n d pr e hist o ric city n a m e ly a n d t h e G r e e k Ili o n T h e rst ,

.
,

third fou rth fth a n d (if w e a cc e pt D r S chli e m a n n s vi e w s)

, , ,
.

sixth citi e s w e r e a ll p o or vill a g e s w hich (w ith p e r h a ps on e , ,

e xc e pti o n ) did n ot e xte n d b e y on d t h e c a stl e hill its e lf I n -

.

r e fe rri n g t o P r o fe ss or G oo dw i n P r ofe ss o r J e bb h a s o v e rl ook e d ,

t h e fa ct th a t h e d oe s n ot s a y t h e r e h a v e b e e n o n ly t w o citi e s
a t Hiss a rlik bu t W h a t is v e ry di ffe r e n t o n ly t w o i m p ort a n t

, , ,

on e s

N or vi e w s a t a ll c o n tr a ry t o th o s e o f M D u m on t
a re my . ,

w ho as P r ofe ss o r J e bb r e m a rks
, ca n sp e a k w ith sp e ci a l ,

a u t h o rity on t h e s u bj e ct o f e a rly p o tt e ry P r ofe ss o r J e bb

.
 T H E R UIN S O F H I S S AR LI K . 143

m u st h a ve r ea d M D u m on t s w ork on L e s C r a m iq u e s d e l a
.

.

G r ec e P r opr e s om e w h a t h a stily si n c e h e q u ot e s t h e F r e n ch

sch ol a r i n s u pp ort of th e ori e s w hich a r e t he e x a ct c o n v e rs e of

th ose h e a ct u a lly p u ts for w a rd R ightly or w r on gly M D u m on t .
,
.

c on t en ds th a t a ll t h e p ott e ry fo u n d a t Hiss a rlik a t a gr e a t e r

d e pth th a n six fe e t b e l ow t h e su rfa c e b e l on gs t o t h e s a m e typ e
a n d t h e s a m e p e ri o d a n d this p e ri od h e e n d e a v ou rs t o sh ow
,
is
a n ter i or t o th e s i x te en th cen tu r y B C t h e d a t e t o w hich h e . .
,

w ou ld a ssig n t h e p tt ry
o e o f S a n t ori n 1 I h a d m yse lf c om e t o a .

si m il a r c on cl u si on i n a n a r ticl e p u blish e d i n t h e C on temp or a r y

R evi ew of D e c e m b e r 1 8 78 th ou gh t h e m or e r e c e n t disc o v e ri e s ,

of D r S chli e m a n n h a v e si n c e i n d u c e d m e to m odify it N e ith e r

. .

M D u m on t n or m y s e lf h ow e v e r h a v e e v e r d ou bt e d th a t
.
, ,

the obj e cts fou n d b e l ow t h e u pp e r m ost str a tu m a t Hiss a rlik

a re pr e hi st oric ; t h e on l y qu e sti on is w h e th e r w e c a n tr a c e
a n y g e n e a l ogic a l c o n n e c ti on b e t w e e n t h e p o tt e ry disc o v e r ed
a m on g th e m a n d th e H e ll e n ic p ott e ry of t h e hist oric a g e .

P r ofe ss or J e bb q u ot e s M D u m on t a s n otici n g pi e c e o f
a .

e a rth e n w a r e fou n d a t a b ou t 2 6 fe e t 3 i n ch e s b e l o w t h e s u rfa c e ,

from t h e ch a r a cte r of w hich h e i n fe rs th a t it is n o t o ld e r th a n

t he s e c on d c e n tu ry B C bu t h e d oe s n ot a d d th a t M D u m on t. .
,
.

a pp e n ds t h e foll ow i n g foot n o t e
( p 4 N ot e 2
) t o t h e st a te m e n t
:

.
,

of his t e xt :

p 2 9 5 g 2 1 1 t et e c a squ e I li os N o 5 1 6 p oiss on d e
T ro
y , .
, .
, , .
,

b ois tr ou v a 2 6 pi e ds I l e s t vr a i q u e p ou r l obj e t r e pr od u it .
,

s ou s 1e N o 2 1 1 p a r l o u vr a g e T r oy a n d i ts R e ma i n s l ou vr a g e
.

i n tit u l I l i os i n diq u e s e u l e m e n t 2 a 6 pi e ds d e pr ofon d e u r .

I li os p ,
.

T
disc o v e r t h e z on e s of t h e e a rth u p on th e t e rr a c o tt a b a ll
o -

gu re d i n S c h li e m a n n s I l i os N os 2 4 5 2 4 6 s e e m s t o m e t h e

,
.
, ,

h e ight of t e m e rity a n d still m or e t o fou n d a n a rg u m e n t u p on

,

t he s u pp o s e d d isc o v e r y S i m il a r obj e cts h a v e b e e n fou n d u p on .

oth e r pr e hist oric sit e s a n d n e ith e r i n th e m n or i n t h e T r oj a n

,

b a ll c a n I n d a n y i m it a t i on of a t e rr e stri a l gl ob e A t a ll .

e v e n ts t h e obj e ct is n o t e v e n a ll u d e d t o by M D u m on t
, . .

1
S ee es p c i l l y pp
e a . 6 9 , 7 1 , 7 2 , 75 on an x ii , My c ene s ; et an

( v 1 xv i s i ec l i l ik ;

a an t e .
e
e, H s s ar au xi ,

S an to i ; n
r n a I lya s os au
144 T H E R UI N S O F H I S S AR LI K .

A cc ordi n g to
h o m I h a d t h e pl e a s u r e of
Dr . D or p fe ld ,
w

m e e ti n g a t A th e n s l a st spri n g t h e a rticl e h e h a d w ritt e n fo r ,

the A llg em ei n e Z e it u n g o f S e pt e m b e r 2 9 1 8 8 2 h a d b e e n m i s , ,

u n d e rst oo d
1
I n sp e a ki n g o f the R om a n Ili u m h e m e r e ly

.

m e a n t t h e G r e e k city w hich w a s k n o w n i n R o m a n ti m e s a s
Ili u m T h e a rchit e ct u r a l r e m a i n s i n t h e l ow e r str a t a o f
.

Hiss a rlik did n ot h e c o n sid e r e d a d m it o f a n y c on cl u si o n s , ,

b e i n g dr a w n fr om th e m a s t o w h e th e r th e y w e r e pr e hist oric
o r H e ll e n ic i n ch a r a c t e r T his c ou ld b e d e t e r m i n e d on ly by .

t h e o bj e cts fo u n d a m o n g th e ir r u i n s a n d i n this d e p a rt m e n t o f ,

a rch a e o l ogy h e a s a n a rchit e ct c ou l d pr on ou n c e n o o pi n i on

, ,
.

C o n s e qu e n tly th e r e w a s n o a n t a g on is m b e t w e e n his vi e w s o n
t h e on e si d e a n d th o s e o f D r S chli e m a n n or m ys e lf on t h e .

o th e r .

T h e q u e sti on i n fa ct r e s e m bl e s th a t s u gg e st e d by m ost
, ,

e xc a v a ti on s o n a n ci e n t site s w h e r e i n scripti on s a r e w a n ti n g .

T h e a g e a n d ch a r a ct e r o f t h e r e m a i n s w e n d h a s g e n e r a lly t o
be d e c id e d by t h e s m a ll e r o bj e cts a n d m o r e e sp e ci a lly t h e ,

p o tt e ry w hich a r e br ou gh t t o light U n til w e c om e t o the

,
.

H e ll e n ic p e ri od w a lls a n d oth e r b u il d i n gs a r e s o r u d e a n d
,

si m il a r i n c o n str u cti on a n d s o littl e is k n o w n a t pr e s e n t a b ou t ,

th e ir d isti n g u ishi n g p e c u li a riti e s th a t i t is d i f c u lt if n ot , ,

i m p o ssibl e t o u s e t h e m a s e vid e n c e A ll th a t th e y c a n t e ll u s
,
.

is w h e th e r or n ot a s u cc e ssi on o f s e ttl m e n ts h a s ris e n o n e

1
S ee a ls o h i s l e tte r i n t h e T i m es of and a hal f i n t h e S o u t h K en s i g ton
n

Mar ch 2 2nd , 1 883 . D r D or p fe l d ,

. Mu s e u m , a n d a r e n ow t o be s ee n i n the
a ft er s ay n g i tha t

D r . c i
S hl emann s

c
S h l i e ma n n Mu s e u m at B e rl i n, w he re,

s t a te m e n t t ha t no Gr e e k or R om a n as w as th e c ase in L on d on , the y ar e

ar ch i t c t e u ra l re m a n s i a re f ou n d at a cl as s i ed a cc o rd n i g t o t h e s tr a t a i n
g r ea ter p
de th t h a n t w o m etr e s [s i x w h i ch t h v yf ey w er e s e e ra l l ou n d I t is .

f ee t ] ca n be c ic t d
o n t ra d e by no on e , th m y t m of c l
e sa i c t i
e s s e th t ass a on as a

s n i c e it e x c tly d c i b
a es r es the f cta s,

ad pt d i I l o
o I
e n c h i t c t do
z s .
,
a s a n ar e ,

h er e r em a r k I f th
s : f

er e or e , as ch i
ar no t f l my lf q eel i d t p se c ua e o r o n ou n e

t e c ts , w e ca n n d i n t h e m e t h od of an th it t i v
au j dg m t p t h
or a e u en u on e

c on s t ru c ti ng th e w al l s n ot th e s l i g h te s t ag f th
e o d i ff t bj c t es e b t p er e n o e s u re

g r ou n d for a s s g n n g a i i
e d ag e to th e x h t ic
is c h l g i t ft
or ar c f l
a eo o s s, a er a a re u

i
e ar l e r s e t tl e m e n ts [o n H s s a rl ], w e i ik c mp i
o f t h m i th i m i l
a r s on o bj c t e w s ar o e s

m u s t t u r n , fo r a n a n s w er to th i q
s u es di c v
s d ls o h h v
ere f m th
e ew e re , a e ro e

t i on , t o th e ob e j ct di c v
s s o er e d in the t g d t h t th p t t y f d
rs a ree a e o er ou n

h ou s es , su ch as p tt y t
o er , s on e w ea p on s b l e owth pp m t t t m t h t i
e u er os s ra u a s,

an i p
d m l e m e n ts , or n a m e n t s , j e w el s a n d at g t ad p th th r e a ert m et e an w o r es

t he l ik e . Al l t h es e ob e j ct s ha v e i
t ll b th t h
e n ea f c m t ll b e s ur a e us a e

re c e n tl y b e en e x h ibi t ed fo r t h r ee y e a r s as sig d t m ot
ne ti q i ty
o a re e an u .

1 46 T H E R UI N S O F H I S S AR LI K .

t t h e e xist e n c e o f i n scripti on s i n t h e pr e hist oric r e m a i n s of

r a e,

Hiss a rlik m a k e s it di fcu lt t o r e fe r a l l of t h e m t o a v e ry r e m ot e

e p o ch , a n d t h e fa ct t h a t s u ch of t h e obj e cts fou n d th e r e a s

b e tr a y for e ign i n u e n c e a r e B a byl on i a n a n d n ot A s s y ro

P h oe n ici a n i n ch a r a ct e r m a y n ow be e xpl a i n e d by t h e fu rth e r
fa ct th a t Hittit e a r t al s o w a s m od e ll e d u pon th a t o f pri m itiv e
B a byl on i a
.

A H . S AY C E .
 T H E R UI N S O F H I S S A R LI K . 147

T for e g oi n g p a p e r a d m its on e v e ry p oi n t of a si m pl e a n d
H E , ,

c on cl u siv e r e ply N othi n g is r e qu ir e d bu t a cl e a r st a t e m e n t of

.

t h e fa cts thi s I p r op os e t o giv e l e a vi n g t h e j u dg m e n t on th e m

,

t o t h e r e a d e rs of this J ou rn a l By d oi n g s o I w ish t o .
,

disp os e a t on c e a n d n a lly of a disc u ssi on n ot c om m e n c e d by

, , ,

m e w hich it a pp e a rs u n d e sir a bl e t o pr ol o n g n e e dl e ssly i n

,

th e s e p a ge s .

P r ofe ss or S a yc e c om pl a i n s th a t I h a v e m is u n d e rst ood ( 1 )

hi m s e lf ( 2 ) P r ofe ss or W W G ood w i n ; ( 3 ) M A lb e rt D u m on t
. . .

r W D or fe ld
( )
4 D . .
p I w ill .fo ll o w this o rd e r .

D r S chli e m a n n s wor k I li os m a i n t a i n e d th a t on th e
.

, , ,

hill of Hiss a rlik a ll tra c e s of t h e Gr e e k I li u m w hich w a s

,

fou n d e d p e rh a ps a bou t 7 0 0 B C a n d p a ss e d thr ou gh m a n y . .

,

a r chit e ct u r a l ph a s e s i n H e ll e n ic Ma c e d on i a n a n d R om a n ti m e s
, ,

c e a s e a t j u st six fe e t b e l ow t h e p r e s e n t s u rfa c e of t he m ou n d .

B e l ow s i x fee t d ow n t o fty-tw o fee t s ix p r ehi s tor i c ci ti es

, ,

s u cc ee d e d on e a n oth e r P r ofe ss or S a yc e h a s b e e n a m on g t he
.

foll o w e r s o f t h is th e ory .

T h e E di n bu r g h R evi ew (A pril 1 8 8 1 ) p oi n t e d ou t t h e p r o ,

h a bi l ity th a t t h e r e m a i n s of t h e G r e e k I li u m e xt e n d t o m or e
th a n s ix fee t be l ow t h e s u r fa c e a n d t ha t s om e of th e six ,

s o c a ll e d
-
pr e hist oric citi e s r e a lly r e pre s e n t t h e pr o-R om a n

p s e s of its a rchit e ct u r a l life

h a .

A l e tt e r d a t e d N ov e m b e r 5 1 88 1 r e fe rri n g t o t he , ,

E di n bu rg h R evi ew a r ticl e of e ight m on th s b e for e w a s p u blish e d ,

by P r ofe ss or S a yc e i n th e A ca demy of N o v e m b e r 1 2 1 8 8 1 , .

I n this h e s a id

My i
a tt en t on c al l e d t o a n a rti cl e i n th e E d i n bur g h R evi ew o f
h a s b een
l as t A p ri l w hi ch p ur p or t s t o b e a c rit i c i s m of S c hl i em a n n s I l i s I t is a

o .

p i ty t h a t th e a n on y m ou s a u th or be for e w rit in g i t d i d n ot e i th e r l earn t h e

, ,
e l em en ta r y ri n c i p l e s o f a rch ae ol o i ca l s c i en ce or e x a m i n e D r S c h l i e m a n n

p g . s

"
L
1 48 T H E R UI N S O F H I S S A R LI K .

e xc a va ti on s on t h s p ot I s h o u l d h a v e fan c ie d th a t t h e c0 p i o u s i ll u s tra
e .

t i o n s g i v e n i n [ 1 3 w o u l d of t h e m s e l v e s h a v e p re v e n t e d a n o n e h o w e v e r
20
y ,
ine xp e e c e d i n q u e s t on s o f a r c h a eol og y from a s e r t in g t h a t t h e r e m a i s
ri n i ,
s

n
o f t h e A e o l i c I l i m s u re l y c a n n ot c ea s e a t s i
u fee t be l o w t h e p res e t s u r x n
fa c e of

I rticl e in this J ou r n a l T he R u i n s Hiss a rlik

n my a on at ,

r e fe rri n g t o D r D o rp fe l d s st a t e m e n t i n t h e A llg ern ei n e Z e i tu n g

.

o f S e pt e m b e r 2 9 1 8 8 2 I i n fe r fr o m it (J ou r n a l I I I p 7 )
, , ,
. .

th a t w e h a v e a t Hiss a rlik o n ly on e c e rt a i n or i m p orta n t

p r ehi s tor i c s e ttl e m e n t a n d o v e r this t h e hist o ric G r e e k I li u m

, , ,

i n thr e e (or p o ssibly fo u r ) s u cc e ssiv e ph a s e s I n t h e foo t n o t e

-
.

( 7 ) I q u o t e P r o fe sso r W W G ood w i n s V i e w w hich w a s giv e n

p
. . .
,

by h i m s e lf i n t he A ca demy of D e c e m b e r 9 1 8 8 2 a n d w hich , ,

a gr e e s w ith m y o w n a s r e c o rd e d i n t h e s a m e j o u r n a l a n d i n t h e ,

A then een m g o f D e c e m b e r T he fo ot n ot e c on cl u d e s w ith -

th e se w o rds

O u r h an d P r of s s or A H S ay c e d c l a r e s tha t a n y on e h ow
th e o th e ,
e . . e

,

e v e r i n e xp e ri e n c e d i n q u e s t i on s o f a r c h a e l o y u s t s e e t h a t a l l t r a c es

g m o ,

o f t h e A e o l i c I l i u m c e as e a t s i x feet bel o w t h e s u r fa c e o f H i s s arl i k

.

T he r e fe r e n c e is a si m pl e cit a ti o n of P r ofe ss or S a yc e s ow n
l e tt e r q u ot e d a b ov e fr om t h e A ca dem y o f N ov e m b e r 1 2 1 8 8 1
, , .

Y e t h e n ow s a ys th a t I h a v e a lt og e th e r m is a ppr e h e n d e d his

m ean in g H ow s o
.

My l e tt e r h e s a ys sp ea lcs on ly of obj ects ,

f ou n d a t H i s s a r l i k a n d g u r ed i n I l i os a n d con ta i n s n o a l l us i on ,

ei ther to w a l ls or to a n y other k i nd of bu i l di ng B ut n u .
,

fort u n a t e ly for this e xpl a n a ti on P r ofe ss or S a yc e h a d i n ti m a t e d , ,

i n t h e pr e c e di n g s e n t e n c e of his l e tt e r th a t th e o pi n i on w hich ,

be is c on d e m n i n g c ou ld n ot h a v e b e e n for m e d by t he r e vi e w e r

h a d t h e l a tte r s e e n t h e e xc a v a ti on s on t h e sp o t N ow t h e
.
,

e xc a v a ti on s c o u ld h a v e sh o w n h i m n oth i n g bu t w a lls a n d o th e r

ki n ds o f b u ildi n g ; t he o bj e c t s fi g u r e d i n I l i os h a d l on g b e e n on

e xhibiti on e ls e w h e r e It is m a n ife st th e n th a t w h e n h e w r ot e
.
, ,

his l e tt e r on N o v e m b e r 5 1 8 8 1 P r ofe ss o r S a yc e u n d e rst ood , ,

t h e w ord i n its n a t u r a l s e n s e a s i n eln d i n g a rchi

r ern a i n s

,

t e ct u ra l re m a i n s H e is n o w d o i n g hi m s e lf a n i nj u stic e
.

w h e n h e s u pp o s e s th a t h e e m pl oy e d it i n a n o n n a t u r a l s e n s e a s -
,

ex cl u d i n g th e m T h a t h e sh o u ld m e a n w hil e h a v e ch a n g e d h i s
.

O pi n i o n a s t o t h e d e pth t o w h ich the G r e e k Ili u m r e a ch e s I ,

c a n e a sily u n d e rst a n d T he q u e sti o n a t iss u e h o w e v e r is a s t o

.
, ,

w h a t h e m e a n t on N ov e m b e r 5 1 881 An d I s u b m it th a t his ,
.
 T H E RU I N S O F H I S S A R LI K .

voy ons , d a c on tr a i r e , q o b e ts
d a tr a va l l e p l us a va nc e s e tr ou ve n t p a r
u e l es j i '

i
fo s a la p l u s g r a m e p r of o nd e u r P a r e x e m p l e , d a n s l e s t ra t u m l e p l u s

.

a n c i e n , n o u s r e m a r q u on s d e s m o u l e s d orn e m en ts e t d a r m e s d e c u i v r e ,

i
d e s b u l es , d e s p n g l e s , d e s b ra c e l e t s , d e s m or c e a u x d v o re t ra v a ill s

A i i .

i
8 m et r e s , l e s fo u i ll e s s g n a l e n t u n e t e rr e c u i t e m a r q u e d u n e e m p r e i n t e


i
q u i a pp a r t e n t t o u t a u p l u s t 6 t a n s e c on d s i ec l e a v a n t n ot r e ere

.

I n a foo t n ot e M D u m o n t i n st a n c e s t w o obj e cts : rst t h e

-
, .
,

t e rr a c otta a b ov e m e n ti on e d w ith t h e d e vic e o f a h e l m e t e d

-
,

h e a d A c c ordi n g t o T r oy t h i s w a s fou n d a t 2 6 fe e t ; a cc ordi n g

.

t o I li os a t fr o m 6 t o 7 fe e t
,
L e t u s for t h e s a k e o f t h e .
,

a rgu m e n t a ss u m e th a t T r oy w a s w r on g a n d [ l i es right a n d
, ,

l e a v e this t e rr a c o tt a ou t of a cc ou n t T h e o th e r obj e ct a
-
.
,

w as

w o od e n s h a r e a l m a st e rpi e c e of a r t ( I l i p 6 1 9 )

os , .

fou n d a cc ordi n g t o I ti es i ts e lf a t 2 6 fe e t B u t thi s is m e r e ly

, , .

I n t h e ol d e st str a t u m a s M D u m on t s a ys

on e e x a m pl e

.
.
,

a b ov e w e n o tic e m ou lds fo r o r n a m e n ts a n d for br on z e a r m s

, , ,

br ooch e s pi n s br a c e l e ts pi e c e s of iv ory w o rk
, ,
I t is n ot i n on e ,
-
.

is ol a t e d c a se bu t i n m a n y th a t a s h e s a y s obj e cts o f t h e m ost

, , , ,

a dv a n c e d w ork m a n ship a r e fou n d a t t h e gr e a t e st d e pth

T he .

w id e discr e p a n cy b e t w e e n T r oy a n d [ l i e s a s t o t he d e pth a t

w hich t h e t e rr a c ott a w a s fou n d is c e rt a i n l y i m p o rt a n t th ou gh

-
,

n o t i n t h e s e n s e of P r ofe ss o r S a yc e A cc u r a cy i n r e gist e r i n g .

t h e d e pths a t w hich o bj e cts w e r e fou n d is t h e pri m a ry c on diti on .

i f w e a r e t o a rg u e fr o m th em a s t o t h e a g e of th e str a ta It .

w ill sc ar c e ly i n spir e c on d e n c e t o n d th a t i n t h e c as e of a ,

sp eci a lly sig n ic a n t obj e ct w h e r e pr e cisi on w as of p e c u li ar ,

i m p ort a n c e D r S ch l ie m a n n s t w o p u blish ed s ta t eme n t s di ffe r
, .

1
by n o l e ss th a n 2 0 fee t .

I n c on n e cti o n w ith this t o p ic P r ofe ss or S a yc e a dds To ,

disc ov e r t h e z on e s o f t h e e a rth u p o n t h e te rr a -c ott a b a ll gu re d

i n S chli e m a n n s I li os N os 2 4 5 2 4 6 s e e m s t o m e t h e h e ig h t of , .
, ,

t e m e rity T he p e rs o n re s p on sibl e for t h e t e m e rity w hich
.

P r ofe ss or S a yc e c o n d e m n s i s no oth e r t h a n D r S chli e m a nn .

hi m s e lf ; w h os e vi e w h as i n t his i n sta n c e bee n g e n e ra lly , ,

a cc e pt e d S e e I l i os p 3 4 9 N os 2 4 5 2 4 6 T er r a -cotta

.
, . .
, .

B a l l r ep es en ti n g app a r ent ly the cl i m a tes 0f the g l obe ctu a l

( A
'

.
,

s i ze . D ep th 2 6 fe e t ) ,
.

1
P rof ss o S yc e d s
e t c
r ec t ly a I al y s os My c en a an d S p t bu t i t i 8
oe no orr , e, a a,

re produ c d e, m t cl
an ly t s eedl t o d i cu
s no thi h I t i
ear o n ee es s s ss s ere . s

d d M D m t vi v t h t I di d n t v

un t e rs an , t .
gh t b
u on s ew as o e n ou o o s er e a o e en

th e l ti
re a xi ti g b t
on e th ld t s t u ch n t hi t op i c
e w ee n it w ot e o es o on s ,
as as n

p tt
o t H i
ery a lik d th t f T hss a r r l v t t my an
g m t a o e ra , e e an o ar u en .
 T H E R UIN S O F H I S S A R LI K . 151

I n t h e A l lg em ei n e pt e m b e r 2 9 1 8 8 2 D r W
Zei tu n g of S e , , . .

D or p fe l d d e scrib e d t h e six e p ochs o f b u ildi n g w hic h h e c ou ld

disti n gu ish a t Hiss a rlik T h e sixth or t op m o st o f th e s e w a s .
, ,

d a s r om i s che I l i on T h e c on t e xt sh o w s c on cl u siv e ly th a t D r
. .

D or p fe ld u s e d th a t p h r a s e i n its o n ly n a t u r a l a n d pr op e r s e n se
'

t o d e n ot e t h e Ili u m of t h e l a t e st or R om a n p e ri od a s disti n ,

u i s h e d fr om th e Ili u m o f t h e e a rli e r Ma c e d on i a n p e ri od a n d o f
g
t h e still e a rli e r G r e e k p e ri od D a s r om i s ch e Ili on c ou l d i n
.
,

fa ct m e a n n othi n g e ls e
,
I f a n y fu rth e r pr oof w a s n e e d e d th a t
.

this is w h a t D r D oi p fe ld m e a n t it is s u ppli e d by h i s ow n l e tte r

.
,

t o t h e T i m es of Mar ch 2 2 1 8 8 3 B u t n ow P r ofe ss o r S a y c e , .

m a k e s this st a t e m e n t D r D or pfe ld t old h i m i n a c on v e rsa .

,

ti o n a t A th e n s th a t by t he R om a n I li u m h e did n ot m e a n
,
'

this . H e m er e ly m e a n t the Gr eek ci ty w hi ch w a s k n ow n i n

R oma n ti m es a s I li a m S o th e n t h e R om a n Ili u m is n ot t h e
.

R om a n Ili u m a n y m ore th a n t h e p r e R om a n ; it is si m ply -

Ili u m of He ll e n ic Ma c e d on i a n a n d R om a n ti m e s
,
-
,
I f ,
.

D r D orpfe l d h a d r e a lly u s e d da s r om i s ch e Ili on i n this s e n s e

.
,

th e n it w ou ld h a v e b e e n n e c e ssa ry t o a ll ow th a t h e h a d m a d e a
v e ry e xtr a ordi n a ry m is u s e of l a n gu a ge B u t P r ofe ss o r S a yc e s .

i n t e rpre ta ti on is c on tr a ry t o D r D or pfe ld s ow n p u blish e d u tte r .

a n c es ; it i s a ls o c on tr a ry a s I h a pp e n t o k n ow t o t h e disti n ct , ,

u n d e r s t a n di n g w hich c on v e rs a ti on s w ith h i m l e ft on t he m i n d of

a s ch ol a r w h os e a cc u r a cy a n d cl e a r n e ss of th ou gh t w ou ld b e

g e n erally r e c og n is ed Fu rth er I h a v e r ec eiv e d a m e s s ag e fr om

.
,

D r D orpfeld tha t i n s o fa r a s m y ar ticl e on His sa rlik d e a l s w ith

'

.
,

th e a r c h it e ct u r a l b e a ri n gs of t h e q u e sti o n it h a s his a ss e n t ,
.

U n d er t h e s e circ u m sta n c e s n o disr esp e ct t o P r ofe ss or S a yc e is ,

i n v olv e d i n the c on cl u si on th a t h e did n ot a ccu r a t e ly a ppr e h e n d

D r D or pfeld s m e a n i n g P r ofe ss or Good w i n w h o u n d e rst a n d s
'

. .
,

D r D erpfe ld p r e cis el y a s I do i t} i n t he n a tu r a l s e n s e of
.
, .

h is pu b l i s h e d w ord s w r it e s t o m e th u s ,

A s t o D r D orpfel d s e xpr e ssi on da s r omi s che I l i on
'
'

.
, ,

i n t he A llg emei i te Z ei tw n g of S e pt e m b e r 29 1 8 8 2 w e , ,

h ave
irst p ss g i n w hich a ft e r d e scribi n g t h e v e
( )1 F t h e ,
a a e ,

l ow e r s e ttl e m e n ts on Hiss a rl i k h e s a ys : N o ch e i n e s e chste ,

u n d l e tzt e A n si e d e l u n g n de n w i r tib e r d e n e b e n fa lls z e r s t or t e n

G e bau d e n d e r fun ft e n E p o ch e : n am li c h d a s r om i s c h e Ili on

'

H e th e n d e scrib e s bri e fly th e p u blic a n d priv a t e b u ildi n gs a n d

152 T H E R UI N S O F H I S S A R LI K .

t he s o lid w a lls b u ilt by the R o m a n s ,

m a di e s ta mm r er w a n d te
S ta d t z i t ehr en

.

( )
2 S c o n d ly i n h i s l e tt e r t o t h e T i m es of Ma rch 2 2 1 8 8 3
e , , ,

D r D or p fe ld u s e d t h e foll o w i n g l a n g u a g e t o e xpl a i n still m o r e

.

cl e a r l y w h a t h e m e a n t by t h e R o m a n Ili on

A r c h i te c t u ra l e m a i n s w h i c h b l o n g t o t h e a r c h a i c G r e e k a n d H e l l en i c

r e

p r i d cc u r n e i th e i t h e f t h c i ty n or e l s e w h e e p on H is s a l i k O f
e o o r n ou r r u r .

t h e t w o e d i fi c e s w h i c h a l o n e p r o ba bl y b l g t t h e M a c e d on i a n a g e t h e e on o

l a rg e m a r bl e t e m p l e o f A t h e a an d a m al l D i c e d f c e o f p or u s s t on e
n s or i i o

o n ly t h bl o ck s b l on g i n g t o t h i r u pp e r p a r t s h a v e b ee n f u n d b u t t h e ir
e e e o

fou n da t i on s a n d c o n s q u e n t l y t h e e x a c t s i t e s n w h i c h th ey s t ood c a n n ot be
,
e o ,

d term i n ed
e i t h c e r t a i n ty T he o t h e r b u i ld i n g s on th e a c ro p ol i s of N o v u n
. l

I l i u m s fa r a t h ir a g e ca n be S BI t l l l l C d a r e f t h e R om a n e och ;
,
o s e tl L
'
t ,
o i

am n
g t h e s I m a y m e n t i on a mag n i fi c e n t p r p y la e n a n d a l a rge
o e ou bl e o o

s to a . U nd e r i t i s tr ue , the q ue s ti o n a s to the d ep th to
thes e C ir c u m s ta n c es ,
c
w h i h the r em a i n s of G r ee ts a m t R o ma n bu l d i n g s ex te n d be l ow the ea r a c e i
of the s o i l ( tt mm t be a n s w e r ed p os i ti r e ly

O n t h e o t h e h a n d, D r S c l i e . r .

m a n n s s t a te m e n t t h a t n o G e e o r H u m a n a h te t u a l e m a n s a r e o u n d

r k rc i c r r i f
at a
g e t
a e d e
p r
t h t h a n t w o m r
e t r es 6 f t 6 %i n ]

ca n be o n t a d t e d b y . . c r ic
n o o n e , s n ce i t e a t l y d e s i be s t he a t s
1
x c c ri f c .

T pl a i n ly e n ou gh (P r o fe ss or G oo d w i n c on ti n u e s)
his m e a n s,

th a t the i pp er m os t s tr a t u m of t w o metres con ta i ns n o r em a i n s of

/

bu i ldi n g s h i ch be d cyi n i tely a s s ig n ed to a n y ea r l i er ti m e tha n

w ca n

th e R om a n ep och ; th a t th e sit e s of t h e on ly t w o Ma c e d on i a n
b u ildi n gs w hich h a v e b e e n fou n d c a n n o l on g e r be id e n ti e d ,

si n c e th e ir fou n d a ti on s h a v e n ot b e e n disc ov e r e d ; a n d th a t
n o a rchit e ct u r a l r e m a i n s b e l on gi n g t o a n y e a rli e r G r e e k s e tt l e

m e n t h a v e b e e n fou n d a n y w h e r e u p on Hiss a rlik T h e st a t e .

m e n t is th e r e for e p o sitiv e on ly a s r e g a rds t h e R om a n b u ildi n gs ,

a n d n e g a tiv e a s r e g a rds b u ildi n gs of a n G r e e k p e ri o d
y .

P r o fe ss o r Go od w i n h e r e p u ts t h e c a s e w ith a cc u r a cy a n d
cl e a r n e ss A n d si n c e t h e u pp e r m o st str a tu m r e pr e se n ts th e Ili u m
.

o f t h e l a tes t o r R o m a n e p o ch on ly it is r e a s on a bl e t o l ook fo r ,

t h e Ili u m o f t h e ea r l i er e p o chs Ma c e d o n i a n a n d H e ll e n ic i n t h e , ,

s t r a t a n e xt b e l ow T his is t h e b e li e f w hich I e xpr e sse d i n t h e

.

A then aeu m a n d A ca d em y of D e c e m b e r 2 1 8 8 2 T his is t h e ,

.

r e su lt r e c og n is e d a ls o by P r o fe ssor G ood w i n (A ca demy D e c e m be r ,

9 1 8 8 2 ) a s th a t t o w hich D r D or pfe ld s a cc ou n t of t h e str a t a

, .

t e n ds A n d t o this V i e w D r D er pfe ld s g u a rd e d l e tt e r i n t he
. .

T i m es r e fe rs i n t e r m s n ot obsc u r e ly s u gg e stiv e o f t h e b e li e f t o
1
I
q u ot n g t h s l a s t
n i i ce i
s en ten n his p r i nt ed i n i ta l i s c . Th i s is as if , in
f oo t -n ot e , P r o es s o Sa f r yc e om i ts t he q u ot i ng a s en t e n ce f om
r a Gree k a u th or ,

wo rd s,

O n the ot h er h a nd ,

a nd s u
p he w ere pp es t he
to su r s c l s w i th
au e

p r ess es th e hol e h i ch I ha ve d g iv ly t h a t w i th

w s en tence w p eu, an e on
154 T H E RUI N S O F H I S S A R LI K .

m is u n d e rst oo d by c orr e sp on d e n ts o f t h e T i m es t h e s ol e
tw o ,

r e fe r e n c e t o t h e A l lg e mei n e Z ei tu ng h a vi n g b e e n i n a l e tt e r t o t h e
T i m es of J a n u a ry 2 5 t h e G e r m a n h a s n o t a w ord a n s w e ri n g t o
this I n o th e r pl a c e s a l s o t he E n glish v e rsi on di ffe rs fr o m t h e
.

G e r m a n o ri gi n a l by om issi o n s a dditi on s ch a n g e s of phr a s e a l l

, , ,

c a lc u l a t e d t o c on v e y a di ffe r e n t t on e T h u s t h e E n glish l e tt e r .
,

s a ys th a t th e w rit e r h a s a id e d i n e xc a v a ti o n s u n d e rta k e n to cl ea r

p h T r oj a n q u e sti on w h e r e t h e G e r m a n h a s si m ply

u n a ll t e
y ,

z u r w ei ter en E r hl a r n n d e r tr oj a n isch e n Fr a g e T he Ge r m a n
'

g .

sp e a ks of di e w i chti g e F r a g e a s t o t h e d e pth t o w hich t h e

G r e e k r e m a i n s e xt e n d ; t h e E n glis h v e rsi on s u ppr e ss e s t h e

e pith e t O n e o m issi on i n t h e E n glish is sc a rc e ly l e ss m a t e ri a l
.

t h a n th e a dditi on o f pr e hist oric

I a s a n a r c h i t e c t d o n ot fe el
, ,
I ch p e r s onl i ch bi n a s A r ch it e k t

m y e l f q u a l i e d t o p r o ou n c e a n
s n i c h t i m S t a n d e e i n U r th e i l ii b e r
n

a u th ori t a t i v e u d m en t u p on t h e a e d a s Al t e r d er i n v er s c h ie den en
j g g
o f t h e s e d i ffe r e n t ob e c t S c h u tt s c h i c h t e n g e fu n d en en G e g e n
j ; bu t p e s r

h i s t ori c a r c h a e ol og i s t s a ft er a c a r e fu l
-
,
s t ii n d e a b zu g e b e n a ber d i e F a h ,
c

c om p ar i s on of t h e m w i th s i m i l a r g el eh rt en h a b en w i e m i H D r ,
r r . .

o bj e c t s d i s c o v e r e d e l s e w h e r e have S c h l i ema n m i tth e i l t n a c h s or g fal

'

n ,
,

from th e rs t ag reed & c t i g er v e r g l e i c h u n g d i es e r F u n d e m i t

, .

d en a n a d e r en O r t n a u s g e g ra b en e n
n e

S a c h en l an g s t en t s c h i e d en & c

,
.

T he s u p pr e ssi on of t h e it a licis e d Ge r m a n w o rds m a k e s a

vit a l diffe r e n c e D r D tir p fe l d h a d e xpr e ssly gu a rd e d hi m s e lf
. .

a g a i n st qu ot i n g t h e o pi n i on of t h e F a chg el eh r ten ( str a n g e ly

tr a n sl a t e d pr e h ist oric a rch a e ol ogists e xc e pt on t h e a u th ority
o f D r S chli e m a n n
. .

I p oi n t o u t th e s e i m p ort a n t discr e p a n ci e s T h e qu e sti on .

o f th e ir o rigi n I l e a v e t o o th e rs I do n ot a ttribu t e t h e m .

e ith e r t o t h e T i m es O ffic e or t o D r D or p fe l d . .

T h e a n s w e r t o P r o fe ss o r S a yc e s c on t e n ti on s h a s n ow b e e n

giv e n I n c on cl u si on I w ill bri e y r e s u m e t h e disti n ctiv e p oi n t s

.
,

of m
y p o siti on i n r e g a rd t o t h e pr o bl e m o f Hiss a rlik T h e y a re .

th e se t w o
1 I n st e a d o f t h e six pr e hist o ric citi e s w h ich D r S chli e m a n n s

. .

I li os a ssu m e s b e l ow t h e hist oric Ili u m I r e c og n is e on ly ( 1 ) t h e ,

h ist or ic Ili u m i n its R om a n Ma c e d on i a n a n d H e ll en ic p e ri ods :

, , ,

( 2 ) a n old e r o cc u p a ti on o f t h e sit e r e pr e s e n t e d by on e c on sid e r

,

a bl e s e ttl e m e n t of e a rli e r b u t u n k n ow n d a t e a n d p ossibly a ls o , ,

if th is b e i n d e e d disti n ct by on e m u ch s m a l l e r a n d still old e r

,

s e ttl e m e n t A rchit e ct u r e h a s n ow s a id t h a t it c a n n e ith e r prov e

.
 T H E R UI N S O F H I S S A R LI K 155

n or dispr ov e t h e H e ll e n ic ch a r a cte r o f th os e r e m a i n s w hich

b e l on g n e ith e r t o t h e l a tes t or R om a n p e ri od of th e hist o ric
Ili u m n or ye t t o t h e p r e Ili a n o cc u p a ti on Hist oric a l a n u
-
.

g e n e ra l pr ob a bility w ou ld str o n gly s u gg e st t h at th ey are

H e ll e n ic A rch a e ol ogy a s a ppli e d t o t h e o bj e cts fou n d i n t h e

.
,

diggi n gs d oe s n ot e xcl u d e a n d i n s e v e r a l p a rtic u l a r c a s e s

, ,

disti n ctl y c on r m s this vi e w ,

.

2 T h e l a rg e p r e Ili a n s e ttl e m e n t m a y b e t h a t t ow n t h e c a p
.
-
,

t u r e of w hich a t a n u n k n ow n d a t e g a v e ris e t o t h e l e ge n d o f
T r oy . T h a t ca n b e n e ith e r pr o v e d n or dispr ov e d T h e d a t a of .

t h e H o m e ric p oe m s for t h e s i te of T r o y c a n n ot be r e a lly r e c on

cil e d w ith a n y on e sit e i n t h e T re a d S om e of t h e m s u it .

B u n arb a shi on ly ; o th e rs s u it Hissa rlik b e st T h e to n a d u m .

w

br a t e d i n t h e Ili a d is i n a ll its a r c hit e ct u r a l d e t a ils p u r e ly

, ,

p oe tic a l I n t e llig e n t a n ti qu ity d e cisiv e ly r ej e ct e d a s I h a v e

.

pr o v e d i n this J ou r n a l 1
t h e H om e ric pr e t e n si o n s of t he hist o ric
I li u m .H o m e r s T r oy i n t h e s e n se o f a n a ctu a l t ow n d e scrib e d

by a p oe t r e c ordi n g hist oric a l fa ct h a s n ot b e e n fou n d a t ,

Hissa rlik a n d w ill n e v e r be fou n d a n y w h e r e

,
.

T h e s e t w o pr op ositi on s I v e n t u r e t o h op e w ill u l ti m a t e l y
, ,

obt a i n t h e g e n e r a l a ss e n t of q u a li e d j u dg e s .

R . C . JE BB .

1
S ee T he Ru i n s at H i s s ar l ik ,

J ou r n a l , III . 1 9 3 3, an d th e f rm
o er a rti cl e on

H om er ic an d H el l en i c Il i um,

( Vol . II p
. age
1 56 MI S C E L L A N E A .

MI S C E L L AN E A .

I . C L AY D I SKS F RO M T AR E NT U M .

A MO N G t h e obj e cts br ou ght fr o m T a r e n t u m by t h e R e v J . .

C h e st e r a r e c e rt a i n disks o f cl a y o f s o m e i n t e r e st th ou gh n ot of ,

a rtistic v a l u e T h e y a r e circ u l a r a n d fl a t or ch e e s e lik e i n fo r m

.
-
,

w ith a di a m e t e r o f 3 %t o 3 i n ch e s a n d a thick n e ss o f a b ou t
2
3
, :

o f a n i n ch T h e i n scripti o n s a r e i m pr e ss e d i n t h e cl a y by m e a n s
.

o f a st a m p a n d r u n th u s
,

\Ve ig h t i n \Ve i g h t i n
g ra m s .
g ra m m e s .

l H MlQ
'

l . 2 1 00 1 36
A E A lo N

2 . i H-
MI Q A 2035
3 . l-H MI Q 2035 131 8
4 . l-H MI D . 1 82 5 1 1 82

T he rd e r i n d a t e is th a t fo ll ow e d i n t h e list N o 1 is old e st
o . .
,

a n d t h e s h a p e o f t h e M s e e m s t o i n dic a t e th a t it m a y d a t e fr o m

t h e fou rth c e n t u ry B C ; t h e o th e r t h r e e a r e pr o b a bly n o t e a rli e r

.

t h a n t h e third c e n t u r v L a t e r th e y c a n sc a rc e ly b e for a ft e r
.
,

th a t ti m e t h e ob o l g a v e w a y t o t h e R om a n d e n a ri u s a n d
s e st e rti u s a s a m e a su r e o f v a l u e a t T a r e n t u m .

T h e w o rd l-H M I Q A E A I O N is e vid e n tly a di a l e ctic e q u i v a

l e n t o f hn t o M o u a n d d e riv e d fr om 686 k bs j u s t a s t h e o t h e r
'

fo r m is d e riv e d fr o m 63 0 x5 9 a n d 68ek b9 w a s a s w e k n ow fr o m
'

1 6 9 0 a fo r m i n u s e a t D e lphi n o d o u bt o f D o ric origi n

, ,
.

I n t h e s a m e i n scripti on w e n d i n t h e n ot v e ry tr u st w o rt h y
c o py of D o d w e ll ha w BeM v e bu t this is a l m o st c e rt a i n l y w r on g
'

, .

B oe c k h r ej e cts t h e t e r m i n a ti on ; a n d it is n o t i m p o ssibl e t h a t
t h e for m o n t h e D e lphi a n st o n e m a y r e a lly be t h e s a m e a s on
1 58 M I SCELLAN EA .

I I .
A MP H O RA S T O PP I N
-
G F R O M TA R E N T U M .

T G reville J C hester h a s presented to the B ritish

H E Rev . .

Museu m a n obj ect of so m e interest w hich he l a tely found

hi m self in the cu tting ne a r the R am leh r a il w a y st ation .

It consists of a circul a r c a ke of gypsu m or w h a t w e should ,

c a ll rough pl a ster of P a ris w hich w a s discovered w ithin the ,

neck of a n a mp lt om for w hich it h a d evidently served a s the

l

stopper It presents the a ppe a r a nce of h a ving been poured in in

.

a liquid condition upon the contents of the a mp h or a a rough ,

i m pression of w hich is consequently preserved in the u neven

s u rfa ce of the under side the upper side be a rs the i m pression of
a st am p thus : ,

s ma ll fr a g m ent is unfortun a tely broken a w a y fro m the l eft

A
side a nd w ith it the rst letter of the upper r ow : the broken
,

edge ho w ever distinctly sho w s tr a ces of a n I so th a t th e ,

inscription is undoubtedly d s g 9
.

S i m il a r stoppers of gypsu m a re of co mm on occu rrence but I ,

believe it is very r a re to m eet the m in a ny ma teri a l inscribed

I h a ve only been a ble to nd ve other insta nces ( 2 ) In a .

note in the A r ch A n zei g er for 1 8 6 5 p m ention is ma de of

.
'
,
.

a stopper of unique of its kind discovered ,

in the m outh o f a n a mp hor a it be a rs the inscription P S A VFE . ,

w hich t h e w riter of th a t note interprets a s referring to a w ell

kno w n fam ily n am e of the to w n of P al estrin a Mr F r a nks h as . .

c a lled m y a ttention to the four follo w ing w hi ch exist in his ,

dep a rt m ent in the B ritish Museu m : they a re a lso from

Al ex a ndri a but a ppe a r to be of a m uch l a ter period th a n
,

Mr C hester s present
.

.

U f t
1
t ly M C h t
n or u n a e ld t d i p t i I g th t h t i t
r . es er c ou i m il no es cr on a er a w as s ar

b i g t h p ti
r n e f mp hor t hi h i f m t t h W i j
on o a f Rh d
or a o w c n or o e ne .
a rs o o es .

t h is s te ppe r b e l on g e d bu t fr om hi s
 M I SCE LLANEA . 1 59

( 3 ,
4 ) A B yz a nti n e m onog r am of crucifor m sh a pe .

(5 ) A seven br a nche d c a ndlestick s u rrounded by

-
, the n am e
I O T A I AN O T .

(6 ) S t Men a s bet w een t w o d ro m ed a ries

. .

Wh a tever the interpret a tion of these inscription s ma y be

I think our st am p be a rs eviden c e of a di fferent intention .

A t rst sight the w ord I X6 0 9 n a tur a lly rec a lls thos e C hristi a n

epit a phs w here it is frequently e m ploye d to signify e m bl e

1

m a t i c a ll y a n a dj ur a tion to the deity the initi a l le tters of w hich ,

a re represented in the letters of this w ord 2

B ut there a re .

v arious re a sons w h y such a n attribution w ould not be suit a ble

to our inscription : the a mp hor a is a ltogether a n unlikely for m of
C hristi a n buri a l w herein cre ma tion w a s not in u s e ; a nd such
,

a n inscription w ould h a rdly t a ke the stereotyped fo r m of a n

i m pression fro m a st am p .

I think it is m ore prob able th a t w e h a ve here a m e m or a ndu m

of w h a t the j a r cont a ined : th a t the pr a ctice of marking j a rs
obta ined am ong the a ncients is kno w n fro m v arious sources 3
,

a nd it see m s not unlikely th a t a di fferent syste m w ould be in

u se for distinguishing fro m w ine j a rs those cont a ini n g other -

preserves w e re m e m ber h ow H or a ce w a rns L ollius

Q u o se m el est i m but a r e ce n s s e r v a bi t odore m
T est a diu ,

a nd it may ell be th a t a mp hor a e once used for w ine w ould be

w

kept exclusively for th a t purpose a nd could therefore be per ,

m an e n t ly st am ped on the other h a nd a j a r w hich h a d cont a ined ,

sh m ight w ell be used for olives a n d these w ould h a ve to be ,

m a rked by so m e te m por a ry m ethod T here is a p a ss age in .

Petronius w hich see m s to refer to so m e such m ethod : he s ays

4
,

a dl a t a e sunt am phor a e v i t r e a e d i l i e n t e r u a ru m in

s a ta e
g gyp q
c er vi c i bu s
p i t t a c i a e ra n t a d x a c u m e o tit u lo : F a lernu m opi m i
a nu m a n n or u m centu m Ma y it not be th a t our pl a ster is one .

of these s am e p i tta ci a 2 5
a f x a in c e rv i c i bu s could a s w ell m e a n
.

att ached to the i n ter i or a s to the ex ter i or of the neck : if these

j ars w ere a s w a s so m eti m es the c a se buried up to the m outh in
, ,

1
S e e B ock h . C . 1 . iv . p . 4 2 8, N os .
4
t
S a yr 1 1 4. .

9 0 76 e tc .
5
d i i
T he e r v at on o f th e w or d (m dr r
'
w ,

w o ld se m fa vour t hi s v i w
2 '
I na o X pw
'
'
r , @6 0 0 w ir r a ) u e to e .

3
H or . 0d . 3; I I I . 8, 1 0 .
1 00 M I SCELLANEA .

e arth the interior of the m outh w ould be the m ost convenient

,

pl a ce to w hich such a mark could be a tt a ched w hile if the ,

p i tta ci a h a d been fa stened to the h a ndles the expression w ould ,

h a ve been r ather in ma nubrio .

O f course other m e ns ma y h a ve been a lso a dopte d fo r a

ma rking co mm odities both th a t of st am ping on the ma teri a of

the j a r a s in the c a se of R hodi a n a nd T h a si a n w ine a nd possibly
, ,

t ha t of tying on l a bels of terr a cott a or of other subst a nces :

in D evill e s H i s toi r e d o Ver r cr ze sever a l gl a ss a mp hor a e a re
'

published be a ring such inscriptions st am ped on the m a s D VL C E ,

MI T E ME R V M a nd t w o or three marked S A N G VI S w hich

,
1 2

h a ve cont a ined blood prob a bly th a t of C hristi a n ma rtyrs It is , .

possible th a t so m e of the s o c a lled w eights of terr a cott a may h a ve -

been e m ployed for a si m il a r purpose in t h A n n a l z del l I n s t

'

: e
'

1 8 7 2 p 1 9 8 a re m entioned t w o w hich be ar inscriptions the one

, .
,

ME A I E the other I A T K w hich l a tter w ord is repe ated on a

l a rge nu m ber found a t A thens ; in this w ord Ri ts c h l (J a /L r bu ch

d es Ver ei n s e on A lter th em R hei rzl 1 8 6 6 p 9 etc ) sees the n am e
'

. .
,
.
,
.

of the va s a r o I A T K [Q N but it see m s m ore prob able th a t it

,

refers to the qu ality of so m e co mm odity S o m eti m es these .

l abels may h ve been of le a d ; see the Pio m bo S icili a no

a

published in the B u l l A r ch ZVap 1 8 5 3 p 8 8 . . .

, . .

T he proven ance of our ex am ple is w ell suited to such a n

interpret a tion w e kno w fro m A then a eus h o w l a rge w a s the
:

consu m ption of sh in his ti m e sh w ere i m ported to A lex :

a ndri a fro m the Propontis a nd else w here the s ma ller kinds ,

3

entire the l arger cut in pieces a nd p a cked in a mp hor a e or

, ,

p i th oe so m e w ere preserved w it h the sc a les K m d others

'

,
e w r v,

w ere sc a led N F or these processes speci a l ti m es of the

, r r r v .

ye ar w ere considered m ost fa vour a ble a nd sh pickled in the :

best se a son w ere c a lled bp Z p d xn : this fa ct ma y be a ( a a T e

guide in the interpret ation of t h e letters w hich ter m in a te our

inscription g e A ssu m ing th a t there w ould be so m e mark to
,
.

sho w w hether the c ntents of the p a rticul a r j a r w ere p i or o a a

not it is possible th a t these letters may indic ate the d a te of

,

pickl ing : thus our m np h or a w ould h a ve been stored on the 9 th

d ay of the 6 th m onth 4
.

1
P 47. .
4
S e e B oc k h , C . I . 3 8 92 , 4 1 0 8 , ad d .
3
Pl t iiia e c .
435 1 , w h e re m on th s a re i dic te d
n a by
3
S P ol l u x vi
ee . 48 . n u m era l s .
1 62 M I SCELL A NEA .

T he a ppe ar a nce of T e l e s ph or os on the reverses of N os 2 a n d .

3 in co m p a ny w ith a di vinity w h o is neither A sklepios H ygiei a , ,

nor A poll o is very re mark able T his divinity is prob a bly

.

D e m eter w orshipped perh a ps under a loc al for m

, A lthough .

the a ssoci a tion of the g r e at g odde s s of E leusis w ith A sklepios is

alre a dy w ell kno w n (see G ir a rd L A s clep i ei on d A then cs p 4 0 ff )
,

, .
,

the union of D e m eter w ith the subordin a te deity T e l e s p h or os

see m s to be a fa ct kno w n to u s only fro m these coins of
D i on ys op oli s .

W A RW I C K W R O T E .

IV .
-A RIN G WI T H TH E I N S C R IP T I O N
A T T U L AS .

I N t h e L e ake collectio n of ge m s n ow in the F i tzw i ll i a m

Museu m a t Cam b ridge there is a very curious silver ring
,

brough t fro m T hess aly by C olonel L e a ke ( he h a s hi m self e n

gr a ve d T hess aly on the insi d e) w it h r a ise d gol d letters sol d ere d
o n the el d T h e secon d letter is destroye d i n the lo w er p art
'

. ,

a n d t h us t h e i nscription h a s been re a d a s A E T T AA E
1
.

U po n close e x am in a tion h o w ever a n d a s w il l be see n fro m t h e

, ,

ac co m p a ny i n g fa cs i m il e w e n d t h a t i n n o c a se coul d t h e
,

s eco n d l etter h a v e b e e n a 2 of w h ic h t h ere is a specim e n i n t h e

,

l a s t l e tter a n d th a t it u n d oubte d ly w a s a T for t h ere i s jus t a

, ,

re m n a nt of t h e o l d of t h e perpe n d icul a r s troke u n d er t h e

g
m i dd le of t h e h ori z o n t a l b a r .

T he question as to w h a t this n am e is see m s to m e e a s ily ,

solve d It is not a G reek but a B arb ar i a n n a m e a nd there can

.
,

be little d oubt th a t it is a G reek for m of t h e L at in Attil a .

I d o not venture to a ssert th at t h e ring w a s in the possession

of the fam ous A ttil a in the fth cent u ry t h ough t h e loc a li ty in ,

1
C a ta logu e C a m b r idg e, 1 8 70

o f C ol onel L ea k e s E u C a m br idg e . .

gr a ved Gems i n the F i tzw i l li a m Mus eu m ,

 M I SCELLANEA . 163

w hich it w a s fou nd is undoubtedly one w hich suffe re d fro m

his r a v ages It w ould be interesting to see the experience of
.

speci a lists brought to be a r upon the v a rious points w hich the

ring o ffers for criticis m : the make of the ring the custo m of ,

inscribing a n o w ner s (or a ny other person s) n am e upon a ring

'

t h e m ethod of w orking the letters ( one m et a l upon a n other ) ,

the for m of the letters the m selves the p articul a r for m f

, o

ita cis m .

It is kno w n th a t G reek a uthors spell A ttil a s n am e A x g

r r i

a

r A r n ix g ; a nd A T T X e of course does but exhibit a nother

-
'
a

a
o , ,

for m of it a cis m to w hich the speci alist may be able to a ssign a

,

li m it of d a te S o w ith the other points I w ill only a dd for

. .
,

m y ow n p art th a t the pr a ctice of a pplying letters of m eta l to

,

a d i fferent ground see m s to m e to point to a R o ma n a nd not to

a G reek a ge .

C H A R L E S WA L D S T E I N .
1 66 TH E F R AN K S I N TH E P EL O P O NNESE .

of this dukedo m d u ring its ourishing period spe a ks of T heseus ,

a s D uc a d A t e n e w hile he c a lls Pisistra tus S ire of the

1
,

s am e city H ence also S h a kespe a re follo w ing the It a li a n

2
.
, ,

w riters introduces T heseu s a s D uke of A thens in Mi d s u m m er

, ,

Zl ig lzt s D r ea m It is notice able a lso th a t though the m aj ority

'

of these n e w occup ants w ere n ot F rench either by descent or by

politic al a llegi ance yet the French l angu age w a s so gener a lly
,

spoken by the m th a t the n am e F r a n k w hich I h a ve introduced ,

i nto the he a ding of this p a per c am e to be used a t th a t ti m e a s , ,

it is a t the present d a y in those countries a s a co mm on title for ,

the inh a bit a nts of \Ve s te rn E urope .

B ut w hile these a lien Po w ers w ere est ablishing the m selves i n

their ne w ly conquered possessions the confusion w a s still further ,

incre a sed by the rise of a nu m ber of a spir a nts to the govern m ent
of those districts w hich re ma ined in t h e h a nds of the G reeks .

A t T rebi z ond a scion of the h ouse of C o rn n e n u s founded a n

e m pire w hich th a nks to i ts re m ote position on the co a st of the
, ,

B l a ck S e a outlived the n a l overthro w of its p arent S t ate

, .

N ic a e a in B ithyni a in the i mm e d i ate vicinity of C onst antinople

, ,

w a s occupie d by the rightfu l heirs of the B y z a ntine throne a nd ,

bec am e in t h eir h a n d s the he a dq u a rters of a po w er w hich a t

rst ma i nta ine d a h a r d struggle w it h t h e neig h bouring e m pire
of R o ma n i a a nd a fter w a r d s w a tc h e d its ra pi d ly i n cre a sing w e ak
,

ness until the m o m ent shoul d a rrive for reg a ining the lost
,

i n herit a nce A nother princip a lity a lso w a s est ablishe d in E pirus

.
,

t h e d espot of w hic h succee d e d i n d riving t h e L a ti ns fro m S a lonic a ,

a n d ma king th a t pl a ce t h e se a t of a G reek e m pire so th a t for a ,

ti m e it se e m ed a s if its rulers a n d not those of N i ca e a w ould , ,

be the future ma sters of C onst a ntinople A n d though before .

,

th a t city w a s c aptured the e m pire of T hessa lonic a h a d been ,

conquered a nd a bsorbed by its riv al yet a se m i independent ,

-

despot a t of E pirus continued to exist for m ore th a n a hundred

ye a rs a fter th a t ti m e Ag a in e a rly in t h e fourteent h century
.
, ,

a nother ele m ent of disturb a nce t h e Ca t a l a n G ra nd C o m p a ny , ,

p a sse d liked a co m et a cross the Ea stern sky a nd a ffected in a n ,

i m port ant ma nner the history of the period T he m ercen a ry .

se rv ice of these adventurers their negoti ations w ith the restored ,

G reek e m pire their insubordin a tion a nd revolts aga inst their

,

le aders a nd their m ilitary pro w ess a nd b a rb a rous cri m es live

, ,

1
I f
tl . 1 7 .
2

PM V
K" . 97 .
 THE F R AN K S I N TH E FE L O P O N N E S E . 1 67

fo r us in the p ages of their n a tive chronicler R am on Mu n ta n e r : ,

but their re a l i m po rta nce for history consis ts in their h aving

destroyed the o w er of Fr a nk chiv a lry w h o h a d m ustered fr m a ll ,
o

p a rts of G reece to oppose the m a t the gre a t b a ttle of the C e p h i s u s

,

(A D
. . fro m w hich blo w the L a tin S t a tes never recovered .

T he Ca t al ans the m selves se ttled in the cou n try a n d bec a m e the

d o m in a nt po w er there until to w a rds the e n d of the fourtee nth
,

century w hen they in turn w ere f rced to g ive w a y to the

, o

Florentine fa m ily of the A c c ia i u ol i w h o bef re this ti m e h d ,

o a

obt a ined possession of C orinth a nd of other do ma ins in G reece .

B ut the d isunion a nd j e a lousy w hich perv a ded the v a rious S t ates

into w hich the country w a s divided rendered the m inc a p able of
o ffering a n y resist a nce to a po w erful ene m y ; a nd a t l a st t h e
a d va nce of the O tto ma ns s w ept the m a l l both Ea stern a n d ,

Western in d iscri m in a tely a w a y

, .

Most of the S t ates th a t h a ve n ow been m entioned a re notice d ,

though in gener a l very brie y by G ibbon in his history B ut , .

t here is one of the F r a nk est a blish m ents in G reece the existence ,

of w h ich w ould h a rdly be discovered fro m his n a rr a tive though ,

it l a sted for m ore th a n t w o centuries a n d w a s in so m e respects ,

the m ost i m port a nt of a ll T his w a s the princip a lity of A ch a i a

.
,

or of the More a T h e re a son of this o m ission is the very intel

.

ligible o n e t h a t t h e m a te ri a ls for i ts h istory d id not e x is t i n

G ibbon s ti m e It is m entione d in deed inci d ent a lly by con

.
, ,

te m por ary w riters w hen the events of w hich they tre a t co m e in

,

conta ct w i th it ; a s for inst a nce am ong t h e B y z a n tine historia ns

, , ,

by N icet a s a n d A cr op ol ita d uring its e arly perio d a n d by P hra n ze s ,

d uring the l a ter a nd a m ong W estern chroniclers by V illeh a r d ouin

, ,

the histori a n of the fourth crus a de : but of the vicissitudes w hich

it u nder w ent a nd s till m ore of the st a te of the province a t th a t
,

ti m e nothing w a s kno w n before 1 8 2 5 w hen M B u ch on pub

, , .

l is h e d a tr a nsl a tion of t h e G reek m etric a l chronicle of t h e

co n quest of the More a the origin a l te x t of w hich w a s a fter
,

w a rds printe d by h i m i n 1 8 4 1 T his re m a rk a ble docu m ent.

,

w hich i s equ a lly v a lu a ble fro m a historic a l a n d a philologic a l

point of v ie w rel a tes the history of the princip a li ty during the

,

first century of its existence a nd a t the s am e ti m e thro w s gre a t

,

light on its inner life a nd orga nis ation T he subsequent r e .

sear ches of M B u chon a lso c l e a red up ma ny difculties rel a ting

.

to t h is d a rk perio d a nd the resul ts of his investig at ions h a v e

,
1 68 THE F R AN K S I N THE P E L O P O XN E S E .

been su mmarised for E nglish re a ders by F inl a y S ince his ti m e .

a l a rge am ount of a ddition a l i n for ma tion on the subj ect h a s

be en collected by the indefa tig a ble l abours of Prof C a rl H opf .
,

w h o h a s explored for th a t purpose the a rchives of the princip a l

c ities of N orth It a ly a s w ell a s those of nu m erous p l a ces in the

,

Mediterr ane an a nd h a s thus succeeded both in correcting many

,

in accur a cies in the c h ronicle a nd in lling up v a c a nt sp aces in ,

the history T he materi a l thus brought together is presented in

.

a very re ad able for m in H e r tzbe rg s H i s tor y of Gr eece I t is th e

.

o bject of the follo w ing p a per to give first a brief sketc h of th e , ,

history of the period ; secondly a n a ccount of the G reek .

chronicle of the More a ; a nd thir d ly a description of t h e ,

re ma ins th at exist in the country of the peri od of the F r a nk

occup a tion to e x a m i n e w hich I made a j ourney through t h e
,

P eloponn e se i n co m p a ny w it h Mr C ro w der i n S epte m ber .

,

I . ctch o
S i.:
f the H i s tor y o f the F r a n k P r i n cip a l i ty of the

T o w a r d s the en d of the ye a r 1 2 0 4 the s am e in w h ich the ,

L a tins c a ptured C onst a ntinople G eo ffrey Villeh a rdouin a , ,

.

F rench knight of a noble fam ily in C h am p agne a nd nephe w ,

of the Ma rsh a l of R o ma ni a of th a t n am e w hose chronicle h a s ,

alre ady been m entioned w a s returning fro m P alestine w hither , ,

he h a d proceeded a s a crus a d er independently of t h e ma in ,

expedition on he a ring of the successes of the F r an ks in over

,

thro w ing the Ea stern Em pire O w ing to stress of w e a ther .

,

ho w ever he w a s forced to ta ke refuge in the h a rbour of Modon

,

( Methone ) a t the south w est a ngle of the Peloponnese a nd -

,

w hile he w as kept w ind bound a t tha t pl ace entered into -

,

co mm unic a tion w ith one of the Messeni a n nobles J ohn ,

H op f s a c eou t w il l b f u n d i

Bu h u mm s p b
'
s ow n
c on
y G e s ar wa u r ece. n e o n

l is h d d
e t h t i t l H is toi
un er d e C l l xxx
er a d l xxx v ire of E h esd on vo s . v . n . rs c an

g u etos et d e Z E ta bl i s s em en t d es F r a n

. G ru b er

s E i w y lcl op d d i e ; th t
a of H t
er z

ca i s da ns les E ta ts d o l a n c i e n rw G r ace

b e rg in v ol . ii . of h i s Ges ch ic hte Gr ic ch c

s ou s l es Vi ll c-H a r do i n , vo l . i . 1 84 6, cn l a nd s s ci t de m A bs te r ben dos a nti /t en

b u t th e w ork w as n e v er com p l e t e d , L e bens . My ow n s k e tc h of th e peri od

ow i ng t o t he au th
or s p rem a t d th u re ea . is ma i l y d eri v e d fr om
n F i n l ay and

T ha t of Fi nl a y fo rm s c h pt
a ii f er v . o H e r tzb rg e .

the fou rth v ol u m e of h i s H is to r y f

o
 THE F R AN K S I N THE P EL O P O NNESE . 169

C a n ta c u z e n u s connect d by ma rri a ge w ith th e

,
w ho w as e

i m peri al fam ily of A ngelus the successors of the C o rn n e n i , ,

a nd conceived in connection w i th hi m a sche m e for subduing

this province of G reece T he circu m st a nces of the country .

w ere in ma ny w a ys fa vour a ble to such a n undert a ki n g f r the , o

centralising policy of the B y z antine govern m ent w hich fe a red ,

nothing so m uch a s revolt h a d fr m ti m e i mm e m ori a l dis , o

c ou ra g e d a ll org a nis a tion for purposes of self defence on the -

p a rt of the provinci a ls a nd th a t go ern m ent itself h a d for the

,
v

m o m ent been destroyed T he prize m oreover w a s a te m pting .

, ,

one for this portion of G reece h a d for sever a l centuries been

,

co m p ra tively undisturbed by a tta cks fro m w ithout a nd by

a

intern a l struggles a nd consequently w a s c a refully cultiv a ted

,

a nd possessed a consider a ble am ount of a ccu m ul a ted w e a lth .

T he a lli ance of Villeh a rdouin w ith a n ative C hieft ain c a used

a prepossession am ong the G reek inh abit a nts in his fa vour and ,

this w a s a fter w a rds stre n gthened w hen they found th a t he w a s ,

d isposed to respect their privileges In this w a y he w ith no .

gre a t di f c u lty ma de hi m self ma ster of th e w es te rn co a st of

Me s s e n i a the rich pl a in of E lis w ith its c pit a l A ndr a v i d a a nd
,
a ,

even the i m port ant city of P a tr a s B ut e arly in the follo w ing .

ye ar J ohn C a n t a c u z e n u s died a nd his son Mich a el discovering , ,

th a t the F rench le ad er w a s a i m ing m erely at his o w n aggr a ndise

m ent broke off the a lli ance w ith hi m a nd su mm oned the G reeks
, ,

to ar m s in order to expel the inv a ders Villeh ardouin perceived .

th at he w ould soon be reduced to gre at str a its o w ing to the

s ma llness of the force a t his dispos a l .

Me an w hile the Peloponnese h a d been inv a ded also fro m

a nother q u arter B onifa ce t h e n e w ly a p p oi n t e d King of
.
,
v

S alonic a h a d been put in co mma nd of the division of the

,

crus aders w hich w a s to su bdue G reece a nd in the ye a r 1 2 0 5 ,

marched south w ards a cco m p a nied by O tho de l a R oche Willi am

, ,

of C h am plitte a nd other C hieft a ins T hey m et w ith but feeble

,
.

resist a nce a nd after O tho de l a R oche h a d been est ablished a t

,

A thens they a dv an ced beyond t h e Isth m us a nd one p art of t h e

, ,

force under B onifa ce l a id siege to the fortress of C orinth into

, , ,

w hich L eon S ou r os the B yz a ntine governor of N a upli a a nd

g ,

A rgos w h o h a d undert a ken the defence of the country h a d

, ,

throw n hi m self w hile a nother det a ch m ent w ith w ho m w as

, ,

C h am plitte enc am pe d before N aupli a It w a s a t the l a tter

,
.
1 70 THE F R AN K S I N TH E P EL O P O NNESE .

p l a ce th a t the t w o desti n ed conquerors of the count y m et one r

a nother Villeh a r douin d espa iring of being a ble to subjug a te

.
,

the country hi m self a nd he a ring th a t a p art of the allied forces

,

w as a d a ncing fro m the north a b andoned his possessions in

v ,

Me seni a a n d marching a long the co a stl a nd of A ch a i a a ppe ared

s ,

bef re N aupli a H e t here proposed to C h am plitte w h o w a s

o .
,

a fello w country man of his being a lso fro m C h am p agne th at he

-
, ,

should beco m e ruler of the country a nd o ffered hi m s elf to serve ,

under hi m a nd beco m e his v a ss al K ing B onifa ce w h o w a s soon .

,

rec a lled to the defence of his ow n do m inions by an a tt a ck of the

B ulg ari a ns signied his consent to the undert a king a nd c on
, ,

r m ed C h am plitte beforeh a nd in a ny conquests he m ight make

a nd thu s the co m bined forces of the t w o co m r a des co m posed o f ,

one hundred knights a nd a consider able nu m ber of m en a t a r m s - -

,

proceeded by w a y of P atr a s a nd A ndr av i d a to recover Ville

h a r dou i n s e arlier a cquisitions w hich they e a sily succeeded in

doi n g T heir further a dv ance ho w ever w a s not to be unopposed

.
, , .

T he po w erful G reek l andholders w h o w ere not disposed to p ar t ,

w ith their possessions w ithout a str uggle r a ised a force co m posed ,

of the re ma ins of the B yz antine g arrisons of b a nds of w a rlike ,

m ount a ineers a nd of troops sent to th eir a i d by the despot

,

Mich a el of E pi rus a nd h aving a sse m bled in the upper v a lley of

,

Messeni a the S t e n y cl e r i a n pl a in of cl a ssic a l ti m es g a ve b a ttle

, ,

to the F r a n ks a t a pl a ce c alled the olive gr ove of K on dou r a -

.

H ere they w ere sign ally defe a te d a nd the i m pression made by ,

this victory w a s so gre a t th at w ithin no l ong ti m e the inv a ders

h a d a dded to their territory the rest of Messeni a the gre a ter ,

p art of Ar c a di a including the fortresses of Veligosti on the

south w estern border of th a t c ou n t r y a n d of N ik li w hich
-
, ,

occupied th e site of the a ncient T ege a on the south e a st ,

-

a nd even the i m porta nt to w n of L a c e d a e m on i a the m edi a ev a l ,

represent a tive of S p a rt a T he fortied pl a ces ho w ever w ere .

, ,

vigorously defend d a nd the l a st n am ed city w ithstood the

e ,
-

besiegers for ve d ays C h am plitte n ow a ssu m ed the title

.

o f Prince of A ch a i a a nd re w a rded Villeh a rdouin w ith the

,

e f of K a l ama t a in the rich l a nd a t the he a d of the

Messeni a n gulf T he to w ns of Modon a nd C oron ho w ever
.
, ,

in the w estern m ost of the three southern peninsul a s w ere ,

forcibly occupied by the Veneti ans to w ho m they h a d been ,

a ssigned by the origina l a ct of p a rt ition a nd in their h a nds ,

1 72 THE F R AN K S I N THE P EL O P O NNESE
l a id siege to C orinth w hich pl a ce they c a ptured by block a de ;
,

a fter w hich by the a id of Veneti a n g a ll y s the strongly f rtied

,
e ,
o

N aupli a fell into their h a nds a nd n a lly Ar gos c apitul ated in

,

the ye a r 1 2 1 2 A t this period the only p a rts of the More a

.

w hich w ere not subject to the W estern Po w ers w ere the port of

Mone m v a si a a t the south e a stern an gle of the country a nd the

-
,

m ou n ta inous districts of L a coni a In re w ar d for hi s a id in .

a cco m plishing these conquests O tho de l a R oche received Ar g e s

,

a nd N aupli a a s a e f a nd this privilege w a s enj oyed by his

,

successors C orinth a lso w hich bec am e the se a t of a L a tin

.
,

a rchbishopric in cons equence of its outlying position w as

,

dissoci a ted fro m the rest of the principa lity ; a nd thus a s ,

Modon a nd C oron w ere in t h e h ands of the Veneti ans both ,

the north e a stern a nd south w estern peninsul a s of the

- -

Peloponnese nd lit tle pl a ce in the history of the F r a nk

S t ate .

It w a s during this e a rly perio d th a t the princip ali ty w as

org a nised on a feud a l b a sis : but w here a s in the other S t ates
th a t w ere founded by the crus a ders in the Ea stern Em pire the
a rra nge m ent w a s regul ated by the A ssize of R o ma ni a w hich ,

w a s dr a w n up on the m odel of th a t of J erus a le m the co mm on ,

code of the L a tin S t ates in P a lestine a nd its neighbourhood here ,

it w a s deter m ined by the custo m s of C h am p agne to w hich country ,

both C h am plitte a nd Vi lle h a rdouin belonged A ccordin g to this .

a nu m ber of b a ronies w ere esta blished throughout the country ,

the holders of w hich h a d e fs a ssigned to the m in proport ion to

the i m port ance of the position w hich they w ere required to
defend ; w hile they eng aged for their p ar t to serve for a specied
portion of e a ch ye a r in g arrison duty a nd in the eld T he .

affa irs of the princip ality w ere to be settled by a p arli am ent ,

a nd a s reg ards the a d m inistr ation of j ustice the Courts w ere

, ,

m odelled on the institutions of F r ance but the A ssize of ,

R o ma ni a w a s received a s the l eg a l code T he n atur al c on .

for ma tion of the Peloponnese w ith its nu m erous v alleys ,

sep ar a ted fro m one a nother by high m ountains w a s exce l lently ,

ad apted to the feud a l org a nis ation a s it h a d been in old ti m es ,

to the develop m ent of independent co mm unities O n the se a .

co a st of A ch ai a t w o b a ronies w ere for m ed th a t of Vostitz a ,

w ithin a nd th a t of P atr as w ithout the str a its w hile corre

, , ,

spending to these am ong the m ounta ins further inl and l ay the
, ,
 THE F R AN K S I N THE P EL O P O N NESE . 1 73

b aronies of K al avryt a a nd K h a l n d i t a T he district of E lis a r z .

w a s a ppropri a ted to the prince a s his do ma in a nd its chief city , ,

A ndr a vid a bec am e the c a pit a l of the w hole princip a lity ; and
,

fro m the ti m e th a t Villeh a rdouin succeeded to the govern m ent ,

the e f of K al ama t a w a s co m bined w ith this a s the rightful

possession of his fam ily B ut the t w o m ost i m port ant of the
.

b a ronies to w hich respectively t w enty four a nd t w enty t w o e fs

,
- -

w ere a ssigned w ere those of A kov a a nd K a r i t e n a

,
T hese l ay on .

either side of the rugged m ou n t a i n ou s r e g i on in north w estern '

A rc a di a then c a lled S k or t a w hich w a s occupied by a w a rlike

, ,

S l a vonic tribe w h o together w ith the Me l i n g s on the slopes of

, ,

Mount T a yg e t u s w ere the only re m a ining represent a tives of those

,

S l a voni a n inv a ders w h o h a d settled in the Peloponnese e a rly in

the Middle A ges It w a s of the rst i m port a nce to the F rench
.

to keep open their co mm unic ations in this direction fro m their

he a dqu a rters on the w estern co a st to the interior a nd the e a stern
districts a nd w ith this view these t w o stro n gholds w ere built in
,

co mma nding positions A kov a on the side to w ards E lis a nd

, ,

K a r i t e n a to w a rds A rc a di a or a s it w a s then c a lled Me s a r e a

, , , .

In the southe rn p art of th a t country the b a rony of Veligosti

gu arded the a ppro a ches to Messeni a a nd th a t of N ikli to ,

L a coni a ; w hile of the re ma inder G er aki a t the southern foot ,

of Mount P am on w a s pushe d for w a rd in the direction of

Mone m v a si a Gr i t z en a held the m ounta in districts of Messeni a
'

, ,

a nd P a ss av a the m ost re m ote of a ll situ ated at no gre a t

, ,

dist ance fro m the ruins of Gythi u m the a ncient port of S p art a , ,

co mma nded the L a coni a n G ulf a nd the chief p a ss through the ,

r an ge of T a yg e t u s by w hich it w a s possible to co mm unic ate

,

w ith K a l ama t a B esides these a nu m ber of ecclesi a stic a l

.
,

b aronies w ere est ablished possessing four e fs a piece w hile

, ,

three others w ere a ssigned to the m ilit ary orders of w ho m the ,

T e m pl ars received l ands in A ch ai a and E lis w hile those of the ,

K nights of S t J ohn a nd the T eutonic O rder l a y ne a r t h e

.

Messeni a n G ulf T he holders of these w ere bound to m ilita ry

.

service equ ally w ith the other feud atories only they w ere ,

exe m pt fro m g a rrison duty T he A rchbishop of P atr a s w a s

.

recognised a s the Pri ma te of the Princip ality and on the ,

dece a se of the rst b a ron of th at pl a ce he entered on his ,

b arony in addition to the eight e fs w hich h a d alre ady been

a ssigned to hi m .
1 74 THE F R AN K S I N THE PE L O I O N N E S E
.

G eo ffrey Villeh a rdouin died in 1 2 1 8 a nd w a s succeeded by the ,

eldest of his t w o sons G eo ffrey II T his prince h a d been ma rried

, .

during his fa ther s lifeti m e to A gnes of C ourte n ay the d augh t er

of the Em peror Peter of R o ma ni a w h o w a s on her w a y in , ,

co m p any w ith her m other the Em press Y ol a n d fro m B rindisi to

, ,

C onst a ntinople ; a nd w hen they touched a t the po r t of K a t zi k ol o

on the w estern coa st of the More a a nd w ere hospit ably enter ,

t a i n e d by G eo ffrey L the ma rri age bet w een his son a nd the

,

d a ughter of the i m p e r i a l h ou s e w a s celebr a te d before the ex

,

p e d i t i procee ded on its w a y In consequence of this con n ection

on .
,

G eo ffrey II w hen he c am e to the throne w a s recognised by the

.
, ,

L a tin e m per or a s Prince of A ch a i a w hich title he w a s the rst ,

of his fam ily legiti ma tely to be a r for his fa ther h a d never ,

h i m self e m ployed it T he e a rly p a rt of his reign w a s occupied

.

in a struggle w ith the C hurch w hich h a d a lre a dy been thre a tening

,

in the ti m e of his predecessor T he ecclesi a stic a l a ffa irs of the

.

feud a l S t a tes of the Ea stern Em pire gener ally h a d been settled a t

a p arli am ent held a t R a v en i k a in the south of T hess a ly in 1 2 1 0
'

in a ma nn er highly fa vour a ble to the pretensions of the P a p a l

S e e ; but this convention G eo ffrey I refused to recognise a nd .
,

in other w a ys he show ed hi m self disposed to set li m its to the

independence of the C hurch w ithin his do m i n ions When h ow .
,

ever his successor c a lled upon his b a rons to furnis h their

,

contingents of soldi ers w ith a vie w to the co m pletion of the

conquest of the peninsul a the clergy refused to a nsw er to his
,

s u mm ons decl a ring th a t they o w ed no m ilita ry service a nd held

,

their e fs fro m the Pope only T o this de a nce G eo ffrey II . .

a nsw ered by sequestr ating their possessions throughout the

country ; a nd in order to prove his disinterestedness in so doing b e
e m ployed the revenu es derived fro m these in building the c a stle
of K h l e m out z i in a strong position on the w estern m ost pro m ontory
of the co as t of E lis T his fortress in the construction of w hic h
.
,

three ye a rs w ere e m ployed bec am e a pl ace of r s t r a te i m

,
-

port a nce to the Princip a lity bec a use it w a s in the neighbourhood

,

of A ndra v i d a the se a t of g ov e r n m e n t a n d a lso co mma nded the

, ,
.

port of K l a r e n t za w hich w a s the ne a rest point of co mm unic ation

,

for the F r a nks in the More a w ith the w est of E urope G eo ffrey .

w a s exco mm unic a ted ; but by the ti m e th a t K hl e m ou t zi w a s

co m pleted the condition of the L atin e m pire a t C onst a ntinople
h a d beco m e so perilous th a t both p arties w ere persu aded of the
1 76 THE F R A N K S I N THE P EL O P O NNESE .

Veneti a ns for a id by se a a nd by m e a ns of their c o oper a tion ,

-

a fter three ye ars forced the city to c a pitul a te (A D A fter . .

this he subdued the w ild m ount a ineers of the T e n a r i a n pro a

m ontory a nd constructed the c a stle of G r a nd Ma in a on the

,
-

w estern co a st of their territory ; a nd n a lly to keep in check

1
,

the independent S l a vonic tribe of the Me li g s w h o inh abited n ,

the rugged slopes of Mount T a yg e tu s he founded the to w n a nd ,

fortress of Mi zi t h r a or Mistr a on a proj ecting spur of th a t r a nge

, , ,

on the w estern side of the v a lley of S p a rt a T he strength of the .

position selected a nd th e extensive sc ale of t h e fortic a tions

, ,

testify to the i m port a nce w hich the conqueror a tt a ched to this

stronghol d it may be reg a rded in fa ct a s a sort of pend a nt to , ,

K hl e m o u t z i a t the opposite a ngle of the Peloponnese so th at the ,

t w o together en abled the F rench to ret a in a r m hold on the

country ; thus re m indin g us of the a dvice a ddressed to Philip ,

son of D e m etrius w ith reg a rd to the fortresses on the A crocorinth

,

a nd on Itho m e w hen it w a s told h i m th a t by seizing t hese he

,

w ould hold the c ow by the horns H a ving thus secured hi m sel f 2

.

a t ho m e Willi am proceeded to j oin the crus a de of S t L ouis

,
.
,

w ho m he m et in C yprus a nd though a fter a ti m e b e excused

:

hi m self fro m continuing the expedition on the ground of the risk

involved in a lengthened a bsence fro m his possessions yet w ith ,

the shre w dness w hich ch a r a cterised a ll the proceedings of the

V il l e h a r d ou i n s he to ok th e opportunity of obt a i n ing fro m th a t
,

sovereign to w ho m he o w ed a llegi a nce a s a F rench noble the

, ,

right of coining m oney w hich fro m th a t ti m e for w a rd w a s,

exercised by the Princip ality so th a t its tou r n oi s circul ated in ,

the More a a long w ith B yz a ntine a nd Veneti a n coins F in ally .

,

beco m ing el ated by the gre a tness of his position he ende a voured ,

to extend his po w er outside the Peloponnese by c alling on G uy

de l a R oche w h o h a d succeeded his uncle O tho a s G r a nd s ire of
,

A thens to do hi m person a l ho mage ; a nd w hen he refused to do

,

m ore th a n p ay the feud al service w hich he o w ed for h i s e f of

A rgos a nd N a upli a a nd obt a ined the support of sever a l o f the
,

Po w ers north of the isth m u s and even th a t of his son i n l a w ,

- -
,

G eoffrey of K a ri t e n a w h o w a s Willi am s nephe w a nd one of his

,

1
L (P elop on m s i a ca , p 1 4 2 ) w ou l
e ak e . d 95, no e t ) i s m or e p r ob a b l y r ig ht in

p l a ce Gran d Ma n e a t l or t o Q u a g l o
-
i . i th i k in n
g th t it
a w as a t T eg an i , apr o
on the e a s er nt s id e of t h is p i en n s u l a , m on t or y t o w a r d s t h e Mes s en i an Gu l f
.

bu t B hen
uc ( L i r r e dc l a C on q u es tc, p .
2
S t ra b o v iii
, . 4, 8 .
 THE F R AN K S I N T H E P EL O P O N NESE . 1 77

b arons the Prince of A ch a i a ma rched ag a inst hi m a nd defe a ted

, ,

the confeder a te ar m y a t the p ass of K a r ydi bet w een Meg ar a ,

a nd T hebes G uy w a s forced to a ppe a r a t his opponent s cour t

a t N ikli w here a p arli am ent w a s su mm oned to decide the

,

question a nd this a fter so m e deb a te w a s referred to S t L ouis

,
.

for his adj u dic ation .

T he F r a nk Princip a lity of the Mo re a h a d thus re a che d th e

cul m in ating point of its gre atness T he b a rons h a d est ablished
.

the m selves in c a stles throughout the country ; security every

w here prev a iled there w a s a lively co mm erce both a t ho m e a nd
w ith foreign n a tions ; a nd t h e public revenue w ithout being ,

burdenso m e to the people sufficed not only for the curren t

,

expenses but for the construction of strongholds such a s Mistr a

, ,

a nd costly buildings like the church of S t Jam es a t A n d r a vid a .

,

w hich w a s designed to be a m a usoleu m of the Villeh a r d ouin

fam ily A t the prince s cour t the b a rons fro m ti m e to ti m e

.

asse m bled for the celebr a tion of tourn am ents w hich m ight h a ve ,

see m ed a m edi a ev a l reviv a l of the O ly m pi a n g am es ; th i ther too ,

a s to a school of chiv a lry the young nobility of F r a nce in cro w ds

,

resorted so th a t the F rench w hich w a s spoken there w a s s a i d to

,

be e q u a lly pure w ith t h a t of P aris N or h a d the majority of .

the G reek inh a bit a nt s for the m o m ent m uch c au se to l am ent

their ch a nge of govern m en t F or t heir l a w s a n d j udici a l
.

esta blish m ents w hich w ere in a ll respects superior to those of

,

the F r a nks w ere a llo w ed to re ma in a nd ma ny of their loc a l

, ,

privileges w ere respecte d ; the l a n d s a ppropri a ted to the n ew

co m ers w ere m ostly either i m peri a l do ma ins or the property of ,

those w h o h ad fled the country ; a n d the citi z ens of the to w ns

reta ined their priv a te proper ty a nd w ere little interfered w ith
,

by the W estern C hieft a ins w hose residences w ere in the country

,

districts Ag ain w here a s under the B yz a ntine a d m inistr a tion

.
,

the people a t l arge w ere severely oppressed by the provinci a l

nobility a nd gre a t l a ndholders or a rchonts a s they w ere c a lled
, , ,

the yoke of these h a d been made to press l ess he avily by the

inva ders w h o deprived the m of a gre a t p art of their possessions
,
.

E ven the S l a voni a n tribes w ere per m itted to enj oy the concessions
w hich h a d been ma d e to the m by the B yz a ntine e m perors .

U nh appily all this gre a tness a nd prosperity w a s d a shed to

,

the ground by a single blo w I n the ye ar 1 2 5 9 Willi am Ville

.

h ardouin marrie d a d a ughter of Mich a el despot of E pirus ,

1 78 THE F R AN K S I N THE P EL O P O NNESE .

w ho a t th a t ti m e w a s org an ising a confe d era cy a m o n g the G reek

a nd F r a nk S t ates of w este r n G reece to oppose the G reek e m pire
of N i c a e a the po w er of w hich w a s beginning to assu m e thre a ten
,

ing proportions T hus w hen w a r broke out the Princip a lity of

.
, ,

A ch a i a w a s involved in it a nd Willi am led the o w er of his,

troops to the support of his fa ther i n l a w T he forces w hich - -

.

the Em peror Mich a el P a l a eologus sent to oppose the m w ere

co mma nded by his brother J ohn a n a ble gener a l a nd the t w o , ,

a r m ies m et in the pl a in of P e l a g on i a in U pper Ma cedoni a w here , ,

the confeder a tes w ere dis a strously defe ated N ot only w ere the .

noblest C hiefta ins of the More a sl a in but Villeh a rdouin hi m self ,

w a s c a ptured being recognised in the hiding pl a ce in w hich he

,
-

h ad t a ken refuge by his proj ecting front teeth w hich w ere his ,

m ost ch ar a cteristic fe a ture H e coul d h ar d ly h ave fa llen into

.

w orse h a n d s th a n those of a prince so cunning am bitious a nd , ,

m erciless a s Mich a e l V III F or t h ree ye a rs i n the course of

, .
,

w h ic h t h e G reeks reg a ine d possession of C onst a n ti n ople h e w a s ,

det ai n e d a prisoner in th e h ope th a t the w h ole province of the

,

More a m ight be e x torte d fro m hi m a s the price of hi s freedo m .

.

A t the expir a tion of th a t period in 1 2 6 2 he w a s rele as e d on

'

, ,

condition of ceding to the B y z a ntine govern m ent the fortresses

of Mo n e m v a si a a n d G r a nd -Mama a n d th e ne w ly est a blish e d city
of Mistr a a n a rr an ge m e n t by w h ic h t h e P rincip a lity w a s per
,

m an e n tly cripple d It w ould h a ve been fa r better for both

.

p arties i n th at cou n try if V i l leh a r d ouin h a d a cce d e d to h is

oppone n t s o ri gi n a l d e man d T h enceforw a r d t h ere w ere t w o

.

po w ers in t h e P eloponnese G reek a n d F r a nk a n d t h e l a n d , ,

w a s const a ntly d ev a st a te d by the struggles of t h e conte n d ing

p arties a n d A rc a d i a in p a rticul a r suffered ruinously fro m i n

,

v a d ing a r m ies B ut if the origin a l i n h abit a nts w ere t h e gre ater

.

su fferers t h e F ra n ks i n t h e long ru n w ere a t a dis a d va nt age for

, ,

t h eir subj ects w h o w ere ma inly G reek w ere a l w ays re a d y to

, ,

si d e w it h t h eir e n e m ies ; a n d t h eir org a n i s a tio n i tself w a s

enfeeble d bec ause o w ing to the d estru ction of so ma ny nobles
, ,

in the b a ttl e of P e l a g on i a ma ny e fs h a d p a ssed into the h a n d s

,

of fe males T he contest w a s rene w ed shortly a fter W illi am s

.

retu rn a nd a t rst it a ppe ared a s if the G reeks w ou l d reg ain

,

the w hole peninsul a for they drove their opponents b a ck to

,

their he adqu a rt ers in E lis d estroyi ng on their w a y the fam ous

,

B ened ictine m on a stery a nd G othic church of the Virgin a t I s ova

1 80 THE F R AN K S I N THE P E L O P O NNESE .

w as conspicuous in their policy T he succeeding period is one

.

of lesser person a ges a nd feebler a d m inistr a tion a nd the forces ,

w hich influence its history a re to a gre a t extent exterior to the

country .

F or a bout h a lf a century a fter Willi am Vil l e h a r d o u i n s de a th

th e sovereignty of the Princip ality re ma ined in the h a nds of his

successors in the fe ma le line though this w a s subj ect to the
,

no m in a tion of the princes of A nj ou a s suzer a ins a nd a t interv a ls ,

the govern m ent w a s c arried on by the b a illies or represe nt a tives

w ho m those princes ma int a ined in the country Philip the rst
.
,

husb a nd of Is abell a Vil l e h a r dou i n di e d e ar ly a nd a fter this his

,

w ido w ma rried a B elgi a n noble F lorenz of H a in a ult w ho m the

, ,

K ing of N a ples then invested w ith sovereign po w er F loren z .

a ppe a rs to h a ve been a t once a n a ctive a nd a n upright ruler ,

a nd the eight ye a rs during w hich he governed the More a ( 1 2 8 9

1 297 w ere a ti m e of prosperity H e perceived th a t the
) .

country required rest a nd a ccordingly concluded a tre a ty of

,

pe a ce w ith the G reek e m peror A ndronicus II by this m e a ns

, .

he w a s a ble to reduce the service of the m ilit a ry b a nds a nd to ,

tu r n his a ttention to intern a l refor m s in the province in w hich ,

violence a nd intestine w a r w ere gener ally prev a lent T he regret .

w hich w a s felt a t his de a th a t the expir a tion of th a t period w a s

i n cre a se d by the a d m inistr a tion of his successor Philip of S a voy ,

Is abell a s third husb a nd T his prince devoted hi m self fro m the

.

rst to ama ssing m oney for his priv a te interest a n d w ith this ,

vie w i m posed a t a x on the G reek a nd S l a voni a n m ount a ineers

of northern A rc a di a w h o h a d been secured by ch a rter fro m
,

such ex a ctions T hey rose in rebellion a nd h a ving invited the

.
,

a ssist a nce of the B yz a ntine a uthorities a t Mistr a succeeded in ,

destroying t w o of the Fr a nk c a s tles ; a d though this rising w a s

n

quelled for the ti m e yet this p a rt o f the popul a tion w a s per

,

m a n e n t ly a lien a ted a nd contributed to the subsequent expulsion

,

of their ma sters In 1 3 0 4 Philip of S a voy a nd Isa bell a quitted

.

the country a nd Philip of Ta rentu m w h o h a d received the

,

suzer a inty of the More a fro m his father C h a rles I I of N a pl e s

,
.

w hile he hi m self a ssu m ed the title of prince recognised the ,

cl a i m s of Maud the d a ughter of Is a bell a a nd F lorenz for he

, ,

a ppointed her husb a nd G uy II of A thens to be his b a illy

, .
,
.

B ut the m isfortune w hich the province h a d experienced in losing

F loren z w a s repe a ted in the e a rly d e a th of G uy w hose a dm i n i s ,
 T II r H AN KS I N T H E P EL O P O NNE S E . 18 1

f ration w a s equ a ll y b nefi ci a l A ft e r a i t l in 1 3 1 3 t h e

e . n n cn a , ,

h a nd f Ma ud w s be s to w ed n L ui s f B g n d
o a but he ls o o o ur u y
,
a o

d ied ( it w a id by p i s n
as s
) in 1 3 1 6 h tly fter h i s r i l i o o , ,
s or a a r va n

t he country T he st y f t h e ex t incti o n f t his br n h o f t h

. or o o a c e

V i ll e h a d ou i n s is a tr gic a l one a nd illustr a t e t h e n s cr p l u

r a ,
s u u u o s

a m bition f the house o f A nj u R ob rt K in g of N pl

o nd o . e ,
a es ,
a

Philip of Tarentu m b ing d e te m i n d th a t the o e ig ty of ,

e r e s v re n

t h e More a should be a s red t th ir fam ily a r g d t h a t s u o e ,

ra n e

Ma d should o w m rry their br t her J ohn C nt f G ra in a ;

u n a o
,
ou .
o v

a nd w hen she ref sed her consent t h e v cel br a ted t he m r r i g

u ,
e a a e

cere m n y in de a nce of her opp sition n d then i mm ured h r

o o ,
a e

in the C a te l d ell U ovo a t N a p les w here she died a b o ut t he

s

ye a r
T he w e a k ness of the a d m i istr ati on during this period a d n ,
n

s till m ore the confu sion of cl a i m s th a t fo l lo w ed Ma ud s d e th

a ,

forced the b a rons f the More a nothing l th to b co m e v irtu a ll y

o ,
o ,
e

independent a n d to org a nise the m selves for purp ses f s e lf

,
o o

d efence A fter this ti m e w e he a r of one or t w sovereigns such

. o ,

a s R obert of Ta rent m ( A D a d h i s w ido w M ry of

u . . n ,
a

B ourbon (A D w h o w ere a ckno w le d ged by the

. h l u o e .

Principa lity but their po w er w a s ci rcu m scribed w ithin a rr w n o

li m its a n d the t a sk o f g o ern m ent be c a m e incre a singly d i ffi cult

,
v .

A t the s am e ti m e a n d w in g to this w a n t of un i ty t h e ri va l
,
o ,

G reek S t a te m a de gr a du a l but s te a d y a d a nces A s e a rly s , ,

v . a

the reign of \Vi ll i m Villeh a rdo in in t h e c a m p a ig n w hi h a u ,

c

follo w ed the ces s ion of Mone m v a si a a nd Mi s tr a the G reeks h a d ,

seized K a l i vr yt a the se a t f one o f the e a rliest b a ronies in t h e

z ,
o ,

northern p a rt of t h e peni n sul a a n d per m a nently m a int a i n ed ,

the m sel es there a d it i s s t r a nge t thi n k th a t w hil the y

v : n o ,
e

thus occupied a n utpost in the h rt of t heir ene m i es t e rri t ry

o ea

o ,

the F ra nks sho ld t the s a m e ti m e h a ve ret a ined poss s ion f

u a e s o

the to w n of L a c e da e m on i a tho u gh it w a s but a fe w m iles dist a nt ,

fro m Mi s tra a nd cut off by a w ide exp a nse of rugged C untry

,
o

fro m N ikli the ne arest pl a ce fro m w hich it co u ld obt a in succours

, .

B ut this fortress did not re ma in long in their h a n ds ; a nd a t

l a st in the ye ar 1 3 2 0 the G reeks m de the m selves m a sters of
, ,
a

the po w erful stro n gholds of K a l t e n a a n d Akova F ro m th a t r

.

ti m e on a rds the territory of the Princip a lity w a s restricted t o

w

Messeni a E lis a nd the northern co a st of t h e peni n s ul a A rc adi

, ,
. a

w a s w holly lost to the m a nd t h e F r a nkish inh a bit a n ts of th a t ,

H .s v o L
. 1v . . 0
1 82 TH E F RAN K S IN T H E PE LO PO NNE SE .

district w ent ove r in nu m be r s to t h e G r eek C hu r ch T he .

destr uction of so m a ny of t h e knigh ts of Ac h a i a sho r tly befo r e

this pe r iod by the C a t a l a ns a t the b a ttle of the C e phi s u s in ,

1 3 1 1 a ffo r ds a fu r ther expl a n a tion of t h e success of their o p

,

p on e n ts .Fro m the ti m e of M a nuel

the Byz a ntine p r ovince in the Mo r e a w a s of sufcient i m

po r t a nce to be e r ected into a sep a r a te d espot a t a n d bec a m e ,

th e a pp a n a ge of the second son of the E m pe r o r of C on

s t a n t i n o pl e .

In l a tter p a r t of th e fo u r teent h centu r y t h e gove r n m ent

t he
of t h e Fr a nkish More a w a s p r a ctic a lly in t h e h a nds of a Po w er
the histo r y of w hich h a s been brought to lig h t by th e r ese a rches
of C a r l Hopf T his w a s t h e l a v a r r e s e C o m p a ny a b a nd of
.
l

a dv e nturers rese m bling the C a t a l a n Gr a nd C o m p a ny w hich w a s ,

for m ed in N a v a rre in the ye a r 1 3 8 0 by J a m e s de B a ux nephe w

, , ,

of Philip H of T a rentu m , w h o on the de a th of th a t prince

.

cl a i m ed to h a ve inherited fro m hi m the sovereignty of Ach a i a ,

a n d proposed to hi m self to occupy the country by the help of

these m ercen a ries I n his n a m e they rst seized C orfu a n d

.
,

then overr a n Attic a a n d c a ptured Athens w hich w a s n ow in the

, ,

h a nds of the C a t a l a ns ; bu t being expelled a g a in fro m t hose

countries e a rly in 1 3 8 1 they proceeded to conq u er t h e More a
,
,

a n d h a ving occupied V ostitz a on the C orinthi a n Gulf for m a lly ,

took possession of the country in the n a m e o f their e m ployer .

T he y then s a iled for the w est co a st a n d est a blished the m selves ,

a t N a v a rino w hich pl a ce derives its n a m e fro m the m C has

t e au x a n d not a s h a s usu a lly been thought fro m ,

the Av a rs (7 5 v ABa v o v) a n d a fter this K a l a m a t a a lso fell

into their h a n ds T heir a llegi a nce to J a m es de B a ux soon

.

bec a m e no m in a l a n d w hen th e rest of the province h a d sub

,
.

m i t t e d to the m in 1 3 8 6 the C o m p a ny p r ocl a i m ed their c a pta in

, , ,

P e t e r de S an Super a n vic a r of th e Princip a lity ; h e thus bec a m e

,

t he virtu a l r u ler of t h e country a n d ten ye a rs l a ter w a s recog

,

n i s e d by the K ing of N a ples a s he r edit a ry prince As m igh t .

be expected a le a de r of a dventurers lik e Peter de S a n Super a n

,

h a d fe w scruples a s to the m e a ns by w hich he could m a int a in

hi m self in po w er ; a n d before this ti m e w e find h i m visiting t he
court of Sult a n B aj a ze t no doubt w it h the obj ect of obt a ining
,

a i d fro m h i m a g a inst t h e G r e e ks of the B 7 n t in e p r ovince

y . . .

T h a t a i d a rr ived in a n un w elco m e fo r m for i n 1 3 9 7 B aj a z e t s , ,
 T H AN K Q

1% T H E T ll E I E L O I O N N E S II .

w h ic h h e b e c a m e m a ste r in 1 1 2 9 I n his c a m p be fo r e th a t city

.

h e celeb ra ted h i s m a r r i a ge w i t h M a dd a len a w h o thencefo r w a r d ,

h e r e t h e n a m e o f T h e od or a Me a n w h il e h i s b r ot h e r T h o m a s
.

h a d be s ieged K ha l a n d r i t z a a n d p r e s e d C entu r ione Z a cc a r i a

,
s

s o h a r d i n t h a t pl a e t h a t h e a l o co n se n ted to v i e l d to h i m h is
c
,
s

d o m a i n s t h e r e a s do w r y t o h i s d a u g h t e r C a t h e r i n e T his w a s .

t h e l a t o f t h e F r a nki s h p o s s essions in t h e Pelopo n nese ; a n d

s

t h u s by t h e m a r r i a g e of t h e co n tendi n g p a r ties t h e h isto r y of

t h e P r i n cip a lity of A c h a i a r e a c h es a n a l m ost m elod r a m a tic

t e r m i n a tion T h e G r e e ks r eg a i n ed t h e w h ole of t h e count r y

.
,

except t h e po r ti o n s t h a t belo n ged to V enice t w e n ty fou r ye a r s ,

-

befo r e t h ei r e m pi r e w a s exting u ished by t h e fa l l of C onst a n

t i n o ple C entu r ione r et a in e d t h e e m pty ti t le o f prin ce until his
.

d e a t h in 1 1 3 2 a n d t h e r efo re th a t is r eg a r d ed a s t h e d a te of t h e
,

f r m a l extinc t ion of t h e P rincip a lity Its tot a l du r a tion h a d

o .

b e en tw o h un d r e d a n d t w enty seve n y e a r s -
.

I n o r der to esti m a te the effects o f the Fr a nk occup a tion o f

th e P e lopo n nese on th a t co u n t r y w e h a ve only to co m p a r e its ,

con d i t ion a t t h e co m m ence m ent of t h a t p e r iod w ith w h a t w e

fi n d a t its conclu sion I n t h e t w elfth centu r y o w i n g to th e
.
,

long interv a l of rest w hich th a t province h a d previously

enj oyed i t w a s i n a si n g ul a r ly ouris h ing st a te ; a v a riet y
,

of indust r ie s existe d especi a lly t h e m a nu fa c tu r e of pu r p l e si l k

, , ,

a n d linen fa b r ics ; t h e s o il w a s c a r e fully cul t iv a ted ; a n d w h a t

m a y be ter m ed t h e pl a nt of civil ised society t h e c a pit a l

invested by successiv e gener a tions in ro a d s b r idges qu a ys , , ,

dr a in a ge a n d si m il a r w ork s w a s in e xcellent p r eserv a tion

,
.

N o st r onger evidence c a n he re q uired of t h e security a n d good

o r de r t h a t p r ev a iled t h a n t h e fa ct t h a t a w e a l th y a n d p o pulo u s
to w n li k e And r a vi d a w a s n o t p r otect e d by w a l ls 0 11 t h e ot h e r .

h a nd on t h e eve of t h e T u r k i s h occup a t i on w e find the coun t r y

, ,

d ist r icts depop u l a ted t ra de a n d indust r y a t a st a ndstill a gri

, ,

cultu r e neglecte d a n d public w o r k s a n d m e a ns of co m m unic a tion

,

ruine d N ot w ith st a ndi n g t h e sc a nty n otices of conte m po r a ry

.

society w h ic h c a n be gle a ned fr o m t h e w r iters of t h e pe r iod i t ,

is possib l e in so m e deg r ee to t r a ce the st a ges of this do w n w a rd

p r og r e s s E ven in t h e th i r teenth centu r y m a ny fa m ilies q uitted
.

t h e Peloponnese to settle a t C o n st a n t inople a n d the h a r dy ,

m ou n t a i n ee r s of t h a t count r y soug h t s ervice in th e fleet of t h e

G r eek e m pe r o r T he pe r iod of a n a r chy t h a t fo llo w ed c a used
.
 T H E F RAN K S I N T H E l E L O l U N N E S E

. 1 85

t he g r ic u ltu r a l p o pul a tion to su ffe r s e v e r e l v fr m t h e e x a cti o ns

a o

o f t h e b a r ons a n d m ilit a r y a d ve n tu r e rs a n d t h e i r fa r m h o u s s , e

w e r e de str oy e d by t h e c n t i n u a l f r a ys ;
o o t h a t fr o m
o t h e ti m e s ,

w hen M a n u e l C a nt a cuze n e bec a m e desp o t i n 1 3 4 9 c l ni e s f ,

o o o

r ude Alb a ni a n p e a s a n t s w h o C o uld e n d u r e g r e a t e r h a r ds hi s

.
p
a nd h a d fe w e r n e e d s t h a n m o r e c i \ ili s e d i n h a bi t a n t s w e r e ,

in t r o duced in g r e a t n u m be r s i n to A r c a di a F r o m th e d e .

s c r i p t i o n s of t h e m is e r y a n d di s o r g a n is e d s t a t e of t h e p r o vi n c e

give n b y t h e a uth or of l t za r is w h o p a ssed s o m e ti m e a t Mis t ra

.
,

e a r ly in t h e fi fteent h c e n t u r v
w h a teve r a ll o w a nce m u t b e m a d e s
.

fo r h s i ex a gger a tio n s a s a s a ti r ist i t is cl e a r t h a t t h e r u in f o

the count r y h a d t h e n been co m pleted .

T h ese dis a strous e ffec ts it is fa i r to s a y a r e not w h olly to be

, ,

a ttr i buted to the Fr a nk occup a nts T h e i m po r t a nt silk t r a de

.
,

for inst a nce h a d a l r e a d y begu n to decline eve r si n ce t h e

, ,

N o r m a n p r i n ce R oge r of Sicily a ft e r c a p t u r i n g C o r inth i n 1 1 1 7

,
o
,

t ra nsfe r r ed t h a t t r a de for w hic h t h a t city w a s fa m ous t o

, ,

P a ler m o by c a r rying w it h h i m its m ost skill e d a r tis a ns So

,
.

t o o t h e pi r a tic a l e x p e ditio n s of t h e S e lj o u k T u r ks w h o n o t
, ,

only h e r e off pl u nde r b u t bu r n t t h e h o us e s a n d de t r yed t h e

, s o

fr u i t t r e e s a n d d ra g g ed a w a y the i n h a bit a nts to be sold for

,

sl a ves dep o pul a ted t he s h o r es of G r eece du r i n g t h e l a tte r h a lf

,

of the fo u r teenth centu r y T h e long continu e d s tr uggle a lso

.
-
, ,

w ith t h e Byz a ntine e m pi r e p r oduced r esults w h ic h m i g h t ,

p a r tly h a ve been a voided if t h e inv a de r s h a d r et a ined t h ei r

,

con q uest in undisputed p o sses s io n But a fter a ll a llo w a n ce

.
,

ha s been m a de it is t h e feud a l syste m i t s e lf a n d t h e c h a r a cte r

,

of those w h o i n t r oduced it w hic h m ust be held r espo n sible for

,

t h e decli n e of t h e coun t r y T h e t w o peoples t h us b r ought into

.

cont a ct w ere in eve r y w a y contr a sted T h e G r eek s w e r e fa r .

superior in m a teri a l civilis a tion a n d t h e a r ts of life ; a n d t h ei r

m unicip a l syste m a n d leg a l a d m i n ist r a tion de r ived fr o m t h e old
R o m a n code w e r e in a dva nce of a n yth i n g th a t h a d bee n i n t r o
d u c e d a m o n g w este r n n a tions T h e F r a nks on t h e ot h e r h a nd
.
, ,

h a d the a dv a nt a ge of h ig h e r m o r a l p r inciples a r ising fr o m t h e ,

self respect a n d t r uthfulness inculc a ted by t h ei r fa m ily dis

-

c i l i n e ; a n d t h ese for a ti m e w e r e m a i n t a ined by t h e feud a l

p
sy ste m a n d t h e ties o f d u ty it involved But i n t h e E a s t t h e .

beneci a l inuence of th a t sy ste m w a s soon lost bec a u se w he n , ,

it w a s sep a r a ted fr o m the a ssoci a tions connected w i t h it t he ,

 1 86 T H E F RAN K S I N TH E PE LO PO N NE SE .

g ro u nds of i ts best oblig a tions w e r e r e m oved a n d it soon c a m e ,

to be suppo rted only by the p r o m pti n gs of pe r son a l inte r est .

T h e V ille h a r douin p r inc e s indeed w h o felt t h e nece ssity of

, ,

concili a ting thei r G r eek subj e cts kept th ese tendencies in check
, ,

a n d t h ei r vigo r o us a d m inist r a tion succeeded in r est r a inin the

g
r a p a city of t h e b a r o n s ; bu t a fter t h eir ti m e the evils a rising

fr o m t h e a lien a d m inistr a tion r a pidly developed the m selves .

T h e results w e r e not a s pe r nicious a s in the st a tes founded by

t h e C r us a de r s i n P a lestine w h e r e serfa ge w a s fo r ced once m o r e
,

on a peo ple w h o h a d e m a ncip a ted t h e m selves fr o m it ; but yet ,

w hen the n e w est a blis h m ent w a s fully m a tu r ed w e find th a t ,

t h e Frank s w e r e de m or a lised a n d the Greeks ruined T his i s .

t h e r e a son w h y no pe r iod of Greek histo r y h a s left so sc a nty

t r a ces in the country a s th a t of the Fr a nkish do m inion A fe w .

buildings a fe w n a m es of pl a ces a n d fa m ilies a fe w w or ds

, ,

e m bedded in the l a n gu a ge r e m a in a s m e m ori a ls of th a t ti m e ;

,

b u t fo r a n y ele m ent of civilis a tion or p r ogress or st a bili t y

de r ived fro m it w e look in v a i n .

11 ,
T he C hr on i cl e f
o th e C on q ues t .

T he Gr eek C hr on i cl e hich b r ought to light the feud a l

,
w

o r ga nis a tion of the F r a nk P r incip a lity a n d is the princip a l ,

a u th o r ity for t h e r st century of its existence w a s r st p r inted

,

fr o m t h e m a nuscript i n t h e P a r is libr a r y in 1 8 4 1 by M B u ch on .

in his C hr o ni qu es tr a n g r es r ela ti ves a u x E x p edi ti on s f r a n ca i s es

p en d a n t l a tr ei zi me S i acl e Its existence h a d long been kno w n
.
,

for D u c a n g e in h i s G r eek L exicon r e fe rs to it under the title

D e bel l i s F r a n cor n m i n Jll or ea ; a n d t h e fr equency of his
q uot a tio n s fr o m it a ttests its v a lue for linguistic pu r poses so ,

t h a t it a ppe a r s in so m e c a ses to be the e a rliest a n d in so m e t h e ,

only a uth o r ity for ce r ta in m edi a ev a l G r eek w or ds D u ca n g e

, .

a lso intended to publish it but w a s p r evented by de a th a n d no

, ,

u se w a s m a de of i t a s a histo r ica l docu m ent until Buc h e n s

ti m e W h en it w a s r st publish ed t h e edito r believed th a t it

.
,

w a s a n o r igin a l w o r k ; but this opinion h e w a s led to a lter by

t h e discove r y in 1 8 4 5 of a Frenc h text in t h e lib r a r y a t

B russels entitled L e L i t r e d e l a C on qu es te d e l a P r i n cee ol e l a
, ,

Mor ee T he vie w t ha t this w a s the e a rlie r of the t w o a n d th a t

.
,
 F ltA l IN PE L O PO N NE
'

188 T H E S T H E SE .

N ow as P hilip d ied at t he en d of 1 332 ,

an d
C at h a r ine in 1 34 6 t he L bee n tt l c ( lc l a C on g m s tc m us t h a ve
'

w r it t e n in t h e i n t e r v a l bet w ee n t h ose t w o ye a r s O n t h e ot h e r
h a n d i n te r n a l evidence goes to p r ove t h a t t h e G r eek ve r sio n
,

w a s m a de t o w a r ds t h e end of the fou r teent h ce n tu r y bec a use a ,

F r en c h k n i g h t E r a r d de S a in t S a uv e u r w h o is t h e r e spoken of
,
-
,

as no longe r a live is kno w n to h a ve died in 1 3 9 1 ( K CL XCQ ,

- It i s t r ue t h a t t h e line in w h ic h t h is occu r s
t ae m ii r 0 12 ) 2 "
a / T .

i s n ot found in t h e C ope n h a g en MS ; but a n y h o w w h a teve r .

,

m a v be t h o u g h t of t h is p a ss a ge t h e ot he r w h ic h be a r s on t h e ,

sa me ues t ion v i z t h a t in w h ic h t h e C a t a l a n G r a nd C o m p a ny
q ,

is spoken of a s still in possessi o n of At h ens

I
m yp a K 0 6 7 0 1 T O TT O V 7 0 v T O [1 6 d 0 x p r mr
0
' '
'
v 2 . v a
I I
7
,
3

der
I

5
o v e t c at o m 5 R o w en a v i d -
;

I ca i ew a i u n ra t e a e
nn p

7 .

i f it is n ot a l a te r inse r t ion c a n h a r dly be t a ke n lite r a lly fo r ,

t h e C o m p a ny itself ce a sed to gove r n in 1 3 2 G h u t m ust r a th e r

r efe r to t h e rul e of t h e h o u se of A r a go n by w h o m a t the ,

r e u est of t h e C a t a l a ns t h e s u pe r intende n ce of t h e d uc h y w a s
q
unde r t a k e n I t r e m a ine d in t h ei r h a n ds until 1 3 9 4 a n d t h is
.
,

d a te is n o t a t v a r i a n ce w it h t h e o n e a l re a d v given A stro n g .

p r o o f t h a t t h e F r e n c h c h ronicle w a s t h e o r i g i n a l is f u n d i n t h e o

fo r m s in w h ic h t h e p r oper n a m es a r e give n i n t h e t w o I n it .

t h e n a m es of t h e \Ve s te r n C h ieft a ins a re a c cu r a tely sp e l t w hi l e ,

t h ose of pl a ces in G r eece a p e a r eit h e r in purely F r enc h

p a ,

fo r m w h e r e t h ey w e r e founded by t h e n e w occup a n t s a s
, ,

Be a ufo r t B e l r e g a r d ; or i n th a t by w h i c h t h ey h a d fr o m t h e
,

r st r ep r esented a n a n cient n a m e a s L a C r em o n i e for L a c e da e ,

m on ia In cont r a st to this t h e G r eek h a s a h a r d st r uggle to

.
,

r ep r oduce t h e F r a nk n a m es so t ha t w e a r e co n st a n t ly m e t by ,

s u ch st ra nge fo r m s a s p a r d n a Z a m r a m a d a m e I a bel l e pa ; v s ,

P w yo f m r oi ( Z A r a g on vr Av o v h o D a n d ol o w h o is a lso s o m e
'

,
r
,

'
ti m e s c a lled Ap i c H a r r y But in r e a li t y t h e L it r o d o la .
, ,

C on gi i es tc h a s nothing of the a i r of a t r a nsl a tion a bout it ; a n d

1
L i or c d o l a C on q u es tc , p 2 9 A . . t h es e w ri ters is o ft en d i ffe re n t .

f u ll di s c u s s i on o f t hi s a n d o t h e r
p oi n t s
2
P a ri s te xt , p 21 3
. .

h e re f
r e e r re d t o w rl l he fou n d in H u ch on s

3
C op e n h t e . x t, 1 5 9 5 5. T h e p e y lt o
.

p re fc
a e to this w ork ,
and i n E l li s s e n

s Mup dr ou is t he d u c h y o f t h e g r a n d -S i re ,
fc x
p r e a e t o h i s e t r a t s r om t h e G r e e k c f or Me y a s k i po

s .

c
C h r o n i l e , t h o u g h t h e po i n t o f V i e w o f
 WD
"
UH H S FRAN K b l N PH E l O PO N N E S E
'

its si m plicity an d vigo ur

e m i n d us so m eti m es of ,
w hi ch r

Vi l le ha r d o u in s C h r n ic l e a r e t h e best evid e nce t h a t it w a s

o ,

n o t d e r ived fr o m a n y p r e vious w r it e r At t h e sa m e ti m e th a t .
,

t he t w o ve r sions not w it h st a nding m a n y m i n o r points of d i ff e r

,

e n ce a r e o n e w o r k a n d not m e r e ly c o r r es pondi n g n a rr a tives of

, ,

t h e s a m e pe r i o d is s h o w n by t h e r e m a r ks t h e m a tte r o f t h e
, ,

speec h es a n d fr e q u e n tly t he m is ta k es b e i n g t h e s a m e i n both

,
.

T h e a u t h o r o f t h e L i t r e w a s a F r enc h m a n fo r h e spe a ks of ,

t h e F r e n c h a s h i s c o un t r y m e n P r ob a bly h e w a s a l s o a k n igh t .
,

for hi s s t yle is n o t t h a t o f a p r o fe ssio n a l w r i te r a n d h e s h o w s a ,

n a tu r a l p r efe r ence fo r a d v e n tu r es a n d fe a ts of a r m s C e r t a in .

peculi a r ities t o o i n t he voc a bul a r y h e used w h ic h co n t a ins

, ,

G r eek a n d It a li a n ele m e n ts unkno w n to t h e F r enc h l a ngu a ge ,

o f t h a t pe r i o d t h oug h suc h a s m ig h t be expected in w h a t w a s

,

sp o ken in G r eece suggest th a t h e w a s a n a tive of t h e Mo r e a .

His p a p a l sy m p a t h ies a r e evident t hr oug h o u t a n d i n p a r tic u l a r , , ,

t he st o r y o f t h e contest bet w een C h a r les of Anj ou a n d M a n fr e d

is told fr o m a poi n t of V ie w st r ongly fa vou r a ble to t he cou r t o f
R o m e T h e s a m e fe a tu r e is n o t ice a ble in his tr a nsl a to r w ho
.
, ,

t h oug h h e spoke G r eek a s h is n a tive to n gue w a s m a nifestly a ,

R o m a n C a th o l ic a n d a str ong p a r tis a n of t h e F r enc h Possibly

, .

h e w a s a G a s m u l a s t h e c h ild r e n of m ixed m a r r i a ges bet w een a

,

F r a n k fa t h e r a n d G r eek m othe r w e r e c a lled suc h a s w e ,

fr e q ue n tly h e a r of a t t h is pe r iod H e nce his j udg m ent of th e .

G r eeks is ve r y seve r e a n d he re a dily ec h oes a n d a ccentu a tes

, ,

m o r e str ong ly t h e di a t r ibes a g a inst t h e m in w hic h hi s a ut h o r

,

ind u lges
c
[ 61, 6c e j i p i o I c e r a i ci 7r dp xs
- '
T o rye vo c 71 3 1/ P w ,u a i w. v
A
7r o lt >
3
dok i o r rrr a
I
1
w yv a s u LO T ta l S p ey a k a i s
'

[ca t
'

et c

.

In r espect of sty le t h e co n t r a st bet w een the t w o ve r sions is

co m plete fo r w h e r e a s th e F r e n c h is n a t u ra l a n d u n a ffe cted t h e
, ,

G r eek is stilted a n d p r olix : i n fa ct it is a r ep roductio n r a th e r ,

t ha n a tr a n sl a t io n or even a p a r a p h r a se a n d bot h t h e deta ils

, ,

of t h e n a rr a tive a n d t h e dicti o n a r e g r e a tly exp a nded T h e .

follo w ing p a ss a ges desc r ibing ho w R obe r t of C h a m plitte w a s

,

t r e a c h e r ously left be h ind a t C o r fu by the c a pta in of hi s vesse l ,

m a y illust r a t e t h e r e l a t i o n o f t h e t w o .

1
P 1 0 1 5 9 2, 5 93
. .
1 90 T H E F RAN K S I N TH E PE LO PO N NE SE .

qu a nt R obert vint a C or fo 1e p a tron lui st e ntend a nt

E t ,

que l a g a llie av oi t m e s t i e r de c a l e fa t e r en a ucuns lieux ou i l

fa i s oi t be s oi n g ; e t en tel m a nie r e si st descendre l e noble
ho m m e on tout son h ern oi s e t puis st se m bl a nt de d e s ch a r g i e r ,

l a g a llie e t l a nuit qu a nt R obe r t e s t oi t a u ch a stel e t d or m o i t ,

a son a yse l e p a tron st re m ettre ded a ns ce qu il a v oi t tr a it

,

pour d e e o R obert
c v i r
1
.

In the Greek this occurrence is rel a ted thu s :

I A
l a k e) e y e w e -
Q A 9 I
A ow rov a w a y ,
r o ro a
p y /Aw ,
'

I A A
mp
Q )I a I
o v 6 L 9 r o v K o c ov T O K a r r o v
I ca i m e T o n e e u r o x a r e
ph
' '

py
'
r
p ,
C I A
o [c og n a c T O V x a fe /c e i vo v 7 6 V P o v u w e r o v
' ' I

p p ,

i K eye i r o v
'
Ka r
o 7r a a e v ci rr o x d r w ,
T o I cc r e i py o v ' '

A
y va T O x a xa cpa r i a w
'

Ka i va e v v a o
Xp y n
o ev ' '
.
,
I A
) t o m o y , x a k e u o v d Ben e 7 a po v xa a o u &9 6 8 d
I I

, , .
, 0 1!

v dk a c
I A
w 3 c r e yov w t 7 5 K a k a c a r i a w
n
p p ' '

p
'

y ,
A 3 I A I 9 I
K a t e /c e w o c k o i to e v o c 6 9 a h ne i a v 7 0 v T O ) t e a
3

y n
'
y ,

B Mt e v
or a I s I
i a te K a i
c A

(
op e 7 0 1! a s
'
e 7 a. TO o v,
g a
po a xa o r
p
Av A
BoXe i ov

(ca t e z
ce i os '
ycz p d w k i x eva ev s is '
T O f evo .

OI I A Q I A
x r a e ryczp 3

I ca i o r a v e vr e w k e w v,
'
a a e o x a t p o s , 7 779 v n
p

I C I A A
K a t eXa k na ev o w er e w o s , /cew oc 7 0 v x a re

p
v
yo v
I I , I
Bw /ca v 7 i yu a
v r
p a v r e v s , K a t 11 6e w d v r a i2 7ra y v ow .
2

T he speeches a g a in w ith w h ic h t h e n a rr a tive is freely inter

, ,

spe r sed a r e so m eti m e s si m ple inventions of t h e Greek ch r onicler

, ,

but m ore co m m only fr ee tr a nsl a tions fro m the French w ith

nu m e r ous a dditions As m ight be expecte d th e gr a ces of .
,

style a r e fe w Here a n d there short si m iles a r e introduced :

.

sl a ughter in the eld is co m p a red to m o w ing gr a ss in a m e a do w

(S h ov e r ode x a r e x orr r e v ( be X p r o v s i c MBd Br) ; t h e ene m y is

' '

ove r po w e r ed a s the p a r tridge by t h e h a w k ( r o be c t ovq S l a v e

(M K /c o v e s w ep Bl /c i ) ; Mone m v a si a i s k ept closely

xo n e v ,

block a ded by Willi a m V illeh a r douin a n d the V eneti a ns like

9 7 5 x k o v i v T o d nddm ) ; a n d the

a nighting a le in a c a ge

co m p a r ison of t h e t r i a ngul a r site of C onst a ntinople to a l a teen

s a i l is re a lly e ffective
d

( px )
'
i p /L

b
c s

c e vo v r p i w
p a w n ou ' '

r
p i
y w vo s '
y p czw ei ,
I
I I 9 I 9
3
Bv o ,q Qa k a a
I

1/ a r ep e a v.

9 7 7
7 1 a a v, T O T LT O V 9 7 7
p 7

7 a n

L i or e de la C onq u es te, p 6 2 . .
3 Li n es 2 70 4 , 2 6 79 1 5 8 3, . P r ol . 5 32 .

0 r C hr on 8 6 4 8 76
. . .
1 92 T H E F R A N KS I N T H E PE L O P O NN E S E .

territ o r y th e de a th of B a ld w in
,
a nd other events of the
succe eding pe r iod un t il it c onclude s w i t h t h e ret ak ing of ,

C onst a nti n o ple by th e G r e ek s a nd t h e ig h t of the l a st L a tin ,

e m peror I n the C hronicle proper w hich be g ins a t this p o int

.
, ,

it is a t once st a ted th a t w h a t p r ecedes is si m ply introductory ,

a n d the re ma inder is dev o ted t o the con q uest a nd histo r y of the

M ore a I n this p a r t h o w e v er o w ing t o th e discursive tendency

.
, ,

of the w r ite r v a r i o u s events bel on g ing to gener a l h is t ory a re

,

introd u ced especi a lly such a s a r e connected w ith southern I t aly

,
.

T h u s the struggle bet w een M a nfred a nd C h a r les of A nj ou

rel a ted a nd a l o ng w i t h i t a s a n epis o de to a ccount for t h e
,

French i n v a si on of N a ples the st or y of C h a r les s w ife bei n g

fo und in te ar s by her h u sb a n d in c on se q ue n ce o f t h e t a unts o f

he r sisters w h o l a u g hed a t her for bei n g only a countess w hen
,

t hey w ere ma rried to k i n gs ; w hereupon h e p r oteste d t o her

th a t h e w ould s c n make her a gre a t e r q ueen th a n a ny of the m o .

T he chron icl e r is in error in spe aking of her sisters a s t w o in

nu m ber w here a s in re a li t y they w e r e th ree T he story its e lf
,
.

w ould a ppe a r m o re a uthe n t ic if s o m e t hi n g very m uch like i t ,

w e r e not a l r e a dy fo u n d i n L i v y
1
.

I t h a s a lre a dy bee n i n ti m a t d th a t th e C hr o nicle is fa r fro m e

being w h olly a tr u s t w or thy a uth ority in ma tters of his t o r y a nd

therefor e it m a y be w orth w hile h e r e t o m enti o n the princip a l
er r ors w hich o ccur in it ( 1 ) I t s t a t es th a t t h e doge D a n dol o

w a s pu t fo r w a r d a s a c a ndid a te for the o fce o f e m per o r b u t ,

h i m self declined t o be n o m in a t ed a n d reco mm ended B a ld w in ,

of Fl anders Gibbon w ent fu r t he r a n d s a id t h a t the post w a s

.
,

o ffered t o hi m a n d he declined it But Fi n l ay h a s pointed out .

th a t this w a s n o t the c a se fo r the constitution of t h e V eneti a n ,

rep ublic rende r ed it i m p o ssible for the doge to bec o m e a feud a l

s o vereign a n d a s a ma tter of fa ct th e cl a use in the p a rtition
, , ,

t re a ty w hich provided th a t D a nd o lo sh o u ld be dispensed fro m

t a ki n g the o a th of fe a lty t o th e e m per o r to be elected i m plied ,

th a t he w a s hi m self in e ligible 2
( )
2 Whe n spe a king of t h e .

1
C Ci r 4 6 0 3 f ll ; L m
. d l
t r on
q . Th f m ti o d by . z e e a u ee n s . e ou r are en on e

Con q t p 2 00 T h t y i f
u es e, . d D t (P vi
. Th t y ie s or s oun an e a r. . e s or n

in Vi l l i ( B k v i c h p
an h L i v y (v i 3 4 ) l t t L i cin i s S t l
oo . a . w o . r e a es o u o o.

m k a th co
es t Ch l e f A j t un (J GI ,
P l 928 f ll G i bb
a r es o n ou , o
3
r . L
'
TO IL . ro . o . on ,

C t d tti p c h i ti v ii 3 2 1 (S m i th d i t ) ; F i l y i v '

sa on es s a , a a e, c e o s e n a
y ,
.
,
.

f o t t m g g im i d i l
ar os o H a 90 9 4 e re n a ro .

e , .

l ig h tly p k f th s it
ea h s o r ee s s e rs w o \w l c

 T IlE F R AN K S I N THE P E L O PO N N E S R . 1 02

Greek e m p ire of N ic a e a and o f T heo do re L a s c a r is a s bei n g ,

its r st e m peror it s ays th a t Mich ael P a l a eol og u s p u t t o d e a th

,

h i s s on ; in re a lity it w a s the s o n o f T heod o re L a s c a r i s I I h i s

1
.
,

i mm edi a te pred ecess r w ho m Mic h a e l dep o sed a n d bli n ded in o

,

1 2 6 1 ne a rly for ty ye a r s a ft er t h e d e a th o f T he o d o re L a s e a r i s I
, .

( )
3 I t rep r esents C h am plitte a nd not V illeh a rd o u in as the
origin a l c on q ueror o f the north w estern pr ovince of th e M o re a -
.

I t describes h o w he c am e w ith a fo rce fr o m F r a nce a n d m a d e

hi m self ma ster rst o f P a t r a s and t h e n o f Andr a vid a ; a fter
, ,

w hich he drove L eon S g ou r o s out o f th e to w n of C orinth a nd ,

forced hi m to t ak e refuge i n t h e cit adel and then w a s visited a t ,

th at p l ace by Bonifa ce a nd Geo ffr ey V illeh a r d ouin ?

We h a ve .

alre ady seen t h a t t he true story is th a t V illeh a rdouin origin a lly

subdued the w estern districts a nd then be took hi m self to N a u

pli a w here h e m et C h am plitte w h o h a d previously m a rched
, ,

into the Pelop o n nese in co m p a ny w ith the K ing of S alonic a .

(4 ) T he C hronicle cont a ins a n am using story rel a ted in m uch ,

det a il of the manner in w hich Geoffrey I bec a m e ma ster of

, .

the Princip ality A ccording to thi s w hen C h am plitte returned

.
,

to Fr ance a nd he a rd of the de a th of his rel a tio n H ugh w ho m h e ,

h a d l e ft a s his b a illy h e sent a you n g m e m ber of h i s fam ily , ,

Robert o f C h am plitte , to t ak e his pl a ce V illeh a rdouin h ow .

,

ever pretended th a t there w a s a n agree m e nt bet w een Willi a m

,

of C h am plitte a nd h i m self a ccording to w hich he w a s to succeed ,

to the Princip ality i f his for m er chief s represent a tive did not,

present hi m self w ithin a ye a r a nd a d a y ; a n d then by v a riou s .

str a t age m s h e ende a voured to prevent hi m rst fro m a rriving , ,

in the country a nd a fter w a rds fro m m eeting the p arli am ent th a t

,

w a s to recognise hi m w ithin the specied ti m e I n th is h e

,
.

succeeded a nd w a s su bse q u ently a ckno w le d ged P r ince o f A ch a i a

,
3
.

T his story may possibly h a ve s o m e found a ti o n in truth bu t i t ,

receives no confir ma tion fro m a uthentic his t o ry ( 5 ) A still .

m ore ro ma ntic episode rel a tes to the ma rri a ge o f Agnes of

1
Gr . Ci r on
t . P ro] . 1 2 2 5 fe l l . i
t tl e D er F ii r s t T 0 71. N or m , an d pub
2
Gr . Chr o n . 75 f ol l . l i s h ed as Pa r t l l . of th e se c on d v ol u m e
3
Gr . Ch r on . 8 28 f ol l . Th i s s to r y of his A n a l ek / cn . T he i n t er e s t n
g i
h a s b e en m a d e t h e s u bj e t of c a his s k et c h h i ch w th i s r om a n iv c e g es of
v
t or i c a l n o e l i n m o d er n Gr e ek , 0 a

t as u . th e ch i f pe e r s on a
g es an d th lif e e of

my 7 0 6 w

ew s b y Al e x a n d er Rh i zos the p i d i
er o ,
s n ot i ly i t f
s e r ou s n er e r e d

Rh a n g ab , w h i ch h a s b e e n t ra n s l a t e d w i th by t he i
u n h s to r ic l ch ct
a ara er of

i nt o Ger m an b y D r E l l i s s e n , . w i th th e the e v e n t on w h ich i t t urns .

 1 94 T H E F RA N K S I N T H E PE L O P O N N E S E .

C ou rten ay w ith Geo ffre y I I T his is s a id by the C hronic l e to .

h a ve t aken p l a ce during th a t pr i nce s reign and the princess is

d escribed a s being on her w a y to Sp a in w here she w a s t o be

'

m a rri e d to the K ing of A r a gon w hen she p ut into the port of ,

K a t a kolo a nd w a s persu a ded by G eo ffrey to be co m e his w ife

,

inste a d 1
. A gnes ho w ever in re a lity w a s on her w a y to C on
, ,

s t a n t i n o l e a nd w a s m a rried to Geo ffrey II during his fa ther s

p , .

l ifeti m e As Finl ay shre w dly p erceived the l egend ar y version

.
,

of the story d a tes fro m a l a te r period w hen there w a s a riv alry ,

bet w ee n the French of Ach a i a a nd the C a t a l a ns ( 6 ) B u t the .

m ost i m p ort ant of a l l the e rrors into w hich the chronicler h a s

fa l len a nd w hich m is l ed ev e n Fin l ay rel a tes to the ti m e a t
, ,

w hich C orinth N a up l i a a nd Argos w ere con q uered by the

, ,

Fr a nks According to hi m this a cquisition took pl a ce in the

.

reig n of W illi am V i ll eh a rdouin ; but in re a l ity these fortresses as

w ere t a ken a nd a nnexed to the Fr a nk Princi p a lity by his fa ther ,

Geo ff re y L shor tl y a fter C h am plitte l eft the country

,
2
.

Before w e proceed to notice the l ingu istic p ecu l i a rities of the

[Ill
Gr eek Chr on i cl e it may be w e ll to m ention the deriv a tions
,

w hich h a ve been given of the n a m e More a w hich rst co m es ,

into gener a l use a t this p eriod T he e arliest a n d a t the s am e .

,

ti m e the m o st fa ncifu l is th a t fro m the m ulberr y tree ,

the l e a f of w hich the cou ntry rese m b l es in for m j ust a s Str abo ,

in a ncient ti m es co m p a red it to the l e a f of th e p l a ne tree 8 - .

N e x t c am e the S l a vonic deriv a tio n fro m m or e the se a a s if it ,

,

s e a l a nd or co a st l a nd T his da tes fro m the

w a s c a ll ed th e - - .

p eri od w hen Fa ll me ra ye r e nd ea voured to ma int a in the p ure l y

S l a vonic origin of the m odern Greeks ; a nd a ccording to hi m
the n am e w a s a ppl ied to the s hore l a nd of the w estern co as t -

by the S l a voni a n co l onists of th a t district T he obj ection to .

it is th a t it does not mak e its a p pe a r a nce in co mm on use until

the S l a vonic e l e m ent in the Pe l oponnese h a d been for the m ost
p a rt a bsorbed b y the Gre e ks ; i n a ddition to w hich K opi ta r ,

m a inta ins th a t Mor e a c a nnot be for m ed fr o m this root according

to th e p r i nci p l es of deriv a tion of S l a vonic w ords C ar l H o p f .

b e li e v e d th a t M ore a w a s a m e t a the s is for R o m e a or the l a nd of ,

the a n d w a s rst used b y the F r a nkish occu p a nt s .

1 Chr on . 1 1 44 foll .
4 F a ll m e ra yer , Ges eh i chte d er H a lb
9
I bid . 1 4 36 fol l . tins el I ll or ea , i . 2 4 3, 2 4 4 .

3 S tr a bo v iii , . 2, 1, p . 33 5 .
1 96 T II E F R A N KS I N T H E PE L O P O N N E S E .

possessions H opf h o w ever h a s sho w n by d o cu m e n t a i

.
1
, ,
.

evidence th a t a s e ar ly a s 1 2 7 8 both L a c oni a a nd the to w n o f

N au pli a in Arg ol is w e r e i n cl u d e d in M or e a ; a n d h e pertinentl y
r e ma rk s th a t t h e c h ro n icles w ere c om posed fr o m the poin t of

v ie w of the fo u r teenth c e ntury a t w h ich ti m e the possessi ons ,

w hich re ma ined t o the F r a nk s w e r e d i v ided into t h e t h r ee

p ro
v i n ces of More a E lis or t a ( A r c a di a ) and K a l a ma t a ( Mes
( ) S k , ,

seni a) H i s co n clusion the n is th a t More a w a s fr o m the rst

.
,

the n am e for the Fr a nkish t errito ry gener all y a nd th a t it w a s ,

restricted a t a l a ter peri o d t o th a t p o rtion w hich cont a i n ed the

he a d q u a rters
- 2
T his is q ui te p o ssible th ough th e a rgu m ents
.
,

here adduced do n o t necess a ril y o verthr o w t he o pposi t e vie w ,

a nd the fa ct th a t t h e n am e M o re a previo u s ly exi s ted in E lis is

stron g ly in its fa v ou r \Ve c a n h a rdly con sider the q uestion o f
.

the origin of the n a m e t o be n a lly deter m ined bu t the d eri ,

v a tion pr o posed by M S a t h a s is cert ainly the m ost prob a ble

.

th a t h a s ye t been adv a nced a n d h a s m uch to rec omm end it , .

Another p oint w hich is w orthy of notice in t his connection

is the ma rk ed a bse n ce of a n cie n t n a m es a n d of references t o
cl a ssic a l ti m es both in t h e Fre n ch a n d G r eek chr o nicles Str a nge .

a s it ma y a ppe a r these g all a n t C hieft a ins of the \Vest see m t o

,

h a ve been w h olly un aw a re th a t the countr y w hich th ey c o n

q uered h a d ever been fa m ou s in history T o the m the s a cre d .

soil of Greece w a s nothing m ore t h a n p a rk or glebe l a nd a nd -

,

the re ma ins o f H elle n ic fort r esses a n d buildings they reg a rded

in m u ch th e s a m e w a y a s w e reg a rd British c am ps a n d D ruidic a l
circles I n spe aki n g o f t h e cita del of t h e t o w n of Ark a di a
.

C
( p y a rissi a ) in M es s eni a t h e L i r r e d o I n C orz n es te describes it
q,

a s the w o r k of th e Gi a nts : 10 donj on a v oi t u n e bone t o u r

dessu s d e l ovre d es J a i a n s w hich p a ssa ge i s rendered i n t h e

,

Gr eek Ch r on i cle by e lX Ka i n zi S U I a T dv 8

ov a vci vr c) 1 7 631 / )
p p
'
y 7 .

E Xv co v one of the co m p a r a t i v ely fe w pl a ces in w hich t h a t

'

n am e occurs 3
N or w ere th e g r e a t m a ss of thei r s u bj ects
.

q u ali fied to enlighte n the m for w i t h the ex c eptio n of a fe w ,

le ar ned m en th ey h a d lost th eir a n cient tr a ditions T he n a m es .

of the fortied to w ns on th e co a st re ma i n ed a s C or inth N a u pli a , , ,

a nd P atr a s but t he gre a t m aj ority o f the ci t ies of th e interior

,

1 c c
R e her h es H i s tor i qn es , i . P re f . p .
3
Li tr e d o I n C on q n cs te, p . 4 4 ; Gr .

xxv iii . C lzr on l

'
. . 4 4"
3
c c
G r i e h is h e Ges clzi c li l e , p . 266 .
 T H E F R A N KS I N T H E P E L O P ON N E S E . 1 97

ha d been destroyed or deserted a nd though a t the present d ay

t h e a ncient n am es a r e found a tt a ch ed to so m e of their sites ye t ,

these a ls o h a d m ostly pe r ished T he s a m e thi n g is true in a .

still gre a te r degree of t h e m ount a i n s a n d rive r s O n e c l a ssic a l .

river n am e a lone th a t of the A l p h e i u s is p r eserved i n the

-

Gr eek Chr on i cl e thoug h i n the Z i e r e d e la C orzgn cs te it is a l w ays

,

c alled L e C h a rbon 1
T his is th e m ore inte r e sting bec a use of
.

t h e subse q uent history of the n am e A l p h e i u s h a s been ch a nged .

into R u a a nd h a s been tr a nsferred fro m the river to w hich it

,

rightfully belonged to its chief tribut a ry t h e L adon a fter its , ,

j unction w ith w hich it is applied to the u nited stre am I n the .

upper p a rt of its co u rse the A lph e i u s is n ow c a lled t h e river of

K a r i te n a .

Fro m a philologic al p oint of V ie w the C r eel : Chr on icle is w ell

w orthy of c a reful study bec a use it is a u ni q ue s p eci m en of t h e,

Greek w hich w a s in u se in the M ore a during the fourteent h

century I n it w e nd but slightly m odied for poetic al purposes
.
, ,

the l a ngu age w hich w a s s p oken by the inh a bit a n ts of this

province w h en they w ere subj ect to t h e govern m ent o f the
,

French an d w ere const a nt l y bro u ght into cont a ct in priv ate

,

life w ith p ersons of th a t n a tion a li ty ; a n d w hich l a tter l y a t ,

a l l events w a s e m pl oyed to so m e extent by those C hiefta ins

,

the m selves and their follo w ers D uring the period subse q uen t .

to the fourth crus ade th e Greek po p ul a r liter a ture else w here

w a s m uch in fluenced by the conte mp or a ry Fre n ch r om a nces
both in resp ect of the stories th a t w ere borro w ed a nd the m ode ,

in w hich they w ere tre a ted ; but the l a ngu age itself re mained
co m p a r a tively un affected by the West w hile in this poe m a ,

m ore denite i m pression derived fro m th a t source is tr a ce a ble .

M B u ch on no doubt h a s g re a tly over es ti ma ted the ch a nge s

.
, ,
-

a rising fro m th a t c a use a nd the gloss a ry of F r ench w ords ,

adopted into Greek w hich i s a p pended to vol ii of his R echer ches

,
. .

hi s tor i qu es cont a ins a l a rge nu m ber of ter m s previously existing

,

in m edi a ev a l Gre ek a nd derived fro m the ofci a l L atin of,

C onst antin o p le ; bu t still the ad dition thu s made to the l an g ua ge

is w orthy of notice Besides t h is the le n gth of the co m position
.
,

and the v a riety of subjects of w hich it tre a ts c ause its voc a bul a ry
to be extensive and to cont a in many r a re w ords Fro m it w e .

may l e arn the ety m ol ogy of so m e w ords in the l a ter l an gua ge ,

1
Gr .
Chr on . 33 4 4 L i c r e d e l a C on qu es te, p . 1 76 .

H . S VO
. L . I V .
P
1 98 T H E F R A N KS I N T H E PE L O P O NN E S E .

bec a use w esee the m here i n their origina l for m s ; a nd a t th e

s am e ti m e w e a re w a rned a g a inst a ssu m ing th a t w ords in m ode rn
Greek w ere introduced a t a l a te d a te fro m T urkish or o t her
sources by nding the m al re a dy in u se a t this ti m e I n it a lso
,
.

w e a re a ble to observe the st a ge of tr a nsition w hich the l a ngu a ge

h a d then re a ched ; for w hile it te a ches us h ow e a rly certa in

corruptions a nd di a lectic for m s w ere introduced a n d h o w ,

thoroughly m odern its ch a r a c ter is like th a t o f a ll the co m po ,

s i t i on s in th e vu l g a r t o ngue f ro m the t w e lft h century on w ard ,

it r e m inds u s a ls o t h a t so m e fam i l i a r us a ges w hich a re n ow a ll ,

but universa l h a d n ot then co m e into existence

, .

T he introduction of nu m erous French proper n am e s into a

Greek n a rr a tive n a tur a lly g a ve ri se to consider able difculty .

I t is not e a sy a t rst sight to recognise Ancelin de T oucy in

Avo ek s W e T 0 239 0 1 G a le r a n d I vry in F h epd ? W e B p i s or



, a i .

M ont E s c ov e the n am e of th e fort erected by the Fr a nk s on

the h ill behind the A crocorinth a t the ti m e w hen the y besieged
th a t cit a del w hich h a s n ow been corru p ted b y the Greeks into
,

Pente S k ou p hi a or the ve c a ps -i n Mo du u r Z x o e We - -
.

c an s y m p a thise w ith B u c h on w hen he tells u s th a t unti l he

bec a m e a cqu a inted w ith th e L i r r e d e la C on ga es l e w hich p ro ,

v i d e d hi m w ith a ke y for the inter p ret a tion of the s e n am es he ,

fa i l ed to discover J e a n C ha u d er on in T gcw w e N 7 a 8p o m

e speci a ll y a s th e surn am e is so m eti m es w r itten m ay w e P o ii u 1 '

N or is ( bp s /1 6 11 0 15p a very inte l ligible re p resent a tion of F r eres

.

M ineur s i e th e F r a ncisc a ns I n the se a nd si m i l a r inst a nces

. .
,

ther e is re a l di f cu l ty a rising p a rt l y fro m th e p ecu l i a r pr onu n

,

c i a ti on of t he n am es in the countr y a nd p a rt l y fro m a w k w a rd

,

ness in spe ll ing But in the maj ority of c a ses it w i ll be found

.

th a t the str a ngeness is only a pp a rent being c a used by the ,

e l a bor a te devices w hich h a ve been re s orted to in order to r e re

p
sent the sounds of a di fferent l angu age T hus K o vr ecpo v e w e .

Mvr ovh t oi) str a nge though it l ooks w ou l d h a ve been p honetic a ll y

, , ,

i n t h e m outh of a Gre ek of t h e fo u r teenth cen tury a fa ir ly ,

c l o s e a pp roxi ma tion to Gode froi de Boui ll on T he re a son of .

t he s tr a ngen e s s is the a bsence fro m m edi a ev a l a nd m odern Greek

of l etters c orres p onding to the sounds b a nd d to the E ngl ish
s h ch a nd
, , j ; a nd the French j soft g a nd others ; in co u se , ,

q u e n ce of this cert a in a rtici a l co m bin a tions of l etters h a ve

,

1
L me d c l a C on g u cs te,
i '
p . 1 5 3, n ote .
2 00 T H E F R A I VK S IN T H E PE L O PO N NE SE .

origin but prob a bly fro m th e West for A n n a C o m n e n a sp e a ks

, ,

of t h e w e a pon a s being s tr a nge t o t h e Greeks ; Bo zi lcw o v , ,

t r u m pet L a t bu cc i n a Bo fdp z bow fr o m Gr 7 6 50 12 ; a a yc r o

,

.
,

,

.
r

flig h t of a r r o w s w hich see m s to be found only i n this

) a cn
t
, ,

poe m fr o m a a yz( r a L a t s a g i tta a n d e X x o v /c o v o

p v quive r

a
, ,
.
, , ,

L a t c u cu m m w hich see m s to be de r ived fr o m a n e a r ly fo r m of

.
,

t h e Ge r m a n K d chc r I n one p a ss a ge w h e r e this l a st w ord occurs

.

a r is text ( p I co v /c o v d re a d s
( G r C hin a
. 3 8 1 7 ) t h e P . 1 1 7) for p .

K a p /c d a t a a w o r d of l a t e introduction for
,
quiver a nother for m ,

o f w h ich is m p x d o wo v K a p /cd cn o v see m s to be connec ted w ith .

F r ca r q u oi s a n d si m il a r w ords i n oth er R o m a nce l a ngu a ges ;

. ,

T a p x d a t o v a n d the l a te L a tin ta r ca s i a or trw ca s i a w ith T urk ish

, ,

sir /ras h quiver : but w h a t rel a tion these be a r to one a nothe r it

,

is di fficult to decide T h e ter m s used in describing sieges a r e .

chiey de r ived fro m W estern sou rces T he fortied pl a ce itself .

i s x d a r p o v L a t ca s tr u m but its occu pa nts for m the ya p w go v

r
.
, , ,

Fr g a r n i s on a siege is c u r t o v Fr s i eg e fro m w hich i s derived

.
-

,
.
,

a ve r b d a e v r e w Fr a ss i g er a n d a m ong the engines a n d i m

, .
,

l e m e n t s of a tt a ck a re m entioned t h e c a t a pult
p ,

Fr tr ebezc/L et the s ow a /cp oqta L a t s cr ofa a kind o f 63 61 c or '

.
.
, , ,

m a ntle t for protecting those w h o under m ined th e w a lls w hich is ,

d escribed by \Vi l l i a m of T y r e a s being w a ttling w ithi n w h ich ,

libe r e d e l i te s ce r e n t qu i a d s u ffodi e n du m a g g e r e m introduce,

a n d sc a ling l a dde r s a x d k a L a t s ca la T h e provisions

"
1
re n tu r -
, ,
. .

fo r a siege a r e given a s b r e a d w ine w a ter a n d biscuit d w p i v , , , r ,

v ep v w a ft p d dt z the
'
K cw cv
p ,
l
, a st of these w ords W h ich is ,

r egul a rly used i n m ode r n Greek a n d is th e T urkish ck s em et

p , ,

see m s to be of Pe rsi a n o r igin a n d is found i n th e for m w a fa p ci s ,

even a s e a rly a s in t h e T a cti ca of t h e e m pe r o r L e o (A D .

Seve r a l of t h e te r m s th a t h a ve n ow been m entioned w ill be

fou n d in the follo w ing p a ss a ge w h ich de s c r ibes t h e siege of
C o r int h :

p z a a vp

39
'
7
'

ea i
w E V

T O I JS T oc ov s
x
i d y p a t q
/
i i ght m

Ka T r
or x L ow d v gp w n o v v cL
' '

w p o x xlr y

fm

8: 5 6 W
'
ez
c 7 ; 7 0 0 r eL
X e L o v vcz i do v 7 5 72 0
-
20 9 T o
fe e c

a dk a 6 77 0 13 e i Xa O L V a ma a v 6 59 T o zJ c T O L Xo v
'
'
7 ovc

t s, '
'

, s ,

Ka i d w s ci vr e a w e a a a v e m d a a o w
'
e
2
q n yv ai a v
X p
'
.
,

B oo k xv iii c h . ap. 19 .
2
1 4 9 1 5 3 .
 T H E F RAN K S I N T H E PE LO PO N NE SE . 20 1

T o these w o rds w e m a y a dd the n a m es for h o r se ship a n d

,

bo a t T h o s e for h o r s e a r e &K o yo v : ( p a s ( ba p t o v a w o r d
l
'
. a ,
, ,
'
o f Ar a bic o r igin ; vr a p l rr m a gove r n m ent h a cks infe r io r h o r s es '

,

,

s u ch as w ere provided for m ercen a r ies ; thu s w e r e a d (3 4 0 3 )

v I r )I H 1
m
A

O U U ak a k ovya
wr a s a t w
7 a a a o 7r 0 v G
X L . vr p ,

v os p d i
p gg Be x a vr v r e
'

d
Ja v ,u a c 0 va y

p co .

And a g a in

7 A yo va '
c vr a
p t vr m a ,
ml B a o vv T cw i So a re w v
{ / p
c
.

dp ro v
is lso used for m ule For ship w e find K d r ep
o vk a a
p .

yo v g a lley w hich see m s to be r st u sed by An n a C om n e n a ;

v
, ,

ci BL o v the pre vious fo r m of w hic h c a Bo c a s m a ll vessel

xa
p , p , , ,

is found e a rly ; K ci/c a (Prol a bout w h ich I c a n discover .

I
no th i ng 1 a n d the collective e u n /c eet
,
B o a t is exp r essed a , .

/ '
by dp x a L a t l a r va ; r a p t s T a p t r a lo n g bo a t w hic h r st
, .

, ,

,

a ppe a rs in N ice t a s (A D a n d a a v r a M o u w h ich looks a s

1 2 0 0) .
,

if it w ere de r ived fro m Ar a b a n d T urk s a n d a l but it is m o r e . .

,

prob a ble th a t both of the m c a m e fr o m o d uS a K o s bo a t w h ic h ,

,

occu r s in T heoph a nes (A D . .

T h e follo w i n g w o r ds a r e connected w i t h chiv a l r y a n d the

feud a l syste m Gener a l te r m s : Mt o q Fr [139 6 ; gbce F r ef ;
.

,
.

, .

d
'

b illy F a r t ov

uxn t F b i l d a r l e m en t

a k a

a a c p r p p

r w
p
'
og
, , ,
. .
, , ,

F r h omm a g e ; eBe o to invest F r r cr tzr ; Xe l p dp r w

'
. .
,

(5 4 3 2 ,
glove u sed i n i n vestitu r e T itles : luv r a p o c -
,

.
,

F r ba r on ; mi x7 0 9 Fr com i c ; p a p /c e a m pe r h a ps It a l m a r chcs e

.
/ . .
, , ,

for it is found in C o n st a ntine Po r p h y r ogenitus ; x o vr c a m vxo s ,

F r con n l a bl e but the G r eek w o r d pre viously existed a s the title

.
,

of a n o fce r of the Byz a ntine cou r t ; it survives a s the n a m e of

a G r eek fa m ily a n d a lso of a vill a ge ne a r t h e sit e of t h e ,

d

a ncient C l e on a e b nneret f '
b
; g k a m mp
r o u a o g a rom
p
X 7r o v
p o v , , ,

b a n n er L a t m n m u la N a m es

F

o e e vr o s r s e r g en t

py
r . .
, . ,

O o m rr a m
'

r el a ting to m ilit a r y orde r s : T pn r k o v t h e T e m pl a r s

-
, ,

1
W hi l e th i s i s p a s s i n g t h r ou g h t h e c c c v c tt m t
g r e o, on a o, or r o a en e g li v en n e

pr e s s , I v c v
h a e r e e i e d rom M S a t h a s f . il m di c c
no N vi g
e o oa . a an o q u e s ti
th e l f o l ow
i n g q u ot a t i o n ro m F a b i o f l g i p er m zz d i v l s l t
e n e o e e o a n t o, a v ea n o

Mu tin e ll i s L es s i co Vcneto, 1 8 5 1 , p 1 0 7

. . u nac i m d i tt c t ur a a se e en o ai m il le
cc
C o a, l i - g n o di g u e r r a ( p e r o an h e d a c u om i n i , v ol en d o s i ch e lo cocchc s ia n o

t r a i c o) , a i t o, r o t on d o, e
p er c io m ol t o s ta t e i p ri m i na v ig i s op r a i q u a li si

c cv
on a o, l a on de ca u cos s ig n i c a n d o in s i an p os t e a r t ig l i e ri e .
"
203 TH E F RAN KS IN TH E PE LO P O N N E SE .

the of St J ohn ; li k ep a v o o the T eutonic O rder ; [C O /L

K n ights .
'

u ev r o p nc co m m a nde r of a n order Fr comm a nd eu r

.
, , .

So m e a ddition a l w ords of French origin m a y a lso be m entioned

besides those w hich h a ve a lre a dy occurred A cert a in nu m ber .

of th ese ret a in their origin a l for m w hile the m aj ority a r e ,

m odified so a s to suit the Greek l a ngu a ge T o the for m er cl a ss .

belong x oue a i o v com mi s s i on I covp v commu n e w hile K o vp oi m

, , ,

is the R epublic o f V enice ; w a p r ov p a r don the n a m e for

, ,

the j ubilee of A D 1 3 0 0 w hich is m entioned in connection w ith

. .
,

the m a rri a ge of I sa bell a V illeh a rdouin w ith Philip of S a voy

O f those a d a pted

dBozJep a vou e a ttorney


, ,

to Greek for m s w e m a y notice : nouns r ga mrpa cha m br e ; ,

,

KO U yK

U T a ,
con qu ei e dp w d ou a i r e Bovp yi a i m bou r g eoi s
vr ov , ,
'
,

&Bo v x dr oc a voca t I co v e r o p i cou ver tu r e ; x a rr e o w ch ap

p
'

,
'
p p , ,

er on , hood vr a a a r i o p a ss a g e this is used like the conte m

, ,

a tin p a s s a g i u m for pilgri a ge crus a de but the

p ora r
y L m and , ,

G r eek w ord prob a bly co m es fro m the F rench a s it is rst found ,

in this poe m ; 7rp o/3eX7 /ci a p r i vi leg es ; fi m ti a r po r eg i s tr e ; the ,

for m a n d a ccent show th a t it is fro m the French though e yw r p o v ,

v
,

L a t r eg es i a i s found in C onsta nt Porphyr ; 3L a o r op a 9 de

.
, . .
,

B efen s or

f c ns eu r though , t
i a c e va w
p L at d is found e a rlier in
'

, .
,

Greek ; fro m comm er ce exe m pt from cu sto m s ,

duties ; verbs : ai u a vr e w a m end er ; ook e m r evol ter ; u p e

, ,

'

o a vr i w p r esen ter

,
introduce ; w a
p a oc
tp i w o ,r i r

We a lso

, .

m eet w ith expressions in the Greek w hich h a ve been tr a nsl a ted

di r ectly fro m th e French ; thus me i v cw r ok o yi a v is regul a rly
'

used for p r en dr e con g e in bidding a dieu to a person a n d arr o ,

k oy i c w 1 6 v Bi Be i ( 3 8 1 3 ) m e a ns gives h i m h i s disch a rge con g e ,

a n d w hen it is s a id by Mich a el P a l a eologu s a fter h e h a d put ,

Willi a m V illeh a rdouin in prison th a t h e w a nted to get m oney ,

for hi m but not to e a t hi m this is expressed in the L i vr e d e la

, ,

U on gu es i e by i l n e 1e m e n g e ra m i e a u sel (p in the

.

Gr eek C hr o ni cle by o rzB v Xp y e i r cw w p i y/cm a p 7 5 Erik a ; vci r ev

'
r

b ci y
g
'
y
T he L tin w o r ds w hich a r e found in m edi a ev a l Greek a r e
a

m ostly ofci a l te r m s th a t is expr essions derived fro m the court , , ,

1
the c a m p a n d t h e l a w courts ,
Sever a l of these h a ve been -
.

noti ced in spe a king of the m ilit a r y ter m s a n d a fe w others ,

1
Fo r th e h i s t or y of t h e i nt r o d u c ti on Mr F r e em a n s
.

re m ark s in v ol . iii . of

of t h es e w or d s i n t o f a m i li ar u s e, s ee t hi s J ou r n a l , pp 3 7 2 0 11 . .
20 4 T H E F RAN K S IN T H E PE LO PO N NE SE .

tou r n a m ent

; le tte r a ccording to L e a ke ,

p is r w y f but W L T T d /C L O I J is u s ed
( P l op on ncs i a ca 1 5 8 ) f

c or w
, c . i ,

eve n by P o l vbi u s i n t h e sense of w r iti n g t a blet O w r a px ia or -

p r o visions a n d else w he re ) in a l l pro

p X ( 7 4 5 7 7 4 5 9
'

O CO LO V , , , ,

h a bility is r ig h tly expl a ined by Sop h ocles a s a cor r uption of

i su r na m e a n d p a s s i m) is

7 5 6
-
em x k nv 5 8

a

o i ra a
px , ,

pecu li a r for m of m lc xnm c : d yy o s is thought by L e a k e '

' f

( a l l s u p r a
) to be a Peloponnesi a n fo rm of X o
yy os a w ood r r

,

,

w ilde r ne ss or m ount a inou s p a ss a n d B u c h on tr a nsl a te s it by

, ,

d e le ; it is used of the m ount a in r egion of Sco r t a 59 r ain ,

;

E x op r cbv 7 6 v Bp yy o v a n d a lso of t h e fa stnesses of t h e

r

Me li n g s x a x a c a r l w
p
-
to c a ulk
( 8 6 8 ) is best kno w n

th r ough t h e n a m e of t h e e m pero r Mich a el the C a ulke r (6 K a k a

ci m 9 in h eleventh centu y d i s not derived fr om t he
) t e r a n ,

F r ench ca lf a ter a n d si m il a r w ords in t h e R o m a nce l a ngu a ges ,

but fr o m t h e A r a bic k a laf a to c a ulk fr o m w h ich th ey a lso a r e , ,

de r ived ; a e v r o zl /ci o u bO X ch est C o m es fr o m a d v dv f

'

, , ,

chest w hic h is found in H e s y chi u s ; but it is do u btfu l w h eth er
,

it is de r ived fr o m it directly or th rough the Persi a n fo r m s a n da ls , ,

w hich is a lso t h e w o r d fo r box in T urkish ; d u a vr e r a p w (4 7 1 4 )

i s used of so m e obj ect w ith w hich t h e C ountess of Anj ou w iped ,

t h e te a rs fr o m h e r eyes ; a t dy p a n cl 7 79 6y y i e v n er d n3
'

7 a

d y a n e r dp w : B u c h on gives its m e a ning a s m ouc h oi r ou p l u t ot

,

vol a nt de r obe a ile a s it m ust be de r ived fr o m a va vr e r ci v i

,

'

to sp r e a d ou t unfold perh a ps veil gives a still better s i g n i

, ,

c a tion ; d cfmp u or d i p6 y used of the c a stle of Y a nin a ,

is t a k en by B u c h on a s equiv a lent to dci ep o v in th e sense of ,

devoted r esolute str ong ; n3 190 67 0 9 in one or t w o p a ss a ges

, ,

( 4 0 72 4 0 7 7 ) signies ight r out but it is other w ise

, , ,

u n kno w n .

T h e fe a ture th a t i m p r esses t h e re a der m ost fo r cibly in t h e

l a ngu a ge in w hich this poe m w a s co m p osed is its m odern ,

ch a ra cter It is to a ll intents a n d pu r poses m ode r n Gr eek

.
,

a n d it is su r prising to nd h ow m a ny w o r ds a n d expressions

w hic h a r e fa m ili a r a t t h e p r esent d a h a d then a lre a dy obt a ined

y
cur r ency T hus t h e m oon is not o eMymy but gbe y yaip i to
.

'

r r
'
,

w ound is Kc i vw to kill is a lc o r oy a) t h e e a r ly m orning is
,

'

'

v r i t h e body

T a
x ,

i s K a p u i gi r ls a r e I co n 5AM to look out ,

-
,

fo r i s x v r -r a m z a o c e l u thoug h r a r e is used for to die of

'

p p

, , ,

a ni m a ls
; a mi d for

togethe r w ith i di x c s ( e ldm e) for ow n

,



,
 T H E F RAN K S IN T H E P E LO PO N N E SE . 20 5

p
c o a

.for a ti m e as

r
p els ( a a is
pp th re e ti m
,
es Si m il a r
,

.

inst a nces m ig h t be m ultiplied to a n y exten t a n d t h e s a m e ,

t h ing is t r ue of for m s of exp r ession a s d o Xj / s ap e ga Vi i fo r ,

'
r

if you desi r e to In so m e c a ses w e c a n see t he m ode r n u sa ge

.

gr o w ing up T hus 8 a } N i yo v y o u 7 0 v
. h e r c signies for . r
,

m yself hi m self &c ; 5 0 0 2/ 8r d xoy o v u o v is fo r m y p a r t ; i n

. .
, , ,

1 6 3 6 x a de e i c 8 rd K oy ov r o v a pp a r ently m e a ns e a c h on h is

r
.
,

a n d in l 1 8 3 7 x d a r o v e rr o ina e v d k oy o v

o w n a ccount h

, p . t e ,
'

phr a se i s a title of r espect (see a l s o 1 N ow in m o d e r n

'

G r eek r a ii K oy o u G a s is t h e polite fo r m of a dd r ess for you

'

,

your honou r So m eti m es too t h e de r iv a tion of a n obscu r e
.
, ,

m ode r n w o r d is reve a led T h u s t h e popul a r a r ep v or ep o e l a st

.
, ,

a ppe a r s here a s a r e u o r e o s a n d is t h us s h o w n to be a c o m
p p ,

a r a t i v e fr o m {i a r e o e z a n d dy k ry o a quic ly is he re e i
'

p p y P k y p r
yo a
p
r
, ,
r
,

w hich is the neute r plu r a l of a n a dj ective y iy o o g uick
q
'
p
f

p
r
, ,

connected w ith the cl a ssic a l e yp ny op a a n d w ith yp ryyop e l r
,
' ' v.

But the m odern ch a r a cter of t h e m edi a ev a l popul a r l a ngu a ge ,

w hic h h a s t h us been tr a ced i n the voc a bul a r y is even m o r e ,

observ a ble in the fo r m s of w o r ds so m e of the peculi a r ities of ,

w hic h a s t h ey occu r in this poe m

, a r e n ow subj oined Ab ,
.

br e v i a t i on s : a s yi a k o for a i y i a k os as for ci cpe s

v
for 6 7t e i 9 : ,

p r exes : a s e r o r o for 7 0 01 0 e r dr e for 7 6 7 6 er r o co g for r er o zo c

-
,

,

"
'

a n d especi a lly before t w o initi a l conson a nts as ,

yv aip i y oa en r a i a p d r w v : a fxes : a s r i vr o r e s for

ef "

for 7 6 V w ave for w d , m et a t h esis : a s ev a lz w fo r

u

/

e B aAw

e x a i vw for shift ing of a cce n t : a s a iJT o s
l
q ,

occ a sion a lly for a dr o q : especi a lly on to the l a st syll a bl e : a s
K eel 5 9 for /ce l vo s a dde vr e i a a r p a r e c
/ Pw ua i dw w

, eai s
'

, a

l , ,

B o i l e aie : v a r iou s lette r ch a nges e g the substitution of o for

,
a
-
x -
,
.

oth e r vo w els a s Ep op cpo c for e ii u op ct o s 6m i n for e Mr l

, , ,

dyxrrp os for e p rrp og 7 &0 n p for 7 vp a w he r e t h e fo r m is

(
, ,

a pp r o a ching th e di a lectic Bi o c z i of r for v 0 a s i lca r a v fo r
pp i l d i ,

x a v o a v rrk e xlr a v for rr k e v o a v a w p ed w for a aip e v o w ; of up

'

, , r ,

for up a s \[r up a r a for pe dp a r a of p for 7t a s icp ctos for 1c ol

,
' '
,

of 3 for a s do fa r a i s for T a fa r a t Bo fe i w Bo gd ok o v
' '
7r o g ;
, , ,

bo w shot a n d oth e r inst r uctive c h a nges suc h a s dp i q w / d

for fr o m a p i QM i e a n d c a r e for e x d di a e

,
'
l
'
'

O n t h e nouns w e m a y fu r t h e r obse r ve t h a t t h e no m i n a tive ,

a n d a ccus a tive plu r a l of ste m s in a often e n d i n a re a s 7 rp 0 ,

vo i a i s my p

r o
, w o k ir a i s : the
'
genitives plu r a l of the s a m e ar e
2 06 T H E F RAN K S I N T H E PE L O P O N NE SE .

so m eti m es p a r oxytone a s /c/a o rco v : so m e geni t i v es a r e ,

-

i rr egul a fo I l ek o rr o v m mo s : the
'

i m 7 39
-
'

r n r a s 2 vv rc r a s

, ,

d a tive is ve r y r a r e except w ith p r ope r n a m es a n d i n p h r a ses

, ,

i -
suc h a s e u T o r r e) : a n d so m eti m e s t h e a c cusa tive is u sed for it

a s 1 6v d na e v so m eti m es t h e genitive a s ( ta m/ a v

, b
g py ,
cz ,

e l 7r e

r d u a v r ci r a t h e a ccus a tive is so m eti m es found for t h e
'

genitive a s r d Bu m:T O U S thei r ow n ; th e enclitic 7 0 v 7 779 7 0 v

,
.

,

, ,

bb revi a ted fro m a o occu rs

r o a ss i m for hi & ; 6
(

a p s c , .

ci vr o i o s a n d 6 7 0 0 a r e the regul a r rel a tives but there i s a lso

'

a peculi a r use of t h e a rticle in this sense rese m bling th e ,

Ho m eric us a ge O n t h e ve r bs w e m a y r e m a r k th a t in the
.

for m a tion of t h e present 12 is co m m only inse r ted i n cont r a ct

'

ve rbs a s m y ov w (pap r ow ) a n d in so m e ot h e r s a s a r xv m for

,
x
-
, , ,

o r k k m : 7 a lso is so m eti m es i n t r oduced bet w een vo w els

-
as ,

w e e dy w : th e a o r ist p a ssive h a s the pe r fect te r m in a tion in x a

v
,

for 686 6 77 : i n th e third plur a l ce r t a in for m s a r e

3
a s ( 86 6 a

found inte r c h a nge a bly a s n ds mo i &w d yo v v {J u d o i e d a a i ,
/
,
r
,
-
,

Ba Xa v : the innitive is r a r e th ough it is occ a sion a lly found

, ,

x e 5 i 0 e w : th e co pound a n a lytic a l in fi n itive

as
p m

occu r s a s mi 35n ,
K a r a h d e i i
r ak a a i (po vei i cr e i a n d still , ,

m o r e a n a lytic exp r essions a r e seen i n V a B x o v th a t they

e

,

s h ould r eceive 7 6 m il s iydek a v 7rp a fe i a s to h ow they should

,
' '

M y o vr a

a ct

; t h e p a rticiple a ctive is used indecli n a bly as ,

Bo ok wyv a ma e v i 56 0 67 779 and i

Ka
e r ov r nv I ca 0 77 , .

d u o dd v o v r a 5
to the other p a rts of
77 0 02 7 77
7 7 0 0 ryv v a Z/c a As .

speech the for m s d u a { m e a r e notice a ble ; l fi n a l for dm i

, , ,

m a ny a n a ly tic a l for m s of p r epositions a r e found a s &w a w e l s , ,

ci m i v a) 6 59 for e vr ds { m ep bot h a s a n d u er a a r e used w ith t h e

, ,

n er d a lso w ith the genitive ;

a ccus a tive in t h e sense of w it h

.
,

0 5 ) st a nds for t h n h ere s w ould n ow be
( p

)

w a oz vr a a w w
p a ,

e m ployed a n d eva p o i} for together ; t h e neg a tives a r e m y
,

, ,

i n fo a n d o J B v w h ic h l a st h a s th e s a m e signic a tion a s 0 23

, r ,

bu t t h e a bb r evi a ted i s not found ; t h e r e a r e nu m e r ou s uses

of indenite p a r ticle s w ith a nega tive follo w i n g a s n o un er e 0 23x ,
-

c u i d /c ar a t no w he r e T i n or e 0 13x nothing


w ok k a x i e
-
; Lu )
p , , , ,

signies to s e e w hethe r r e m inding u s of t h e A ttic use

of m ) w ok k d x i s : rbs ci y is used for like but n ot the

,

,

a bb r evi a ted const ntly occu s ith e ani ng

a dv : cz a r w a m
y p
r

c o r r e s pondi n g to our a y e a s a continu a tive or epexegetic
,

p a r ticle .
208 T H E F RAN K S I N T H E PE L O P O N NE SE .

inte r esting volu m e entitled L a Gr ece con i in en i a l e ct la I ll or ee

.

.

B ut t h e m aj o r it y of th e s ites a r e so little kno w n a n d t h e subj ect ,

h a s a tt r a cted so little a ttention t h a t a succinct a ccount of the m , ,

w h ich is t h e r esult of pe r son a l i n spection m a y not be w ithout ,

v a lue .

As m ig h t be expected the r e m a ins a r e for the m ost p a rt the ,

ruins of c a stles w h ich w ere t h e r esidences of t h e b a r ons a n d

, ,

w e r e built a s fa r a s t h e n a ture of the ground a llo w ed on the

, ,

s a m e principles as the feud a l fo r tresses of t h e West T h e steep .

heigh ts on w hich t h e a ncient Greeks w e r e w ont to const r uct a n

a c r opoli s w ere equ a lly se r v i ce a ble for t h e st r ongholds of th e
,

M iddle Ages a n d so m e of t h e l a tte r a re found t o rest on

,

found a tions of Hellenic w a lls T o j udge fr o m the pl a ces th a t .

r e m a in t w o conside r a tions see m to h a ve inuenced th e b a r ons

,

i n th e choice of a site ; rst th a t they m ight secu r e their ,

co m m unic a tions w i t h thei r countr y m en ; secondly th a t there ,

m ight be su f cient p r oductive l a nd in th e neighbourhood to

p r ovide the m w ith a n a de q u a te revenue In consequence of .

t h is the p r incip a l fort r esses w e r e n ot const r ucted in ve r y r e m ote

,

pl a ces In t h e w ild dist r ict of S k or t a for inst a nce th ough w e

. , ,

h e a r of one or t w o s m a ll c a stles a s existing i n t h e h e a r t of t h e

m ount a ins l
yet t h e g r e a t b a r oni a l r esidences of Akov a a n d
,

K a r i t e n a by w h ich the Sl a vonic tribes of t h a t region w ere to be

,

kept in check w e r e pl a ced on t h e edge of the lo w e r country

, .

I n so m e inst a nces ho w ever the Fr a nks did not occupy n e w , ,

positions but set tled i n those w h ich h a d been a l r e a dy fortied

,

by thei r B yz a ntine p r edecessors ; a n d one of th e s e t h e c a stle of ,

N ikli w a s situ a ted on level g r ou n d

,
T h a t of K l a r e n t z a a lso .
, ,

w ith w hich ou r desc r iption w ill co m m ence th ough a n e w foun ,

d a tion of t h e F r a nk s w a s distinguished r a ther by t h e conveni ence ,

th a n th e str ength of its site .

1
T he s i t es o f th e f or t s of A ra k l o v on b es t han d b ook for t r a v e l l er s i n Gr ee e , c
and G r ea t Ar a k h o a , w h i h v c are m en t h ou g h i t s tr a n g e l y i g n or es th e p e r i o d
t i o n e d i n t h e C h r on i l e , h a e c v n ot b een of F re c h o cc p
n u a ti on , m e n t i on i s m a de
d e te r m i n e d . B u c h on vi s i te d p la e
a c of a F k cas tl
ran e at D i m i t za n a . T he
c a ll e d Ar ak h o v a, n ot fa r f r om D i m i t ro ck s w hi hc s u r m ou n t t h a t t ow n m a y
z an a , bu t f ou n d no c a s tl e there (L a e as i l y b e m i s t ak en for w all s , a n d in on e

G r a e, pc . I n I s a n i be r t s

Gu id e or t w o pl a c es t h er e are f
rag m en t s of

bo ok (L O

r ic n l : Gr e c e ct T u r qu i e cl

c
C y l op e a n w a ll s a m on
g th em bu t t h er e
E u r op e , p . w hi h is c q u i te t he ce r ta i n l y i s n o c as tl e .
 KL AR E N T Z A, KH L E MO U TZ I , AN D AN D R AV I D A .

the co a st of E lis w he r e its le vel pl a i n s r e a c h the s e a

O n , ,

the r e st a nd t w o solit a ry pro m on t o r ies w h ic h to j u dge fr o m thei r ,

a ppe a r a nce w e r e once isl a nds a n d h a ve been j oi n ed to t h e m a in

, ,

l a nd i n so m e prehistoric pe r iod by t h e a dv a nce of t h e sh o r eline .

Both a r e co m posed of l ow a ttened ridges t h e di r ection of w h ich , ,

is fro m no r th to south T h e s m a ller a n d sout h e r n m ost of these

.
,

w hich lies not fa r fro m the m outh of the A l h e i u s w a s i n a ncient

p ,

ti m es c a lled Ichthys a n d in t h e Middle Ages bore th e n a m e of

,
rest o
n
K a t a kolo w hich is still a tt a ched to it w hile t h e c a stle w hich
, ,

that
defended the little p ort on the inner side of it w a s n a m ed by
b
r arn
the Greeks P on t i k o ca stro or R a ts c a stle a n d by the French
-

-
,

B e a uvoir F a r m ore conspicuous th a n this is t h e other pro

.

at tlltlt
m onto r y the cl a ssic a l n a m e of w hic h w a s C h e l on a t a s de r ived
, ,

tllOOdto
a pp a rently fro m its rese m bl a nce to the b a ck of a tortoise ;
l
uenceu
this a buts upon the s e a lik e a m a ssive bre a k w a ter an d for m s ,

r emte
o
the extre m e point of the Pelopo n nese on th a t side In t h e .

Gr eek C hr on i cl e it is c a lled K hl e m ou t z i or K hl ou m ou tzi i n the ,

L i or e d e la C on qu es i e C l a ir m ont a n d B u ch on believes th a t the ,

for m er n a m e is a corruption of t h e l a tter ; this ho w ever is i m

1

prob a ble bec a use i n t h e Greek n a r ra tive it be ar s t h e n a m e of

,

K hl e m ou t z i fro m th e rst a n d C ol L e a ke w ould derive i t ,

.

lltl
fro m th e w ord Xk e p s XM /i os Xe A/i s w hich is often a tt a ched

U
py , , ,

to h ills of regul a r for m in th e More a a n d is fa m ili a r to t h e ,

r a velle r th e odern a ppell a tion of Mount A

t as m r oa n i u s

( K h el m o s ) t h e h ighest point
,
in t h e ch a in bet w een C yllene
a n d E r y m a nthus in Arc a di a ; w hich is one of t h e m ost st r iking

su m m its in Greece 2
At th e no r the r n ext r e m ity of this pro
.

m ontory lie s a n extensive a re a of level ground su r r o u nded on ,

three sides by the s e a the gre a ter p a rt of w hich is occupied by

,

the c a stle w hich the French built there shortly a fter th eir
a rriv a l a n d c a lled by the n a m e of C l a rence
, ( Gr .

It is a recta ngul a r inclosure extending a bout a thous a nd feet ,

ami fro m e a st to w est a n d pe r h a ps t w o th ird s of th a t le n gth in the -

sm
o ,

ol opposite direction ; of t h e outer w a l l little n e w re m a ins except

ll
e
the found a tions but in the m iddle of t h e sout h e r n side t w o
,

1
B u ch on , c c
R e h er hes H i s tor i q u es , 2
L e ak e , T r a r el s i n the Mor ea , ii .

i . P efr .
p . xli . 1 71 .
 210 T H E F RAN K S I N TH E P E L O P O NN E SE .

piers of a ga te w a y a r e to be seen : h ere a lso the w a ll h a s been

defended by a m o a t for i n this p a r t the g r ound w itho u t is highe r
,

th a n t h a t w i t h in At the w este r n end of t h is i nclosure w h e r e

.
,

the cl iffs ove rh a ng t h e s e a a t a height of fty feet is a sort of ,

keep or stronghol d a hundre d feet squ a r e ; a n d j ust w ithi n the

,

opposite w a l l is a building of no gre a t size w ith the re m a ins of ,

a Byz a ntine church of l a te r d a te .

T h e m odern vill a ge of K l a r e n t z a i s situ a ted on a s m a ll bight

to the e a st of this he a dl a nd w hich is fa i r ly shelte r ed fr o m a l l ,

w inds except t h e north T his little port w a s fo r m erly r eg a rded

.

a s the site of C yllene t h e a rsen a l of the E l e i a n s but n ow th a t

, ,

pl a ce is thought to h a ve be en situ a ted fa rther north a lo n g the

h
co a st in the direction of t e pro ontory of Ar a xes
m 1
At t he .

ti m e of the F r a nkish inv a sion it bore the n a m e of H a ghios

Z a ch a ri a s
ov ci y rov Z a xa pl a v,

-r
'

677 0 0 l 75 ai a 7 7 9 K 7\ a w a s
' '
2
6e e l/ a t a nuepo v x p 3 p .

an d the ncefor w a rd it bec a m e the chief point of co m m unic a tion

bet w een the settlers i n t he Princip a lity a n d their co m p a tri ots in
w este r n E urope I t is str a nge to think th a t this pl a ce w hich
.
,

n ow is princip a lly service a ble for the export of curr a nts shou l d ,

i n those d a ys h a ve been cro w ded w ith vessels w hether eng a ged ,

i n t h e co m m erce of the country w hich extended to N a ples , ,

B rindisi Alex a ndri a a n d C yprus 3 or lled w ith the young

, , ,

nobility of F r a nce w h o c a m e hither to seek their fortunes T he

, .

siz e of th e inclosure w h ich h a s j ust been described is a suffi cient

proof th a t it w a s designed to be not m erely a pl a ce of defence , ,

but a resort for visitors tr a ders a n d a dventurers T here too , , .

, ,

w a s a gre a t est a blish m ent of the F r a ncisc a ns

w ith a church dedic a ted to St F r a ncis

4
bu t the Gothic re m a ins .
,

w hich B u ch on spe a ks of no l onger exist We le a rn fro m .

P hra n zes th a t the w a lls of K la re n tza w ere pulled do w n by

5

the despot C onst a ntine a nd thi s w ould a ccount for the ruinous ,

condition in w hich w e n ow nd the m Whether the n am e of

C l a rence w hich h a s fro m ti m e to ti m e been borne by roy al

,

1
C u r ti u s , P e lop on nes os , p 1 02 . . 5 1 4, 5 1 5 .

2 1
Gr . C h ron 8 89 , 8 90
. .

Gr C h r on 6 1 78 , 7 2 79
. . .

3
H tz b
er er g , Ges chi chle Gr i e h en c 5
P hr a n z es , p 1 5 6 , e d i t B on n
. . .

l a n ds , i i .
p . 118 B u c h on , L a Gr ace,
212 T H E F RAN K S I N T H E PE LO PO N NE SE .

T he ent ra nce is n e a r the north e a st a n gle w here there is a -

,

regul a r feud a l g a te w a y w ith a portc u llis ; this le a ds into a ve r y

extensive i n closu r e t he w a lls of w h ich a r e sur m ounted by
,

b a ttle m ents w i th loopholes pierced i n th e m a n d a p a ss a ge round

,

i n side for the defenders to ght fr o m th ough t h ere a r e fe w ,

to w ers In v a r ious p a r ts of th is a r e a a r e r uined buildings

.
,

w hich m ust h a ve se r ved for d w elli n g hou ses O n the south -

.

side a n d occupyin g the high est g r ound is the inne r c as tle

, , ,

w hic h i s ente r ed by a n o t h er m a ssive g a te w a y a n d for m s a n ,

i r r eg u l a r hex a gon 2 1 0 feet i n length by 8 0 feet i n its w idest

,

p a r t All round this v a st ch a m bers built in t w o storeys

.
, , ,

re m a in w ith w indo w s i n m ost inst a nces fa cing t h e interior

,

court though so m e a lso look out w a rd T h e upper ch a m bers

,
.

h a d lofty b a rrel v a ults co m posed of m a ssive blocks of sto n e a n d ,

chi m n eys a n d repl a ces b a cke d w ith b r icks w h ere the signs of ,

bu r ning still re m a i n ; pe r h a ps the nest h a ll is th a t on the

souther n side a n d this w e m a y w ell believe w a s often the scene
,

of gr a nd entert a in m ents a n d g a y festivities A ch a m ber on the .

O pposite side of the court w ould see m to h a ve been a ch a pel

fro m an a pse a t its e a stern en d but if this is the church th a t ,

L e a ke s a w a t the beginning of this century the p a intings w hich ,

he spe a ks of h a ve dis a ppe a red T here a r e extensive cistern s .

,

w hic h m ust h a ve been of gre a t i m port a nce for not w ith st a nd i ng ,

t h e li m esto n e of w hich these hills a r e co m posed t h ere is no ,

spring i n t h e nei gh bourhood At one point a sta irc a se le a ds to

.

an upp er level w hich w as su r m ounted a pp a rently by oth er

,

buildings ; but these h a ve been destroyed p r oba bly a t t h e ti m e ,

w h en the pl a ce w a s c a ptu r ed by Ib r a hi m P a sh a T h e m a teri a l .

used th r ough out w a s m a sses of stone e m bedded i n m ort a r a n d ,

m ixed w ith b r ick in pl a ces .

T h e n a m e of C a stel T o r n ese by w hich this pl a ce is kno w n

a m ong It a li a ns a n d s a ilors rec a lls t h e fa ct th a t it w a s here th a t ,

the tou r n oi s w ere coined for w hich Willi a m V illeh a rdouin

,

obt a ined a speci a l privilege fro m St L ouis T h ese pieces . .

u su a lly bor e upon th e m the title C l a re n ti a de r iv ed fro m

,

th e n a m e of t h e neighbouring to w n He r e a lso t h e despot .

C onst a ntine t h e future e m peror of C onsta ntinople resided

, ,

w it h h i s b r ide T h eodo r a w ho m h e h a d m a rried i n t h e c a m p

, ,

a fte r K l ar e n t za h a d been ce d ed to h i m a s h e r do w r y I t m ust .

h a ve been a delightful a bode especi a lly i n contr a st w ith the,

 T H E F RAN K S I N T H E PE L O P O N N E SE . 213

hea t of Andr a vid a for it is co o l i n su m m e r o w ing to t h e s e a

,

b reezes a n d t h e n u m e r o u s o w e r ing a loes in t h e vill a ge close

,

by w h ic h still be a r s t h e n a m e o f K h le m ou t z i a r e a p roof of t h e
, ,

m ildness of t h e cli m a te in w inte r T h e vie w it co m m a nds is .

extensive in eve r y di r ecti o n a n d en a ble d its occup a n t s to w a t c h ,

t h e a pp r o a c h of fr iends a n d foes b o t h by l a nd a n d s e a O n t he .

one s i de a r e spr e a d m ost of t h e I oni a n isl a nds Z a n te di r ectly

O pposite w ith its to w n full in V ie w
,
th e lofty M o unt E l a to in ,

C ep h a loni a It h a c a a n d t h e dist a nt S a n t a M a u r a a n d t h e islets

, ,

off t h e m out h of t h e Ac h elou s w it h t h e h eig h ts of A c a r n a n i a

be h ind T o t h e e a st exte n ds t he w ide pl a in in w hich Andr a vid a

.

lies a n d beyond it a conspicuou s b roken r idge c a lled S a nta m er i

,

h ncient S c o ll i s ) w h ic h r eceived its n a m e fro m the fo r t r ess

( t e a ,

built t h e r e i n 1 3 1 1 by N icol a s de S a int O m er ; w h ile the ne -

su m m its of E ry m a nt h u s r i se behind a n d do m in a te th e w h ole

vie w .

A nd ra vi da once the c a pita l of the P r incip a lity though n ow

, ,

a n inconside r a ble vill a ge is si t u a t e d a bout six m iles o ff in t h e ,

m i d st of viney a r ds in t h e dusty cl a yey pl a in T h e high , .

te m per a ture of this district is sho w n by th e p a l m s w hich gro w

h ere though they a re of r a re occu r r ence even i n the south of
,

t h e Peloponnese A t r a c e of t h e F r a nk he a d q u a r te r s h a ving

existed i n t h is neighbou r h ood is to be found in t h e g re a te r

pr ev a len c e of n a m es de rived fr o m F r enc h a n d It a li a n G as tuni ,

a t t h e p r esent d a
y t h e chief pl a ce of th e distr ic t w h ich is c a lled ,

in the L i vr c d e l a C on gu cs i c l e e de la petite Ga s t oig n e a n d

,

p r ob a bly derived its n a m e fr o m a Frenc h chiefta in G a sto n ;

R h ov i a t a to t h e south w a r d of th a t pl a ce a n d R h i o lo fu r th e r t o
, , ,

t h e no r t h T h e position of A n d r a vid a un w a lled a n d undefended

.
,

a s i t w a s a t the ti m e of t h e F r a nk inv a sion is w ell described in ,

the C h r onicle

l


i Bo uXe v a d u 6 312

xa e vr a v x a i o v r ow ; 7 7r d
? )
7 A v op a BiS a
)
7
x p a c 7
) K a ri n 3 6 7 6 ?)
/ p l
e c r ev x d p rr ov 7 0 f) w a lw s

3 c p a ryd p cu r o 6 1)

0 9
-
n ) x e i r er a i i
s s 7 [e d it /r o w

o il r e m i v o v e , a ilr e ok w s

'

py
'
r ei
x e ci exe l xav e s i

O nebuilding re m a ins there w hich d a tes fro m t h e French ,

occup a tion ; it is t h e e a st end of the chu r ch of St Sop h i a .

,

1
Gr . C hr on 9 4 9 7
. .

H . S VO L
. . I V .
Q
214 T H E FRA N K S I N T H E PE L O P O N N E SE .

w hic h eeting pl a ce
w as t he m -
o f the g r e a t p a rli a m ent of 1 275
as the C h ronicle a g a in s a ys
my w Ay i a v S a chi a v
f,

a u

6
A

o k o c GV O

xa r
fL O U GL 9 ,
f A )I f I 9

A v dp a i da v
a 9
1
o rr o v o WP L Y '
K L W CZ

S , ex ec e t c .

I t Gothic st r uc tu r e in t h e E a r ly Poin t ed style m a ssively

w as a , ,

built o f stone a n d t w o b a ys of t h e c h a ncel still exist w ith

, ,

pointed a r ch es a n d a g r oined r o of At the e a st end is a pointed .

w indo w a n d there a r e t w o round h e a ded w indo w s a t t h e sid e s

,
-
.

T h e a isles w hich a n k this a r e o n e ba v s h o r ter a n d h a ve round ,

h e a ded w indo w s T h e side w a lls a r e t h ick a n d the w indo w s i n

.
,

the m deeply spl a yed O n the outside s e ver a l bu t tresses re m a in . .

O f t h e rest of the church there is not a t r a ce though t h e a re a ,

w hich it covered for m s a n open sp a ce in th e m iddle of the

vill a ge ; a n d this is the m ore re m a rk a ble bec a use the p a rt ,

w hich h a s been preserved is a l m ost p e rfect .

When B u chon visited Andr a vid a i n 1 8 4 1 h e discovered ,

tr a ces of t w o other churches belonging to this period v i z those , .

of St Stephen a n d St J a m es T h e l a tter of these h a s a n

. . .

e speci a l interest bec a use it w a s bu ilt bv Willi a m V illeh a rdouin

,

as a m a usoleu m for h is fa m ily a n d g i ven by hi m to th e ,

T e m pl a r s T h e C hronicle tells u s h ow Geoffrey I I on his

. .

d e a thbed enj o i ned his brother to c a rr v out th e design w hich h e

h a d hi m self entert a ined of erecting a church to cont a in their

fa ther s re m a ins a n d l a ter on a fter this h a d been a cco m plished
2
, ,

h o w Willi a m a lso g a ve orders th a t h e should be buried by their

side
ipw i w a p i iy / u k e v
'
o ev K a &w o da z p e
, ,

p 7) w p o w ep da y (i K d l p S /c e i v o s 6 c iv o s
'

, ,

r d da r a r o v n o va ez w z BriXo v a w e l s a eu r o x i

x
.
, ,

9 i v {1"w

e l s r iyy

I a x w o v w a iw c 6 e

,

x x xna i c w 6 7 0 0 gn o/c6 K a i 63mm 9 7 5 T mrxo v

s , ,

6 59 7 5 x n o i o v rr nx ev 6 77 0 9 r ov 6 w a r rip 7 0 12
'

p - -
,
'

s i s 7 iyu Be i a v r o v
y ep a v v cz gm 6 d BeMpos r o v
'

K a i x e i u o s Vci w d i a r e a

rea l 6 vr a r i f r o u y e o u
'
a '

p p p
.
, .

O nl y fra g m ents of w a lls re m a ined in B u ch on s ti m e a n d a fter a

l a pse of forty y e a rs w e doubted before r e a ching the spot w hether

1
I b i d 6 0 79 , 6 0 8 0
. .
3 I bi d 6 4 4 7~ f 1 5 4
.
.

Gr . C hr o n 1 4 0 8 ful l
. .
2 16 T H E FR A N K S IN T H E P E L O P O XN E S E .

t he s e ild u pl a n ds b e c a m e a b a rri e r t o r e sist t h e p r o gr e ss of

w

t h e Byz a n ti n e fo rc e s T h e s ou th e r n p a ss e s w e r e s e c u r e d by t h e
.

t w o fo r t r e ss e s o f N ikli a n d V e lig o s t i t h e l a tt e r o f w hich m u st ,

h a v e st o od a t n o gr e a t dist a n c e fr om t h e sit e of Me g a l o p olis ,

a n d w a s t h u s i n t e rp o s e d b e t w e e n t h e h e a d w a t e rs of t h e E u r ot a s -

a nd t h e p ss of Ma r i p a g i l e a di n g i n t o t h e S t e n y c l e r i a n pl a i n
a k l 1
.

T o w a rds t h e e a st t h e m o u n t a i n r oa d w h ich l e a d s t o A rg os w a s
,

d e fe n d e d by t h e str on g p o st of Mou k h l i o f w hi c h str a n g e t o , ,

sa
y th ou gh it m u st h a v e e xist e d d u ri n g t h e w h ol e of this
,

p e ri od w e h e a r n othi n g u n til it w a s b e si e g e d by Ma h om e t I I
, .

B u t m o st i m p o r t a n t of a l l w e r e t h e c a stl e s o f K a r i t e n a a n d
A k o v a w hich s e rv e d t o ov e r a w e t h e i n d e p e n d e n t S l a v on i a n
,

t ribe th a t o cc u pi e d t h e w ild m o u n t a i n s o f t h e n orth w e st I n -

.

thi s district w h ich for m e rly c o n ta i n e d t h e ci t i e s of G ortys

, ,

T h e is o a and T l e lp u s a ,
t he c ou n try t ow n s of S t e m n i t za
i ,
-
,

D i m i t z a n a a n d L a n g a d i a n ow a r e sit u a t e d w h ich n o t w i t h
, ,

s t a n d i n g th e ir e l e v a te d p o siti on a r e a m on g t h e m o st fl ou rishi n g
pl a c e s i n t h e Mo r e a a s m a v be s e e n fr om t h e c a r e fu l w a y i n ,
,

w hich t h e bridg e s a n d o th e r m e a n s of c o m m u n ic a ti o n a re k e pt

T h tr v ll r i n p a ssi n g fr om on e t o a n o th e r of th e s e on
u
p . e a e e

h i s w a y fr om t h e u pp e r t o t h e l o w e r v a ll e y of t h e A l ph e i u s h a s ,

t o j o u r n e y for t w o d a ys a l o n g r ugg e d m ou n t a i n p a th s u s u a lly a t

a h e i g h t of 3 0 0 0 fe e t a b o v e t h e s e a ; a n d t h e s a m e li n e o f

c o m m u n ic a ti on m u st h a v e b e e n fo l l ow e d d u ri n g t h e Middl e
Age s .

T h e c a stl e of A k o v a is on e of th e l e a st k n ow n pl a c e s i n Gr e e c e .

T h e n e ighb ou ri n g district is i n cl o s e d i n a w id e b e n d of t h e
L a d e n w hi c h h e r e fl ow s fr om t h e n o r t h t o j oi n t h e A l ph e i u s
,
.

W e d e sc e n d e d t o it i n a n o rth e rly dir e c ti o n i n thr e e h ou rs fr o m

L a n g a di a h a vi n g o bt a i n e d a l oc a l g u id e a t th a t p l a c e by p a ths
, ,

s o st e e p a s h a r d ly t o b e p a ss a bl e fo r b a gg a g e h o rs e s bu t c om ,

m a n d i n g b e a u tifu l vi e w s o v e r t h e dist a n t s e a T h e r u i n s a t t he .

pr e s e n t d a y h a v e n o n a m e bu t th e y a r e id e n ti fi e d a s b e i n g th os e ,

o f A k o v a by th a t n a m e e xis ti n g i n t h e n e ighb ou rh o od a tt a ch e d ,

n ot a s h a s g e n e r a lly b e e n st a t e d a n d a s a pp e a rs on K i e er t s
, p ,

m a p t o th e s u rr ou n di n g r e gi on b u t t o t w o vill a g e s a littl e
, ,

fu rth e r t o t h e w e st c a ll e d Ve r v i t za a n d Vi zi t zi T h e s e a r e n ow
,
.

c a ll e d A k o v a i s a n d t h e fa ct of t h e n a m e r e pr e s e n ti n g t w o pl a c e s
,

1
N . c
B u h e n be l iv
e ed th a t h e di s bu t all i t s bu l d i i ng s ha ve d i s pp e
a ar e d .

C o v e re d th e na me and s i te o f V li g
e os t i , L n. Gr c p
o, . 48 1 .
 T H E FRA N K S IN T H E l E L O P O XN E S E

. 23 1 7

w ou ld a cc ou n t for t h e pl u r a l for m A n o th e r n a m e d e riv e d fr m . o

t he F r a n ks is th a t o f Vr e te bou g a a m o u n ta i n n e a r Vi z i t z i , ,

w hich B u c h on is pr ob a bly righ t i n e xpl a i n i n g a s d e riv e d fr o m

t h T e m p l a rs ( Dp T mr k o v )
e C 1
.

T h e c a stl e o cc u pi e s a h e i g ht m u ch l o w e r th a n t h o s e fr o m
w hich w e h a d d e sc n d e d i n t h e m id s t o f sl o pi n g h ills o n w hic h
e , ,

l i e t h e sc a tte r e d h ou s e s th a t for m t h e u pp e r a n d l o w e r vill a g e o f

Ga l a t a s T h ou gh a t a c o n s i d e r a bl e e l e va ti on a b o v e t h e s e a it
.
,

is n o e a gl e s n e st for i t c a n e a s i ly b e r e a ch e d fr o m t h e v a ll e y o f

t h e L a d on T h e hill o n w hich it st a n d s g r a d u a lly d e t a c h e s its e l f

.

fr o m t h e gr o u n d b e hi n d for m i n g a n e ck or ri dg e t h e si d e s o f , ,

w hich b e c o m e st e e p e r a s th e y a dv a n c e s ou th w a r d s T h e l e n gth .

o f th e for t r e ss w a s 5 0 0 fe e t t h e br e a dth a t t h e n o rt h e r n e n d ,

p e rh a ps 1 8 0 b u t it n a rr ow s gr e a tly a s it rise s t ow a rds th e s ou th

, .

I t is t h e l a rg e st of th e se b u il d i n gs a ft e r K h l e m ou t zi bu t littl e ,

o f it is pr e s e rv e d T h e pri n cip a l r e m a i n s a r e t o w a rds t h e n o rth

.
,

w h e r e a r e p a rts o f thr e e t ow e rs b e l o n gi n g t o t h e w a ll th a t
cr o ss e d t h e ridg e on e o f th e se is t o l e r a bly c om pl e t e for a st or e y
a n d a h a lf ; t h e s e c o n d is split i n t w o s o a s t o st a n d i n t w o ,

u prigh t m a ss e s ; w hil e t h e third w hich m u st h a v e b e e n n e a r ,

t h e c e n tr a l e n tr a n c e h a s o n l y a si n gl e fa c e t o sh o w th ou gh th a t
, ,

is p e rfe ct T h e fou n d a ti on s of this c r os s w a ll r e m a i n thr ou gh ou t

.

a n d a ls o th o s e o f n u m e r ou s b u ildi n gs W it h i n ; a t t h e s ou th e r n

e n d w h e r e t h e r ocks fa ll a w a y v e ry st e e ply t o w a rds t h e r a vi n e

,

b e l o w t h e l e w a s a l a rg e k e e p T h e w h ol e is c o m p o se d o f th e
, .

h a rd light gr e y li m e st on e o f w hich s o m a n y o f t h e b u ildi n gs i n

-
,

G r e e c e w e r e c on str u ct e d bu t h e r e a ls o a s a t K h l e m ou t z i tili n g , ,

is o cc a si on a lly i n tr od u c e d .

T his c a stl e w a s k n ow n t o t h e F r e n ch a s Ma t e Gr i p h on or
-
,

S t op Gr e e k a n a m e w hich s u fci e n tly e xpl a i n s t h e obj e ct fo r

-
,

w hich it w a s b u ilt 2 T h e m ost i n t e r e sti n g e pis od e s c on n e ct e d

.

w ith it r e l a t e t o t w o n o bl e l a di e s c a ll e d Ma rg a r e t viz Ma r a r e t
g .

d e N e u illy t o w h om it h a d d e sc e n d e d by l a w fu l i n h e rit a n c e b u t
, ,

w h o w a s m e a n ly d e fr a u d e d o f it by W illi a m Vill e h ar d o u i n
; and
Ma rg a r e t V ill e h a rd ou i n W illi a m s d a u ght e r w h os e m isfort u n e s ,

1
L a

Gr e cc,

p . 493 he s p ell s i t Vre

toc h ck m t
e - a e,

w h en c e the E ng l s h i
t e m b ou g a .
e xp i H
r e s s on . e r t zb e r
g i s i n e rr or w h en
2
Gr i ph on w as a c om m on n a m e for h e t ra n s l a t es Ma t e -Gr ip h on by s h l a g c
t h e Gr e e ks a m on
g t h e Fr en h of t h s c i di e Gr i ch
e en

t od t ( v 0 1 . p .

p i
e r od . Ma ter i s to s u bd u e , a t h e s s

c
2 18
'

l l l li FRA NKS I N T H E PE L O PO N N IH E .

s e e m e d t o be a r e trib u ti o n for t h e u nj u s t d e a li n g o f h e r fa th e r
T h e for m e r of th e s e l a d i e s w a s d a u gh t e r of J oh n d e N e u ill y ,

b a r on o f P a ss a v a a n d w a s s e n t a s a chil d t o C o n s t a n ti n opl e a t
,

t h e t i m e o f \Vi lli a m s r e l e a s e fr om c a ptivi ty by Mich a e l P a l a e o

l og u s a s o n e o f t h e h os t a g e s fo r hi s fa it h fu l e x e c u t i on of t h e
,

t r e a t y th e n r a t i e d O n h e r r e t u r n s h e fou n d h e r fa th e r d e a d
.
,

a n d P a ss a v a h e r righ t fu l i n h e rit a n c e c e d e d a l o n g w ith Mon e m

, ,

v as i a a n d Mistr a t o t h e G r e e k s b u t s h e w a s s ti ll h e i r e s s o f t h e u
'

b a r on y of A k ov a i n s u cc e ssi o n t o h e r m a t e r n a l u n c l e W a lt e r de
, ,

R osi er e s w h o a ls o h a d l a t e ly di e d
,
T he d e vic e by w hich .

V ill e h a rd ou i n p os s e ss e d hi m s e lf of t h e birthright of his fri e n d s
d a u ght e r r e s e m bl es i n m a n y p oi n ts t h e l e ss a u th e n tic story of
G e offr e y I a n d R ob e rt d e C h a m plitt e a n d ill u str a t e s t h e
.
,

k n a vish pr a ctic e s w hich c ou ld be e n a ct e d u n d e r t he cl oa k of t h e

fe u d a l syst e m W h e n Ma rg a r e t p r e s e n t e d h e rs e lf t o cl a i m h e r
.

p o ss e ssi on s t h e i n v e stit u r e o f t h e b a r on y o f P a ssa v a w hich w a s

, ,

n ow a n e m pty n a m e w a s r e a dily gr a n t e d t o h e r b e c a u s e h e r
,

fa th e r h a d di e d w ithi n t h e y e a r ; b u t a s m or e th a n a y e a r a n d a
d a y h a d e l a p s e d si n c e h e r u n cl e s d e a th a n d n o cl a i m h a d b e e n

m a d e t o his i n h e rit a n c e this w a s d e cl a r e d t o h a v e b e e n fo rfe it e d

,

a n d w h e n it w a s r e pr e s e nt e d th a t t h e d e m a n d for i n v e stit u r e

h a d b ee n r e nd e r e d i m p o ssibl e by t he c om pu ls o ry a bs e n c e o f t h e
h e ir a s W illi a m s o w n h ost a g e h e r e pli e d th a t t h e l a w i n s u ch
1

a c a s e a d m itt e d o f n o e xc e pti on T h e pr o p e rty th u s n e fa ri ou sly .

o bt a i n e d w a s c on fe rr e d on \Villi a m s y ou n g e r d a u ght e r Ma rg a r e t

, ,

w h o th e n c e for w a rd w a s k n ow n a s t h e l a dy o f A k o v a or Ma t e

G r i ph on .

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.

c e n t u ry l a t e r Ma rg a r e t w h o w as h a r a ss e d a n d e v e n t h r e a t e n e d
, ,

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o f t h e ti m e i n o rd e r t o c ou n t e r a ct hi s o pp ositi on n e g o ti a t e d a
,

m a r r i a g e b e t w e e n h e r d a u ght e r E liz a b e t h a b e a u tifu l girl o f ,

fo u rt e e n a n d t h e i n fa n t D on F e rn a n d of Maj o r ca w h o w a s
, ,

fa m ou s for t he p a rt h e h a d t a k e n i n t h e C a t a la n e xp e diti on .

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fo r it w a s pr e te n d e d th a t W illi a m V ill e h a r d ou i n h a d d e cl a r e d

I
Th i p ti c
s ar u lar p i o n t, t h ou g h i t is the ch ron ol og y bu t a n y h ow Ma rg a r e t
m en t i on e d by t h e C h ro n l e , d oe s n o t ic w as una v id
o a bl y abs en t . S ee H e r tz

a pp ea r re c cion i
l a bl e w t h t h e r e s t o f b er g , ii . 1 73 .
2 20 T H E FR A N K S IN T H E PE LO PO NNE SE .

this pr oj e ct thr e e m a chic o l a ti on s for a n n oyi n g a n a tt a cki n g

p a rty T h e w a lls i n m o st p a rts rise t o a c o n si de r a bl e h e igh t
.
,

a n d i n sid e th e r e r u n s a p a ss a g e fo r t h e d e fe n de rs t o ght fr o m

b u t a s n o b a ttl e m e n ts r e m a i n it is pr ob a bl e th a t n on e e v e r ,

e xist e d T h e i n t e ri o r is a b o u t 3 6 0 fe e t i n l e n g t h fr o m n or t h t o
.

s o u th a n d 1 2 0 fe e t w id e i n th e m iddl e ; bu t t h e e n tir e a r e a is
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m u ch l e ss th a n this w o u ld s e e m t o i m ply b e c a u s e it n a rr o w s ,

t o w a rds t h e e xtr e m iti e s A t t h e n o rth e r n e n d w h e r e t h e w a ll s

.
,

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, ,

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s o m e n es s w e r e e vid e n tly t h e b a r o n s o w n r e si d e n c e He re a

.
,

w a ll w a s b u ilt a cr o ss fr om sid e t o sid e a n d a d o or a n d thr e e ,

w i n d o w s t h e l a tt e r of w hich still sh o w tr a c e s of tr e foil a rc h e s

, ,

l ook e d ou t i n t o t h e c ou rt I n o n e h a lf of this spa c e w e r e cr oss

.

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fo r m i n g s e p a r a t e a p a rt m e n ts ; b u t t h e r e m a i n d e r w a s
o cc u pi e d by a si n gl e ch a m b e r w hich m a y h a v e b e e n a h a ll o f ,

a u di e n c e or p e rh a ps a b a n q u e t i n g r o om
, T h e w a lls h e r e .

r e m a i n t o t h e h e ight o f t h e rst st o r e y a n d th e r e a r e va u lts ,

b e l o w C l o s e by a r e t h e e xt e n siv e cist e r n s i n w hich w e fou n d

.
,

w a t e r e v e n a t t h e e n d o f a l on g dry s u m m e r I n t he m iddl e of .

t h e c ou rt t h e n a tiv e r o ck cr ops ou t T h e m a s o n ry th ou gh .
,

c om p os e d m e r e ly o f g ood s i z e d st on e s irr e g u l a rl y i m b e dd e d i n ,

m o rt a r a n d m ix e d w ith brick is v e ry str o n g ,

.

F o r a p a n o r a m ic V i e w this c a stl e occ u pi e s a m os t c o m m a n di n g

p o siti on T h e l ofty h e ights o f S k o r ta w hich a r e o ffsh oots fro m
.
,

Mou n t Ma e n a l u s rise t o t h e n o rth a n d t h e e y e p e n e tr a t e s i n t o

, ,

th e ir i n m ost r e c e ss e s thr ou gh t h e l on g v a ll e y th a t l e a ds u p t o
t h e fa st n e ss of D i m i t za n a T o t h e w e st cl o s e a t h an d sta n d
.
, ,

t h e s u m m its of Mou n t L yc a e u s ; a n d b e t w e e n th e s e t w o r a n g e s
m a y be s e e n t h e n a rr ow a n d w i n di n g g o rg e thr ou gh w hich t h e
A lp h e iu s o w s a w a y a n d p o rti on s o f t h e l o w l a n ds of E lis
,

b e y on d I n th e o pp osit e dir e cti on a gr e a t p a r t o f t he pl a i n of

.

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,

b ou nd it a pp e a r t h e h e ights o f P a r n on w hich i n te rp o s e b e t w e e n ,

t h e E u r o ta s v a ll e y a n d t h e s e a a n d fa r n e r still t h e spl e n did , , ,

s u m m its of T a yg e t u s s n ow c a pp e d for t h e gr e at e r p a rt o f t h e
,
-

ea r w hich fr o m this p o i n t a r e e sp e ci a lly i m pr e ssiv e b e c a u s e

y ,

th e y rise fa r a w a y b e hi n d a n d a b o v e t h e n e a r e r p a rts o f t h e
,

r a n ge T h is e xt e n siv e o u tl ook is a n a dditi on a l e l e m e n t i n t h e

.

s tr a t e gic i m p o rt a n c e o f t h e pl a c e b e sid e s t h e str e n gth of its,

 T II E FRA NK S IN T II E PE LO PO NNE SE . 22 1

p ositi on a n d its n e a r n e ss t o t h e m ou n t a i n s a n d this n o d o u bt , ,

a t t h e ti m e o f t h e c on q u e st w a s pr e s e n t t o t h e m i n d o f G e o ffr e y

V ill e h a r d o u i n a n d H u gh d e Br u y er e s its fi rst b a r o n w h e n th e y , ,

s e l e cte d it for o n e of th e ir str o n g e st p osts .

.

I n t h e t ow n of K a r i t e n a th e r e is on e b u ildi n g w hich m a y d a t e
fr o m t h e F r a n kish p e ri od B e n e a th th e e a st e rn cliffs o f t h e .

c a stl e r ock th e r e st a n ds a n ol d ch u rch of t h e Virgi n s m a ll i n

-
,

di m e n si on s a n d c o v e r e d i n sid e w ith fr e sc oe s n o w p a rti a lly d e

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.
,

l a id by S t A th a n a si u s It is h o w e v e r a Byz a n ti n e ch u rch o f
. .
, ,

a n o r d i n a ry typ e ; b u t cl o s e by a n d d e t a ch e d fr o m it is a littl e , ,

c a m p a n il e of r ou gh c on str u cti o n i n a n e n tir e ly di ffe r e n t styl e o f

a rchit e ct u r e I t is b u ilt i n fo u r sto r e y s t h e t w o l o w e st of w hic h
.
,

h a v e n o w i n d ow s w hil e t h e third h a s on e on e a ch o f t h e
,

fo u r sid e s a n d t h e fou rth t w o o n e a ch sid e divid e d by a pill a r

, ,
.

T h e a rch e s thr ou gh ou t a r e r ou n d a n d it is s u r m o u n t e d by a ,

pyra m id a l ca p T his is e vid e n tly m or e R om a n e sq u e th a n B y za n

.

ti n e ; a n d a s it di ffe rs fr o m t h e a pp a r e n tly Ve n e ti a n c a m p a n il e s
w h ich a r e fou n d o n t h e w e st c oa st o f t h e Mo r e a it m a
y p ossibly ,

be o f Fr a n k is h '

or i
g in .

T h e m o st pr om i n e n t p e rs on a g e i n th e hist ory of th is p l a c e is
t h e s e c on d b a r on G e o ffr e y d e Br u y er e s t h e n e ph e w o f W illi a m
, ,

Vill e h a rd ou i n a n d s on i n l a w o f G u y d e l a R och e G r a n d si r e o f
,
- -
,
-

A th e n s H e w a s t h e ow e r o f t h e F r a n kish chiv a lry t h e

.

L a n c e l ot or R i n a ld o of t h e Mo r e a His a dv e n t u r o u s c a r e e r w a s .

ch e q u e r e d by m a n y r om a n tic e pis od e s I n t h e w a r b e t w e e n his .

u n cl e a n d his fa th e r i n l a w h e e sp o u s e d t h e ca u s e of t h e l a tt e r
- -
;
a n d a ft e r his d e fe a t a t t h e b a ttl e of K a r di i n Me g a ris w a s
y ,

br ou gh t b e fo r e h i s u n cl e w ith a h a lte r r ou n d his n e ck (a s 7 5

le m me 1 5 7 5 1 K a t /M322 a s t h e Gr eek C h r on i cl e ( 2 0 2 4 ) h a s it ) a s
-
p c 6 9 / , ,

b e i n g a fe l on a cc o rdi n g t o t h e fe u d a l l a w for h a vi n g vi ol a t e d h i s
a ll e gi a n c e t o his s u p e ri o r H e w a s p a rd on e d a n d r e i n st a t e d i n
.

his ba r on y ; a n d su bs e qu e n tly w h e n t h e d e sp o t of E pir u s m a d e ,

w a r on Mich a e l P a l a e o l og u s a n d w a s s u pp o rt e d by t h e fo rc e s o f ,

t h e P ri n cip a lity h e w a s m a d e pris on e r a t t h e b a ttl e of P e l a g o n i a

, ,

a n d sh a r e d t h e c a ptivity o f V ill e h a rd ou i n A t th e e n d o f thr e e .

ye a rs w h e n th a t pri n c e a gr e e d t o s u rr e n d e r t h e fortr e ss e s o f
,

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, , ,

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o f t h e Mo r e a t o a ss e n t t o th e s e h a rd t e r m s A ft e r this o n .
,
2 22 T H E F RA N K S IN T H E PE LO PO NNE S E .

pr e t e n c e o f m a k i n g a pilgri m a g e h e e sc a p e d t o A p u li a w ith t he
,

w ife o f a br a v e k n ight J e a n d e C a r a b a s w h o w a s r e p u t e d t o be
, ,

t h e m ost b e a u tifu l l a dy i n t h e P e l o p o n n e s e ; a n d w a s o n l y p er
s u a d e d t o r e t u r n a n d r e st o r e h e r by t he e a r n e st r e pr e s e n t a ti o n s

o f Ma n fr e d w h o a t th a t ti m e w a s ki n g o f N a pl e s
,
T his p e r .

di ou s c on d u ct n e a rly c o st hi m his c a stl e for d u ri n g his a bs e n c e ,

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w h os e risi n g w a s w ith di fc u lty s u ppr e ss e d B e i n g on c e m or e .

p a rd on e d h e b e c a m e t h e m o st vig or o u s l e a d e r of t h e F r a n kish
,

fo r c e s i n th e ir str u ggl e w ith t h e G r e e ks a n d a c c o m p a n i e d ,

\Vi lli a m V ill e h a rd ou i n w h e n h e c on d u ct e d a fo rc e t o It a ly t o

t h e a i d o f C h a rl e s o f A nj ou a g a i n st C o n r a d i n

H e di e d i n .

1 2 6 9 a n d if w e m a y tr u st t h e e n th u si a stic e u l ogy o f t h e Gr eek

,

C hr on i cl e w a s w id e ly l a m e n t e d on a cc ou n t of his chiv a lr ou s
,

d fe c of t h e o ppr e ss e d a n d hi s g e n e r o sity t o e p or
e n e t h
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o
1
.

T h e fortr e ss o f N ikli w hich g u a rd e d t h e s ou th e a ste r n fr on ti e r

,
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o f A rc a di a w a s a n old Byz a n ti n e str o n gh old

,
T h ou gh b u ilt on .

l e v e l gr ou n d it o cc u pi e s a n i m p ort a n t p o siti on a s it c om m a n ds ,

t h e e n tr a n c e t o t h e d i ffic u l t p a ss w hich l e a ds fr om t h e Ma n
t i n e i a n pl a i n t o S p a rt a ; a n d for t h is r e as on t h e s a m e sit e w as
ch o se n i n a n ci e n t ti m e s for th e city of T e g e a A t t h e ti m e of .

its c a pt u r e by th e F r e n c h w e h e ar of i ts l o fty w a lls w hich for ,

thr e e d a ys r e sist e d t h e a t t a cki n g fo rc e ; a n d it w a s on ly s u r

r en d e r e d w h e n pr e p a ra ti on s h a d b e e n m a d e for a r e g u l a r si eg e ,

a n d a pr ocl a m a ti on w a s iss u e d th a t n o q u a rt e r w ou ld be giv e n

if it w a s s t or m e d
2
T h e a r e a i n cl o s e d is b e t w e e n 4 0 0 a n d 5 0 0
.

fe e t squ a r e a n d t h e li n e of w a lls i s tr a c e a bl e thr ou gh ou t s om e

, ,

p orti on s w hich r e m a i n b e i n g fift e e n o r t w e n ty fe e t high ; th e se

a r e c o m p os e d o f st on e a n d brick r ou ghly m ix e d a n d e m b e dd e d ,

i n m orta r Its m od e r n n a m e is P a l a e o E pisc opi fr om a h a n d

.
-
,

s om e Byz a n ti n e ch u rch n ow r u i n e d w hich st a n ds i n th e c e n tr e

, ,

o f t h e i n cl os u r e
.
T his b u ildi n g r e sts on H e ll e n ic fou n d a ti on s
.
,

a n d is m a i n ly b u ilt o f l a y e rs of brick th ou gh on t h e o u t e r fa c e ,

th e r e a r e n u m e rou s bl ocks of st on e a n d m a rbl e s om e o f w hich ,

a r e d e c o r a t e d w ith cl a ssic a l o r Byz a n ti n e o r n a m e n t Its di m e n .

si on s a r e a b ou t s e v e n ty v e fe e t i n l e n gth by fo r ty five fe e t i n
- -

bre a dth A t t h e w e st e n d is a n a rth e x r e a chi n g from sid e t o

.

sid e a n d on e ith e r sid e of t h e b ody of t h e ch u rch a r e p a ss a g e s

,

th e y c a n h a rdly be c a ll e d a isl e s w hich t e r m i n a t e i n a ps e s .

1
O r. C it r o n . 5 8 79 5 8 9 2 .
9
1 7n d . 6 9 9 72 0 .
224 T II E FRA NK S I N T H E PE LO PO NNE SE .

i m p o rta n c e o f t h e pl a c e d e spit e its b e i n g a l m ost ig n o r e d i n

,

hist o ry is sh o w n by its h a vi n g b e e n a n e pisc op a l s e e ; a n d e v e n

,

a s l a t e a s L e a k e s ti m e t h e G r e e k bish o p a t T rip o litz a w a s c a ll e d

bish op of Mo u k h li 1
.

K AL A MAT A , P a s sa va ,
Mi s r R A ,
AN D MO N E MVA S I A .

T he p o ss e ssi on s of t h e F r a n ks i n L a c on i a r e m a i ne d i n th e ir
h a n ds d u ri n g b u t a bri e f th ou g h brilli a n t p e ri o d ; bu t th os e i n
,

Me ss e n i a w hil e t h e y w e r e a m on g t h e ir e a rli e st c on qu e sts w e r e

, ,

n o t l o st t o th e m u n til t h e e v e o f t h e e xti n cti on o f t h e P ri n cip a lity .

C hi e f a m o n g th e se w a s t h e e f of K a l a m a t a w hich w a s b e st ow e d ,

o n G e offr e y Vill e h a rd ou i n by W illi a m o f C h a m plit t e a s his i n

d e p e n d e n t p oss e ssi on t o be tr a n sm itt e d by i n h e rit a n c e t o his

,

fa m ily T h e t ow n of th a t n a m e w hich is st i ll on e o f t he m ost

.
,

fl ou rishi n g pl a c e s i n Gr e e c e is situ a t e d on g e n tly mpi n g gr ou n d

,

o n t h e b a n ks o f t h e riv e r D a p h n on t h e a n ci e n t N e d on a t t h e , ,

foot of t h e m ou n t a i n s a b ou t a m il e fr o m t h e h e a d of t h e
,

Me ss e n i a n g u lf I m m e d i a t e ly b e h i n d t h e r ock on w hich t h e
.
,

c a stl e st a n ds ris e s t o a h e ig h t of a b ou t 2 0 0 fe e t a b ov e it a n d ,

r e c a lls s o m e w h a t t h e a cr op o lis of A th e n s by t h e l e v e l a r e a on
i t s s u m m it its s olit a ry p ositi on its sit e r e l a tiv e ly t o t h e t o w n
, , ,

a n d t h e pr o sp e c t o v e r t h e s e a w hich it c o m m a n ds T h e dir e cti on .

i n w hich i t r u n s is fr o m n ort h e a st t o s o u th w e st ; a n d on i ts - -

s ou th e a st e r n sid e is a lo w e r pl a t e a u w hich a t a l a t e r p e ri od
-
,

w as i n cl o s e d by w a lls a n d i n cl u d e d i n t h e fo rtr e s s by t h e
V e n e ti a n s : th e ir fortic a ti on s th ou gh br ok e n still r e m a i n w it h , ,

s e v e ra l t ow e rs a n d thr ou gh t h e m ost m as siv e of th e se w a s t h e

,

e n tr a n c e o v e r w hich on t h e ou tsi d e st a n ds a m u til a te d li on o f

,

S t Ma rk
. T h e F r a n kish c a stl e a b ov e w hich is a ppr oa ch e d
.
,

thr ou gh a si m il a r t ow e r d oe s n ot di ffe r gr e a tly i n siz e fr o m th a t

,

of K a r i t e n a b e i n g a b o u t 3 5 0 fe e t i n l e n gth by 1 0 0 fee t i n
,

br e a dth a sp a c e w hich a pp e a rs s om e w h a t li m it e d for t he a b od e

,

o f t h e Vi l l e h a r do u i n s I n sh a p e it fo r m s n e a rly a r e cta n gl e
.
,

b u t t h e w a lls fo ll o w t h e irr e g u l a riti e s o f t h e cli ff s w hich on t h e ,

n orth e r n sid e d e sc e n d pr e cipit ou sly t o w a rds t h e w id e shi n ly

g
b e d of t h e D a p h n on w hil e i n t h e o pp o si t e dir e cti on a b o v e t h e
, ,

V e n e ti a n i n c l o s u r e t h e hillsi d e th o u g h ste e p i n its e lf is fu rth e r

, , ,

L k
ea e, Tm r c ls in U ze rlI or ea , i . 114 .
 T H E F RA NK S IN T H E PE LO PO N NE SE . 225

stre n gth e n e d by a str on g fa c i n g of st on e s m a n y o f w h ich a r e ,

l a rg e sq u a r e d bl ock s O f t h e o rigi n a l w a lls littl e r e m a i n s a b ov e

.

t h e l e v e l o f t h e a r e a o n t h e s u m m it b u t a t t h e n o rth e a s te r n
,
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e n d w h e r e t h e gr o u n d is h igh e s t th e r e is a s o rt o f k e e p o r
,

br ok e n t o w e r c om p ose d a s u s u a l o f ston e s e m b e dd e d i n m o rt a r
, , , .

I n sid e th e r e a r e ciste r n s i n v a ri ou s pl a c e s T h e vi e w c om pri s e s

,
.

t h e w h o l e of t h e Me ss e n i a n g u lf a s fa r a s t h e pr om on t o ry o f
A krit a s ; t h e w id e oliv e c ov e r e d pl a i n r e a chi n g t o t h e foo t of
-

Mou n t Ith om e w h o s e br oa d s u m m i t is c on spic u ou s a m o n g t h e

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m ou n t a i n s of Me ss e n i a ; a n d t h e h e ights b e hi n d a n d e a st w a rd
of K a l a m a t a w hich a r e ou tli e rs o f T a y g e t u s a n d thr ou gh w hich
, ,

a t on e p oi n t a di f c u lt p a ss l e a ds t o S p a rta I n t h e t ow n b e l o w .
,

t h e o n ly tr a c e o f F r a n kish a n tiq u iti e s w hich w e c ou ld disc o v e r

w a s a ty m p a n u m o v e r on e o f t h e d oo rs o f t he ch u rch of t h e

A p ost l e s ; bu t t h e a m ou n t o f p u lli n g d o w n a n d r e b u ildi n g o f

h ou s e s w hich is n ow g oi n g on is n o t fa v ou r a bl e t o t he pr e s e rv a ti on
of a n ci e n t b u ildi n gs .

I n t h e c a stl e w hi c h I h a v e b e e n d e scribi n g W illi a m V il l e

h a rd ou i n w a s b or n a n d th e r e a ls o h e di e d T h e h ist ory of t h e
,
.

pl a c e w a s for t h e m o st p a r t pr osp e r ou s a n d u n e v e n tfu l ; bu t on e

i n cid e n t of a s om e w h a t st a rtli n g ch a r a ct e r r e l a ti n g t o it is
w o rthy of m e n ti on T his w a s its c a pt u r e by t h e S l a v on i a n s
.

a n d i t s r e c ov e ry i n t h e ti m e o f F l o r e n z o f H a i n a u lt t h e n a rr a ,

ti v e of w hich is giv e n i n t h e L i vr e d e l a C on qu es te for t h e Gr eek ,

C hr on i cl e c o m e s t o a n e n d sh o rtly b e for e t h is o cc u rr e n c e t oo k
pl a c e T w o c h i e fta i n s of t h e S l a v on i a n tribe o f Me li n g s w h o
.
,

o cc u pi e d t h e n orth e r n sl o p e s o f T a yg e t a s a ft e r fr e q u e n tly r e ,

c on n o i t r i n
g t h e c a stl e c on c e iv e d t h e i d e a o f m a k i n g th e m s e lv e s
,

m a st e rs o f it T his th e y c a rri e d i n t o e ffe ct by a tt a cki n g t h e

.

p la c e o n e st or m y n ight w ith a b a n d of fifty foll o w e rs w h e n th e y ,

sc a l e d a t ow e r w hich c om m a n d e d t h e i n t e ri o r of t h e cit a d e l
pr ob ably t h e on e w h ich I h a v e d e scrib e d a s t h e k e e p T h e .

a ltitu d e of th i s h a d b e e n m e a s u re d w ith a c o rd by on e of th e ir

p e opl e w h e n h e w a s i m pris o n e d th e r e a n d a l a d d e r h a d b e e n ,

m a d e of c orr e sp on di n g h e ight by w hic h th e y m o u n t e d

,
Being .

j oin e d a t d a y br e a k by six h u n dr e d of th e ir c ou n try m e n th e y ,

occ u pi e d b oth t h e fortr e ss a n d th e t ow n o f K a l a m a t a a n d ,

pr oc e e d e d t o pr o c l a i m th e e m p e r o r A n dr on ic u s I I its rightfu l .

s ov e r e ign F l o r e n z w h en h e h e a rd of t h e o cc u rr e n c e h a st e n e d
.
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t o for m t h e si e g e of t h e pl a c e bu t t h e e n e m y w e r e n ow str o n gly

,
 T H E F RA XK S IN TH E PE LO P O N NE SE .

r e i n forc e d ,
a nd
c a stl e w a s w e ll pr ovisi on ed T h e s e S la v
th e .

on i a n s w e r e a t this ti m e n om i n a lly s u bj e cts of t h e G r e e k

e m pir e ,
bu t fr om ti m e i m m e m ori a l h a d b e e n pr a ctic a lly i n d e
p e n d e n t ; a cc ordi n gly w h e n c om pl a i n ts o n t h e s u bj e ct o f t his
,

vi ol a t i on o f t h e tr e a ty w e r e a ddr e ss e d t o t h e By z a n ti n e g ov e r n o r
a t Mistr a h e pr o fe ss e d hi m s e lf i n c a p a bl e o f a c t i n g i n t he
,

m a tt e r a n d t h e q u e sti on w a s r e fe rr e d for s e t t l e m e
, to C n . o

s t a n ti n op l e By t h e i n te rp o siti on of a n a m b a ss a d o r of C h a rl e s I I
. .

o f N a pl e s w h o h a pp e n e d t o be pr e s e n t i n th a t cit y t h e G r e e k
, ,

e m p e r o r w a s p e r s u a d e d t o t a k e t h e a ffa ir i n h a n d th o u h th e r e
g ,

c a n be littl e d ou bt th a t h e d e sir e d t h e n e g o ti a ti on s for t h e s u rr e n

de r of t h e pl a c e t o fa il T h e p e rs on h ow e v e r \ h o m h e s e l e ct e d
.
, ,
x

a s his a g e n t pr ov e d a fa cil e t ool i n t h e h a n ds o f t h e F r e n ch

, .

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a cc o u n t for his p a rti a lity t o t h e L a ti n s H e h a d a ls o b e e n .

brib e d b e for e h e l e ft C on st a n ti n op l e for it pr ov e d a ft e r w a rd s ,

th a t 3 0 0 g old fl o ri n s a n d a h a n d s om e h o r s e h a d b e e n pr om is e d
hi m i n c a s e of his s u cc e e di n g i n obta i n i n g t h e r e st or a ti on o f
K a l a m a ta . W h e n h e a rriv e d i n t h e Mor e a h e t ook w ith h i m ,

a forc e of thr e e h u n dr e d s oldi e rs fr om Mistr a a n d on a rrivi n g ,

a t K a l a m a ta be p e rs u a d e d t he l e a di n g S l a v o n i a n s t o c om e
d o w n fr om t h e c a stl e i n ord e r t o r e c e iv e t h e e m p e r or s l e tt e r

a n d i n t h e m e a n w hil e o cc u pi e d it by his o w n foll o w e rs By .

t his d e vic e t h e S l a v o n i a n s w e r e forc e d t o e v a c u a t e t h e fo rtr e ss ,

and it w as on c e mo r e pl a c e d i n t h e h a n ds o f t h e F r en ch 1
.

T h e m ost r e m ot e i n its p ositi on o f a l l t h e b a r on i e s w a s th a t

o f P a ss a v a t h e n a m e of w hich is a c o rr u pti o n o f P a ss e a va n t

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t h e b a ttl e cry o f C h a m p a g n e
- Its c a stl e li e s o n t h e w e s t e rn
.

sid e of th e h e a d o f t h e L a c on i a n g u l f s ligh t ly w ithdr a w n fr o m ,

t h e s e a six m il e s fr om Ma ra t h on i s i t h e m o d e r n r e pr e s e n t a tiv e of
, ,

Gy t hi u m . T h e d e e p v a ll e y n e a r t h e m ou th of w hich i t st a n ds
pi er c e s thr ou gh t he T a e n a ri a n p e n i n s u l a a t its b a s e a lm ost fr om
s e a t o s e a th u s fo r m i n g t h e m o st pr a ctic a bl e p a ss a g e i n th a t
,

d ir e cti on ; a n d t h e fortr e ss w hich c om m a n d e d i t s e rv e d t h e

d ou bl e p u rp os e of ov e r a w i n g th e i n h a bit a n ts of th a t p e n i n s u l a ,

t h e Ma i n ot e s w h o h a v e a l w a y s b e e n t h e m ost i n d e p e n d e n t of t h e
,

G r e e k r a c e s i n t h e P e l op o n n e s e a n d of pr ot e cti n g t h e c o m m e rc e
,

1
T h e w h l e s t ry i s w el l w ort h re d
o o q es te a u ,

i g in t he o i g i l ; L i - d l C
n r na nn e e a on
2 28 T H E FRA NK S IN T H E PE LO P O N NE SE .

the ti m e o f its c e ssi on it b e c a m e t h e c a pit a l of t h e B y z a n ti n e

pr ovi n c e i n t h e P e l op on n e s e O f t h e t w o for m s of its n a m e .
,

Mi z i th r a a n d Mis t r a t h e for m e r is u n d ou bt e dly th e e a rli e r , .

B u c h o n i n d e e d m a i n t a i n s t h e c on tr a ry a n d sa ys th a t Mistr a i n
, , ,

F r e n ch p a toi s m e a n s m a itr e ss e vil l e

1
B u t t h e Gr eek C h r on i cl e

.

i n t h e a cc ou n t it giv e s of its fo u n d a ti o n e xpr e ssly st a t e s th a t

t h e n a m e Mi zi t h r a w a s a tt a ch e d t o t h e sp ot b e fo r e W illi a m

Vi ll e h a r d o u i n s ti m e

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,

n o t w i t h st a n di n g its s i m i l a r i t i h u v nQp a t h e w o rd i n m o d e r n

t t , ,

G r e e k for a ki n d of cr e a m ch e e s e w hich is fou n d i n C r e t e a n d -

t h e Mor e a it w ou ld r a th e r s e e m t o be of S l a v on ic o rigi n si n c e ,

t h e i n h a bit a n ts of t h e n e ighb ou ri n g m ou n t a i n s b e l on g e d t o th a t
n a t i on a lity 3 A t t h e pr e s e n t d a y t h e n a m e of Mistr a a l on e is
.

u se d By t h e B y z a n ti n e w rit e rs w ho a ffe ct cl a ssic a l e xpr e ssi on s

.
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'

c r a n
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o ft e n c a l l e d S p a rt a a n a m e w h ich is a t t o c a u s e c on fu si on
p ,
.

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p orti on of t h e a r e a w hich th a t city c o v e r e d w a s occ u pi e d by
t h e t ow n o f L a ce d a e m on i a s o m e of t h e for t ic a ti on s of w hich ,

s till r e m a i n o n t h e hillsid e s i n t h e dir e cti o n of t h e E u rot a s .

T his pl a c e a s w e h a v e a lr e a dy s e e n r e m a i n e d i n t h e p o ss e ssi o n
, ,

o f t h e F r a n ks for s o m e ti m e a ft e r t h e c e ssi on o f Mistr a ; bu t

a ft e r it p a ss e d a g a i n i n t o t h e h a n ds o f t h e G r e e ks its i n h a bit a n ts

w e re g ra d u a lly a bs o rb e d by th a t city w hich th u s b e c a m e ,

p op u l ou s a n d c on ti n u e d t o b e s o u n d e r t h e T u rkish r u l e E v e n
,
.

a s l a t e a s 1 8 2 1 w h e n t h e W a r o f I n d e p e n d e n c e br o k e o u t Mistr a
, ,

1
c
D u h on , L a Gr co p, . 4 30 . C h r on i qu es tr a mg cm s , p f
r e a t or y n ot ic e,
2
Gr . C it r on . 1 6 6 2 6 4 . T he s am e p xxx
. . Cp . als o L k
ea e, P cl np om zcs i a ca ,
th i ng is s ta te d m or e e xp l i c i tly i n th e p 1 35
. .

C h ro n icl e of Ab p . D o r oth e u s , w h i ch 3
H o pf , G r zcch i s ch c Gcs ch i ch tc,

p . 26 7 ;
w as p r o b a bl y rs t p u bl s h e di in 1 6 8 4 : F a l l m e r a y e r , Ges h i hte d os H c c a l bzns cl s

7 0

B
( u da c me / Mt gnep fi u , 6

r o 7r o s
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. i pp. . 2 9 3, 2 9 4 .

E T gn e A e y e r o Mt n6 pas

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e x ei u o s
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.
 T H E FR A NK S IN T H E PE LO PO NN E S E . 229

c on t a i n e d a p op u l a ti o n o f n e a rly a n d t he n u m b e r o f

r u i n e d b u ildi n g s th a t n o w r e m a i n t e s t i fv t o i ts fo r m e r pr o sp e rity
,
.

B u t t h e fou n d a t i o n o f t h e m o d e r n t o w n o f S p a r t a o n o r n e a r ,

t h e sit e o f t h e a n ci e n t c a pit a l c a u s e d t h e ti d e t o s e t o n c e m o r e
,

t h e o th e r w a y a n d th o s e o f t h e i n h a bit a n ts o f Mis t r a w h o h a v e
,

n o t e m igr a t e d th i t h e r h a v e e st a blish e d t h e m s e lv es i n a vill a g e

,

on t h e e dg e o f t h e pl a i n b e l o w t h e m e di a e v a l city A t t he .

pr e s e n t ti m e t he p op u l a ti o n o f O l d Mi s tr a a m o u n t s t o ft e e n
p e rs on s .

T he p o siti on w hich \Vi l l i a m V ill e h a rd o u i n s e l e ct e d fo r his

fortr e ss w a s a sp u r w hich pr oj e cts fr o m t he e a st e r n sid e o f th e
,

T a yg e t u s r a n g e a n d i s fl a n k e d by a d e e p g o rg e fo r m e d by
,

a str e a m th a t d e sc e n d s fr o m t h e r e c e ss e s o f th os e m o u n t a i n s .

O n t h e r ocky s u m m it o f thi s w hi c h rise s t o a h e ight o f ,

fe e t a b o v e t h e s e a a n d 2 5 0 fe e t ab o v e t h e h illsid e b e h i n d w a s
, ,

pl a c e d t h e c a stl e ; w h il e t h e t o w n i n w hich it w a s i n te n d e d ,

th a t t h e F r a n ks sh o u ld d w e ll a p a r t fr o m th e ir G r e e k a n d
S l a v on i a n s u bj e c ts w a s b u ilt h a lfw a y d o w n t o w a rd s t h e pl a i n
, ,

a n d s u r r o u n d e d by w a lls o f i t s o w n T h e e xt e n siv e a r e a c ov e r e d .

by this is n o w a m a ss o f de s e r t e d r u i n s w ith t h e e xc e p t i on ,

o f a fe w e ccl e si a s t ic a l b u ildi n gs w hich h a v e b e e n pr e s e rv e d .

T h e e n t r a n c e is a t t h e s ou th e a st e r n a n gl e n e a r w hich st a n d s
-
,

a t ow e r pi e rc e d i n on e pl a c e by a t r e fo il o p e n i n g ; a n d fr om t his

a st e e p str e e t l e a d s u p w a r d s i n a di a g o n a l li n e u n til a s m a ll .
,

st on e d oor w a y is r e a ch e d c a ll e d t he I r on G a t e ( O L B I p e v ca r op m )
,
'

I ,

w hich giv e s a d m issi o n i n t o a s e p a r a t e p e r h a ps r oy a l q u a rt e r i n ,

,

t he high e st p a rt o f t h e t o w n \Vi t hi n t his th e r e li e s a n o p e n

.

sp a c e on t w o sid e s of w h ich a r e th e r u i n s of a p a l a c e of s e v t r a l
,

st or e ys high A fu rth e r a sc e n t l e a d s t o t he I mat r o n w hich

.
,

is e n t e re d fr o m t h e b a ck a n d is r e n d e r e d a l m o st i m pr e g n a bl e i n
,

its pr e cipit ou s p o siti on by a n u m b e r o f r ou n d o r sq u a r e t o w e rs .

T he vi e w fr om it c o m m a n d s on t h e on e sid e t h e ra vi n e a n d t h e
su m m its of T a y g e tu s on t h e o t h e r t h e pl a i n i n w hic h t h e
,

E u r o t a s ow s w ith t h e t o w n o f S p a r ta th r e e m il e s off o n
,

its o pp osit e si d e a n d b e hi n d t h is t h e l on g ch a i n o f P a rn on
, ,

W hil e fa r a w a y t o t h e n or th m a y be s e e n t h e h e ig h ts of Mo u n t
P a rth e n i u m i n e a st e r n A rc a di a .

T h e a n tiq u iti e s of t h e pl a ce c o n sist of v e ch u r c h e s i n t h e l o w e r

p a rt of th e t ow n a ll of w hich b e l on g t o a p e ri od s u bs e q u e n t t o
,

B v d S i t Vi c t B i l i
1
ii 2 6 6 '

or o a n I l ng en ,
r tl on ( n u u/ r c, . .

H . s .
v o L . I v .
R
2 30 T H E F RA N K S IN T H E PE LO PO N NE SE .

its s u rr e n d e r t o t h e Gr e e ks T h e y a r e i n t e r e s t i n g sp e ci m e n s o f
.

Byz a n ti n e a rchi t e ctu r e e s p e ci a lly a s s e v e r a l o f th e m p oss e ss

,

fe a t u r e s m or e o r l e ss a li e n t o th a t styl e i n w hich t h e i n u e n c e ,

o f \Ve s t e r n E u r o p e is tra c e a bl e th ou gh fr om w h a t s ou rc e ,

e x a c t ly it w a s d e riv e d it is n o t e a s y t o d e cid e T w o o f th e s e .

a r e still u s e d a n d c on s e q u e n tly a r e i n g o o d r e p a ir w hil e t h e

, ,

r e st a r e fa lli n g i n t o r u i n T h e fi rst of th e m w hi c h is sit u a t e d

.
,

j u st w ithi n t h e g a t e o f e n tr a n c e is n ow c a ll e d P e r i le ft on t h e , ,

na me o f its d e dic a ti on h a vi n g b e e n l ost I t c on s ists of a .

c e n tr a l c u p ol a a n d a n a v e a n d a isl e s r o o fe d w ith b a rr e l v a u lti n g

, , ,

a n d e n d i n g i n thr e e a ps e s ; t hr o u gh a d oo r a t t h e s o u th w e st -

a n gl e a s m a ll v a u l t e d c h a m b e r is e n t e r e d a n d a l o n g t he s ou th ,

sid e w ith ou t t h e b u ildi n g r u n s a p ortic o T h e w h ol e is

, , .

c ov e r e d w ith h a lf oblit e r a t e d fr e sc oe s Hi g h e r u p th a n t his is .

t h e ch u rch o f t h e V irgi n c a ll e d P a n t a n a ss a ,
T his st a n ds i n .

a st e e p p o siti on on t h e hillsid e a n d fo r m e rly b e l on g e d to ,

a m on a st e ry c a ll e d Z w o B r o v 77 777 } Mo th e r of t h e S a vi ou r 7

t h e i n cl o s u r e of w hich is m a rk e d by a w a ll o f circ u it w hil e i n ,

pl a c e s t h e r u i n e d m on a stic b u ildi n gs r e m a i n e sp e ci a lly on t h e ,

e a st e r n sid e b e l o w t h e ch u rch F r om th e s e a m a rbl e st a irc a s e

.

l e a d s u p to a c orrid or or l ogy za w h ich for m e rly r a n r ou n d b oth

'

t h e n orth a n d e a st sid e s of t h e b u ild i n g b u t n ow r e m a i n s on ly ,

t o w a rds t h e e a st w h e r e th e r e a re fou r a rch e s s u pp ort e d by

,

c ol u m n s a n d a c a m p a n il e w ith w i n d ow s divid e d by pill a rs a n d

,

pi e rc e d w ith tr e foils s u r m ou n t e d by a c u p ol a T h e ch u rch

,
.

i t s e lf fa c e s s ou th a n d t he n a v e w hich is divid e d i n t o fou r b a ys, ,

is s e p a r a t e d fr om t h e a isl e s on ly by pill a r s T h u s th o u gh t he .
,

or n a m e n ts thr ou gh ou t a r e Byz a n ti n e t h e s h a p e a n d a rr a n g e ,

m e n t a r e th o s e o f a L a ti n ch u rch ; a n d t h e s a m e is tr u e o f
t h e l o n g ch o ir w ith thr e e r o w s o f a rc a d e s r ou n d t h e a ps e t h e
, ,

u pp e r o n e o f w hich i s pi erc e d w ith w i n d o w s a n d s u pp orts ,

a s e m i cu p ol a
-
T h e r e a r e fou r c u p ol a s ov e r t h e fou r a n gl e s
.
,

on e o v e r t h e n orth e r n e n d a n d a c e n t r a l on e w hich h ow e v e r
, , ,

is o f m od e r n c on s t r u cti on A g a ll e ry for w om e n r e s e m bli n g

.
,

th a t of S t S ophi a a t C on st a n ti n opl e r u n s r ou n d t h r ee sid e s of

.
, ,

t h e b u ildi n g .

A t this pl a c e w e w e r e d e sti n e d to a dis a pp oi n t m e n t B u c h on .

a ffi r m s a n d h is st a t e m e n t h a s b e e n r e p e a t e d by s u bs e q u e n t

tim c l l d ft r th S i him l f Z
1
l Ph
n r a n ze s

it w e as a e a e e a v c ur se ,
wo or o u

u dv n .
2 32 T H E F R AN K S IN T H E PE LO PO NNE SE .

w h ich st oo d a n o th e r th ou gh it is n ow d e str oy e d A s C on st a n ,
.

ti n e t h e l a st e m p e r o r of C o n st a n ti n opl e w a s cr ow n e d a t Mistr a
, , ,

t he r e is n o n e o th e r o f his li n e w h o s e lik e n e ss w e sh ou ld s o
r e a d ily e xp e ct t o m e e t w ith h e r e I f s u ch is t h e c a s e t h e o th e r .
,

n ic h e m a p ossibly h a v e c on t a i n e d t h a t o f t h e d e sp o t T h e od or e
y ,

fo r C o n s t a n t i n e s w ife T h e o d or a w h o m w e sh o u ld o th e r w is e

e xp e ct t o fi n d i n s u ch a p o siti on di e d b e for e h e s u cc e e d e d ,

t o t h e thr o n e
1
.

T h e thr e e o t h e r ch u rc h e s th ose o f S t N ich ol a s E fe n di k o .

, ,

a n d t h e m e t r o p o lit a n c h u rch a r e sit u a t e d cl o s e t og e th e r n e a r ,

t h e n orth e a st e r n a n gl e o f t h e city
-
S t N ich ol a s i s disti n g u ish e d . .

by th e siz e o f its c e n tr a l c u p ol a i n t h e dr u m of w hich n u m e r ou s ,

s m a ll w i n d o w s a r e pi e rc e d bu t t h e c u p ol a its e lf h a s fa ll e n i n ,
.

T h e a isl e s a r e v e ry n a rr o w a n d e n d i n s m a ll a ps e s A t t he ,
.

fo u r a n g e s o f t h e b u ildi n g a r e fou r s m a ll l o w ch a p e ls for m i n g

l
,

d isti n ct ch a m b e rs 2
T h e ch u rch a t pr e s e n t k n ow n a s E fe n d i k o
.

fo r its r e a l n a m e i s l o st a l m o st e x a ctly r e s e m bl e s th a t o f

t h e P a n t a n a ss a h a vi n g t h e s a m e g a ll e ry fo r w o m e n n u m e r ou s
, ,

d o m e s a n d th r e e a rc a d e s i n t h e a ps e ou tsi d e th e r e is a ch a m b e r
,

a n d a ch a p e l a tt a ch e d t o t h e w e st w a ll J u st be l o w t h is o n .

t h e hillsid e is t h e ol d a rchi e pisc o p a l p a l a c e a n u n pr e t e n di n g ,

b u ildi n g for m i n g thr e e sid e s o f a sq u a r e on on e of w hich st a n ds ,

t h e m e tr op olit a n ch u rch ( S t D e m e tri u s ) w hil e t h e fou r th sid e .

,

is l e ft o p e n a n d c o m m a n ds a n e n ch a n ti n g V i e w o v e r t h e oliv e
,

gr o v e s a n d m u lb e rry pl a n t a ti on s o f t he pl a i n o f S p a rt a I t is .

n ow t e n a n t e d by a pri e st w h o c on d u cts t h e s e rvic e s i n t h e

ch u r c h a n d c on s e q u e n tly th is e di fic e l ik e th a t o f P a n ta n a ss a
, , ,

is k e pt i n r e p a ir T w o i n scripti on s o n e i n h e x a m e t e rs on t h e
.
,

li n t e l o f t h e n orth e r n d o or t h e o th e r i n i a m bics on t h e n e st e rn ,

w a ll c om m e m or a t e its e r e c t i o n by Bish op N i c e ph or u s i n t h e
,

r e ig n o f A n d r o n ic u s II P a l a e ol og u s i n c onj u n c ti on w ith his s on .

Mich a e l I X (A D 1 2 9 5 .t he e x a ct d a t e w a s 1 3 1 2 th a t
. .
,

1
Th v id c f m y i f m t i
e e en d p t Th d
e o o ld m t be
n or an n es o eo ore w u s ee o c on .

th i m tt f m ch v l fi m d by B y d S i t Vi c t s

s m a t b er ay no e o u a ue , r e or e a n - n en

b t it i
u t i m p i d b y hi
s no h vi g t t m t th t i
a re hi t i m t h w s a n s a e en , a n s e er e e re

add d t h t th
e mp C
a t ti e t d i ti
e f l ik e
e r or f hi m h vi g
on s an ne ra on s o a. n es s o a n

w as th f d e f the mou n t y d
er o c x i t d i t h e ch u c h ( R l ti
on a s er , an on e e s e n r e a on

i b i d
s ur e d c t g l l b h i c h d V y g ii
un er a r e an u ar s a w a o a e, .

i l t i t th p v m t f th v P l s f S t N i ch l a d P t 1

s e n o e a e en o e na e . an o . o as n a n a~

thi y c h c m k th e giv

C an l b by s s a an i C anh d eCh i ar e nassa ar en n ou c au s o x

t mb f T h d T h id d E gl i en G ac

t h t th

? By

o o eo or a t e ea a e / s es s a n zn cs r e.

oth pi t
er p t i t f th
'
u lll c w as a or r a o e
 TH E FR A N K S IN T H E PE LO PO NNE SE . 233

is j u st fty y e a rs fr o m t h e c e ssi on o f Mistr a by t h e F r a n k s

,
.
1

T his b u ildi n g a ls o h a s a w om a n s g a ll e ry a n d a s m a ll d o m e

o v e r t h e c e n tr e b u t i n o th e r r e sp e cts i t r e s e m bl e s a L a ti n
,

ch u rch a s th e r e is a l on g b a rr e l v a u lt b o th t o t h e n a v e a n d
,

t h e a isl e s T he fl oor is i n l a id i n o n e pl a c e w ith a t w o h e a d e d

.
-

B y z a n ti n e e a gl e a n d e ls e w h e r e w i t h pi e ce s o f op us A l ex a n
,

d r i m cm O n t w o o f t h e c ol u m n s a r e i n sc r ipti on s r e l a ti n g t o
.

p r o p e rty w hich o n c e b e l o n g e d t o t h e ch u rch .

O n e m or e pl a c e c on n e ct e d w ith t h e h ist o ry o f t h e F r a n k s i n
t h e P e l op on n e s e r e m a i n s t o b e sp ok e n o f Mon e m v a si a T he .

i sl a n d or p e n i n s u l a o n w hi c h it is b u ilt fo r ow i n g t o its
n e a r n e ss t o t h e sh o r e it m a y a l m o st e q u a l ly w e ll b e c a ll e d e it h e r

on e or t h e o t h e r i n a n ci e n t ti m e s b o r e t h e n a m e o f Mi n oa ,

w hich u s u a lly i m pli e s th a t t h e r e w a s a P h o e n ici a n s e ttl e m e n t

w h e r e it is fou n d T h e G r e e k s h o w e v e r a pp e a r n e v e r t o h a v e
.
, ,

o cc u pi e d t h e sp o t b u t pr e fe rr e d for t h e si t e o f th e ir t ow n o f
,

E pid a u r u s L i m e r a t h e sh e lt e r e d b a y t o t h e n orth w a r d of it
, ,

t o w h ich Mi n oa for m e d a n e ffe c t u a l br e a k w a t e r S o sh or e l e ss .

a r e its r o cky si d e s t h a t t h e w o n d e r r a th e r is th a t a n y on e
,

sh ou ld h a v e b u ilt a city t h e r e a n d still m or e th a t it s h ou l d ,

h a v e b e c om e a s it did du ri n g t h e Mid dl e A g e s on e o f t h e m ost

, ,

i m p ort a n t c om m e rci a l t ow n s i n t h e L e v a n t a n d on e of t h e st a ti on s ,

of t h e e e t o f Byz a n ti u m T his circ u m st a n c e l e n ds pr ob a bility

.

t o H e r t zbe r g s c onj e ct u r e th a t t h e fou n d a ti o n of Mon e m v a si a

d a t e s fr o m t h e tim e of A l a ric s i n v a si on o f G r e e c e a t t h e e n d
o f t h e fo u r th c e n t u ry w h e n t h e r a v a g e s o f t h e G o ths dr o v e
,

t h e i n h a bit a n ts t o t a k e r e fu g e i n e a sily d e fen sibl e p ositi o n s ,

s u ch a s pr om on t ori e s a n d t h e isl a n ds off t h e c oa st a pr a ctic e

w hich b e c a m e still m or e fr e q u e n t a t t h e ti m e of t h e S l a v on ic

i n r o a ds A n yh ow w h e n it rst a pp e a rs i n h ist o ry a t t h e
.
, , ,

b e gi n n in g of t h e e ighth c e n tu ry it w a s a l r e a dy a n i m p ort a n t ,

pl a c e O w i n g t o its c om m e rc e w ith It a ly t h e p e stil e n c e w a s

.
,

i n tr od u c e d t hr ou gh it i n t o G r e e c e fr om th a t c o u n try w hich ,

fe a rfu lly d e popu l a t e d t h e By z a n ti n e e m pir e i n 7 4 7 a n d th u s ,

pr e p a r e d t h e w a y for t h e S l a v on ic i m m igr a ti on s F i n l a y c a lls .

it th e Ve n ic e of t h e ic on ocl a stic p e ri o d 2
I n 1 1 4 7 it w a s str on g .

e n ou gh t o be a t off t h e a tt a ck o f R og e r t h e N or m a n i n t h e ,

1
An ccu a r at ec p y f th s i i p
o o e e n s cr 1 75 5 , an d p i
u bl s h e d by B u c h o n i n h i s
ti s is g iv e i th e L i v e o f t h e A c h c v ol i p l xxv ii i
'

on n n s r R e h (ar ches h i s tor zqu cs , . . . .

bi h p
s o f L
s o a c ed e m o i aw i tt n i n a,

r e n
1
H i s tor y of Gr ee e, c ii . 321 .
 T H E FR A N K S IN T H E PE L O I O N N E S E

.

e xp e diti o n d u ri n g h i c h he
c a pt u r e d T h e b e s a n d C ori n t h ; a n d
w

i t w a s o n ly b y bl c k a d e t h a t it w a s fo r c e d t o s u rr e n d e r t o
o

\Vi l l ia m Vill h a rd o u i n
e A ft e r i t s r e s t o r a ti on t o t h e Gr e e k s it
.

c h a n g e d h a n ds s e v e r a l ti m e s I n 1 1 1 9 t h e V e n e ti a n s o bt a i n e d
.

p os s e ssi on o f i t bu t c e de d i t a g a i n t o t h e Byz a n ti n e s I n 1 1 6 0
,
.

t h e d e sp ot T h om a s fe a ri n g hi s i n a bility t o d e fe n d i t a g a i n st t h e
,
.

O t t o m a n s m a d e i t o v e r t o P o p e P i u s I L ; b u t t he V e n e
,

ti a n s s e iz e d i t i n 1 4 6 1 a n d h e ld i t t ill 1 5 3 8 i n w hich y e a r th e y
, ,

w e r e forc e d t o yi e ld it t o t h e T u rks \Vh e n h o w e v e r t h e y .

, ,

r e occ u pi e d t h e P e l op on n e s e a t t h e ti m e o f Mo r os i n i s fa m ou s
'

c a m p a ig n i n 1 6 8 9 Mon e m v a si a on c e m o r e fe l l t o th e m a n d
, ,

r e m a i n e d i n th e ir p oss e ssi on u n til 1 7 1 1 w he n t h e y fi n a lly l o st ,

it . D u ri n g t h is pe ri o d it w a s c on stit u t e d t h e c a pit a l o f L a co n i a .

F i n a lly a t t he b e gi n n i n g of t h e Wa r o f I n d e p e n d e n c e i n 1 8 2 1
'

, ,

t h e T u rkis h g a rr i s o n w a s st a rv e d o u t a n d fo rc e d t o c a pit u l a t e ,

by t h e G r e e ks t o w h om i t h a s si n c e b e l o n g e d
,
.

T h e isl a n d pr oj e cts e a st w a rd i n t o t h e A e g e a n a t r ight a n gl e s ,

t o t h e c oa st o f L a c on i a t w e n ty m il e s t o t h e n o rth o f C a p e
,

Ma l e a t h e n e s u m m its o f w hich a r e visibl e fr o m t he t ow n

,
.

I t is a b ou t a m il e i n l e n gth a n d t h e hig h e st p oi n t w hich is a t

, ,

t h e w e st e rn e n d w h e r e it fa c e s t h e l a n d risi n g i n s t e e p pr e cipic e s , ,

r e a ch e s t h e h e igh t of 6 0 0 fe e t a b ov e t h e w a t e r F r o m th e n c e .

t h e gr o u n d d e sc e n d s gr a du a lly t o w a r ds t h e e a st e r n e xtr e m ity ,

w h e r e it fa lls r a pi d ly t o t h e op e n s e a A l o n g t h e n orth e r n sid e

.

t h e c liffs a r e a l m o st p e rp e n dic u l a r bu t t o w a rd s t h e s ou th h a lf
, ,

w a
y b e t w e e n t h e u pp e r l e v e l a n d t h e w a te r t h e r e is a sl opi n g ,

pl a t e a u o n w hich t h e t o w n is sit u a t e d I t is j oi n e d t o t h e l a n d .

by a st on e bridg e o f thirt e e n a rch e s t h e fu rth e r e n d o f w hich , ,

t o w a r d s t h e is l a n d is g u a rd e d by a sq u a r e t o w e r ; bu t t h e li o n
,

of S t . Ma rk w h ich C a st e ll a n i n 1 7 9 7 sp e a k s of a s st a n di n g
, , ,

o v e r t h e g a t e w a y h a s b e e n r e m ov e d T his bridg e h a s giv e n t o

1
.
,

t h e pl a c e its n a m e o f Mo n e m v a si a a s b e i n g t h e s o l e m e a n s ,

o f a ppr o a ch ( Ma m, Ea Ba o t s ) T h e n a m e is m o r e fa m ili a r t o
.

E n glish r e a d e rs th a n th e y a r e c o m m on ly a w a r e for it w a s ,

c orr u pt e d t h r o u gh Ma lva si a a n d Ma lv oisi e i n t o Ma l m se y a n d ,

i n this fo r m w a s a tt a ch e d t o t h e G r e e k w i n e w h ich w a s br ou g ht
fr o m Mo n e m v a si a t o E n gl a n d d u ri n g t he Middl e A g e s I t h a s .

b e e n d ou bte d w h e th e r thi s w i n e w a s m a d e on t h e sp ot o r ,

w h e th e r it w a s gr ow n e ls e w h e r e a n d m e r e ly e xp ort e d fr o m t h is
,

C t ll L lt as e an,l Mc i 40
r cs su r a or c c ,

. .
2 36 T H E FRA NK S IN T H E PE LO PO N NE SE .

of r e d a n d gr e y li m e st on e o n w hich t h e c a ct u s gr o w s i n p a tc he s
, ,

a n d th e s e a r e s u r m o u n t e d by a li n e o f w a lls T h e a sc e n t is .

by a zigz a g p a th w h ich l e a ds u p t o a g a t e w a y i n t h e cit a d e l

, ,

w h e r e th e r e is a n o l d d oor pl a t e d w ith ir o n a n d a w i n di n g ,

p a ss a g e a n d g u a rdr oom i n sid e T h e o n ly obj e ct o f i n t e r e st

.

o n t h e u pp e r l e v e l is t h e m o n a st e ry o f S t S ophi a fou n d e d by .

A n dr on ic u s I I P a l a e ol ogu s w hich o v e r h a n gs t h e s e a on t h e
.
,

n or t h e r n sid e w h e r e t h e r ock s a r e m o st pr e cipit ou s

,
W ith t h e .

e xc e pti on o f t h e ch u rch a l m o st a l l t h e b u ildi n gs w hich b e l o n g e d

,

t o this a r e a m a ss o f r u i n s a n d e v e n t h e C l o ist e r w h ich w a s

,

a tt a ch e d t o t h e ch u rch h a s i n m a n y p a rts fa ll e n d o w n a n d fo r m e d

h e a ps of d ebr i s . T h e c h u r c h w hich s om e w h a t r e s e m bl e s th a t o f
,

S t N ich o l a s a t Mistr a is i n sh a p e n e a rly a n e x a ct G r e e k cr o ss

.
,
.

I n t h e c e n tr e i s a l a rg e l o w c u p ol a w it h n u m e r o u s si n gl e light ,
-

w i n d o w s i n t h e dr u m s u pp o rt e d on fou r r o u n d a rch e s th a t sp a n
,

t h e ch o ir t h e n a v e a n d t h e t w o tr a n s e pts b e t w e e n w hich a r e
, , ,

fo u r s e m i c u p ol a s o v e r fou r pi e rs th a t st a n d a t t h e a n gl e s T h e
-
.

c a rvi n g of t h e l i n te ls o f s o m e of th e d oo rs is e l a b o r a t e bu t t h e ,

fr e sc oe s a r e a l m o st oblit e r a t e d T h e a rc h it e ct u r e a n d o r n a m e n
.

t a ti e n thr o u gh ou t a r e p u r e ly Byz a n ti n e T h e cli ffs o n this .

n o rth e r n sid e a r e s o st e e p th a t th e y h a v e n ot b e e n forti e d by

w a lls e xc e pt a t c e rt a i n p oi n t s w h e r e e sc a l a d e m igh t h a v e b e e n

p os sibl e A t t h e high e st p oi n t w hich ov e rl ooks th e bridg e

.
, ,

th e r e is a fo rt of n o gr e a t a n tiq u it y c e rt a i n ly n ot a s o l d a s t h e ,

F r a n k p e ri od t o w h ich B u c h on thi n ks it m a y b e l on g
,
1
T he .

n a t iv e s s a th a t t h e m ou n t a i n s of C r e t e a r e visibl e fr om h e n c e
y
i n cl e a r w e a th e r .

H F TOZER . . .

1
L a Gr ace, p . 41 4 .
 AN IN S C RI P T I O N F R O M P RI E N E . 237

AN I N S C R IP T I O N FRO M PRI E N E .

T H E nscr i ption w a s copied by Mr A S Mu r r a y

fol l ow m g i . . .

w hen t r a velling w ith Mr N e w ton in Asi a Mino r in 1 8 7 0

. fr o m ,

a s t e l e a t t h e doo r of a house a t K e lib e s c h

I t h a s been put .

into m y h a nds for public a tion bec a use the insc r ibe d m a rbles
brough t fro m P r i e n by Mr Pull a n i n 1 8 7 0 a n d presented to .
,

the British Museu m by the S ociety of Dilett a nti h a ve been ,

prep a r ed by m e for the pr ess a n d a r e n ow in cou r se of public a ,

tion T h ey w ill fo r m a por tion of P a rt iii of the Gr eek I n s cr ip

. .

ti ons i n th e B r i ti s h Jlf u s em n K e libe s c h i s a T u r kish vill a ge on

.

the southe r n slope of Mt Myk a l e a s h o r t dist a nce fr o m t h e

.
,

r u i ns of t h e te m ple of At h en e Poli a s a t P r ien e A desc r iption .

of i t w ill be found in C h a n dl e r s T r a e els i n A s i a: l i n or vol i

,
. .
,

p 1 9 7 Mr Mu r r a y s m e m o r a nd a do not furnish a n y a ccount
. . .

of th e size or colou r of the m a r ble e m ployed for th is stel e but

it is evidently enti r e a t t h e top a n d r ig h t side ; the left h a nd -

edge is slig h tly inj u r ed b u t a good de a l i s b r oken off a t the

,

botto m .

Y M c N I P P n T A P X O Y

E AN H O P O YA E Q ME A O N T O E MH N O E T AY N
O YAYE I AE F O AY X A P O Y E E I F E N E F E I A H N Y M
c
A P XO Y F P O T E P O N T E P O Y P A P XO AP O A E l
5 S A K P AS Y P O T O Y A H MO Y E F I ME A Q E T E K A I A I
AlA YA A E AE ME T AT Q MP O Y P Q N P A P E A Q
H N T Q I AH MQ I K AO O T I K A I F AP E AA B E N K A I F AO
T E P O N AF O A E I XO E I E P O Y P A P XO E Y F O T O Y
T H E AKP AE A I E ME I N E T E F A N T AT O N XP O N O N
10 O Y P I Q I K AT A T O N N O MO N K AI P AP E A Q K E N T Q I
o uz P 0 Y P 0 1 2 0 P o o z K A I A I K A uo z X P o ME N o z
238 AN I N S C RI P T I O N F R O M PRI E N E .

T he unci a l copy gives only the rst eleven lines ; the r e

m a i n de r is given in a cursive copy By co m p a r ison of these I .

re a d the decree a s follo w s

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A q va zo 9

a va

\Ve h a ve h e r e a d ecree of the [2 0 26 18 a n d d em os of P r i e n e in

h onou r of one N y m p h on son of P r ot ar ch o s w h o h a d been t w ice , ,

a ppointed c a pt a in of the g a r rison a n d h a d on b o th occ a sions ,

d eserved w e l l of the city In line 2 the m onth is pretty .

ce r ta inly to be r esto r ed a s H a vp o v w h ich occu r s in on e ,

of the B r itish Museu m insc riptions a s a P r i e n i a n m ont h .

T a v p e a w w a s th e n a m e of a m onth a t K y z i k os (see B O c k h
' '

C orp u s I n s er ip ti em m z but th is w o u ld be furth e r fr o m ,

t h e d u ctu s l i ter a r m n F A N I I t h e fa ded letters of P A N H m ig h t , ,

24o AN I N S C RI P T I O N F R O M P RI E N E .

Alex a nder De m et r ios P ol i or k e t e s L y s i m a ch os the S e le u k i da e

, , ,

a n d t h e Ptole m ies .

T h e m a te r i a l signs of the a utono m y of a to w n in those d a ys

w ere ( 1 ) exe m ption fro m p a ying t r ibute to eit h er city or m on a rch ,

t h e possession of its o w n cit a del T h e struggles of Athens .

to fr ee he r self fro m M a cedoni a n g a r risons a r e w e ll k no w n ( see

H e r m es 1 8 7 3 1 foll a n d Gr eek H i s tor i ca l I n s cr i pti on s N os 1 6 7
, ,
.
, , .
,

1 69 ,
A n insc r iption of unce r t a in p r oven a n ce w hic h in a n ,

e a r lier nu m be r of t h is J ou r n a l ( 1 8 8 1 p 9 8 foll ) I ende a ou r ed , . .

v

to a ssign to H a l i k a r n a s s os r ecor ds t h e libe r a tion of T r oe ze n

,

fr o m a fo r e i gn g a r r ison T h e cit a del of P r i e n e w a s of re m a r k

.

a ble st r engt h I t is described by C h a ndle r w h o a scended it

.
,

( T r a ve ls i n A s i a I ll i n or i p a su m m it of M c a l e l a r ge

as ,
. .

y , ,

distinct a n d r ough w ith stunted tr ee s a n d dese r ted cotta ges

, , ,

enci r cled except to w a r ds the pl a in by a n a ncient w a ll of the

, ,

m a so n r y c a lled p s en eli s oel om on T his ha s been rep a ired a n d m a de

.

ten a ble in a l a te r ag e by a ddition a l out w or k s A steep high .

, ,

n a ke d r ock r ises be h ind ; a n d t h e a r e a te r m in a tes before in a

m ost a b r upt a n d fo r m i da ble p r e c ipice fr o m w h ic h w e looked ,

do w n w it h w onde r on t h e di m i n u tive obj e c ts bene a th us T h e .

m a ssive he a p of a te m ple b e lo w (t h e te m ple of Athen e Poli a s )

a ppe a r ed to t h e n a ked e ve but a s chippings of m a r ble A

w inding t r a ck le a ds do w n the precipice to the city T h e w ay .

w a s fa m ili a r to ou r g u ide but di fcult a n d d a ngerous .

T h e steps cut in t h e r ock w ere n a r r o w t h e p a th frequently not ,

w ide r t h a n t h e body a n d so steep a s sc a r cely to a llo w footing
,
.

If I a dd to t h is descrip t i on of C h a ndle r t h e a ccount by Mr .

Pull a n in v ol iv of I on i a n A n t i qu i ti es ( p
. . t h e re a der w i ll .

fully a pp r eci a te th e i m po r t a nce of t h e heigh t lines 5

w hic h ou r insc r iption spe a k s of a s so j e a lously gu a r ded by the

people (86a m ) of B r ieu c P r i e n e is situ a ted on a l ow spur of

.

Mt Myca l e so m e 2 0 0 fe et a bove th e level of t h e pl a in (the

.
,

v a lley of th e M a e a nde r h e r e six m iles w ide ) It w a s su rr ounded

,
.

by a w a ll w hic h c a n be still t r a ced o n a l l sides but th e no r th ,

w h e r e a g r a n d p r ecipice r ises to a height of a thous a nd feet .

In the high e r p a r t of th e city a l m ost i m m edi a tely under th is ,

p r ecipice t h e r e is a pl a tfo r m of r ock sur r ounded by terr a ce

,

w a l ls . U po n t h is pl a tfo rm stood th e T e m ple ( of Athen e) .

He r e a n d in t h e a g or a bene a t h it a r e t h e only l e v e l spots

, ,

w it h in t h e city w a lls T h e r e m a inder of t h e city w a s built on

.
 AN IN S C RI P T I O N F R O M P a re n t) . 24 1

th e side of th e hill a n d a ppro a c h ed by flights of steps c u t in ,

t h e solid rock .

I f it be a sked by w h a t m e a n s a city of m o de r a te size a n d

w e a lth like P r i e u e w a s en a bled even w i th suc h n a tu r a l a d ,

v a nt a ges to m a inta i n its independence i n t h e ti m e s succeed ing

,

1
Alex a nde r t h e a n s w er is to be found in a st a te m e n t by Me m non
,

quoted by D r oysen (H el len i s m u s iii 1 p 1 9 5 ) 7 6 w y ap Ba o t ,

.
,
.

K ew u 7 731/ r a w 7r o M co v Bnnox p a r l a v ci cpek e i v o w o v 5 a ov r w v a i zr o i

'
-

( i e the
. G a uls
. w h o a t rst h a d c a used nothing ,
b u t desol a tion )
7 0 29 m r i eep v o w

o v T a m v eBeBa t o v v
'
u ct
'
.
,

T o a si m il a r e ffect is t he evide n c e of a letter of An t i och os

Soter to the Ioni a n city of E rythra o pub lished by the h istori a n ,

E C urtiu s in t he Mori a ts ber i cli e ( 2 B e r li n A lca d cmi e 1 8 7 5

. . .
, ,

4 (
: reprinted i u m G r eek H i s tor i ca l I n s c r ip t i on s N o
'

p 5 5.
y
'

, .

It i s even prob a ble a s Droysen points ou t t h a t t h e d efe a t of , ,

the G a uls by An ti oc h os Soter ho w ever ben e fi ci a l to Asi a Mino r ,

a t l a rge w a s yet in one sense a d ubious a dv a n t a ge to the a u

,

t on om ou s to w ns While the kings w ere in fe a r of the G a llic
.

h ordes the cities w ere a ble to m a k e their ow n ter m s w ith the

,

encro a ching dyn a sties of T hr a ce Sy ri a an d E gypt B u t w hen , ,

.

the victory of An ti och os ha d b r oken the terror of the G a uls ,

th e cities w ere a t the roy a l m ercy D roysen h a s disinter r ed .

fro m Sextus E m piri on s a cu r ious story of A n t i och os Soter w h ich ,

h a ppily is conr m ed by a st a te m e n t q u oted by A t h e n a e os a n d ,

therefore m a y be a ccepted a s a genuine bi t of histo r y T h e .

s t ory tells h ow K ing A n t i och os ha d a d a ncer a t h i s court n a m ed

S os t r a t os of P r ie n e w h o m one day he requested to perfo r m a ,

d a nce c a lled 73 e Re ep t a Whereupon S os tr a tos r eplied t h a t h e

.

h a d no he a rt for th a t d a nce a t a m o m e n t w he n h is countr y h a d

lost its l iberty T h e king in re w a r d fo r his w i t resto r ed its .
, ,

f eedo m to P r i e n e Wit h m uch p r ob a bility D r oysen (i bi d iii 1

r
2
. .
,

1
T he p as s a g e is f om M m
r e n on 3
7 7 1 7 6 1/ ( Ma ny S na orrpa n

au damm i t!
(O r el l i s

e d i t i on ) , ch . x ix . ; an d ru n s a n ov a gour w u , '
a br ol p aAA O V r a i 'r i nu
th u s in fu ll . H vi a n
g j us t n a rr a t e d

e B B i ov u,
z a &V r uca fi w
'
r c
i
p e um 7 0 75

h ow N ik om e d e s rs t b r ou g h t the f reep v m s .

Gau l s i n to A s i a . Mi n or , the w ri te r
2
T h e p a s s a g e ro m S e t u s E m p i r i cu s f x
pr o ee ds : c A U 7 11 r a t/ w f 7 63V F a Aa c '
V f
w i l l b e o u n d i n h i s t re a t i s e A d vcr s u s

3
i
l 5%

Ao la v E w
' U
7 e1 r Ba a t s Ka r
'
&px d s Gr a m m a ti eos , i . 13 : E V GK CI .

p v l

; i nr dpw v p o e A Ge i V i 5px no r m 7i u dy a yrr a la u A e y w p w

r w

e rr K a ra '
o k Ka
' '

l

o 5 %r e Ao s 35 6 1 3

e y op o e drr o rcp I GE V l o r pa r o s 6 A vr t ox o v 6p m

e rr e l E z
'

n 7 1! e l/ a t ,

p bs Ba o me w v
' '
Aa BJV r J i ro x c ip ro v
'
T 631! 7 6 p i im I I p n i v ny
'

w U tr y qi e po v
'
. a r r s, os r
24 2 AN IN S C RI P T I O N F R O M P RI E N E .

p . 26 1 )
connects this a necdote w i th the st a te m ent of Me m non ,

a n d conj ectures th a t Br ieu c h a d been one of the cities w h ich

h a d pu r c h a sed the p r otection of G a llic m ercen a r ies .

T h e indic a t i ons a ffo r ded by the dec r ee before u s t in entirely

w ith the st a te of thi n gs described a bove T his insc r iption r e .

presents the cit a del of P r i e n e a s c a r efully g a rr isoned a n d unde r ,

the co m m a nd of a n inuenti a l P r i e n i a n citizen B u t he h olds .

hi s o f ce for one ye a r only like the other O ffice r s of a Greek ,

de m ocr a cy a n d a t the end of hi s ter m h a s to rende r due a ccount

,

to th e sovereign people T h e phr a se w a p eBw /c e v 7 93 B ing) w hich

.

r ,

t w ice occurs (lines 6 m a y i m ply so m e for m a l a c t of delivery

, ,

such a s the ban di n g in of the keys of the cit a del to the Bo uan ,

a n d the presenting of a n inventory of stores a n d a rm s I t is .

st a ted in lines th a t the l a w required the co m m a nder to

live upon the cit a del during the w hole of h i s ter m keeping due ,

w a tch a n d w a rd Al l these expressions point to the syste m a tic

.

m
a n d j e a lous c a re w ith w hich the P r i en i a n s ret a ined co mm a nd

over their cit a del We should lik e to kno w the nu mber a n d

.

the n a tion a lity of the g a rrison Were they P ri e n i an citizens or .

w ere they G a llic m ercen a ries ? T he inscription does not infor m

us B u t the l a ngu a ge of line 1 1 a t le a st a grees w ith the sug
.

gestion th a t the ctp ovpo i w ere p a id m ercen a ries a n d 7 o ,

gbp ovp oi s p 6 3e [ca l E w a l ms Xp a wevo s m a y i m ply th a t the

co m m a nd a nt ha d been punctu a l a n d stra ightfor w a rd in giving

th e g a rrison their p a y out of m oneys put into hi s h a nds for th a t
purpose by the sta te .

E L HI C K S . . .

r o t?

Ba m Ae w s w a r pZS a 0 30m l a br o, Kai fv
a ou ri te ar t i s t res i di n g a t c ou r t m ig h t
w a p d 7 6 a up w da rov A e v O s pra u tw

'
a
'

y u se h i s i n u en c e for h i s fi r en d s i n m a ny
Ka gdju e uo s 5px ei r7 9a r, f Mark ov 5 4 m 7 13 :
o: w ays ; a s t rik i n g ins t can e f th i s i s
o

p io s o vAe vo ri d ns c u r dy A e v i n K ra ton th e fl u te -p l a y er o f

war s een

6 6 ;) q 5pX 6 20 0a r

'
It a l 8rd 7 0 87 0

e Ae v C h al k e d on w h o w as i n h ig h f vo
a ur

O e pw dva r MW . C on cer n i ng w i th th e P erg am ene k i ng s : s ee B ock h ,

S os tra tos , c om pare Athen e e os i 19 ; . C orp u s , 3 06 7 , an d L ii ders D i e D i ony

vi . 2 4 4, w h o c al l s hi m (by mi s tak e) s is chen K itns tl er , 7 6 fol l .

a u t e -p l ay er . bv
I t i s o i ou s th a t a
244 VO T H
VE CO I NS I N DE LIAN I N S C RI P T I O N S .

inscr iptions the Aeginet a n E ph esi a n C o r inthi a n a n d C ret a n

, , , ,

a r e p r ob a bly silve r unless of cou r se t h e cont r a r y is st a ted in t h e

,

insc r iptions the m selves F o r w e h a ve no l a r ge gold coins of a n y .

of th ese cities a n d distr icts issued befo r e the second centu r y B C 1 . .

C yzicene st a te r s w e r e a s is w ell kno w n m a de of electr u m a n d , , ,

w idely cu r r ent in t h e L ev a nt T h e Ptole m a ic st a ter w a s pe r h a ps .

of silve r though th e r e a r e gold coins issued by t he Ptole m ies

,

w h ich cert a inly bore t h e n a m e M H o m oll e s list then w ill . .

run a s follo w s t gold st a ters o r didra ch m s of A l ex a nder th e

Gre a t O f Antiochus I I I or I I I of Syri a ( l a ter kings of Syri a
,
. . .

issu ed gold s ta ters but r a rely ) a n d of Philip I I of M a cedon , .

Aeginet a n st a ters or didr a ch m s of silver (struck before th e

conque s t by Athens or a t the ti m e of the restor a tion by
L ys a n der) E phesi a n tetr a dr a ch m s or didra ch m s of silver (e ac h
,

of w hich deno m in a tions w a s a t a different ti m e the st a ter ) ,

C orinthi a n silver t r i d ra c h m s C ret a n silver didr a ch m s of ,

Aeginet a n st a nd a rd C yzicene tetr a dr a ch m s of electr um a n d a

, ,

Ptole m a ic st a ter of uncert a in m et a l All of these coins a r e .

r a ther co m m on .

T h e next m ention is o f a fa r r a rer piece K a p v a r l a l v 0 73 ,

.
,

a gold dr a ch m o f C a r ystus T his entry occu r s in the list of .

D e m a r e s a bout 1 8 0 B C ,
O n t h is M H o m ol l e re m a r ks L a . . .
,

dr a ch m e t a it p a rtout e n Gr ece l u n it e m on ta ire pour l a rgent

n a s a is donc co m m ent i n t e r r et e r l e texte qui est ce r t a in

j

e p , .

But t he d r a ch m w a s j ust a s m uch the unity for gold a s for

silver ; it w a s a fixed w eight of m et a l coined or uncoined ,
.

Gold d r a ch m s a r e fr equently m entioned by the w riters T his .

2
C a r y s t i a n coin m ust be t h e r a re piece st r uck a bout B C 2 0 0 . .
,

w eighi n g so m e 5 0 g r a ins a n d h a ving a s types on one side the ,

he a d of He r a cles on t h e oth er a recli n ing bu l l ,

.

N ext co m e a se r ies of silve r tet r a dr a ch m s T e -r p afdp a xna

H i m i , A v a t / L eixe i a , Av r i O Xe t a ,

r o k ena

tetr a dr a ch m s of Ma u s ol u s of Alex a nder

N d fi a ,
E gb or i o v . T he ,

t h e G r e a t a n d h is ge n e r a ls Pto le m y L ysi m a chus a n d Antiochus

, , , ,

a n d t h ose of N a xos a n d E phesus a r e a l l w ell kno w n T h en .

co m e silver d ra ch m s z Ap a xm) A nk ra A l / w a ltz AXe fa vO p e ia

,
e
, ,

P o Bra Z u c v co m a
c

, As to these it need only be s a id

,

1
T he c oi n s p u r p or t in g t o be earl y
2
P e r i od V . B 29
. of t he B . Mus eu m
E ph es i a n g ol d a r e o rg e r i e s f
T he l a t er . e x hi b i t i o n.

g ol d el o n g t o t h e t i m e o f Mi t h r i da t es
b .
 V O T IV E CO I N S IN DE LIAN I N S C RI PT I O N S . 24 5

th a t dr a c h m s o f De lo s a n d Phoc a e a a r e ve ry r a r e in d eed ; t h ough

silve r co ins O f Delos a r e k no w n I a m not s u r e w h et h e r a d r a c h m ,

is publ i sh ed A s t h e ent ry of t h e D e li a n coi n occ u rs i n t h e

.

l ist of D e m a r e s it m ust p r ob a bly h a ve been st r uck a bou t B C . .

2 00 1 80 M H o m o l le connects w it h t h e P l i o c a e a n d ra ch m a
. .

( D w x a t do c V a i a- a m entioned in seve r a l lists ; bu t this coin is

n n ,

not a dra ch m a t a ll but a P h oc a e a n h e c ta O f e lectr u m a s i s , ,

proved by its position a t th e end of t h e elec t r u m v o ro v ,

'

k e v rc v T hese w ere w idely k no w n in a nti q uity a s

.

N ext co m es a very interesti n g entry w hich se e m s to occur

only in the list of D e m a re s r er p d uona A A F I I I L O l v ona A I

.
'

'
v op or A

M H om olle rightly re m a rk s th a t the w ip o s (nu m m u s)
. .

w a s a s m a ll silver coin o i M a gn a Gr ucci a a n d S i cily B u t it

'

a s Mom m s on ha s a bund a ntly sho w n the R o m a n

3
w a s a lso , ,

silver se stertius N ow i f the sestertiu s of . a sses is reckoned

a s th e nu mm us the ordin a ry R o m a n u m a rn a n d d en a rii w ill

q ,

be di n om a an d t e t ra n om a O n the other h a nd doubles a n d .

q u a druples of th e loc a l nu m m i w ere not e a r ly issued a s coin

e ither in South It a ly or Sicily I t see m s to m e therefore cert a in .

th a t i n the present entry R o m a n c oins a r e intended w hich ,

w ere a t a bou t this ti m e first m a k i n g th eir w a y in the Le v a n t

As the den a r ius w a s m ore co m m on th a n either quin a r ius o r

s estertius w e ca n re a dily expl a in t h e fa ct th a t in t h e Deli a n
,

t re a sury there w e r e 2 9 den a rii a s a g a inst 1 1 q uin a r ii a n d 1 0

sestertii All of these w e r e no doubt of the e a r ly type h a vin g
.
,

o n the obverse a h e a d of R o m a a n d on the reverse the Dioscuri

o n horseb a ck .

T h e ter m I a r t a E/c c w a pplied to a nother coin co m pletely puzzles

M H om ol le C le a rly th e noun to be supplied is mime p a T h e

. .
-
.

H i s t i a i c coins a r e cle a rly th e ve r y a bund a nt l a te coins in silver

issued a t H i s ti a e a in E ubo e a a n d fa m ili a r to a ll coin collectors ,
.

T hey be a r on the obverse the he a d of a M a en a d ; on the rever s e

t h e ny m ph H i s t i a e a sitting on a sh i p .

O bols a r e m entioned of B oeoti a O r c h om e nu s a n d Phoc a e a , ,

.

Also ce rt a in coins c a lled a cco rding to M H o m ol l e s re ad i n g .

63 0 x0 2 @3 v 0 5 T his phr a se I c a nnot a t a l l e xpl a in : a s

.
,

ho w ever M H om oll e re m a r k s C e s de r n i er e s seules eta ient

, .
,

certa ine m ent d a rg en t it is pe r h a ps w orth w hile to a s k w hether ,

1
L in e o f i n s cr 21 5 2
1 26 m lf i nzzccs eu , p 1 98
'

. . . i . .

H . S .
-
VO L . I V .
2 18 V O T I VE CO IN S I N DE LIAN IN S C RI P T I O N S .

'

the r e a d i n g m a y n t be ( i p y vp ue o t But O f course w ithout see

o .

i n g t h e D e li a n s t n e w e c a n only m a ke the suggestion w ith

o

co m pl ete ( l i ri u l n cc I t i s fa i r l y cert a in t h a t a l l t h e othe r O bols

e .

m entioned w e r e O f s ilve r silver O bols of a l l t h e th r ee kinds,

a bove m enti o n e d b e i n g k n o w n .

T h e o n ly b r o n z e c o i n s m e n tio n ed s e p a r a tely a r e the loc a l

cu r r e ncy Xerxe s; A j h zo v All ot h e r coi n s O f this m et a l a r e
r .

te r m e d Xa Mc cc w a r r e O a w O e m iscell a neou s bronze

co rns .

M H o m oll e r e m a rk s o n the fr equency w ith w h ich coins a re

.

des c ribed a s pl a t e d or fa lse It is th e s a m e in Atheni a n a n d

.

other tre a sure li s t s T he m otive of t he dedic a tor in such c a se s

.

is so m e w h a t obscur e ; h e cou l d not h O pe to w i n th e fa vour of

the deity by a gift o f no v a lue a n d w e ca n sc a rcely suppose th a t ,

he m e a nt to deceive the deity ; r a the r perh a ps he intended t o

i n vok e di v in e w r a th a g a inst the m a ker of the forgery w ho m ,

m e n m ight n o t be a ble to discover but w h o w ould sc a rcely ,

esc a pe the eves of Apollo or Athene .

T his s e e m s t o be a good opportunity for a dding a fe w w ords

on t h e a ctu a l ly existing coins in v a riou s collections w hich a re ,

proved by thei r inscrip tions to h a ve been dedic a ted in te mples .

Perh a ps th e m ost interesting i s a di dr a clnn of Sicyon i n Ach a i a ,

n ow in th e B ritish Museu m w hich be a rs i n nely punctured ,

1
letters the inscrip t ion AP T A M | T O E T AE E AK E T A :

A M O N Ap T d/L L T O ? T ri s elves r a g ? ( i /MBV a n inscription in the

,
-
,

D o r ic di a lect a pp a rently recording the dedic a tion of the coin to

Arte m is th e deliverer a lthough th e w ord E AK E T AS is still
,

unexpl a ined T he inscription is no p a rt of th e origin a l desig n

.

of th e coi n but a dded a fter w a r ds by th e a i d of so m e sh a rp

,

pointed inst r u m ent Besid e this piece w e m a y pl a ce a n e a rly

.

coi n of C roton i n the French collection w hich be a rs t h e incised

inscription [a p c w r o [0] and a tetr a dr a ch m O f
Ptole m y Soter inscribed E a p d vz[i S L ] ctr/ [ci dnp a T he shorter

- z

inscription AN or AN A o (dua dnua ) is not r a re on coins

.

I n th e te m ple of Z eus C a s i u s a t C orcyr a regul a r punches ,

w ere used for cou n te r m a rk i n g a n d defa cing coins presented to

1
S e e m y p a p e r i n t h e A zm zi ma ti c
'
s
t ion e d by F . L e n or m a n t , Revu e N a m .

c xv Ma n n

C h r on i l e, 1 8 7 3 , p 1 8 3 an d L cla n s l A n tiq
. .
p 3 31 ,
. . a .
.

2
T h es e a n d ot h er i ns ta n es m e n c i p 32
. . .
 \I O N L ME ELAT I N G THE DYSSE Y
'

2 18 N TS R TO O .

MO NU ME N T S R E L AT I N G T O TH E O D Y S S E Y .

TH obj ec t of t h is p a per is to bring befor e t h e n ot i c e of the

E
S ociety t w o u n published v a ses r e l a ting to t h e esc a pe of O d ysseu s
a n d his co m r ad e s fro m the c a ve of P olyphe i nu s I s h a l l e n .

de a vou r to sh w o

l s t T h e pl a ce th a t these t w o v a ses t ake in t h e history of v a s e

.

p a inting a n d ert a in speci a l points of i n terest th a t a tt a c h to

,
c

e a ch of the m .

2 u d T he rel a tion of the designs o n e a ch of these v a ses t o

.

w h a t I m ust c a ll the typ ogr a phy of the m yth they represe n t

.

T he t w o questions c a n in fa ct a s it is n ow w ell understoo d , ,

sc a rcely be considered a p a r t T o a n a lyse a v a se s a tisfa ctorily it.

is a s necess a ry to consider i ts typogra phy th e ex a ct for m

,

in w hich the legend is e m bodied a nd the rel a tion of th a t for m ,

t o other for m s preceding a nd follo w ing a s it is to discus s t h e ,

a ct u a l technique of the design .

I t a ke rst the v a se published in F igs 1 an d 2 a kr a ter of t h e .

,

peculi ar for m kno w n a s a kelebe or v a so a colonette T he

.

v a s e w a s found a t L ocri a nd is n o w in the Museu m a t Carlsr uhe

, .

T o the courtesy of the director of this m useu m I ow e the photo

gr a phs fro m w hich our dr a w ings a re ma de T he kelebe is of .

th e e a rly severe for m popul a r w ith C orinthi a n potters In the .

l ater for m the h a ndles develop incre a sing in height a n d , ,

decor ated often w ith reliefs T he e arly for m ho w ever ma in .

, ,

t a i n e d itself by the side of the l a ter develop m ent T he v a se .

,

though unpublished is kno w n to a rch a eologists a n d is noted

, ,

A r ch A m 1 8 5 1 p 3 3 ; c a t a logued by D r W F r oh n e r in his
. .
, . . .
,

Gr i cchi s c/zc Va s cn m zd T cr r a coi i en d er Gr K u n s t/L a l l e i n K a r ls .

r u h e a nd a ppe a rs i n H e d e m a n n s l ist of th e Polyphe m us v a ses

,
y ,

A n n a lt , 1 8 7 6 p 3 5 2 he onder is th t v se hose
'

g T, w . a a, . a w

technique is so interesting should h a ve been so long kno w n a n d

 M O NU M ENTS R ELAT I N G T O THE O DYS S EY .

yet re ma ined unpublished T he g rou n d is bl a ck but t h e ri m .

,

a nd a bro a d b a nd round t h e bo dy a r e overl a id w ith w hite ,

1

a llo w ing the design to be superi m posed in bl a ck w ith i ner n

incised lines a nd d et a ils i n red a n d violet T h e pr a ctice f . o

overl aying the n atur a l cl ay w ith a co a t of w hite see m s to h a ve

been of e a rly rise a n d fam ili a r t o the potters of R hodes M le s ,
o ,

FI 1 O C A RL S RL I I E KE L E BF A br id g m mzt of typ e

G . .
- BV E I . S E
O F .

a nd Cy rene ( s e e 0 P u ch s t e i n A r ch Z ei t 1 8 8 1 p
.
,
. .
,
.

the bl a ck co a t of p a int inv a ded the body of the v a se n e c e s s i ,

t ating the red g u r e d sty le t h e b a nd of w hite w a s prob ably

-
,

w elco m e a s a m e a ns of ret a ining the old bl a ck g u r e d style

-
.

In the v a ses w here bl a ck ground a n d w h ite b a nd a r e co m bined

1
T he w h i ten es s of th e g r ou n d is , o b v ers e , as w el l as r e v er s e , of th e
h d l i g i ble
a

to t h e or i g i n a l , th e re u n i n te
o o

ow m g n e c es s ny of s a in
g, n ot al e ih

v er
y ev id nt e i n th e w oo cu d t . O n th e s cr i p t i on s .
250 M O N U M ENTS R ELAT I N G T O THE O D Y SSE Y .

w e nd usu a lly t h a t the dr a w ing is fine r a ther ma nnered very , ,

delic a te a n d precise sho w ing in fa ct the notes of a mature a nd

,

pr a ctised style O f t his our kelebe is a good inst a nce N ot

. .

only is th e dr a w ing of this l a te bl a ck fi gured sor t bu t the d esign -

,

itself sho w s (a s w e sh a ll see w hen w e co m e to the typogr a phy of

the v a se ) th a t t h e a rtist w a s only reproducing a long fam ili a r -

type \Ve m a y no t ice in p a ssing th a t v a ses w ith w hite ground

.
,

w hether t h e desig n be polychro m e or m erely bl a ck see m to ,

h ave been fa shion able a t L ocri U su a lly they w ere of s ma l l .

si z e ; D r K lein ( see E arp /cr on i es p 9 8 ) h a s suggested th a t the

.
,
.

w hite ground w a s le s s servic a ble for pr a ctic a l purposes a nd th a t

e ,

there fore eve n tu a lly only s mall v a ses essenti a lly a rticles d c l ur e , ,

w ere decor a ted in this w a A fam ili a r ex am ple is the w hole

y .

cl a ss of w hite A ttic lekythi prob a bly m a nufa ctured not for ,

h a rd d a ily w e a r a nd te a r but for the exclusive a nd less

, ,

destructive use of the qu iet de a d We sh a ll not I think be .

, ,

fa r w rong if w e d a te our kelebe j ust about the tr a nsition ti m e

fro m the bl a ck to the red figured style B C 4 0 0 4 AO perh aps
-
,
. .
,

ne a rer th e end th a n the beginning of these li m its T he bl a ck .

g r e d style is ret a ined by the help of the w hite ground but it

u ,

is no longer cre ative ; it c a refully reprodu ces w el L k n o w n t y pes ,

a nd expends its energies not in the exp a nsion of the t hought

but in the c a reful reproduction of a recognised p a ttern T his .

w e sh a ll see m ore cle a rly w hen w e c o m e to the typogr a phy of

the m yth .

\Ve p a ss to our second v a se ( F igs 3 a nd of still gre a ter .

historic a l interest a red g u r e d cylix in the possession of

,
-

S ignor A ugusto Ca stell a ni a t R o m e T he esc a pe of O dysseus .

bene a th the r am is a fam ili a r su bj ect to th e bl a ck g u r e -

a rtist T hirteen inst a nces a re kno w n to m e person a lly B ut

. .

S ignor Ca stell a ni s cylix is t h e only red g u re d v a se w ith this

-

subj ect th a t so fa r a s I c a n discover re ma ins to us T he

, ,
.

v a se w a s seen by P rof B runn in 1 8 6 6 a nd noted by h i m

.
,

B u ll 1 8 6 6 p . it is ag a in referred to by D r H
,
. . .

L uckenb a ch in his Vow/t otlmi s s d er Gr i echi s c/ wn Va s cn bt ld er

'

d en Ged t ch tm d os E p i s chen J g/ 75 10 3 p 5 1 1 but w ith

zu i ,
.
,

no note of its possessor I there fore sc a rcely d a red to hope

. ,

w hen in 1 8 8 0 I visited S ignor C a stell a ni s collection th a t I

should nd it stil l there a nd to his kindness I ow e per m ission

,

to h a ve ph oto g r a ph s a nd tr a cings of the v a se ma de F ro m .

252 M O NU M E N TS R ELAT I N G T O THE O DYSSEY .

in its sh attered co n di tion is tr a nsp a rently cle a r T he gi a nt

, .

( the w hole upper p a rt of the body h a s dis a ppe a red ) is r e

clin i n
g a w k w a rdly in the right corner supported in p a rt by ,

his left h a nd the left leg is co m pletely ben t b a ck under th e

,

body the right leg bent in fro n t We sh a ll notice in o t her

, .

inst ances th at t h e bent right leg is a frequent ele m ent in

the represent a tion of the gi a nt T hree r am s a ppro a ch in .

procession t o e a ch of w hich is securely bound a hu ma n

,

gure T he a r m s of e a ch of the t w o l a st gures a re in

.

a ddition securely tied a cross the b a ck of their sever a l r a m s :

the a r m s w ould n a tur a lly m eet a t the top of the neck or b a ck ,

but the a r tist see m s n a ively to desire to e m ph a sise this security

by bringing the knots w ell into vie w a t the side T he fore m ost .

fig u re h a s his body tied but hi s a r m s free the left h e c a sts in ,

a n i m possibly t w isted position rou n d the neck of the r am in th e ,

right he c a rries a s w ord w hich he br a ndishes draw n fro m

, ,

the sc abb a rd h a nging a t h i s side T his s w ord is a pretty con .

sta nt ele m ent in the r e pr e s e n ti on of t h is m yth it h a s troubled

ma ny interpreters bec a use no m ention is ma de of it in H o m er ,

a nd m uch ingenuity h a s b e en expended to nd it a purpose ,

such a s cutting the w ithes w hich bind the co m r a des or s l ayi n g ,

Polyphe m us It s ee m s sc a rcely necess a ry to s a y th a t the a rtist

.

bethought hi m of it a s a s i m ple expedient for ma rking out th e

hero O dysseus T he r am w hich be a rs O dysseus is sp otted the
.
,

other t w o pl ain D r L uckenb a ch quotes ix 4 3 2

. .
, .
,

V
dp v e t es who
'
dv r w v
)I f
u nh w v 0 ca r o s a w
' '
a
, X p ,

a nd 4 5 5,

h d xv gr) o r el v op e v o s ,

a nd co mm ents on it thus e s gibt uns dieses B ild e i nen sehr

,

engen A nschluss a n die Poesie offenb a r k a nnte der Ma ler seinen

,

H o m er gen au und desh a lb ma lte er a uch n a ch ih m It is to .

D r L uckenba ch th at w e o w e in the w ork a lre a dy cited a n

.
, ,

exh a ustive exposition of the fall a cy of the old illustr a tion

theory ; but though I s ay so w ith the ut m ost d ifde n c e I c a nnot ,

but think th a t he here fa lls into the error he h a s pledged

hi m sel f to co m b at T he v a se p a inter a dorns t h e front r am w i t h
.

spots I think n o t in order t o follo w H o m er a ccur ately but if he

, , , ,

put in the spo ts a dvisedly just for th e s am e re a so n th a t he gives

,
25 4 M O NU M ENTS R EL A T I N G T O THE O DYSSEY .

th e ngers indic ated i n the ru dest w a y cg the h a n ds of , .

O dysseus hi m self ; the foli a ge of the tree is a lso strictly

con vention a l a nd bl a ck g u r e d in style T he w a y in w hic h
-
.

bl a ck g u r e d conventions a ppe a r in red g u r e d v a ses h a s

- -

been fully de m onstr a ted by D r K lein ( E up hr on i os pp 1 4 .

, .
,

The bla ck g u r e d cy l i x w a s he s ays a l w ays th e C ind e rell a of

-
, ,

art ,little a ttention w a s p a id to its for m a nd its c a p a cities for

decor a tion ; it w a s tre a ted a s though it w ere the m ore popul a r

am phor a w ith a regul a r ob verse a n d reverse ; a design w a s
,

pl a nted in the cent re of e a ch of its sides a nd the v a c a nt sp a ces ,

left necess a rily by the for m of the cylix w ere lled up m ech a n
i c a lly w ith so m e stock decor a tive d esig n a sphinx a grif n a , , ,

siren unconnected w ith the ma in ide a ; w hen these fell a w a y

, ,

there w a s still a cert a in consciousness a nd a w k w a rdness about

the sp a ces they h a d lled .

N ow it see m s to m e th a t our v a e is precisely a n inst a nce of s

this i t is the w ork of a n artist not fully a t e a se in decor a ting

t h e cylix for m he gives it a n obverse a nd reverse of t w o
,

disconnected scenes he thinks i n am phor a s so to spe ak O n the

, ,
.

obverse he is a ble to spre a d out the successive r a m s to ll the

sp a ce in the reverse he pl a ces the ch a riot w ith D ionysos in the
,

centre then h e h a s t w o e m pty sp a ces a nd these he lls w ith

, ,

t w o s a tyrs in a tti t udes w hic h look a s if they w ere bent on

lling the prescribed sp a ce ; they a re conn e cted w ith the s ce n e

'

but their decor a tive function is th a t of corner gures ( E ek

.

I am indebted to D r Klein s w ork for a nother gener a l .

suggestion w hich I venture to a pply in this p a rticul a r c a se .

A bout the ti m e of the tr a nsition fro m bl a ck to red g u r e d -

.

p a intings w e notice in the choice of subj ec ts a s it w ere a gre a t , ,

outbre a k of j oyous physic a l life the w hole cycle of D ionysi a c

, ,

revels c o m e into pro m inence a nd w ith the m every v a riety of ,

scenes of riot a nd rej oicing d a ncing a n d c a rousing in everyd a y

,

life Whether w e m a y or may not connect th is outburst w ith

.

the conscious triu m ph of the G reeks a fter the repulse of the

Persi a ns th e f a ct is w ell a scert a ined W ith the exception of
,
. .

D ionysi a c subj ects there is a cert a in w ithdr a w a l of m y thology ,

w hich is repl a ced by pictures of scenes a ctu a lly present to t h e

a rtist only those m yths a r e w elco m e or a t le a st a re m os t w elco m e , ,

w hich c a n be connected in so m e w a y w ith the god of w in e a nd

 M O NU M ENTS R ELAT I N G T O THE O DYSSEY . 255

fe a sting O bviously the esc a pe o f O dysseus fro m the dr u n k e n

.

Polyphe m us is such T he hero triu m phs by the help of D ionysos

.
,

the r u nning w o ma n i n the centre design is a lso a vot a ry the

w hole cylix is instinct w ith the spirit of j oyous riot it is a ,

p a negyric of the god m ost fa shion able a t the ti m e it w a s m ade .

It m ight see m th a t this a dventure of O dysseus w ould a l w ays ,

a t a ny ti m e n a tur a lly connect itself w ith D ionysos but w e a re

, ,

obliged to confess th a t i n the thirteen bl a ck fi g ured v a ses w e -

possess it never d i d We ma y point to the C yclops of E uripides

.

a s a litera ry a n a logy w ithout fa lling into the m ist ake of sup

posing th a t th e v a se p a inter dre w his inspir a tion a s a tyric
d r a ma.

F ro . 4 .
k <r n n ron or C AS T EL L AN I C YL I x.

A further note of d ate w e may g a ther I think fro m the a tti , ,

tude of the w o ma n s gure in the centre design F ig 4 and th a t

,
.
,

of the s a tyr w h o preced es the ch a riot O f t h e p a inter K i m o n of

.

K l e on a e w e he a r it w a s the speci a l virtue v a rie for ma re vu l t u s ,

r e s i ci e n ti s
p , s u s p i e i e n t i s v e vel,
d e s ic i e n t is
p ( Pliny xxxv

,
.

In the t w o gures w e h a ve m entioned a nd in countless inst a nces ,

 M O NU M ENTS R ELAT I N G T O THE O DYSSEY .

on v a ses of this period w e see I think the echo of this inno , , ,

v a tion ; there is a n el abor a te effort a proud consciou sness of ,

n e w found c a p a city in th e w a
-
th a t gures a r e turned a nd
y
t isted ma de to look u p a nd d o w n a n d b a ck K i m on o f
w , .

K l e o n a e B run n reckons lived a nd p a inted do w n to a bout the

, ,

ti m e of the Persi a n w a rs : t h e infl ence of the gre a ter a rts u

t akes w e ma y a l w a ys suppose a bou t a gener a tion to penetr ate

, ,

to t he conventions of a h a ndicr a ft like v a se p a in t ing We h a ve .

,

therefore i n these gures w hich ma y w el l be ch a r a cterised a s

, ,

d e s p i c i e n t e s r e s p i c i e t e s a further a rgu m ent for pl a cing our

,
n ,

v a se about B C 4 8 0 4 6 0 T he inscriptions w ould accord w ell

. .
.

w ith this d a te ; w e h a ve the pre E u k l e i di c s a nd even this -

begins to give pl a ce to the Ionic e en in public docu m ents v ,

before the beginning of the Peloponnesi a n w a r so th a t in priv a te ,

w riting w e ma y suppose the for m to h a ve been current a bout

4 5 0 B C ( see K irchho ff S tu d i en fp
. . T he w ord a h e on our
,
. x o

v a se is in one inst a nce right to left .

B u t w e ma y hope to nd I thi k a still r m er ground ,

n ,

for d ating our v a se D r K lein h a s sho w n (op i t) beyond I

. . . c , ,

think the possibility of doub t th a t the series of closely con

, ,

u s eted n am es extending fro m N i k o s t h e n e s to B r yg os occupy a

pl a ce in the history of v a se p a inting fro m a bo ut B C 4 9 0 4 4 0 . . .

A ccepting his position it re ma ins for us n ow in d a ting a n , ,

unsigned v a se a pp ar ently of this epoch to see if the v a se in ,

question c a n sho w a ny pl a in a n alogy of style a nd tre at m ent of

subj ect w ith a ny p a rticul a r m e m bers of this cycle of ma sters .

G l a nci g thro u g h the list of the w orks of the A ttic red g u r e d

n
-

cylix m a sters ( see K lein D i e Gr i eeht s ehen Va s en m i t Ma s ter

'

s t g n a ta ren ) w e a re struck by the fa ct th a t the e a rlie r m e m bers

'

of the gro p a nd not a bly P a m p h a i os E p ik t e t os K a ch ryli on

u , , , ,

a n d C helis h a ve a S peci l fondness for decor a ti n g the c y lix a fter

,
a

this for m l a u

A cene fro m m ythology or d a ily life

. S .

B D ionysi a c or E rotic scene

. .

1 S ingle nude gure l o oking b a ck a nd run n ing or

.
,

eng aging in so m e violent a ctio n .

I need only point to such ex a m pl es a s for ,

P a m p h a i os K lein , ,
 25 8 M O NU M ENTS R ELAT I N G TO THE O D Y SSEY
C e ll di Pietroburgo n 8 7 0 ( t a zz a con relievo i m presso )
.
,
. .

l . V a so di cui VVe l ck e r V ide il c a lco presso E B r a un ( A D . . . . V

.

p 235)
.

T hese v a ses st a nd out fr om a ll the rest by the di s

tw o
t i n gu i s h i n g ma rk th a t O d y sseus in both a ccording to the ,

a ccount given w e a rs t h e pilos I do n ot w ish to enter here

,
.

into the discussion w hether Plin y or E u s ta th iu s is to be follo w ed

Pliny in his st a te m ent th a t N i k om a c h u s rst disti n guished

O dysseus by the p i l e s or E u s t a t hi u s w h o a ttributes the inno

,

v a tion to A pollodorus I ma y refer those w h o a re interested in

.

the q uestion to B e r g k A n n dcll I 1 8 4 6 p 3 0 6 note 2 F or our

, .

.
,
.
, .

purpose it is indi fferent w hether A pol lodorus (w orking about

the ti m e of the Peloponnesi a n w a r ) or N ik om a ch u s (w hose
a ctiv ity fa lls about the m iddle of the fourth century ) w a s the
innov ator ; in either c a se a bl a ck g u r e d v a se w ith th is peculi -

arit
y m ust be a m ere reproduction a nd of little interest in the,

develop m ent of a type .

I h a ve not been a b l e to tr a ce t h e v a se l a n d I h a ve n ot see n ,

73 but I think t h eir d a te a nd ch a r a cter i s settle d by t h e con

si d er a tion of the pil e s if it be correctly reported .

It h a s long been the custo m to a cco m p a ny the public a tion of

a n e w v a se w it h a cit ation of si m il a r m yt h ologic a l inst a nces a n d ,

a s H eyde m a n n h a s given a list for t h e Polyphe m us m yt h it m a y

see m th a t t h e m ere a dd itio n of four n ew inst ances (d istingu ish e d
i n t h e t ab l e by a n a sterisk ) d oes n ot j ustify a fres h e n u m er a tio n ;
I may be a llo w e d t h erefore to s ay a fe w w or d s i n e x pl a n a t i o n of
the m es on d tr e of the a cco m p a nyi n g t able

.

E nu m er ation c a n never be of a ny v a lu e except a s a step to

cl a ssic a tion but in the tre a t m ent of v a ses w e see m to t a rry
,

long in the enu m er ation st a ge It h a s been sho w n in the .

c a t aloguing of coins th a t it is possible a n d m ost instructive to

gro u p t h e m a ccor d i n g to types a n d i n ste a d of i n e a c h i n st a n ce
,

reiter a ting w h a t is co mm o n to all n otin g o n ly t h e i n d iv id u a l ,

v a ri a tion T his principle a pplie d to v a ses w oul d I th ink yi el d

.
, ,

a r i ch h a rvest a n d di m i nish eventu al ly t h e ma ss of m ech a nic a l

l a bour expen d e d in enu m er a tion W e spee d ily n d th a t t h e .

v a se p ainter thinks in cert a in prescribe d for m s u sing the m a s ,

the poet u s es w ords We beco m e co n scious th a t in these form s

.

there is a co m m on ele m ent w hich le a ds us to presuppose t h e

 M O NU M ENTS R ELAT I N G T O THE O DYSSEY . 25 0

existence of a sort of root for m or type C ert a in epochs in v a se

-
.

p a inting a r e fruitful in the cre a tio n of t y pes cert a in other ,

periods c a n only copy a nd ad a pt cert a in v a se for m s co m pel ,

certa in abri dg m en ts or am plic a tions B rilli a nt inst a nces o f .

the a n alysis a nd synthesis of these type for m s are given in

C R obert s B i ld a n d L i ed It is n ot too m uch to s a y th a t by the
.

c a reful a n alysis of v a se p a intings a n d their resolution into these

types w e g a in a feeling for the manners of different periods w hich
c a n be g a ined in no other w a y a n d w e h a ve a s it w ere a guiding
,

principle for the interpret a tion of n e w inst a nces T he type of th e .

myth ma y so m eti m es exist only in our m inds ; it is like the root

for m of ma ny co mm on w ords a sort of a bstr a ct for m ul a w hich
,

w e a re co m pelled to a ssu m e in ord e r to a ccount for existing

m odic a tions S o m e t i m es w e a re re w a rded by m eeting this

.

cre ation of our bra ins this for m w hich w e a re sure h a s existed
a ctu a lly e m bodied i n so m e v a se before unkno w n to us ; m ore ofte n
w e see only the broken m o d ic a tions but none the less the eon ,
~

c e pt i on of the type is a t the botto m of our cl a ssic a tion .

T he m yt h w e h a ve be fore us a ffords it is true no sens a tion a l , ,

results but it i s a goo d inst ance of the si m ple w orking of t h e

,

process .

I w ill t a ke t h e t welve v a ses w h i c h w ere kno w n to m e w h en I

first trie d to settle t h e type of this m yt h T he y a re the nu m bers .

2 1 3 inclusive of the t a ble

, ,
T he m ere j u x t a position of dr a w
.

i ngs of t h ese t w elve ma d e t h e m fa l l a t o n ce i nto t w o groups .

I n t h e one group ( of w hic h F ig 6 is a spec i m e n ) P olyphe m us is

.

prese n t a n d only h a lf of one g u r e be a ring ra m e m erges I n t h e

,
- .

ot h er group ( cp F ig 1 ) P olyphe m us is absent the r am is d epicte d

. .
,

i n full I s either the origin a l type At once w e rej ect the group
.

w here Polyp h e m us is a bsent T he e arly v a se p a inter w a s a bove

.

all a teller of stories full det a iled a fter the epic manner ; h e is
, ,

m ore likely to confuse by co m plicity of d et a il t h a n to o m it t h e

essenti a l T h e i n d epe n d e n t r am t h e n w ithout P olyp h e m us is a
.
, ,

fr ag m ent beco m e conve n t i o n a l ; t h e represe n t a tio n is so w el l

k n o w n t h at its m e a ni n g is recognise d eve n i n a fr ag m ent W e .

d is m iss t h en 2 7 inclusive
, , .

W e turn to our second group w h ere the forep a rt only of t h e ,

r am a ppe a rs but P olyphe m u s is present a nd w e note th a t a ll

, ,

t h e inst a nces of this for m a re p a inted on red ground upon

oinoch o es ; a t once the re a son of the abridg m ent of the r a m is

'

evident he is reduce d to suit the sp a ce he decora tes W e h a ve

, .
260 M O NU M ENTS R ELAT I N G T O THE O DYSSEY .

here n ot the type but the type m odied to its decor ative ,

circu m st a nces We a re very ne a r the origin a l type A t this

. .

point I felt sure th a t t his type consisted of t w o ele m ents e a ch ,

of w hich in the m odic ations h a ve been sep ar ately e m ph a sised .

T he old type m ust h a ve cont a ined the se a ted Polyphe m u s a nd

the co m plete r am be a ring O dysseus follo w ed by a series (nu m ber ,

uncert a in ) of r am s be aring the co m ra des of O dysseus T here .

w ere other s ma ll const a nt ele m ents w hich a dded to m y con c e

, p
tion Wherever (nu m bers 3 a nd 4 ) a single r am c arrying a g u e
. r

is represented on the obverse a nd reverse of the s am e v a se one ,

of the gures c arries a s w ord to ma rk hi m a s the princip a l h er e .

T his tr a it I fancied w ould a ppe ar in the e a rly type or a t le a s t

, , , , ,

be speedily a dded In all the inst a nces of both groups (except

.

in the b a ckground w a s either a tree or convention al foli a ge I

therefore restored to the type a n origin a l t ree a nd in a ll t h e ,

oinoch o e group there w ere indic a tio n s of a c a ve Polyphe m us .

,

w henever he a ppe a red reclined in the s am e a ttitude of helpless,

h alf drunkenness a nd sleep

-
T hese group up therefore the .
1

picture in m y m ind w hich he a ds the list a s Type S cene m outh .

,

of c a ve roughly indic a ted A t entr a nce tree w ith fruit P oly

,
.
,
.

h e m u s left h a lf reclining holds club T o hi m a ppro a ch ( )

1
p , ,
.

O dysseus ( distinguished by s w ord dr a w n fro m sc a bb a rd a nd

held in right) bound or clinging to r am ; ,
cc co m r a des of

O dysseus e a ch bound or clinging to

,

I felt sure th a t the order w ould be this ; th a t the v a se p a inter

w ould never re m e m ber th a t O d ysseus c am e l a s t not rst I felt ,
.

sure a lso th a t he w ould not re m e m ber a nd perh a ps never kne w , ,

th a t the hero w a s never bound to his r am a t a ll a nd it w ould , ,

therefore be quite a ch a nce w hether he represented hi m bound

, ,

or c l inging or both also th a t for sy mm etry s s ake a ll the

, ,

co m r a des w ould be clinging below the r am s not lying on their ,

b a cks a s H o m er h a s it .

B ut though I kne w this type m us t be I never s a w it till by , ,

t h e kindness of M R h ou s ou p ol os I visited h i s collection a t

.
,

A t h ens T here I found the v a se nu m bere d 1 in m y list T he

. .

c a ve is there not in the broken for m in w h ich it a ppe ars in the

,

oinoch o e type ; the tree i s indeed only represented by foli a ge

w ith l a rge fruits ; Polyphe m us in his fam ili a r a ttitude cl a spi n g
a club in his right ; O dysseus on the fore m ost r a m closely bou n d ,

1
T h i ttit d pp
s a l iu h e ap t th bl i di g f P ly
ear s a s o n suc v a s es a s r e r es en e n n o o

pl n m u s .
262 M O N U M ENTS R ELAT I N G T O THE O DYSSEY .

a m phor a lekythos or kelebe but he a lso shift ed the e m otion a l

, , ,

c e ntre of g r a v i t v of t h e scene inclining a ll the interest to the ,

e s c a pe of O dysseus \Vhen the a rtist on the other h a nd ou t

.
, ,

o ff a ll but t h e forep a rt of the rst ra m b e shifted the e m otion a l ,

c e ntre i n the other dire c tion i c to Polyphe m us T his is not ,

. . .

m e re fa ncy It is notice a ble th a t in N o 1 our type inst a nce

.
'

.
, ,

Polyphe m u s though a per m a nent a n d p a thetic gure t akes no

,
.

p a rt in the a ction he is unconscious ei ther d r unken or sleeping ;

, ,

but unifor m ly in the oinoch o e t y pe (8 9 1 0 Polyphe m us lifts , , ,

hi s h a n d in t oken of speech to the r am ; in N o 9 he looks .

,

distinctly a l e r t a n d is w ithout do u bt in e a ger speech w ith the

,

r am ; N o 1 0 w hich is of poor a nd m ech a n ic a l exe c ution h a s the

.
, ,

he a d of the gi a nt s u nk in a pp arent unconsciousness but the ,

h a nd is lifted in speech ; it see m s like a n ignor ant copy ; in this

copy w e notice a lso th a t O dysseus is m uch m ore pro m inent a nd ,

bra ndishes his s w ord a s in the full t ype A s a rule O dysseus in .

the a bridged oinoch o e type holds no s w ord : w hy should he ?

there a re no co m ra des visible fro m w ho m it is necess a ry to
distinguish hi m It is notice a ble further th a t in the oinoch o e
.
, ,

type Polyphe m us though t aking p a rt in t h e a ction a n d spe aking

, ,

is e m ph a sised a s bl i nd ed ; his eye is d r aw n w it h t w o strokes only

a nd no pupil ; this a d d s to the p a thos of the scene Whether h is .

eye is so dr a w n in the full type insta nce N o 1 I c a nn ot w ith con , .

,

d e n c e s a y . If therefore in the full type w e h a ve epic n a rr a t ion

, , ,

w e h a ve i n t h e a bridge d type n ot only a co n d e n s a tio n but a n i n

t e n s ic a t i on of t h e t h oug h t T h e a rtist h a s se iz e d on a d e n i te
.

m o m ent ; h e is d r amatic in style ; r estr i cte d sp a ce te n d s

to t h is intensic a tion a n d unifying of t h e a ction but it is ,

a lso a n indic a tion of th a t d eep roote d h abit of pa ssing in G reek -

liter a ture a s in a rt fro m the epic to the dr a ma tic ma nner ,

fro m the co m bined flo w of the story w hether told or p a inted to , ,

the selecting a n d e m bodying the one denite crucia l m o m ent , , .

T his tr a nsition see m s to c om e a bout just a t t h e ti m e of the ,

c h a nge fro m bl a ck to red -g u r ed p a inti n g t h e ti m e to w hic h ,

roughly t h ese oinoch o es w it h li m ite d re d el d s belo n g T hey .

prob a bly continue d lo n g a fter the re d g u r e d style w a s est a b -

l is hed for c yl i x e s .

F ro m th e full epic type w e h a ve then t w o a bridg m ents : (a ) is

1
O f 11 I h ave tr id
e in va ni to o b ta in th e n eces s rm i
p a r t c u l ar s .
 MO N U ME N T S RE L AT I N G T O T H E O D YS S E Y . 263

for t h e m o st p ar t m e ch a n ic a l a m e r e d e t a c h i n g ,
p a rts o f a of

r o u p a n d a n i n cid e n t a l shifti n g o f i n t e r e s t ; ( b)
is a t o n c e a n
g ,

a bridg m e n t o f for m a n d a d e v e l o p m e n t o f id e a it m a rk s t h e ,

rise of dr a m a tic fe e li n g t h e a rtist c a r e s n ot on ly t o ll a sp a c e

,

a n d t e ll a st o ry bu t t o e m b ody a n e m oti on a n d a sit u a ti on It .

is I th i n k t h e high e st l e v e l a tt a i n e d by t h e m y th
, ,
.

W e h a v e on e cl a ss ye t u n m e n ti on e d of w hich is a g ood ,

e x a m pl e W h e n for m (a ) b e c a m e c o m pl e t e ly d e t a c h e d its c on
. ,

n e c t i on w ith P olyph e m u s fe ll ou t of sigh t a n d it u s e d by ,

F ro 6 O Mt m
'

rN oc n oE B nrr rs n A br zdg m cn t

1N
f T yp e
'

. . s lzr . o

its e lf q u it e m e ch a n ic a lly I t w a s j u st t he pict u r e of a n h eroic

.

e x pl oi t. S o w e: n d N o 1 2 i n t h e C a m bridg e v a s e t w o sp e ct a t or s
, .
,

or a g on ist i c j u dg e s st an d on e on e ith e r sid e of t h e r a m a s

th ou gh th e y w a tch e d a n a th l e ti c c o n te st S u ch m e c h a n ic a l .

a ddit i on s t o a d e s i g n w hich h a s b e c om e m e c h a n ic a l a r e c om m on

e n ou gh . T h e s e u s a n d t h e Mi n ot a u r w ith a tt e n d a n t j u dg e s
a pp e ar i n a si m il a r fa shi on o n t h e e a rly s h a p e d c li x e s d e c or a t e d
y
w ith sm a ll g u r e s I t w a s on ly a st e p fu rth e r t o m a k e on e o f
.

t h e s t a n d i n g g u r e s (w ith pe r h a ps a v a g u e n oti o n t h a t h e re pr e
s en t e d P ol ph e m u s p u r s u e t he r a m w ith its b u r d e n a s i n 1 3
y ) , .

T 2
26 4 MO NU ME N T S RE L AT IN G T O T H E O D YS S E Y .

T u rn in g fte r o u r r e vi e w o f th e bl a ck g u r e d s e ri e s t o ou r
, a -
,

r e d u r e d cylix w e n d w ith r e sp e ct t o its typ ogr a phy t h a t w e

-
g ,

h a v e j u st t h e r e s u lt w e m igh t e xp e ct T h e a rtist h a s a dd e d .

n o th i n g ; h e r e viv e s i n d e e d t h e o l d typ e i n its f u l n e ss t o s u i t

, ,

t h e e v l i x sp a c e h e h a s t o d e c or a t e b u t th e r e is n o n e w th ou gh t , .

T h e a rtist a s w e h a v e s e e n w a s n ot o n e o f t h e gr e a t m a st e rs h e
, , ,

w a s o n ly o n e o f a sch ool a n d th a t sch oo l e v e n w a s n ot on e

,

c on spic u ou s fo r t h e cr e a ti on of n e w typ e s a s e g w e r e t h e s om e ,
.

w hat l a t e r m a st e rs Hi e r on D u ris B ryg os E u p hr on i o s b u t , , ,

r a th e r for th e ir s e l e cti on o f D i on ysi a c s u bj e cts a n d e veryd a y life .

T h e a rtist fou n d t h e s u bj e ct r e a d y th e n t o his h a n d ; h i s d e sig n

is e v e n l e ss liv e ly th a n i n N o 1 for t h e c a v e is e n tir e ly w a n ti n g .
,
.

W h e th e r t h e a rtist a d opt e d t h e p a th e tic m otiv e o f t h e oi n oc h oe

typ e (b) w e c a n n o t s a y for t h e w h ol e u pp e r p a rt a n d righ t sid e
,

o f t h e gi a n t a r e d e str o y e d I a m i n cli n e d t o thi n k h e did n ot ;

.

w ith t h e o l d fu ll ty p e h e pr ob a bly br ou ght b a ck t h e e pic

m a n n e r ; h e did n o t c o m e o f a p a th e tic sch ool a n d this m a n n e r ,

w o u ld s u it h i m b e st ; bu t t h e p o i n t c a n n o t b e d e cid e d O ur .

k e l e b e o f c o u rs e t a k e s its pl a c e i n (a ) o f w hich it is t h e n e st
, , ,

k n o w n i n st a n c e .

A fe w sc a tt e r e d p oi n t s r e m a i n t o b e n o t e d T h e i n t e r e sti n g .

L u n gh i n i v a s e N o 2 is n o w a t F l or e n c e ; a sk e tch is giv e n i n
, .
,

F ig 5 . I t is t h e o n ly i n st a n c e i n w hich a g u r e a pp e a rs on
.

t h e top o f t h e r a m I a ttrib u t e this t o t h e a rtist s d e sir e t o

.

m a k e his pict u r e a t o n c e cl e a r a n d v a ri e d n ot to ( m y d es i r e to be ,

t r u e to H o m er A v e ry d ej ec t e d l o oki n g r a m w ith n o b u rd e n
.
-

foll ow s : t h e w h ol e c on c e pti on is s o n a i v e th a t I r e gr e t t o h a v e
t o pl a c e i t w h e r e h o w e v e r it m u st n e e d s g o i n t h e m e ch a n ic a l
, , ,

s e ri e s ( a ) I t m a y h a v e b e e n th e e a rli e st i n sta n c e of a bridg m e n t

.
,

b e fo r e it b e c a m e a t a l l c o n v e n ti on a l .

N o 3 t h e rst o f t he O dyss e u s v a s e s t o b e k n o w n a n d
.
,

p u blish e d h a s m e t w ith a s a d fa t e W h e n a t P a l e r m o I w e n t
, .

i n q u e st o f it a n d h e a rd fr om P r o f S a li n a s th a t it h a d r e c e n tly
, .

dis a pp e a r e d fr o m th e T r a bbi a c oll e cti on w hich is still k e pt

t og e th e r T h e v a se it is s u pp o s e d w a s s tol e n b u t n o cl u e
.
,

c ou ld b e fo u n d .

N o 5 is a n E tr u sc a n a m p h or a ; t h e w h ol e vit a lity o f t h e
.

d e sig n h a s disa pp e a r e d I n t h e e a rli e r i n st a n c e s of (a ) a c e rt a i n

.

pictu r e sq u e n e ss is pr e s e rv e d by t h e r e t e n ti on o f tr e e or c a v e ; i n
-

t h e l a t e r i n st a n c e s this e l e m e n t i s gr a d u a lly e li m i n a t e d a n d th e ,

d e sig n b e c o m e s a l m o st h e r a l dic i n i ts pr e cisi on .

266 A S T AT UE TTE O F E RO S .

A S T AT UE TTE O F E RO S .

T H E i n t e r e sti n g st a t u e tt e of E r os a ph ot ogr a phic pri n t of

,

w h ich a cc om p a n i e s this p a p e r w a s pr e s e n t e d by His Maj e sty

,

t h e K i n g o f t h e H e ll e n e s t o H e r R oy a l High n e ss t h e P ri n c e ss
o f \Va l e s ,
w h o h a s b e e n g o od e n ou gh t o p e r m it its p u blic a ti on

i n th e s e p ag e s . It is o f t e rr a c o tt a gilt a n d m e a su r e s 1 0 %
-
, ,

i n ch e s i n h e ight w ith ou t t h e pli n th I t i s a l m ost u n i nj u r e d ;

.

bu t t h e th u m b of t h e right h a n d is a r e st or a ti on A t t h e b a ck .

is t h e u s u a l r ou n d a i r h ol e-
.

I t is e vid e n t a t on c e th a t w e h a v e h e r e t o d o w ith a v e ry
u n u s u a l r e pr e s e n t a ti on of E r o s a n d w ith o n e w hich is t o m ost
,

p e opl e si n g u l a rly p l e a si n g : t h e h e a d i n p a rtic u l a r b e i ng v e ry

a ttr a ctiv e . I n spit e o f gr a v e fa u lts i n t h e m o d e lli n g w hich
r e v e a l t h e m s e lv e s on cl os e r i n sp e cti on it r e m a i n s cl e a r t h a t t h e
,

st a t u e tt e m u st b e d e riv e d fr om s om e n ot a bl e sc u lp tu r a l typ e .

O n rst s e e i n g it I w a s a t on c e c on vi n c e d th a t it m u s t sta n d
i n n o dist a n t r e l a ti on t o on e o f t h e c e l e br a t e d st a t u e s of E r os ,

by P r a xit e l e s ; a n d s u bs e qu e n t st u dy h a s I h op e p u t m e i n , ,

a p ositi on t o pr o v e w h a t w a s a t rs t m e r e m a tt e r o f s u r m is e .

I a m u n a bl e t o st a t e p ositiv e ly w h e r e t h e st a t u e tt e w a s fou n d .

T h e P ri n c e ss o f W a l e s s u pp o s e s it t o c o m e fr om T a n a gr a : b u t on
gr ou n ds of styl e this pr o v e n a n c e w ou ld s e e m sc a rc e ly pr ob a bl e .

T h e fa ct t h a t it w a s gilt p oi n ts str on gly t o A si a Mi n or a s i ts

s ou rc e gildi n g b e i n g a m a rk e d ch a ra ct e r i stic o f t h e sta tu e tt e s of
A si a Mi n o r e sp e ci a lly t h os e of S m yr n a
, A n d t h e styl e of a r t
.

is m o st disti n ctly th a t of A s i a a n d n o t th a t o f Gr e e c e pr op e r .

W e m ight s e a rch i n v a i n a m on g t h e gu r e s fr om T a n a gr a for

a n ythi n g lik e it ; b u t t u rn i n g t o t h e pl a t e s o f M F r oe h n e r s

.

T er oes C ra t es ( l A s ie Mi n eu r e w e a t on c e n d s e v e r a l st a t u e tt e s

'

a n d e v e n s e v e r a l u r e s of E r o s w hich b e a r a str on g fa m ily

g .

r e s e m bl a n c e t o th e pr e s e n t g u r e I w ou ld i n st a n c e t h e g ur es
.
268 A S T AT UE T T E O F E RO S .

fa r m or e s e n s u ou s typ e th a n th e g e n tl e b oy w h o is y e t e v e ry
i n ch a boy i n t h e gr o u p o f g ods i n t he P a rth e n on fri e z e N or .

h a s h e a n ythi n g i n c om m on w ith th e st u rdy a n d pl a yf u l b a bi e s

w h o d o d u ty i n R om a n a n d l a t e G r e e k a r t for t h e
g od of l o v e .

H e is or r a th e r t h e origi n a l w hich h e r e pr e s e n ts is th e cr e a ti on
, ,

o f a n a g e w h e n s e n ti m e n t a n d i n d e e d a s om e w h a t s e n s u ou s
,

s e n ti m e n t w a s m a ki n g its w a y i n t o a rt ; w hil e sc u lptu r e w a s

,

still id e a l i n t on e a n d n ot ye t c on t e n t e d w ith cr u d e r e a lis m ;

a n d b e fo r e t h e a r t of p o rtr a yi n g childr e n h a d r e a ch e d i ts
p e rfe cti on .

T his s e e m s t o m e e q u iv a l e n t t o s a yi n g th a t ou r st a t u e tt e is
c o pi e d fr om a n o rigi n a l of t h e ti m e of t h e s e c on d A ttic sch ool .

If w e t a k e a typic a l st a t u e of th a t sch ool t h e O lym pi a n ,

H e r m e s a n d pl a c e it b e sid e t h e sta t u e tt e w e sh a ll s e e a t l e a s t
, ,

i n e xt e r n a ls a n d i n g e n e r a l e ffe ct a c e rta i n r e s e m bl a n c e T he .

fa c e l ooks i n t h e s a m e dir e cti o n t h e p os e of b ot h l e gs is n e a rly

,

t h e s a m e a n d a li n e dr a w n fr om h e a d t o foo t d ow n t he
,

m iddl e of t h e b ody w ill fo ll ow t h e s a m e c u rv e T h e dr a p e ry .

o f ou r st a t u e tt e r e s e m bl e s i n som e r e sp e cts t h a t of t h e
1
S a tyr i n t h e L ou vr e a n d of t h e S a tyr a t t h e C a pit ol b oth of ,

w h ich a r e tr a c e d b a ck by th e b e st j u dg e s t o a P r a xit e l e a n
o rigi n a l th ou gh it m u st h e c on fe ss e d th a t t h e n e bris if n e bris ,

it be of t h e st a t u e tt e is r oll e d a t t h e t op i n a w a y w hich s e e m s
,

u nu su a l .I d o n o t s u pp o s e o u r sta t u e t t e its e lf t o d a t e fr om t h e
ti m e of P r a xit e l e s I t is p r ob a bly of l a t e r d a t e th a n t h e ti m e
.

of A l e x a n d e r t h e G r e a t a n d th e r e a r e m a n y w e a k n e ss e s i n t h e
,

w o rk w hich m a rk t h e h a n d o f a l a t e r a n d l e ss o rigi n a l a rtist .

B u t m y c on t e n ti o n is th a t t h e st a t u e tt e b e a rs t h e s a m e r e l a ti on
t o s om e E r o s o f P r a xit e l e s w h ich c e r ta i n e xt a n t A phr o dit e s b e a r
t o t h e C n idi a n A ph r odit e o f t h e s a m e m a st e r T h a t is it w ill .
,

r e s e m bl e i t i n p o s e a n d i n g e n e r a l ch a r a ct e r
, .

W e sh a ll pr ob a bly be j u sti e d i n g oi n g fu rth e r a n d si n g li n g

o u t t h e p a rtic u l a r st a t u e w hich t h e a rtist w h o m o d e ll e d ou r

st t u e tt e i n t e n d e d t o c opy P li n y m e n ti on s a st a tu e o f E r o s
a 2
.

by P r a xit e l e s a s e xisti n g i n his ti m e a t P a ri u m i n t h e P r op on tis

ej u sd e m
( P r a x i te li s
) e t a lt e r ( C u pid o) n u d u s i n P a ri o

e s t

1
T he H e r m es i s th e f
r on t si pi c e e to e n g ra v in g of th e s a ty r , i bid . p . 41 .

th e c
s e on d v ol u m e of O v er b e c k s

Ge 2
Plin N . . H . xxxv i . 23 .

s ch i c h te de r G r P l as tik , 3 r d E d t
. i . An
 A S T AT UE TTE O F E RO S . 269

c ol on i a P r op on ti di s T h e l a t e D r S ta rk w r ote a
. v a l u a bl e .
1

p a p e r on this p a ss a g e m a in t a i n i n g th a t t h e n u d zts pr ob a bly

,

r e fe rs r a th e r t o t h e a bse n c e of t h e c u st om a ry bo w a n d a rr o w ,

th a n t o a bse n c e of dr a p e ry T he s a m e w rit e r w ish e d t o c on n e ct .

w ith this p a ss a g e o f P li n y a n e pigr a m of P a l l a da s in t he

A n th ol ogy w h ic h r u n s :
2

AT A I
P y m/ 0 9 E p w c, S t a T O U O MXo c
) I I i
[C a l ,u e L ea r w
'

I I
BeMy
I

f
o v rya p e et T o o v K a t
p oe p r a
w re
'

x .

0 5 5 %,u ci mv '
w a k dp a es I c a r e l 5 e7t <>
'

x j 2va . Ka i
.

'
7
33 u
,
ey ryczp ya l a v ' 3%dk a a a a v Xe t .

S t a rk c on sid e rs it pr ob a bl e th ou gh h e h a s n ot pr ov e d th a t this , ,

e pigr a m r e fe rs t o t h e st a t u e a t P a ri u m a n d th a t this st a t u e ,

h e ld a d olphi n a n d a ow e r i n t h e t w o ha n ds A n d i n th is .

O pi n i o n h e is foll ow e d by O v e rb e ck .

I t d oe s n ot a pp e a r t o m e th a t s o e l a b or a t e a n d d e n e d
a sy m b olis m is qu it e i n t he styl e of P ra xit e l e s bu t r a th e r ,

b e l on g s t o H ell en istic ti m e s W e a r e h ow e v e r sp a r e d th e .
, ,

disc u ssi on of t his a p r i or i qu e sti on by t h e e xist e n c e of p ositiv e

e vid e n c e o f wh a t t h e P a ri a n E r o s w a s lik e T h e r e is a w h ol e .

s e ri e s of c oi n s stru ck a t P a riu m by a su cc e ssi on of E m p e r ors ,

fr om An t on i n u s P i u s d ow n t o P hilip on t h e r e v e rs e of w hich ,

a pp e a rs a g u r e o f E r os w hich is s o u n ifo r m i n ch a r a ct e r on a l l,

o f th e m a s t o l e a v e n o d ou bt th a t it m u st b e c opi e d fr o m
,

a w ork o f sc u lptu r e F or w h e n o n c oi n s of t h e i m p e ri a l G r e e k
.

c l a ss w e n d a typ e c on sist e n tl y p r e s e r v e d i n a l l i ts d e ta ils fo r

,

c e n t u ri e s w e c a n sc a rc e ly a v o id s u pp o si n g th a t th e d i e c u tt e rs
,
-

h a d t h e origi n a l of t h e typ e c on st a n tly b e fo r e th e m i n sc u lpt u r a l

fo r m A n d a s th e g u r e on ou r P a ri a n c o i n s is d e cid e dly
.

P r a xit e l e a n i n p os e th e r e is n o r e a s on t o r ej e c t t h e n a t u r a l a n d
,

o bvi ou s s u ppo siti o n th a t t h e c e l e br a t e d st a t u e fr o m w hich th e y

a r e c opi e d is t h e n o t e d w o rk m e n ti on e d by P li n y
3
.

I t is tr u e th a t on t h e c oi n s w e n d n o tr a c e o f t h e d olphi n

1
B er i chte d er k S achs Ges d . . . . W 33 . i
s n gl e s p c i m B i c m to t h
e en u rs a n a e e

1 86 6 . c clon us oi n t h t th g u r r p
a t de e e r es en e
2
A u th Gr. . I I I . p . 1 3 3, N o . 94 . w as th e P x it l
ra E I h V b
e ean ros . a e e en
3
O ne of t h es e c i o ns w as p u bl s h e di u n a bl e t c
o ul t D
on s B i s p p r . u rs an

a er .

by Ra n c h i n t h e B er l i ner B l d tter , v ol . ( S e e R ig g au er i n the Z ei ts chr z j ar

v p
. 16 ;
. om t h e efr d en e o f t h s vi c i N u m is ma t i k , v ol . v iii ) .
 2 70 A S T AT UE TTE O F E RO S .

or o w e r w hich a cc o rdi n g t o t h e th e ory of S t a rk t h e

th e ,

P a ri a n E r o s ou ght t o c a rr y i n his h a n ds An d a lth ou gh t h e .

di e c u tt e rs m ig h t c on sid e r a ow e r t oo sm a ll a n o bj e ct t o c o py
-

o n t h e s m a ll e ld o f a c o i n e t th e y c ou ld s c a rc e ly h a v e th o u ght
y ,

this of t h e m or e bu lky d olphin T h e r e for e it s e e m s lik e ly th a t .

t he E r o s c opi e d by th e m did n o t c a rr y th e s e t w o a ttrib u t e s .

B u t this w ill sc a rc e ly b e s u fci e n t t o pr o v e th a t t h e E r o s of t h e

c o i n s is n ot th e E r o s of P r a xi t e l e s for th e th e ory of S ta rk , ,

t h o u g h a bl e a n d i n g e n i ou s w a s b u t a th eo ry a n d m u st giv e , ,

w a
y b e for e t h e w e ight o f p os itiv e e vid e n c e W e d o n ot c on sid e r .

it r a sh t o a ss e rt th a t o u r c o i n s p ortr a y th e P a r i a n E r o s ; a n d
th a t h e c e rta i n ly did n ot c a rry a d olphi n th ou gh h e m a y ,

p e rh a ps h a v e b or n e a ow e r .

I h a v e pu t t og e th e r on a pl a te a l l t h e sp e ci m e n s of t h is
cl a ss of c o i n of w hich m y n u m is m a tic fri e n ds h a v e b e e n g oo d
e n o u g h t o s e n d m e c a sts
; th e y a r e a s fo ll ow s

'

in 0
Mus eu m
1
L eg en d E mp er or
.

P M[6
. . .

1 C O L GE M 1 V L H AD PA D RO
' ' '

C V Pl D l N I An t o n i
nus P i us B er l i n (Ran c h )
2 I m h oof .

3 Pa ri s (W i cza y) .

4 As N o. 1 . C om m odu s Co p en h a g en .

5 O bs c reu Se v er u s Al e x
a n der B er l i n.

6 C G I H P DE O C VP I D I N I O ta c il i a Mil a n .

7 C G I H PA DE O C VP l D l N I Ph l i ip , J un i or Pa ri s ( C ou s i n

cr y ) .

8 C G I H P A n t on i nus P i us ii
Br t sh
Mu s eu m .

r o s c on stitu t e s t h e typ e of a l l th e se c oi n s bu t t h e l a st w hich

E ,

is dd d
a e m e r ly
e for l
i l str a ti on H e s t a n ds fa ci n g t h e sp e ct a t or
u
1
.
,

1
O n a l l of the s e c i o ns th e r e a pp e ar s of A n t on i P u s , i t o u rs
nu s i cc on a l a rg e r
by t h e s id e of E r os a s m al l t er m i l na c
s al e . Ran c h w r on g l t oo y k it for an

g u re . O n N o . 8 of t h e P l a te , a c i o n a l ta r .
T h e g u re is d i t i c tl y b
s n e a rd e d ,
 A S T AT UE T T E O F E RO S . 271

his h e a d t u r n e d s om e w h a t u p w a rds a n d t o t he right His ri ght .

h a n d is e xt e n d e d e m pty a n d a light chl a m ys fa lls on his l e ft,

sid e I n th e p o siti o n of th e l e ft h a n d th e r e s e e m s t o be a v a ri a
.

ti on O n t h e c oi n s str u ck u n d e r An t on i n u s ( 1 3 ) this a pp e a rs
.

t o be r a is e d bu t d oe s n o t a s R a u ch s u pp os e d gr a sp t h e t o
, ,
p of ,

t he c h l a m ys O n l a t e r c oi n s it r e sts a g a i n st t h e sid e o f t h e
.

d e ity I n spite of this v ar i e ty t h e c a u s e of w hich is obsc u r e it

.
, ,

is e vid e n t th a t i n a ll c a s e s th e r e i s a n i n t e n ti on t o p ortr a y
t h e s a m e st a tu e a n d e v e n a c u rs o ry i n sp e cti on o f t h e c o i n s w ill
,

sh o w h ow v e ry cl o s e ly th a t o rigi n a l r e s e m bl e d th e t e rr a c otta -

u n d e r disc u ssi on A ll ow i n g for t h e sligh t lib e rti e s i n d e a li n g

.

w ith p e rsp e ctiv e t o w hich w e a r e qu it e a cc u st o m e d i n t h e c a s e

o f c o i n s t h e r e s e m bl a n c e s a r e v e ry striki n g ; b oth a r m s a r e i n
,

n e a rly t h e s a m e p os iti on o n t h e c oi n s a n d i n t h e t e rr a c o tt a -
;
a n d t h e h a n ds a r e a lik e i n t h e a bs e n c e o r a pp a r e n t a bs e n c e o f

a t trib u t e s t he l e gs a r e i n t h e s a m e p o s e a n d t h e w e ight o f t h e ,

b ody fa lls i n t h e s a m e li n e th e hea d t oo is t u r n e d i n th e s a m e

dire cti on th ou gh th e t w ist is a s i s o fte n t h e c a se s om e w h a t
, , ,

e x a gg e r a t e d on t h e c oi n s B u t a fe w i m p o rta n t diffe r e n c e s
.

a pp e a r T h e rst is i n t h e w i n gs w hich a r e far l on g e r on t h e

.
,

c oi n s th a n i n t h e sta t u e tt e ; bu t t h e fr a gil e n a t u r e of t h e
m a t e ri a l q u it e a c c ou ht s i n c a s e of t h e l a tt e r for t h e a bbr e vi a ti on
, ,

o f th e w i n gs T h e s e c on d diffe r e n c e is m or e n ot a bl e a n d of
.

m or e m om e n t W h e r e a s on t h e c oi n s E r o s w e a rs n o dra p e ry
.

s a v e a sh or t chl a m ys h a n gi n g o v e r his l e ft a r m i n t h e st a t u e tt e ,

on t h e c on tr a ry h e w e a rs a n e bris o v e r his sh ou ld e r P lin y s

e xpr e ssi on m edi cs a ppli e s p a rtic u l a rly w e ll t o t h e g u r e of t h e

c oi n s ; a n d th e w a y i n w hich th e r e th e chl a m ys h a n gs d ow n
r e m i n ds u s o f t h e dr a p e ry of th e c e l e bra t e d H e r m e s fr om
O ly m pi a of th a t o f t h e C n idi a n A phr o dit e a n d o th e r st a tu e s of
,

t h e P r a xit e l e a n sch o ol W e ca n sc a rc e ly d o u bt t ha t th e c oi n s
.

r e pr o d u c e a cc u ra t e ly th e P a ri a n sta t u e i n th e m a tt e r of dra p e ry
a s i n oth e r r e sp e cts If s o it fo ll ow s th a t th e m a k e r of ou r
.
,

sta tu e tt e a dh e ri n g t o t h e P ra xit e le a n m od e l i n o th e r r e sp e cts

, ,

i n n o v a t e d i n t h e m a tte r of dra p e ry W h a t his r e a son for d oi n g .

so m a
y h a v e b e e n r e m a i n s d ou btfu l ,
W h a t h e h a s d o n e is .

r e m a r k a bl e It is r a th e r h a rd t o s a y w h e th e r h e i n te n d e d t o
.

an d s o c a n n ot be a n arch i c s im l c
a u a ru m the c i
o ns s h ow s h ow e vre th a t i t s t ood

of E r os . I ts c on s ta nt i t d c ti
n ro u on on ne a r the s ta tu e o f h e x i te l e s .
 A S T AT UE TTE O F E RO S .

p ortr a y a n e bris or a chl a m ys ; t h e s u bst a n c e of g a rm e n t

th e
l oo ks lik e l e a th e r a n d t h e e n ds h a n gi n g d ow n on t h e l e ft sid e

h a v e t h e g e n e r a l a pp e a r a n c e of g oa t s fe e t l

. B u t on cl os e r

e x a m i n a ti on t h e lik e n e ss t o a n e bris di m i n ish e s a n d th e ,

o v e r t h e ch e st o n t h e u pp e r li n e o f t h e g a r m e n t
,
seem s to
i n dic a t e a light r a th e r th a n a sti ff s u bst a n c e Is it p o ssibl e .

1
E r os w ea r s a n eb r s ii n th e gr ou p Ma r ble s , N o . 9 0, C la rc a , Mu s e de S o
.

at Br o ckl esb
y H ou s e . ic i
M h a el s , A ns . iv . 6 9 0, 1 6 26 .
2 74 A S T AT UE TTE O F E RO S .

s e e m s t o m e to be s u fci e n t gr ou n d for s u pp osi n g th a t t he

st a t u e tt e o f E r o s is a c o py of t h e P a ri a n st a t u e of th a t d e ity o f
P r a xit e l e s ; a n d i n spit e of c e rt a i n v a ri a ti on s a n d a c e rt a i n w a n t
o f dig n ity it m a y s e rv e t o giv e u s s om e id e a of t h e gr e a t
,

m a st e rp i e c e T h e P a ri a n st a t u e w a s n ot i n d e e d t h e m o st
.

c e l e br a t e d of t h e g u r e s of E r o s m a d e by P r a xit e l e s H e m a d e .

a st a t u e of t h e od for t h e p e o pl e of T h e spi a e w hich w a s v e ry

'

g
fa r m or e c e l e br a t e d i n a n tiqu ity W e m a y h op e th a t s om e thi n g .

h a s b e e n d on e i n t h e pr e s e n t p a p e r t o s e t a rch a e ol ogists on t h e
r oa d t o t h e disc ov e ry of c opi e s of this spl e n did w ork W e h a v e .

t h e H e r m e s o f P r a xit e l e s W e h a v e c opi e s of his A p oll o .

S a u r oc t on u s his S a tyr his C n idi a n A p h r odit e a n d p e rh a ps of

, , ,

o th e rs of his st a t u e s V e ry m u ch h a s b e e n l a t e ly d on e i n t h e
.

r e c ov e ry of tr a c e s of his w ork i n e xisti n g st a t u e s ; a n d if t h e

pr oc e ss g oe s on w e m ay h op e s om e da y t o h a ve a s cl ea r a n id e a
,

o f his styl e a s w e h a v e of th o s e of C a n ov a a n d T h or w a lds e n

1
.

PE RC Y G ARD N E R .

1
c e th is p ap er w a s i n t y p e I h av e
S in h ea v en , or i
l s t en i ng to a v oi c e fr om

r c e i v d fr m t h e k in d es s of P rof
e e o n . a bo v e. ri gh t h n d of
Al s o t h a t t he a

Mi ch a lis a c opy of D r Bu r i an s tra c t

e . s

E r os i s s tr t c h e d ou t t o s i g n i fy t h t h e
e a

D C u p i d zn e P r ax ztel zs P a m cmc , a s a w i ts t h e w or h i p of m n k i d n d hi s
' '

e a s a n , a

w ell a s s e er al v
m o tan t e e e n es i pr rfr c l eft g r p s t h e t op of hi s c h l am y s
as .

by w h h ic I
h a e b ee n m u h a d ed v c i . T h s e s ug g s t i o s are v l u bl
e e n b t I a a e u

D r B u rs i an u l l a g ees w th m e t h a t
. f y r i c an n t f l ly a cc p t t h m a s I r g d
o u e e , e ar

th e e p i gr a m of r fer P al l a da s d oes n ot e th p os i t i n of t h h d o t h e c oin a s

e o e ea n

t t h e s t t u s a t P ar i u m an d h e a n t i c i
o a a n a t u ra l ren d i g i n rel i f of the
er n e

p a t s m y vi ew th at th e g ur p res n ted
e e e a t t i t u d of th e h ad of th t en s -c ot t a
e e e

on t h e c oi of An t on i u n Pi u N o 1 n s s, . an d I d o n ot t h i k t h t t h e l ft h n d
n a e a

of t h e p l t e t h on ly s p c i m e
a k w
, e e n no n gr s ps
a yth i g th o gh t h b d t te
an n , u e a s a

t o h im i c py f t h i t t
,
s a H o o s s a u e. e of t h ec i m k th i s c t i T h
o n a es u n er a n . e

re m k th t ar st h c oin t h e h d r
a on e ea o p e i d t w hi ch B u s i
r o o w i th th r an , e

E r s i t rn d u p w d s a s i f h w
o s u e ar e er e a pp ob t i n f O v b ck s s ig s t h e
r a o o er e , a n

w t c h i n g s ome on e des c en di
a
g from n P ar i a n s ta tu e i s abou t B C 3 4 0 . . .
 \ O T E S O F T RA

VE L I N P AP H L AGO NI A A N D GA AT L IA . 2 75

N O TE S O F T RA V E L I N
P AP H L A GO N IA AN D
GA L A T I A .

W H E N I u n d e rt ook i n t h e m on th s of A u g u st S e pt e m b e r a n d , ,

O c tob e r 1 8 8 2 m y l a st e xc u rsi on i n t o A si a Mi n or m y pri n cip a l

, , ,

o bj e ct w a s t o e xpl or e s om e v e ry littl e k n o w n districts i n th e

n orth e r n p a rt of th a t c ou n try O f th e s e P a ph l a g o n i a h a s hith e rt o

.

b e e n a l m ost a bl a n k on a ll critic a l m a ps tr a v e rs e d o n ly by tw o
,

or thr e e r ou t e s of H a m ilt on A i n s w orth a n d T chi c h a t ch e ff

, ,
,

w hich g a v e n o hi n t w h a t e v e r a s t o t h e c on g u r a ti on t he ,

pr e s e n t c o n diti on a n d t h e a n ci e n t r e m a i n s of t h e pr ovi n c e
, .

T h e a dj a c e n t p a rts of Ga l a t ia t h e i n fe ri or c ou r s e of t h e H a ly s
, ,

t h e tr a ct l y i n g b e t w e e n this riv e r a n d th e Iris th e s ou rc e ,

a n d l e n gth of t h e fa m ou s T h e r m od on h a d a l l lik e w is e r e m a i n e d
,

u n e xpl or e d u n til t h e pr e s e n t d a y N o d ou bt th e ir l a ck of
.

hist oric a l i n t e r e st m u st be h e ld t o a cc ou n t for th e ir n e gl e ct

by r e c e n t tra v e ll e rs T h e r e w e r e e v e n s om e i m p orta n t p oi n ts
.

on t h e c oa st -li n e s u ch a s K y t oros a n d K i n ol i s w hich h a d n ot

, ,

b ee n v isite d si n c e T a v e r n i e r t w o c en t u ri e s a g o
-
, .

My st ar ti n g p oi n t w a s I n e b oli th e a n ci e n t A bom o tei chos

,

P ap h l a g on i a e l y i n g a b ou t t h e c e n tr e of t h e n orth e r n c oa st
,

of A si a Mi n or .H e n c e I e xpl or e d a s fa r a s w a s p ossibl e i n
,

t h e c ou r s e o f a r a pid rid e t h e w e st er n h a lf of th e pr o vi n c e a s
,

far a s t h e riv e r P a rth e n i u s T he m ou n t a i n ou s ch a r a ct e r of t h e

.

c ou n try pr ove d ve ry u n fa v ou ra bl e for tr a v e lli n g T he m ou n t a i n s .

w er e c r ow d e d a s it w e r e v e ry cl os e ly t og e th e r s e p a r a t e d on ly by
,

n ar r o w r a vi n e s w h il e th e a sc en ts w e r e of e xtr a ordi n a ry st e e p n e ss
,
.

I n d e ed t h e p a ths w e r e on th e w h ol e fa r m or e di f c u lt th a n I h a d
m et w ith b e for e e v e n i n t he T a u r u s of P isidi a a n d C i ci l i a .

Al m os t the w h ol e c on g u r a ti on of this w e ste r n p a rt o f

P a phl a g on i a d e p e n ds u p o n t h e sy ste m of t h e D e vr i k i a n ir m a k -
,

a riv e r k n ow n h i th e rt o on ly by n a m e bu t w hich I fou n d t o be

,
 76 NO T E S O F T RA V E L IN P AP H L A GO NI A A N D GA L A T I A .

th e pri n cip a l ch a n n e l i n this m ou n t a i n ou s r e gi on B u t a s is .

,

c om m on ly t h e c a s e i n As i a Mi n or this riv e r fa r from b e i n g , ,

a highr oa d of c o m m e rc e a n d c o m m u n ic a ti on b e t w e e n t h e i n t e ri o r

a n d t h e c o a st h a s t o sp e n d i ts w h o l e forc e i n br e a ki n g its
,

n a rr ow w a y t o t h e s e a thr ou gh a m ou n t a i n b a rri e r of e xtr a

ordi n a ry r ou gh n e ss a n d w ild n e ss I t w a s i n e vit a bl e th e r e for e

.
, ,

fr om t h e ou ts e t th a t t h e tra fc of th e c ou n try sh ou ld be m a i n ly
,

m a riti m e . T h e littl e h a rb ou rs a n d pl a c e s a l on g t h e c oa st s o ,

e a sily a cc e ssibl e t o o n e a n o th e r by s e a a r e s e p a r a t e d by ridg e s

,

o f t he m ost r e p e ll e n t ch a r a ct e r s o th a t c om m u n ic a ti o n b e tw e e n
,

th e c oa st a n d t h e i n t e ri or is r e strict e d t o a v e ry fe w li n e s w hich ,

w e r e u s e d i n a n ci e n t ti m e s a s th e y a r e t o this da f r t he
y o

e xp ort a ti on o f ti m b e r a n d t h e i m p or ta ti o n of th e fe w a n d
si m pl e ne c e ss a ri e s r e qu ir e d by t h e Au t ochth on e s H e n c e i n .

n o p a rt of A si a Mi n or w e r e t he G r e e k c ol on i e s on t he c oa st

of s o littl e c on s e q u e n c e a s h e r e for t h e r e gi on s w hich la y

b e hi n d th e m .

A n ci e n t tr a diti on s o rich for t h e s ou th a n d t h e i n t e ri or o f

,

A si a Mi n or h a s l e ft u s a l m os t n o thi n g for P a phl a g on i a bu t a

,

ba r e list of n a m e s of citi e s A n ci e n t r e m a i n s a ls o a r e v e ry
.

sc a n ty a n d w e a r e forc e d t o c on cl u d e th a t th e p e opl e of
,

P a p h l a g on i a lik e th e ir n e ighb ou rs a littl e fu rth e r e a st of

, ,

w h o m X e n oph on b e a rs r e c ord t ook t h e b u ildi n g m a te ri a l s for

,

th e ir mis e r a bl e h u ts fr om th e i n e xh a u stibl e for e sts a r ou n d th e m ,

a s t h e ir s u cc e ss ors d o t o thi s da y I m a y m e n ti on a n oth e r

.

a n a l ogy b e t w e e n a n ci e n t a n d m od e r n ti m e s b a s e d u p on t h e

u n a lt e r e d ch a r a ct e r of t he c o u n try I n m a n y c a s e s t h e h u ts
.

w hich b e l on g t o a si n gl e vill a g e a r e sc a tt e r e d o v e r a l a rg e a r e a ,

s om e ti m e s on v e ry high a n d dist a n t p oi n ts It ha s th e r e fo r e .

b e e n fou n d n e ce ss a ry by t h e m od e r n i n h a bit a n ts t o pl a ce th e ir
r e ligi ou s c e n tr e t h e m osqu e a s it w e r e on n e u tr a l gr ou n d
, , ,

e q u a lly a cc e ssibl e fr om a l l p a rts of t h e s e ttl e me n t N ow t he .

s a n ctu a r i e s s e e m t o h a v e b e e n is ol a t e d i n t he sa m e w a y i n
a n ci e n t ti m e s ; for I fou n d t h e r e m a i n s of o n e n e a r t h e
P a rth e n i u s w hil e a n o th e r w a s pr ob a bly c om bi n e d w ith a
,

n e cr o p o lis i n t h e v a ll e y o f t h e D e vr ik i a n i n a v e ry i m p o si n g

sit u a ti on w h e r e th e r e w e r e still r e m a i n i n g s om e v e ry a n ci e n t
,

m a rbl e li on s T h e s e h a d pr o b a bly on c e cr o w n e d t u m u li if w e
.
,

m a y j u dg e fro m t he a n a l o gy o f o t h e r c a s e s i n t h e Gr e e k w o rl d .

Un fortu na t e l y a l l t h e ph ot ogr a phs w hich I t ook a t this pl a c e

2 78 NO T E S O F T RA VE L IN PAP H L A G O NI A A N D GA L AT I A .

this p oi n t I c on ti n u e d a l m o st strictly i n a s ou th e r n dir e cti on

till I r e a ch e d t h e H a ly s I n o rd e r t o e xpl o r e t h e i n fe ri o r
.

c o u rs e o f this riv e r t h e l a rg e st i n A si a Mi n o r I foll o w e d it for

, ,

thr e e d a ys a l on g p a th s n e v e r tr o dd e n b e for e by a m od e r n
tr a v e ll e r p a rtly c u t i n t o t h e r ock o n b oth sid e s o f t h e str e a m
, ,

a n d b e l on g i n g fr o m a ll a pp e a r a n c e t o t h e r e m ot e st a n tiq u ity .

T h e s m a ll op e n i n gs a n d pl a i n s o n e a ch sid e of t h e riv e r a r e
c om p a r a tiv e ly w e ll p e opl e d a n d v e ry fe rtil e e sp e ci a lly i n fr u its
, , ,

gra p e s b e i n g p a rtic u l a rly a b u n d a n t T h e r e is on e v e ry i m p o rt a n t

.

sp o t w h e r e a l a rg e fe rtil e pl a i n t h e Z e i t u n o v a si li e s on t h e
, ,
-
,

right b a n k of t h e rive r w hil e t h e l e ft b a n k is a l m ost bl ock e d

,

by hu ge cliffs of li m e st on e H e r e a gr a n d t om b is cu t i n t o a n
.

is ol a t e d r ock w hich a dj oi n s the rive r T hr e e c ol u m n s of r a th e r

.

cl u m sy pr op orti on s bu t of g ood w ork m a n ship a b ou t t e n fe e t

, ,

h igh for m a ki n d of p r ori a os

, T h e ir w h ol e a pp e a r a n c e is v e ry
.

c u ri ou s T h e b a s e of e a ch c ol u m n c on sists of a v e ry l a rg e
.

tor u s w hil e t h e c a pit a l is q u a dr a n g u l a r

, B e h i n d t h e c ol u m n s
.

a s m a ll d o o r l e a ds t o a v e ry s m a ll a n d si m pl e r oo m i n t h e ,
 N O T E S or T RA V E L I N PAPH L A GO NI A A N D GA A T L IA . 2 79

b a ckgr ou n d of w hich a r ock sh e lf is c u t ou t for t h e c orps e w h ich

w a s b u ri e d th e r e i n ( s e e w oo dc u t
) A n a n a l og ou s m on u m e n t a t
.

A l a dj a w a s p u blish e d by P e rr o t (E 1 39 1 pl xxxiii ) I s a w o th e rs. . .

at C a sta m u n i a n d e sp e ci a lly fu rth e r s ou th a t Is k e lib a t

, , ,
.

t h e foo t o f t h e cit a d e l a sit e I a m i n cli n e d t o id e n tify w ith

,

T a v i u m t h e c a pita l of t h e T r oc mi Ga la t i c i
, B u t it m u st b e .

u n d e rstoo d t h a t th e s e m on u m e n ts c a n n ot be r e g a rd e d a s cr e a

ti o n s of G a l a ti a n a r t w hich h a s l e ft n o tr a c e s w h a t e v e r i n A si a
,

Mi n or .

A ft e r h a vi n g foll o w e d t h e H a ly s a s fa r a s I c ou ld t o a p oi n t ,

a b ou t t w o d a ys j ou r n e y fr o m t h e s e a I r e t u r n e d by t h e righ t

b a n k of t h e riv e r cr osse d t h e m ou n ta i n s o f t h e Z e i tu n ov a si a n d
,
-
,

w e n t t o O s m a n dj i k a n d Isk e lib a l a rg e a n d ou rishi n g t o w n ,

visite d by A i n s w o rth n e a rly fty y e a rs a g o T h e n c e I h e ld .

a l m ost du e s ou th cr oss e d t h e H a l y s for t h e l a st ti m e a n d a fte r

, ,

visiti n g t h e w e ll k n ow n a n d c u ri ou s r non n m e n t s of B u y u k a n d
-

t h e r ock -sc u lptu r e s of B og a zk e u i I pr oc e e d e d i n t h e s a m e ,

dir e cti on a s fa r a s Y u zg a t sit u a t e d n e a rly h a lf w a y b e t w e e n t h e

,

n orth e r n a n d s ou th e r n c oa sts of A si a Mi n o r O n m w a n orth e a st -

y y .

t o A m a si a I fou n d th a t t h e w h ol e tr a ct b e tw e e n t h e syst e m s
,

of t h e H a lys a n d o f t h e Iris is bu t s l ightly u n d u l a ti n g a n d of

n o i m p ort a n c e i n h a bit e d by q u i e t p eopl e w h o till t he gr ou n d

,
.

I s a w n othi n g bu t B y z a n ti n e r e m a i n s w hich h a d a pp a r e n tly

b e l on g e d t o sm a ll ch u rch e s t h e on ly m on u m e n ts i n this r e gi on
, ,

i t w ou ld s e e m e v e n i n t h os e ti m e s B u t I su cc e e d e d i n l a y i n g
,
.

d ow n on m y m a p t h e S k yla x on e of t h e rich e st trib u t a ri e s,

of t h e Iris .

A t A m a si a i n t h e b e gi n n i n g o f O ct ob e r a u tu m n s e t i n w i t h
r a i n a n d c old s o it w a s n ot e a sy t o tr a v e l b e t w e e n t he Iris a n d
,

its l a rg e st a ffl u e n t t h e L yc u s B u t a s I w a s still a n xi ou s t o

,
.

e xpl o r e t h e ki n d of tr a p e zi u m e m br a c e d by t h e c ou rs e o f th e s e

tw o r iv e rs I r od e a cr o ss t h e m ou n t a i n s t o T ok a t a n d th e n c e t o
, ,

N iks a r t h e a n ci e n t N e oc a e s a r e a w h ich I b e li e v e t o h a v e b e e n t h e
,

K a bir a of Mit h ra da t e s .

L a stly I e n d ea v ou r e d to n d t h e s ou rc e of t h e T h e rm odon ,

w ith c om pl e t e s u cc e ss I t tu r n e d ou t to be a v e ry sh ort riv e r

.

ou r n e y ) bu t w ith a b u n d a n c e o f w a t e r

( fr o m t w o t o t h r e e d a y s j , .

It w a s p r ob a bly this circ u m st a n c e a n d th e fa ct of t h e v a ll e y ,

b e i n g s om e w h a t op e n e r th a n th os e of the a dj a c e n t riv e rs o f t h e
2 80 NO T E S O F T RA V E L IN P A P H L A G O N I A A N D GA A T L IA .

c oa st th a t e n titl e d t h e T h er m o don t o t h e i m p orta n c e w hich

,

it a tt a i n e d i n a n ci e n t G r e e k m y ths
.

My l a n d j ou rn e y e n d e d a t S a m s u n a ft e r a trip t o T ra p e
,

z u n ti u m
. I h a d se e n a t l e a st t h e w h ol e n orth e r n c oa st w hil e
,

i n t h e i n t e ri o r I h a d c a rri e d ou t m y pr og r a m m e . B e sid e s a
m a p o f m y t ou r I h a d t a k e n n u m e r ou s ph o t ogr a phs sp e ci m e n s
, ,

o f w hich h a v e b e e n l a id b e fo r e t h e S oci e ty
.

GU STA V H I RS C H FE L D .
23 2 NO T E S O N H O ME R C A R MO U R
I .

w as tra n sfe rr e d t o t h e s w ord It w a s t h e shi e ld w h ich m os t .

o bvi ou sly dis t i n g u ish e d t h e h opli te fr o m his d e spis e d a n d light

a r m e d a u xili a ry a n d it w a s t h e shi e ld w hich b o r e t h e de vic e by

,

w hich a s t h e m e di a e v a l k n ight by his b a n n e r t h e chi e ft a i n w a s

, ,

k n ow n u n d e r t h e disg u is e of his h e l m e t B u t th e s e d e vic e s .

,

th o u gh s o c om m o n on v a s e p a i n ti n gs a r e n ot H om e ri c T h e -
,
.

G o rg n e i on on A g a m e m n o n s shi e ld is n o t a n i n divid u a l c oa t o f

1
o

a r m s bu t a n &w or ovr a i o v or a d e vic e t o t e rrify th e e n e m y lik e

, p , ,

t h e hid e ou s fa c e s w h ich t h e C hi n e s e br a v e s c a rry i n t h e s a m e

w a a n d it is by t h e siz e a n d n o t by t h e a d or n m e n t of his
y ;
shi e ld t h a t K e bri on e s r e c ogn is e s t h e pr e s e n c e of A i a s i n t h e
3
fr a y 2
T h e fa ct th a t H e r o dot os a scrib e s t o t h e K a r i a n s
. the
rst u s e of s u c h an y/i s l et m a y be t a k e n t o i n dic a t e th a t i n his
ti m e th e r e w a s still s om e r e c ol le cti on of t h e c om p a r a tiv e ly
r e c e n t i n tr od u cti on of t h e pr a ctic e ; t h e e l a b o r a te d e scripti on
o f t h e e m bl a z o n ry i n t h e S e v e n a g a i n st T h e b e s pr ov e s h ow
4

littl e su ch a tr a diti on a ffe c t e d t h e pra ctic e of a p oe t .

T his i m p ort a n c e of t h e shi e ld i n t h e G r e e k p a n oply m a y

h e lp t o e xpl a i n rstly t h e a pp a r e n tly dispr op o rti on a t e sp a c e
, ,

giv e n t o t h e shi e ld i n th e d e scripti on o f t h e a r m ou r of A chill e s ;

a n d s e c on dly t h e e pith e t o t s w hich strik e s u s a s s o i n a p ~
p , ,

r o r i a t e w h e n a ppli e d t o w h a t w e r e g a rd a s a p u r e ly p a ssiv e
p p
w e a p on o f d e fe n c e B u t t o t h e G r e e k t h e s h i e ld w a s i n a .

sp e ci a l w a y t h e t yp e of t h e w a rr i or a n d his o p i c dX/e a n d ,

i t is i n t h e w i e ldi n g of his shi e ld t o right a n d l e ft th a t H e ct o r

n d s t h e m a rk of st a l w a rt s oldi e rship 5 S o th a t w e n e e d n ot .

b e m or e su rpris e d a t o p t s c w m c th a n w e sh ou ld be if i n a

p oe m o n chiva lry w e m e t w ith su ch a ph ra s e a s t h e fu ri ou s

b a n n e r of a m e di a e v a l k n ight .

1
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d A h ll e , A a m li , 1 8 8 2 ,

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.
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H

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lj a w e s, K a i e 1 rl

r d: 239 an d th i s s e em s t h e m os t a d e q u a te
da r fa s vo
l
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w o re e o a r
, Ka l U x o wa of th e s u g g es te d i n t er p r e t a t on s i .
 NO T E S O N H O ME R C A R MO
I UR . 283

N ow if w e t ry t o for m a pict u r e o f t h e H o m e ric shi e ld w e ,

a r e a t on c e m e t w ith a dif c u lty for t h e p oe t o ft e n c a lls t h e ,

shi e ld by n a m e s w h ich s e e m t o i m ply th a t i t w a s r ou n d a n d ,

y e t i n dic a t e s th a t it w a s l a rg e e n ou gh t o c ov e r t h e w h ol e m a n .

H e ct or s shi e ld a s h e w a lks b e a ts w ith its r i m a t on c e a g a i n st
his a n kl e a n d his n e ck 1 a n d P e riph e t e s trips o v e r t h e r i m o f
,

his d a r k d e w N o w if s u ch a s h i e ld w a s circ u l a r ,

w ith a di a m e t e r of n e a rly v e fe e t it m u st h a v e pr oj e ct e d s o m e ,

t w o fe e t o n e ith e r sid e of t h e w a rri o r s b ody w h ich w e m a y ,

s a fe ly s a y is a bsu rd T h e w e a p on m u st h a v e b e e n p on d e r ou s
.

a t b e st a n d t h e m o st d u ll w itt e d h e r o c o u ld n ot fa il t o r e e ct
,
-

th a t it w a s n ot w orth w hil e t o d ou bl e t h e w e ight j u st for t h e

s a k e of pr ot e cti n g e m pty a i r I t m a y be l a id d o w n a s a xi om a tic
.

th a t i n a ctu a l w a rfa r e a shi e ld w hich w a s W e dnve mj s c ou ld n ot

a t t h e s a m e ti m e b e circ u l a r .

I f w e a s k w h a t t h e d O T r l S da rti p m c ou ld h a v e b e e n l i k e
'

w e h a v e i n G r e e c e virt u a lly t w o a lt e r n a tiv e s It m a y h a v e .

b e e n obl on g a p orti on th a t i s of t h e s u rfa c e o f a cyl i n d e r

, ,

or it m a
y h a v e b e e n of t h e s o c a ll e d B oe o ti a n ty p e It i s
-
.

d ou btfu l if th e p u r e o v a l for m w a s e v e r fa m ili a r on G r e e k s oil .

T h e B oe oti a n for m is th a t t a k e n by Mr Mu rr a y i n his hig h ly .

i n t e r e sti n g r e st or a ti on of t h e sh i e ld of A c h ill e s a n d fr om t h e ,

p oi n t of vi e w of a r t it h a s a n obvi ou s a ppr opri a t e n e ss a s ,

s a tisfyi n g t h e prin cipl e of b a l a nc e of su bj e cts w hich ch a r a ct e r

i s e s t h e d e scripti on O n t h e oth e r h a n d I d o n o t k n ow o f a n y
.
,

e xpr e s si on i n t h e I li a d w hich c ou ld be h e ld t o i n dic a t e this

v e ry p e cu li a r sh a p e ; a n d this a rg u m e n t fr o m s il e n c e is n ot
w ith ou t w e ig h t w h e n w e c on s i d er t h e e n o r mou s n u m b e r a n d

va r i e ty of i n cid e n t s i n w hich t h e shi e ld t a k e s a p a rt F or t h e .

o th e r a lt e rn a tiv e th a t of t h e obl o n g or a s w e m a c o n v e n i e n tly

, y ,

c a l l it t h e scu t u m typ e th e I l i a d d oe s s u pp ly on e v e ry d e cid e d

,

ar gu m e n t
; for it is o n l y this w hich c a n e xpl a i n t h e st a n di n g
c p a ris on of A i a s shi e ld t o a t ow e r 3
T h a t n o p ossibl e i n

o m .

cr e a se of di a m e t e r c oul d g iv e t h e l e a st g r ou n d for su ch a
c om p ar ison i n t h e c a s e o f a circu l a r shi e ld is q u it e obvi ou s ; it
i s h a rdly l e ss p a t e n t With th e B oe ot ia n sh a p e w h e r e t h e pri m ar y ,

i m pr e ssi on th a t o f opp os e d a n d ba l an c e d c u rv e s is e ss e n ti a lly

, ,

1
Z 11 7 . c
s u tu m is c al le dO up eds by P ol y b i os an d
2
0 645 .
ot h e r w r it r e s i
w h o d e a l t w th R om a n
3
oh ms $
1 67 6
i
m p yo u,

H 2 1 9, e tc . T he h i s t or y .
284 NO T E S O N H O ME R C A R MO
I UR .

i n c o m pa tibl e w it h t h e id e a s of r e ctili n e a rity a n d v e rtic a lity

w hich a r e t h e gr o u n d w o rk o f t h e c o n c e pti o n o f a t o w e r . .

It is t e m pti n g t o e xpl a i n fr om this sh a p e t he obsc u r e e pith e t

in N 1 30

pp ffa v r ec S p v S oup i da os t ek d/i

( a c /e e l n veo
p o
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a
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,
a .

w
p elu i/
o
p m
wc igh t v e ry w e ll b e t a k e n t o m e a n w ith th e b a s e

in fr on t ,

i e w ith t h e l o w e r p a rt o f t h e l on g shi e ld s e t r m ly on
. .

t h e gr ou n d : a n d this w ou ld giv e a sp e ci a l sig n i c a n c e t o th e

w o rds o f H e ct o r a fe w li n e s fu rth e r o n
( 1 5 2 )
l I s 9 I
Ka t lt a y n qb e a c a ur o v ; r v va v r e c
'
ov o a
p a
v p .

I t m u st h ow e v e r b e a d m itt e d th a t th is d oe s n ot h e lp u s t o
, ,

e xpl a i n r e r a XU a z o c i n O 4 7 9 w hich s e e m s t o sh ow th a t t h e
p /
,

xw wa w e r e t h e l a y e rs of hid e .

N o w w e h a v e j u st e n ou gh e vid e n c e t o sh ow th a t t h e sc u t u m
typ e g oe s b a ck t o t h e v e ry e a rli e st p e ri o d of G re e c e I t occ u rs .

on a n a rch a ic
g e m fr o m C r e t e i n t h e British M u seu m and ,

o n t h e S ig n e t ri n g
( N o 3 3 5 ) fr o m M yk e n a i 1
I t is h ow e v e r
. .
, ,

l e ss c om m on th a n w h a t s e e m s t o be t h e pr e d e c e ss o r of t h e
B oe o ti a n shi e ld w h e r e t w o q u a si circu l a r p a rts of t h e shi e ld
,
-

a r e c o n n e ct e d by a s ort of isth m u s o f h a lf th e ir w idth T his .

is fou n d i n S chli e m a n n N os 3 1 3 5 3 0 a n d on t h e i n l a id d a gg e r
,
.
, , ,

Milc h h ofe r N o , a sid e .vi e w is a tte m pt e d i n t h e g old

i n t a gl i o S chli e m a n n N o 2 5 4 T he sc u t u m sh a p e is c om m on
, , . .

e n ou gh on t h e A ssyri a n m on u m e n ts w h e r e it o fte n a pp e a rs by ,

t h e si d e of t h e r ou n d shi e ld a n d it is t h e r e g u l a r E gypti a n ,

typ e i n c on tr a s t t o th e r ou n d s h i e l d s of t h e ir a lli e s t h e S h a ir e
t a na e t c ; 3 b u t a s fa r a s W e st e rn E u r op e is c o n c e rn e d th e re
, .
, ,

s e e m s t o be a g a p i n t h e d e v e l op m e n t a ft e r Myk e n a i a n d it ,

v a n ish e s e n tir e ly for m a n y c e n tu ri e s on ly t o r e a pp e a r a m on g t h e ,

a r m s o f t h e R o m a n l e gi on a r
y .

A r e w e th e n t o c on cl u d e t h a t H om e r i m a gi n e d his h e r o e s a s
e m pl oyi n g b o th ty e s ? T his h a s o ft e n b e e n s u pp o s e d a s for
p ,

i n st a n c e by R ii s t o w a n d K oc hly w h o h ow e v e r c ou ld h a v e h a d , , ,

1
S ee Mi l ch h ofe r
'

,
D ie A nf a n g e y a t o v, ix .

d er K u ns t c
i n Gr i e he n l a nd ,
pp . 3 4, 92 .
3
S ee W il k i n s on ,
E g yp
A nc XL

2
D i c v d d th
s o ere un er e ru s t a ft er th e p 1 98
. . T he r ou n d e d t op d o e s n ot

p bl i c t i f S chl i m
u a on o e ann s

b oo k ,
an d i d ic t
n a e a i
d ffe re n c e of ty p e ; s ee

fi t p bl i h d by K m
rs u s e u an u di s ,

A Grj S ch l . 335 .
2 86 NO T E S O N H O ME R I C A R MO UR .

w hich is ppli e d t o it t h e S ch oli a sts i n t e rpr e t a s e Aa q o v

a ,

x o ii c
p ov a,
n d a bs u rdly c o m p a r e t h e p h r a s e u s e d of t h e divi n e

a r m ou r w o r n by A chill e s T 3 8 6 ,

e

r e e v r e vr T ep a m y vy e r
' '
a ei pe 6 t a Ra ein!
p ,

A n ot h e r S ch oli on ( B ) c o n ta i n i n g t h e pr e ci ou s vi e w s o f P or p h y
ri o s w ill be fou n d on E 4 5 3 it is n o t w o rth t he sp a c e r e q u i r e d
t o q u ot e i t .

O n t h e o th e r h a n d a rch a e ol og ists h a v e g e n e r a lly s e e n i n t h e

,

w o rd ) t a i o rfi a s o m e a ll u si on t o t h e a pp e n d a g e a pp a r e n tly o f
-
'

l e a th e r w h i c h w e fr e q u e n tly n d h a n gi n g fr om shi e lds i n v a se

,

p a i n ti n gs W h e th e r th e y u n d e r st a n d t h e Xa zo i j to u t o b e this
.

a pr o n its e lf o r t h e b u ckl e r is g e n e r a lly by n o m e a n s c l e a r But .

I c o n c e iv e th a t th e r e ca n b e littl e d ou bt of t h e c o rr e ct n e ss o f t h e

fo r m e r vi e w H e r od ot os s a ys of t h e C ilici a n s ( vii 9 1 ) k a ra ryta

. .

ci a m co v timoBons w e n o en e v a
'
el o v ti l/ 7 N o w a lth o u gh this
'

X ,h .

m a y p ossibly m e a n th a t t h e y u s e d lig h t b u ckl e rs i n st e a d o f

h e a vy sh i e lds y e t it w ou ld be a v e ry o bsc u r e w a y of p u t t i n g it
, ,

fo r t h e w ord d o n / 9 is g e n e r a l e n o u gh t o i n cl u d e shi e ld s o f a ll
sh a p e s a n d siz e s a n d th e c on tr a st w ou ld th e r e for e r e q u ir e s om e
,

disti n ctiv e e pith e t t o m a k e it pl a i n W h a t H e r od o t os d ou btl e ss .

m e a n t w a s th a t t h e C ilici a n s u s e d hid e s w ith t h e h a i r l e ft on

th e m (for ) a w nt o v is n o d ou bt c on n e ct e d w ith Mi a t oe) w hich
t

-
,

t h e y c a rri e d o v e r th e ir l e ft a r m s a s G r e e k w a rri ors s o m e ti m e s

w e a r t h e chl a m ys T h e c on tr a st o f t h e t w o s o rts of d e fe n c e
.

th u s r e c e iv e s its fu ll m e a n i n g a n d th e H om e ric li n e g a i n s i n ,

sign ic a n c e for pr e cis e ly t h e s a m e r e a s on w r ep oe v r a of c ou rs e .

m e a n s u tt e ri n g
A r a th e r c u ri ou s fa c t a t on e ti m e m a d e m e h e sit a te t o a cc e pt
t his e xpl a n a ti on a n d disp o s e d m e i n fa v ou r of t h e old e r i n t e r
,

p r e t a t i on w hich m a d e t h e N a t a vit a l) a shi e ld T hi s l e a th e r -

.

a pr on is n ot u n c om m on u p on t h e l a t e r r e d u r e d v a s e s bu t -
g ,

I s e a rch e d i n v a i n for pr oo f of its e xist e n c e on a n y a rch a ic

w o rks a n d i t s e e m e d t o foll ow th a t i t c a m e i n t o u s e a t a l a t e
,

p e ri o d T his o bj e cti on w a s o n ly r e m ov e d by t h e p u blic a ti on

.
,

i n t he l a st n u m b e r o f this J ou r n a l o f Mr D e n n i s s Ar ch a ic

.
,

S a rc oph a g u s fr om C l a z om e n a e P l XXXI w hich i s i n m a n y

. . .
,

r e sp e cts o f e xtr e m e i n t e r e st for ou r p u rp o se giv e s a m o st s a tis ,

fa ct ory r e pr e se n t a ti on I a m s orry t o h a v e t o e xpr e ss m y e n tir e

.

d iss e n t fr o m Mr D e n n i s s r e m a rk ( p
.

th a t t h e w ord Xa i a to v .
 NO T E S O N H O ME R I C A R MO UR . 2 87

ll u d e s t o th e light b u ckl e rs of t h e T r oj a n s i n c on tr a disti n cti on

a ,

t o t h e h e a vy circ u l a r shi e lds of th e G r e e ks O n w h a t w o rds .

s u ch a disti n cti o n c a n be fou n d e d I a m a t a l oss t o c on c e ive ; i t

w ou ld s u r ely be e n tir e ly i n c on sist e n t w ith c ou n tl e s s p a ss a g e s of

t h e I l i a d t o s u pp os e th a t t h e p oe t w a s c on sci ou s of a n y s u ch
n a ti on a l c on tr a st of a cc ou tr e m e n t .

T h e pr e s e n c e of t h e l e a th e r a pr on on t he shi e ld is th u s
s u f ci en tly a tt e st e d i n e a r ly ti m e s ; t h e br e a k i n t h e tr a diti on
by w hich it v a n ish e s fr om e a rly v a s e s t o r e a pp e a r on t h os e o f
t h e n e st p e ri od if it be a s I b e li e v e a fa ct r e m a i n s a c u ri o u s
, , , ,

probl e m It is p e rh a ps w ithi n t h e b ou n ds of p ossibility t h a t t h e

.

Xa nm yto v w hich is e vid e n tly a d a pt e d chi e y for d e fe n c e a g a i n st

a rr o w s m a y h a v e b e e n a p e c u li a rity o f A si a Mi n o r w h e r e t h e
, ,

bow m e n of P hrygi a h a d t o be e n c ou n t e r e d B u t it a ffords a ,

.

c on r m a ti on of t h e a ss e rti on th a t t h e H om e ric sh i e ld w a s n ot
r e a lly ans i ep m for su ch a n a pp e n d a g e c ou ld cl e a rly on ly be
,

u s e d w ith t h e s m a ll r ou n d shi e ld .

S o fa r a s I a m a w a r e it h a s n ot b e e n su gg e st e d th a t this
s a m e l e a th e r a pr on giv e s a s a tisfa c t ory m e a n i n g t o t h e e pith e t
r ep/r i de rs of w hich w e k n ow littl e m o r e t h a n th a t it is u s e d i n
,

I I 8 0 3 o f a shi e ld a n d i n T 2 4 2 of a chit on ; a n d th a t it is
, , ,

pr e tty cl e a rly c on n e ct e d w ith t h e gl oss of H e s y ch i os a cc ordi n g ,

1
t o w hich r ep/i t s r e /t a
p D r G ob e l c o n sid e rs it t o m e a n t h e
. .

s a m e a s Qu a a voe i c fr i n ge d w ith t a ss e ls B u t this e pith e t is

-
,

.

on ly u s e d of th e divi n e a e gis T h e ) a w nto v its e lf m ight v e ry

'

. t

w e ll be c o m p a r e d t o t h e fri n g e on a chit on a n d w ou ld e n tir e l y ,

j u stify t h e a pplic a ti on t o a shi e ld of t h e t e r m fri n g e d .

I n M 2 9 5 2 9 7 w e h a v e a n i n t e r e sti n g d e scripti on o f t h e s h i e ld
-

of S a rp e d on

a l /ee ri e

p sc
v ct a e

0 6 12 5 %Bo e t a c [Settle s a ne t a s
'
iylt a o e u 312 7
'

, 0 0 ,

d Bo w i S i nu s /c ed ar! w ep t K I I K AO V

xp v o e i y s .

2
Dr
H e lbig i n h i s e ss a y on t h e shi e ld of A ch ill e s i n dic a t e s hi s
.

opi n i on th a t a li n e h a s be e n l o st b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o a n d th a t ,

th e {56 6 80 1 a r e g e o m e t ri c a l d e sig n s on t h e fa c e o f t h e shi e ld

. .

It w il l be i n t e re sti n g t o s e e t h e a rg u m e n ts w hich h e pr om is e s
i n fa v ou r o f this V i e w ; bu t m e a n ti m e it s e e m s t o m e th a t

1
D e E p i th . H om er . in a s d es i n en 2
So p ra lo s c u do

t ibu s , p . 18 . 1 882, pp . 2 21 4 4 .
2 88 NO T E S O N H O ME R I C A R MO UR .

h is a ssu m pti on is r a th e r vi ol e n t a n d th a t t h e e xpl a n a ti on of ,

G r a sh o f 1
m e e ts th e c a s e A cc ordi n g t o this t h e d BO L w e r e .

t h e i n n e r fr a m e w ork o f t h e shi e ld ; r ods a rr a n g e d r a di a lly ,

fa st e n e d i n t h e m iddl e t o t h e s o lid dy cpa k dc a n d a t th e ir

o u t e r e xtr e m iti e s t o t h e r i m o r ci vr v f a n d b ou n d t og e th e r

by c o n c e n tric circl e s a t r e g u l ar i n te r va ls T h u s t h e fra m e w a s

2
.

lik e a s o rt o f spid e r s w e b F o r o rdi n a ry m ort a ls it w a s of

.

c o u rs e of w o od ; on ly h e r oe s lik e A g a m e m n on w ou ld h a v e it
o f br o n z e o r l ik e S a rp e d on e v e n of g ol d
, O n this sk e l e t on .

w e r e s e w n t h e l a y e rs o f b u ll s h id e w hich fo r m e d t h e b ody o f

t h e s h i e ld a n d o v e r a l l c a m e t h e m e t a l pl a t e w h ich r e c e iv e d th e
,

orna m en t T h e r e is n o s u fci e n t r e a s on t o d ou bt th a t t h e sh i e ld
.

o f A chill e s a ls o w a s th u s m a d e a n d t h a t t h e v e l a y e rs m e n ,

t i o n e d i n E 4 8 1 w e r e of b u ll s hid e I t is t ru e th a t W e lck e r
.
,

su pp orte d by t h e w e ighty a u th ority of Br u n n m a i n t a i n s th a t

3
,

th e s e n T uXe s w e r e v e c onc e n tric cir cl e s o f m e t a l di m i n ishi n g

i n di a m e t e r fr om t h e l ow e st disk w hich c o v e r e d t h e w h ol e ,

s u rfa c e t o t h e c e n tr a l de da xos t h e u n c ov e r e d p ort i on of e a ch

, ,

l a y e r th u s fo r m i n g a ri n g on w hich t h e o r n a m e n t w a s e n gr a v e d .

B u t t h e e xist e n c e o f s u ch shi e lds i n H om e r s ti m e is c e rta i n ly

n ot pr o v e d by t h e p a ss a g e w hich Br u n n q u o t e s ( T 2 74
w h ich m e r e ly st a t e s th a t t h e m e t a l l a y e r w a s thi n n e st n e a r t h e

e dg e ; n or e v e n by t h e w o rds o f A ristid e s } fr om w hich it o n ly

foll o w s th a t shi e lds w ith o r n a m e n ts i n c on c e n tric circl e s w e r e

k n ow n i n t h e s e c o n d c e n t u ry A D I t is tr u e th a t F r i e de r i ch s . .
,

w h om Br u n n is co n tr ov e rti n g o v e rst a t e s his c a s e ; bu t t h e r e a l ,

p oi n t is th a t th e r e is n ow h e r e e ls e i n H om e r a n y i n dic a ti on
o f shi e lds m a d e by s u cc e ssiv e l a y e rs o f m e t a l w hi l e t h e w ord ,

w r z i xe c is i n H 5 4 7 ( cf H , u s e d of t h e l a y e rs of b u ll s .

hid e w hich b e yon d q u e sti on for m e d t h e fou n d a ti on of

1
I n c
B u h h ol z, p . 363 .
3
D i e K u ns t be i H omer , p . 8 .

2
m
i
k Am . H en c e the e p i th et h
e t ev
4 '
ya p
i
e vr

d o m bos

m ld
i
ew 6

ro ws . So p a l so
B N
rea l 4 0 7, i vo im

v
oc d AAo s

ey B e nk or w r/
'
qu a r ts e

y ai om
p Xa k m S w ea r / w, r o b a bl
y m ea n s p i mp a A oV Anpo 6 L 6
( .

i
tr a t/ T w i t 6 i
K a A At a r o

m a de i n r l es T he ci c
h ras e u s ed .

p P a na t h . i p
. . 1 59 (a p . B run n ) .

of th e G org on e i on on Ag a m e m n o n

s pp rt B
su o ru n n s

vi ew he s he

S h eld i (A 36 ) 6

e1r l u
,
y P o
-
p y: BAoo v p h v s id a e a e r

t BeBnK oT
'
w u.

Cam s

e o r et pd r o, s e ems i c n on s i s ten t t h p i c tu s
e re w e r e a rr an g e d in
w i pp i t i
t h t he su os on th a t th e mo

r i g
r n ly s, on th e y w er e n ot
m tien d th lion e re e n e s a bo ve we e r c on th i w y s a .

c t i c c i cl
en r th r es o n e f c
a e .
2 90 NO T E S O N H O ME R C A R MO
I UR .

i n th e pi ni on of H e r odot os th e y h a d n o h a n dl e s t o th e ir shi e lds

O .
1

A n d this opi n i on is I th in k c on sist e n t w ith th e w or ds of t h e , ,

p oe m s F or it is a l w a y s t h e b a ldrick w hich is sp ok e n o f a s
.

b e a ri n g t h e w e ight a n d it is n ot t h e a r m bu t t h e sh ou ld e r ,

w h ich gr o w s w e a ry w ith t h e shi e ld T his c om e s ou t v e ry .

cl e a rly i n B 3 8 8 8 9 : -

9 I
dp w o e t QGO
Q

p epi
I

/ r e v r ek a
e pwv a U T O LV
' '

t u z
,
3 I 3 )I A
p p nc 30 9
A

et
X e c a l ea /r e n a l c t or w e t e'y
( 1 0 77 1
p x p a p , .

We h a v e th e n to su p p os e th e shi e ld a s h a n gi n g ov e r t h e sh ou ld e r ,

a n d on ly a t critic a l m om e n ts w h e n a s e v e r e bl ow i s a ppr oa c h i n g , ,

th ru st a w a y fr om th e b ody by t he l e ft a r m ; a n a cti o n w hich is

i n dic a t e d by t he phra s e em) 5 96 1

oi ve a e v (T 2 7 8 ) a n d
x
t h e lik e T h e b a ldrick of t h e shi e ld lik e th a t o f t h e s w o rd
.

p a ss e d a s w e sh ou ld e xp e ct ov e r th e right sh ou ld e r s o th a t t h e
, , ,

sh i e ld m igh t h a n g on t h e l e ft s id e ; for t h e w ou n d w hich

D i om e d e s r e c ei ve s i n E 9 8 i n t h e r i ght sh ou ld e r li e s a s w e ,

n d i n E 79 6 u n d e r t h e r el a y/ 6611 I n E 4 0 4 A i a s is hit
,
. . .

by H e ct or ,

3 p

3 um r ek a p we 77 s l a r ne a a t r er d a nu

a o 7
' '

p .
,

r m 3 p s i! a ci /ceos 3 5 e (pa a yci vov &

. v o
py p k ov
'

,
'
.

T hi s m u st m e a n i n t h e i mm e di a te n e ighb ou rh ood of t he
sh ou ld e r w h e r e th e t w o b a ldricks for s om e s h ort sp a c e r a n on e
,

d ir e ctly o v e r t h e o th e r ; n ot a s w e m ight a t rst sig h t s u pp ose , ,

a t a p oi n t w h e r e th e y cr oss e d for n on e s u ch c a n h a v e e xist e d , .

T h e r e is h o w e v e r on e p a ss a g e w hich m a y i m pl y t h e pr e se n c e
, ,

o f h a n dl e s i n t h e H o m e ric shi e lds

N 4 0 7 5 5 a) x a vo veo o ,

ci a p v i a v T h x a v o v e c a r e m e n ti o n e d a g a i n i n O b
'

p e . 1 9 2 ut ,

th a t p a ss a ge is g r a v e l y su sp e cte d on oth e r gr ou n ds a n d prov e s ,

n othi ng I t is p ossibl e th a t t he w ord m ight be u s e d of t he l on g

.

ha n dl e s w hic h w e n d i n v a s e -p a i n ti n gs th ou gh oxa va t h e

, ,

1
pi
T h e E gy t a ns h o we e are repre vr T he i mm ppears
e ns e s h el d on i p . 2 02 a

s e n t e d as h a v i ng s h e l d s w th bot h i i t o be th e s a m w hi c h i s f u n d i n As syri a e o n

ba l d r i ck
a n d ha n dle T h e y om m on l . c y r pr s n t t i
e e es o f s i eg s ; it c v sa on e o er

c i
a rr y t h e s h e l d s l u ng a t t h e ba s ; ir ck t wo m n f w h m h ol d s i t w h i l
e ,
on e o o e

of i th r i
th s i di c ti in H m
e e s no n a on o er , h i s c m pa i o o ch h o ts by n n, an ar e r, s o

e xc p t p ibly i A 5 4 5 w h n Ai
e os s n , e as hi s s i de Ih v t c m a cr s . ny a e no o e os a

t d t r t
u rn e t th llo 6 %mi
e reaBdA ,
ri er nor ev r pr n t t i on on Gre k m o m n ts of
e es e a e nu e

m Bd a T h b l dr i ck pp
u ou . ls e a a ear s a o th e A p a s w orn by w a
r e i rs i n
a a w

rr o

t p o v th l f t h l d
as s o er t v r e e s ou er, n o o e a c t i on C h i ot e .v s s cc a i ar e r s on a e o s on

th i g ht W i l k i
e r i pp 1 9 9 2 0 0 n s on , . .
, . a l ly h a v h i ld l g b h i d th m
e a s e s un e n e .
 NO T E S O N H O ME RI C AR MO U R . 201

w ord used by H e r od o tos w ould be m uch m o r e n a tur a l T a king , .

into a ccount t h e gene r a l testi m ony of t h e poe m s a n d a tt r ibuting ,

a cert a in w eig h t to the legend a bou t the K a r i a n s I p r efer to ,

a dopt the suggestion th a t th e s e K a v ove q served to a tt a ch

t h e t w o e nds of the b a ld r ick to t h e s h ield I c a nnot th ink .

of a nyt h ing else a bout t h e shield w h ich could be spoken of

a s du a l .

T h e Ho m eric shield w ould thus if I h a ve inte r p r eted t h e ,

e vidence a right hold a n inter m edi a te pl a ce bet w een t h e

,

Myken a i nd a n d t h e e a rliest v a se -p a intings ; th e scutu m

sh a pe of Myken a i h a d beco m e obsole t e except so fa r a s t h e ,

m e m ory of it survived in a fe w t r a dition a l phr a ses but the ,

b a ld r ick h a d not yet been superseded by th e h a ndle nor h a d ,

individu a l devices been introduced .

Fro m t h e shield w e m a y p a ss to a nother i m port a nt piece o f

defensive a r m our the hel m et T h e di f cultie s w hich m eet u s
,
.

here a r e of a n obvious ch a r a cter In order to c l e a r the ground .

I give outlines of a nu m ber of hel m ets w hich include I believe , ,

a l m ost a ll the types of crest w h i ch a r e to be found on a r ch a ic

m onu m ents N o 1 is the hel m et of th a t m ysteriou s people th e

. .

S ha i r e t a n a or Sh a rd a n a w h o a ppe a r a m ong th e a llies of t h e

, ,

E gypti a ns ( Wilkinson A n c E gyp t 1 a n d in w ho m m a ny

,
.
, ,

1
E gyptologists believe t h a t they recognise the S a rdini a ns 1 a is a .
-

curious co m bin a tion of t h e s e t w o horns w ith a crest w hich a ppe a rs o

2
o n a situ l a found a t M a trei 2 is fro m the Myken a i v a se N o 2 1 3 . .

in Schlie m a nn 3 a n d 4 a r e fro m Mr B ennis s S a rcoph a gus

. .

Pl XXXI of this J o u rn a l 5 i s a hel m e t p r ob a bly E trusc a n

. . .
, ,

in t h e B ronze roo m a t the B r itish Museu m 6 i s a type w h ic h .

is n ot unco m m on on Greek v a ses ; a si m il a r illustr a tion w ill

be found in Au te nri e t h s D i cti on a r y a v &p ccct o 7 is fro m

. .
,

a L k i a n to m b in the Arch a ic R oo m of the B ritish Museu m

y .

8 is Assyri a n fro m t h e c a m p a ign of Assur -B a ni P a l i n the

,
-
,

N i m rou d R oo m 9 is one of the co mm onest types on e a rly

.

v a ses W here it is a l m ost the only kind of crest w orn by fe m a les ;

,

1
c c
F or t h e s i g n i a n e of t h e h or n e d n i fi c an ce w h e n t a k en i n co nne c ti on w i th
h el m e t a s c
on ne t i n g t h e c
S h a rd a n a c
t h e p r e e di n g n ot e L ik e N . o . 1 2 it
w i t h t h e S a r d i n i a n s , s ee Ro i on i n F . b vc
l l s a a a n t s pa e i n t h e e l d c b e tw e en

th e Ga z A rch ol. .
, 1 88 1 , p p 1 3 3 1 4 4
. . tw o c o mb a t a n t s . T h e l on g a pp e n d a
g
2
T h i s i s t a k en f r om Z a m l on i . G l i s e e ms t o r ep re s e n t t h e s t ra p by w h i h c
c
S a m del l a C or tos a d i B ol og na , P l
'

n
the he l m e t w as fa s te ne d d
u n e r t h e hi n , c
62 I t h as an ob i ou s s i g
. v as in
29 4 NO T E S O N H O ME RI C AR MO U R .

xed . T his ho w eve r does not see m ve r y s a tisfa ctory A .

single v as e p a inting is r a ther u nsa fe g r ound on w hich to b a se

-

a construction w hic h doe s not see m very p r ob a ble in itself ,

a n d w hich w ould h a r dly be i m port a nt enough to give a n a m e to

a hel m et .

T hough a l l expl a n a tions a r e to a cert a in extent in the a i r

yet w e ca n pe r h a ps get m o r e s a tisfa ction by r ecu rr ing to w h a t

i s r e a lly th e oldes t of a l l I t i s t h a t w hich i s indic a ted by .

Mr Denni s on pp 1 2 1 7 s up r a According to this the gbci k o s

. .
, , .

is the m et a llic proj ection w hich a ppe a rs in N os 2 3 a n d 4 .

, , ,

a n d a lso in the w oodcut p 1 2 of this v o lu m e T his very ,

. .

interesting a ppend a ge w ill I think en a ble us to give so m et h ing , ,

like a hi sto r y of t h e develop m ent of t h e G r eek hel m et .

T here see m s to h a ve been a ti m e w h en the Greek hel m et w a s

w orn w ithout a c r est T h a t this fa ct still survived in th e .

m e m ory of t h e Greeks in th e ti m e of H e rodot os i s cert a in fro m

th e p a ss a ge a l re a dy quo ted ( p w here h e a scribes to the .

K a ri a n s a m ong
,
their other inventions th a t of hel m et -crests 1
, .

And there is so m e re a son for supposing th a t th e pri m iti ve

h el m et I w ill not s a y of the Ary a n peoples but of So u thern ,

E urope w a s not crested but horned Mi lchh ofe r h a s a lre a dy .

d ra w n a ttention to this a n d h a s m a de it a point of cont a ct ,

bet w een t h e E tr u sc a ns on one si de the Greek w a rriors of the ,

Myken a i v a se on a nother a n d the S ha i r e ta n a on a third (A nf , , .

(I
. K u ns t p , .

It is not perh a ps very extr a va g a nt to su ppose th a t this horned

hel m et w a s directly de r ived fro m t h e sc a lp of a horned a ni m a l .

S uch a cove r ing for the he a d is w orn for th e ch a se or for w a r by , ,

s a v a ges a ll over the w orld In Mr An d e rson s S cotla n d i n P a g a n . .

T i m es the I r on A g e w ill be found sever a l curious inst a nces of ,

s u ch hel m ets w here the be a st sh a pe i s pro m inent ( pp 1 1 2

,
.

T h e lion -skin of Her a kles le a ds u s directly b a ck to the s a m e

custo m T h e a ppen ded w ood -cut copied fro m a n E trusc a n bronze
.
,

in Mic a li I za l za A r m m i R oma n i Atl a s Pl XVI 1 8 p r esents

' '

'
. .
, , , , ,

us w ith a gure of J uno Sospit a thus equipped a n d suggests the ,

deriv a t ion of the vr a p yva dt oe s fro m the lo w er j a w ? Moreover a '

'

th e ordin a r y for m of the crest st r ictly so c a lled our N o 1 2 ,

.
,

p St b re d u b t l r li c
1
C f Al k a i
. iv 6 6 1
os , c p in K 2 6 3
a . ra f o, x .
,
a a o es s a e o

A6 <
pov r e <
72 w K a p m du ( fr . 2 2, n ) . thi s , as i n d ee d i s s u g g es te d by Rus tow
T he b oa r s
'

t ee th w hi h c a d orn the a nd K oehl v .

 NO T E S O N H O ME RI C AR MO U R . 2 95

w ould see m to be d escended i m m edi a tely fr o m a horse s h e a d ;

w h ence the Ho m eric epithet [a m o a rm a h a t t h e cheek

x T
pieces w hen tu r ned up should si m ul a te a ho r se s e a r s ( N o 1 1 )

is prob a bly ho w ever m erely a coinci d ence

, , .

T o these t w o p r i m itive typ e s t h e ho r ned h e a d a n d the ho r se s

he a d the G r eeks see m to h a ve a dded a thi r d ; a n d fr o m th e

,

co m bin a tion of these w e c a n deduce a fa irly co m p l ete co nj e c t u

r a l history of the develop m ent of t h e l a te r hel m et T h e thi r d
1
.

type is th a t of t h e pointed ca p w h ich w a s nor m a l a m o n g the ,

E gypti a ns a n d Assyri a ns a n d fo r m ed the ti a r a of Persi a In

, .

a nother st a ge of develop m ent it bec a m e the Phrygi a n ca the

p ,

c ap of liberty w h ich w hen tr a nsl a ted into m et al produced

, , ,

th e Assyri a n for m N o 8 so strikingly lik e p a rt of one cl a ss of

.
,

Greek hel m ets .

O f course th e origin of t h e v a rious excrescences if it be ,

rightly sought in a ni m a ls h e a ds h a d been long forgotten w hen ,

th e oldest E u rope a n h el m ets of w hich w e h a ve a n y record c a m e

into being Va riety in such pro m inent a dorn m ents w ould not
.

only ple a se the w a rrior s fa ncy but w ould a lso be obviously u se ,

ful in rendering h im conspicuou s in b a ttle Hence th e horns .

a re so m eti m es pl a ced in front a n d be h ind so m eti m es a t the ,

R feren c e m y b e m a d e t M L on
1
e a f n d I t m y be ob s rve d th at s om
o .
.
ou . a e e

H eu zey s p p r n t h e c u r i o s an d of t h e ar y b all oi i n qu e s t i o

a e o u p res e t n n

i mp or ta n t h el m et s h ap e d C o i th i n-a edit over t h e f r h ea d m u ch c o

r n a or o e , n

ar yb all oi ( G z A r ch 1 880 pp 1 4 5
a . v e tio. l i e d bu t app ar en t l y i n dep en
, , . n na s ,

wh r s om e r em ark s a
e e t o the d en t of th e c res t s .

d vel opm n t f th h el m t w ill b

e e o e e e

x 2
296 NO T E S O N H O ME R I C AR MO U R .

sides so m eti m es both in fr ont ; so m eti m es t h ey a r e co m bined

,

w ith the centr a l pe a k in v a rio u s fo r m s N o w w h a t the C a ri a ns .

,

see m to h a ve invented is t h e fa stening to th ese m et a l proj ections

in t h eir di ffe r ent fo r m s long w isps of h o r seh a ir By th is step .

N o 9 is de r ived i m m edi a tely fro m N o 8

. T h e Myk e n e a n fo r m . .

(N o . m ust be a ve r y e a r ly c a se of this p r a ctice t h e co n nec

tion of the c r est a n d t h e centr a l knob is obviously ino r g a nic a n d ,

t h is is e q u a lly t h e c a se w it h N o 4 w he r e t w o plu m es a r e .
,

fa stened to a cone w hich looks l ik e a fo r m of th e Ph r ygi a n c a p

,
.

I n N o 6 the plu m es a r e xed to t w o l a te r a l h orns N O 3

. . .

w ould see m to be produced by the influence of the horse s c r est ,

w hich a g a in in 1 a is co m bined w ith the pri m itive horns of the

S h a rd a n a In N os 1 3 a n d 1 5 the m et a l horns a r e used to

. .

support vertic a l plu m es w hich m a y be m e a nt to rep r esent e a gle s
fe a t h e r s I n N os 2 3 a n d 4 t h e horns re m a in a s m ere s u r v i
. .
, ,

v a ls w ithout a n y denite signic a nce a n d they ulti m a tely dis ,

a ppe a red for the sufcie n t re a son th a t th ey interfered w ith the

o r g a nic unity a n d h a r m ony w hich the G re ek de m a nded in every

obj ect w hich his a rtistic sense could m odify .

But w e m a y p a ss fro m this region of m ere conj ecture ; t he

point w hich for m y purpose is essenti a l the pri m itive u se of ,

proje cting m et a llic horns m a y sta nd I think w h ether the hypo , , ,

thetic a l history of the crest be a ccepted a s pl a usible or no If .

t his be so it see m s th a t w e h a ve w h a t w e require to represent

,

t h e Ho m eric (M ac e For here is so m ething w h ich is n a tur a lly

.

m entioned in connection w ith the crest a n d yet is independent ,

of it so th a t w e m a y a s in the hel m et of Aga m e m non h a ve

, , ,

fou r (Ma m but only on e crest ( A 4 1 Such a description

w o uld a pply to our N o 1 5 excepting only th a t the ( .
a i m h
,
a ve

h e e degener a ted into m ere sockets for plu m es

r
1
Fro m N o 4 . .

w e c a n see h o w a blo w lig h ting upon t h e b k o s m ight pie r ce

q

a

th e fore h e a d through i t a n d in N o 3 the a r tist h a s a pp a r ently

2
,
.

t r ied to r ep r esent the t w o godh o a side by side w h ich ought to ,

m a r k the x v v n ci /t d
'

n gba h o c .

T here r e m a in othe r difculties o f w hich t h e Ho m eric poe m s

do not s upply a solution Wh a t for insta nce is the m e a ning of .
, ,

r er
p q
a t d x np o q a n d is the w o
,
r d derived fr o m t h e ( d p of
a a

11 1 0 6 a n d w h a t w ere the ( dk a a the m selves ? T hey m be

p p a
y
th t th i h l m t h d f u
1
I s um as e a
pi t d
s e e a o r c e .

pl mu th g h o l y th ee
es , ou r d n A 4 59 Z 9
r a d c mp N 61 4
a e e
3
'

: n o a re .
298 NO TE S O N H O ME RI C AR MO U R .

As the body of t h e h el m et the r e see m s to be no re a son

fo r ,

w hy w e sh oul d not a ssu m e for Ho m e r t h e C o r inthi a n type ,

N o 1 2 w h ic h i s a bund a n tly a ttested in a l l pe r iods a i zh i m s w ill

. .
,

r efe r to t h e n a r r o w o e n ings fo r t h e eye s a n d m ou t h ; per ha ps

p
i n o r der to expl a i n t he r s t p a r t of the w o r d w e m a y even r ecur
'
t o t h e ety m olog i c a l o r igin of t h e w ord a x o q fr o m r oot a v , ,

to b r e a t h e blo w a n d expl a in it a s signifying w ith bre a th ing

, ,

holes in t h e fa ce T h e l a st p a r t of t h e w o r d is a l m ost decisive

.

a g a inst A u t e n r i e t h s interp r et a tion of the a oa q a s the tube in

w h ich the c r est w a s xed a s for i n st a nce in N o 9 I t is h a r dly

,
. .

necess a r y to s a y th a t w e m ust not suppose this vizo r to h a ve

bee n m ov a ble : w h en t h e Greek w is h ed to free his fa ce he
r a ised t h e hel m et bodily upon his h e a d into a position w hich is

fa m ili a r fr o m nu m be r less st a tues coins a n d v a ses , ,

.

T h e nu m e r ou s n a m es i n H om e r for the hel m et c a nnot possibly

be diffe r enti a ted ; it m a y pe r h a ps be w o r t h w hile h o w ever to , ,

c a ll a ttention to G ebel s d e r iv a tion of x v i/ r77 not fro m x u a w but

5

fr o m r oot x v a s being the h ollow h el m et c i l i p 3 4 3 n ote

, ,

. . .
,
.

T his a s A u t e n r i e t h h a s a l r e a dy s a id i s cert a inly right

,
It ,
.

w ould be h a r d to nd a m o r e in a pprop r i a te m a teri a l for a

hel e t th n dog skin ; a n d so obvious is t h is th a t E u s t a thi os
m a

expl a ined it a s Bop cz x v i be n o r a y i o v by w hich it is to be pre

/
,

su m ed h e m e a nt otter skin T h a t t h e w o r d to Ho m er i m plied

-
.

no connection w h a tever w ith the dog is a bund a ntly m a nifest

fr o m the epit h ets a l ye in T a up e in re n de] n d / Xa Xx o e ; a n d it is
'
, ,
r
,
c

not w ithout signic a nce th a t the x u vn of le a ther is m entioned

only in t w o books K a n d m w h ic h belong to the very l a test p a r ts
, ,

of t h e poe m s .

O f t h e r e m a ining pieces of defensive a r m our t h e thor a x a n d ,

m itr a w ere discu ss ed a t length in the Ap r il nu m ber of the

J ou r na l T o th a t p a per I h a ve little to a dd beyond s a yi n g th a t
.
,

I h a ve since co m e a cross v a r ious inst a nces of the r i m m ed

co r slet ; t h e m ost inte r esting a r e t w o bronze st a tuettes one ,

publis h ed in th e A r ch Z ei i n n g 1 8 8 2 p 2 5 th e other in t h e.
, , .
,

Mi tthci l n n g cn 1 8 7 8 p 1 4 T h e l a tte r h a s a n inscription w hich

, , . .

a ppe a r s to belong to t h e end of t h e sixth cen tu r y a n d bot h m ust be

,

conte m po r a n eous w ith t h e B r itis h Museu m st a tuette m entioned

on p 7 6 Mr Still m a n a lso info r m s m e th a t the a r ch a i c cuir a ss
. . .

found by h i m a n d publish ed in the B u ll eti n d o C or r esp ond a n ce

H l l en i qn e fo r Feb r ua r y l a st ce r t a inly h a d such a ri m a s I
e
 NO T E S O N H O ME RI C AR MO UR . 299

describe ; this I w a s n o t a ble to m a ke out for cert a in fro m t h e

photogr a p h s o I did not ventu r e to q uote i t As to t he
,
.

m it ra ,
D r Helbig tells m e t h a t h e beli eve s it to be a
.

m et a llic b a nd or belt such a s is found i n ur a lte n Schichten

.
,

It is of course p r e m a tu r e a s yet e it h e r to a ccept or rej ect t h is

vie w ; but it h a s a t a n y r a te t h e a dv a nt a ge of a voiding w h a t
I feel to be t h e di f culty in the expl a n a tion w hich I ga ve on
p 7 5 t h e use of the phr a se r iyv Xa X/c ij ee
.
,
ii i S p e c of a /

g a r m ent w h ich w ould see m to h a ve been m a inly of le a the r .

T h e only other a rticle of defensive a r m ou r in t h e Ho m eric

p a noply is the p a ir of g r e a ves T hese a r e represented w ith
.

gre a t unifo r m i ty on the m onu m ents a n d a l a r ge nu m ber a r e ,

still in existence T hey see m to h a ve been a tt a c h ed to the leg

.

m a inly by the el a sticity of the m et a l w h ic h cl a sped the c a lf , .

T h e oldest m onu m ents give no sign of a n y othe r m e a ns of

a tt a c h m ent eit h e r a bove or belo w n or do t h e g r e a ves w hich
,

I h a ve ex a m ined in deta il sh o w a n y m a rks of h a ving h a d a n y

thing like a bu ckle belonging to the m Ho m e r ho w eve r .
, ,

distinctly m entions fa stenings over the a nkle e vr w ct zp ra : ,

w h a t these c an h a ve bee n is purely a m a tter of conj ecture .

\Ve on l y k n o w t h a t t h e y w e r e a t le as t so m eti m es of silve r ;

perh a ps el a stic m et a l ri n gs left open so a s to be put on over

t he gre a ve a n d cl a sp the a nkle tightly T h ere are v a gue .

indic a tions of t h is in so m e of the best red g u r e d v a ses 1 T h e -

.

gre a ves on th e Myken a i v a se N o 2 1 3 a bove referred to see m

,
.
, ,

to be of a di ffe r ent type ; Dr Sch lie m a nn th ink s they a r e of

.

cloth ( p . If this be so it is a noth er c a se of a r a dic a l

,

diffe r ence bet w een the My k e n e a n a r m our a n d th a t of Ho m e r .

T h e ne a rest a n a logy w ould be t h e le a the r g a ite r s w hic h L a e r tes

w e a rs in a) 2 2 9 to protect his legs fr o m thorn s
, T h e gold .

ring w hich Dr Schlie m a nn found on a thigh bone a n d w hich

.
-
,

loo k s a s if it m a y h a ve suspended such gr e a ves c a nnot be ,

br ought into rel a tion w ith a nyt hing in Ho m er ( ll y ocn a e pp 2 3 0 i ,

.

an d

O f e a pons o f o ffence w e w ill rst t a ke t h e spe a r Ho m er

w .

tells us th a t Hector c a rried one of eleven cubits long (Z

a n d w h en ghting fro m the ship s deck Ai a s a ctu a lly w ields one

of double the length ( 0 But even t h e fo r m e r see m s

1 C f Au t e n ri e t h , D i cl
. .
,
300 N O TES O N H O M E RI C A R M O U R .

incredibly long ; R usto w a nd K oc hly consider it purely h eroic a n d ,

suppose th a t the length for ordin a ry m en w o uld be about six or

seven feet In fa vour of this they appe a l to v a se pictures w here
.
-
, ,

ho w ever the di m ensions of the spe a r a re obviously controlled by

,

a rtistic consider a tions S till one w ould h a ve little hesit ation in

.

a greeing w it h the m w ere it not for a p a ssa ge i n X enophon ,

(A n a b iv 7. w here w e a re positively told th a t the C h a lybes

.
,

used spe a rs of the portentous length of fteen cubits H ow .

such things c a n h a ve been used for thrusting m uch less for ,

hurling it is i m possible to conceive ; but there is so fa r a s

, ,

I kno w no v a lid ground for disputing the w ords of X enophon

, ,

a nd w e c a n only suspend our j udg m ent a s to the spe ars of

H o m er s ti m e

.
1

T he point is co mm only supposed to h a ve been a tt a che d to the

sh a ft by a hollo w socket the dA c of P 2 9 7 w hence a lso t he ,
a

o ,

epithet B K ZX X c L 1 5 6 T he he a ds of spe a rs a t Myken a i

O a U o , .

a r e a ll of this kind S chlie ma nn p T hose found in the

( ,
.

ruins of H iss a rlik ho w ever a re of a different type being a t

, , ,

t a c h e d to the sh a ft by n a ils ( I li os pp 4 7 5 77 T r oj a p ,
.
, .

T here a re a nu m ber of si m il a r bronze bl a des in the B ritish

Museu m w here they a re c a lled knives ; but the sh a pe is th a t
,

of a piercing r a ther th a n a cutting instru m ent a nd D r S c h l i e ,

.

mann s expl a n ation see m s to be right N ow w e a re told of the

l a nce of H ector (Z 3 2 0 0 ,

'
dp o c e 5 %Xd p vr e r o Bo v p o c
w
'

a X/c e t n w e t 8e e os 0 6 s W o
' '
a Z /u y /C 7 9
x s p 7

a
X p ,
.

7 is a l w a ys expl a ined by the co mm ent ators a s a r ing

6p m ) ?
w hich held the he a d on th e sh a ft S chol A 6 p x s

,
.
,
x c o

d x
a v ve 2
'
55 m
w vm w p oc 5 E
7 h a Bo
w
p 0s T his
7 is ) 7 t n a ro
'
.

re a sonable enough in itself but it is only consistent w ith the ,

supposition th a t the point w a s let in to the end of the sh a ft ,

not fa stened on by m e a ns of a hollo w socket E ditors do .

not see m to h a ve re ma rked the difculty : F asi for inst a nce , ,

g ives both the expl a n a tions w ithout noticing the inconsistency ;

A m eis H entze s a y th a t the hollo w socket w a s used a nd the
-
,

ring a dded th at sh a ft a nd point m ight be more r m ly held

Ma ce d on i a n
'

1
T he s a r is s a of the had n ot to c a rr y a s h iel d . F or a. di s
p h al an x, whi h w s 1 4 c a or 16 cu b i ts l o n g , c u s s i on of th e q u es ti on s ee Grot e

s

w as h el d i b th h an d s
n o by s ol di er s w h o H i s tor y, App dix t en o C h p a . xc ii .
30 2 N O TES O N H O M E RI C A R M O U R .

1 883) sho w n re a son for thinking th a t it c a nnot refer to the t w o

supposed points a nd h a ve ende a voured to expl a in it r a ther of
,

the el sticity of the sh a ft

a .

T here is no tr a ce in H o m er of the device of a loop for hurling

the spe a r co mm on though it is am ong s a v a ge tribes T his is
, .

a n obj ection to C urtius s deriv a tion of h p l (\I 8 4 5 ) fro m

Ka a oa r

c lt q O n the other h a nd it h a s occurred to m e a s j ust possi ble

w .

th a t the curiou s objects h a nging fro m the spe a rs in the Myken a i

v a se N o 2 1 3 ma y be a rude represent ation of s u ch a loop I f
. .

so th e a rtist h a s t a ken a consider a ble libert y in putting the m

,

ne a r the point inste a d of the butt of the spe a r D r S chlie mann . .

nds it a lso in the b a s relief N o 1 4 1 but I am quite un able to-

.
,

make it out in the illustr a tion T his use of the loop it may .
,

be m entioned is a lso represented on red g u r e d v a ses a n d a p

,
-

p a r e n tl
y on a n a rch a ic proto K or i n t h i a n v a se in the B ritish

Museu m ( see A r ch Z ei t 1 8 8 3 Ta f 1 0 . It is a lso a pp arent ly

.
,
.
,

indic a ted in so m e of the e a rly bronze st a tuettes .

E ven the sh ape of the s w ord involves doubts We h a ve .

t w o types bet w een w hich to choose T he s o c alled le a f sh a pe .

- -

is nor ma l for cl a ssic a l ti m es a nd a nthropol o gists consider th a t it ,

is the e arliest in develop m ent a s being derived directly fro m the ,

spe ar he a d B u t both a t Myken a i a nd in R hodes there h ave been

- .

fou n d long t a pering sw ords in so m e c a ses a s long a nd a s slender ,

a s the r apier w hic h w a s only developed in E urope in quite

m odern ti m es T he a pp arent a no ma ly is ho w ever di m inished
.

by the fa ct th a t long t apering sw ords a re found both in A ssyr i a n

a nd E gypti a n m onu m ents ; it is possible therefore th a t the le a f
sh a pe ma y h ave bee n introduced into G reece by the inv a sion of
a m ore pri m itive people such for inst ance a s the D ori a ns ; a nd ,

w hen w e a pons w ere still h a bitu a lly ma de of bronze the short

a nd solid for m w ould h a ve obvious a dv a nt a ges for it m ust h a ve ,

required a higher st age of m et allurgic a l skill th a n w a s likely to

exist in G reece to produce bronze of such strength a nd el a stic i ty
a s is fou n d in E gypti a n s w ords 1 Wilkinson p It is by
( ,
.

no m e a ns e a sy to decide fro m the I li a d w hich w a s the for m in

u s e in the H o m eric a ge O n the one h a nd the epithet p y s

.
v a ,

w hich is continu a lly a pplied to the s w o rd see m s r a ther out of ,

1
F or t h e t e c hn ic al
m ean s b y w c hi h R h oc as i n t h e Re vu e S ci en tiq u e, 1 8 8 3 ,
i b
el a s t c r on ze w a s f t
m a n u a c u re d i n t h e p . 3 75 .

a n c eni t w orl d , s ee a p a p er by A . de
 N O TES O N HO M ERIC AR M O UR . 303

pl a ce if the bl a de w a s only so m e eighteen inches in l e n gth ; for

even though w e a d m it th a t a ll the w e apons of a hero m ust h a ve
been of heroic size yet still such a sw ord m ust h a ve been ,

the s mall est constituent of the p a noply B ut no stress c a n .

be l a id on t h e epithet u 5m m w hich is m ore likely to m e a n T a / 1 ,

w ith slender edge th n ith long edge

( L a t ten n i s
) a w A nd .

.

though the S chol B L s ay of the epithet @pnZ L in N 5 1 6

. w

/C O V , ,
a au
'

sv B
d p , ma o i @ pd e s u o
y i r o s i
f h c e
X p v r a yet
/c this is ,
er a c

obviously no m ore th a n a deduction fro m the tex t w hich they

h a d before the m .

O n the other h a nd it is to be observed th a t th e s w ord in

H o m er is used a l m ost or quite w ithout except ion not a s a
thrusting but a s a cut tin g instru m ent With so m e a t le a st of .

the Myken a i s w ords this w ould be quite i m possible ; for they

h a ve a strongly ma rked ridge running for stiffness s ake a lo n g

the m iddle of the bl ade ( Mycen a e p T here is ho w ever ,

.
, ,

perh a ps a tr a ce of the use of the point of the s w or d in the often

recurring for m ul a
I I wI e I c l e e w I 3

E gbea
c u r w w
'
r a '
yx o a y y vo ,

(N P 7 3 1 a nd
1 47 O , 2 78 , E 25 I I It is
, ,

quite conceiv able th a t this stereotyped phr a se may h a ve been

p art of the tra dition of old epic songs a nd th a t w e may here ,

aga in h a ve a sign of the ch ange w hic h h a d t aken pl a ce in

a r m our bet w een heroic a nd H o m eric ti m es It m ight per .

h a ps be thou ght th a t the shivering into three or four pieces

of the s w ord of Me n e l a os at a critic a l m o m ent ( I 3 6 3 ) ma y h a ve

been m ore likely to h a ppen w ith a long a nd slen d er bl a de th a n

w ith the sturdy le a f sh a pe ; but such a specul a tion is too -

sh a do w y to be w orth pursuing ,

In questions of this sort there is a l w ays so m e te m pt a tion to

press too closely the expressions in the poe m s in order to bri n g
the w ords of H o m er into pros a ic correspondence w ith re a lities .

B ut there c a n be little doubt th a t the a uthor or a uthors

of the w a r scenes h a d a pr a ctic a l a cqu a int a nce of the m ost
1
MrP l l ock h ow ev er t ll s m e
. F . o , ,
e p an is qu e form e f
s cu t a ei u s d e m a er e

t h at H ig h l n d b r d s w or d s s m e t i m es
a oa o e t
ran di s p es a c d i s s i m i l g l d ii
,
ar es a ,

h v a d ec i d d m e d i n r idg e a t l l
a e e a ,
a G l l i s p rae l on g i ac s i n m u cr on i bu
a e s,

e ve n ts n ar t h h i l t
e C u i u ly e
e .
gh r o s n ou , H i s pa o p u c t i m m a g i s q u a m c s s i m
n , n a

t oo i t a pp ear s fr om L i v xx ii 4 6 th a t a s u et o p otere h os te m b r ev i ta te h a b il es
s
: y .
, ,

th e s h or t for m w as p r e f rre d f r th r u s t

e o e t cum m u cr on i b u s .

i ng th e l on g for cu tt i n Ga l l i s H i s
,
g
304 N O TES O N H O M E RI C AR M O UR .

inti ma te sort w ith the processes of the a ctu a l w arfa re of

their ti m e a nd th a t they s ang to those w hose life h a d been
,

devoted to marti a l pursuits T hey c a n therefore h a ve h a rdly

.

d a red to set do w n a nything th at w ou l d a ppe a r a bsurd to a n

A ch a i a n soldier H ere if a nyw here w e m u st look for re a lis m
.
, ,
.

A G er ma n st aff s u rgeon h a s w ritten a tr a ct to prove the

- 1

ama zing a ccur a cy of the description of the w ounds a nd h a s

even concluded th a t H o m er m ust hi m self h a ve been a regi m ent a l

doctor Without going so fa r a s this w e m a y fairly hold th a t
.
,

the description of the a r m s is consis tent a t on ce w ith itself a nd

on the w hole w ith w h at a rch a eology a l l o w s us to infer of a
tr ansition st age bet w een the civilis ation of Myke n a i a nd the
e a rliest of the m onu m ents of the histori c a g e In only one .

point h a ve I a ssu m ed a divergence fro m re a lity in the a s cri p ,

tion by H o m er to his heroes of w e a pons l a rger in size but like ,

in kind to those of his ow n ti m e a nd here w e h a ve the express

support of the poe m s for the a ssu m ption a nd re a son able groun d ,

for thinking th a t the tra dition itself ma y cont a in the m e m ory

of the older kind of sw ord a nd shield w hich w ere used in the
A ch a i a n d a ys of Myken a i but h a d for so m e re a son a t w hich w e
,

c a n only guess been superseded in l a ter G reece by m ore fam ili a r

types .

1
D ie Mi l i ta r m cd ic i n

H om er s , v on Dr H
. . F oh l i h S t
r c , u t tg a r t , 1 8 79 .

WAL T E R L E AF .
3 06 O N THE F R A G M ENT O F P R O CLUS
AB ST R A CT
T he E pic C ycle is d escribed a s beginning w ith the pri m ev a l
e m br a ce of H e a ven a nd Ea rth fro m w hich the G i a nts a n d ,

C yclopes w ere born a nd giving a co m plete m ythic a l history

, .

It w a s ma de up (a vun xnp o u e vo s ) fro m different poets a nd

ended w ith the de ath of U lysses a t the h ands of his son T ele .

g on u s T he poe
. m s of the E pic C ycle it is a dd e d w e r e preserved , ,

a nd v a lued not so m uch for their m erit a s for the sequence ,

of the events rel ated in the m T hus fa r Photius su m m arising .

,

w h a t he h a d re a d in P roclus .

O f the chresto mat h y of P roclus itself w e h a ve

( )
1 As h ort life of H o m er preserve d in t h e C o d e x , Ven e t u s
of t h e I li a d a n d e l se w h ere
,
.

(2 ) An a bstr a ct or a rgu m ent of the T roj a n p a rt of th e E pic

C ycle ,
specifying t h e poe m s of w h ic h it w a s ma d e up T h ese .

if the s u r vi vi ng tex t i s s o
fa r comp lete w ere eig h t i n nu m ber , ,

VI Z .

p ria (a uthors h ip d ispu t e d ) ,

I li a d ,

( E thi op i a,by Ar cti nu s of Miletus ,

L i ttl e I li a d by L esches of Mityle n e

, ,

S a ck of I li u m ( I M v n ep a i s ) by A r c ti n u s

l
o , ,

N os toi by Agi a s of T r oe zen

, ,

O dys s ey,
by E u g a m m on o f Cyrene
T el eg en i a , .

T his a bstr a ct is preserve d in t w o fr a g m ents T h e portio n .

rel ati n g to t h e C yp r i a is fou nd i n four MS S n o n e of the m .

,

of high a nti quity T he rest is in the C o d e x Ve n etu s of t h e

.

I l i a d a ma nuscript of the tenth century

, .

T hese sever a l portions of the w ork of Proclus a ns w er so w e l l

to the description in Photius a s to le ave no d oubt th a t they a re
p a rt of the e x tr a cts w hich he h a d before hi m T hey a re less .

co m plete th a n the collectio n know n to P h otius in a s m uch a s ,

they d o not cont a in a ny abstr a ct or a ccount of t h e e a rlier p a rt

1
I n Mr Mah a y s
.


v ery rea d ab l e n ot s ee an y g r oun d for th i d p t
s e ar u re

H i s tor y of Gr eek L i ter a tu r e h i s p oem t from th e u sua l a ccou n t . If Arcti nu s

t
i s m en ti on e d , bu t i i s s a e d t h a
tt
th e t S a ck f
o did n ot ent
I li u m e r i n to t h e

a rr an ers of t h e m y h i c a l c c l e
g y t
pr e E p i c C y cl e h w did n a b s tr ct of i t
, o a a

fe rre d , on t h e S a ck of T r oy , a p oem of com e t o b e g i v en by P roc l s u

L es ch es c a ll e d th e L i ttl e I l i a d I do

.
 O F TH E E P I C CYCLE . 30 7

of the E pic C ycl e T hey also o m it t h e lives of the other E pic

.

poets H esiod &c Whe t her they represent t h e w hole of the

,
.

T roj a n p a rt of the E pic C ycle is the question to w h ich w e h a ve

n ow to turn .

T he celebr ated C odex Ve n e tu s of the I l i a d ( Ma rc .

w hich h a s preserved in its scholi a ne a rly a ll th a t is kno w n

of the m ost ancient criticis m of H o m er origin ally cont a ined ,

a good de a l of ma tter dr a w n fro m the chresto ma thy of Proclus

in p a rticul ar the life of H o m er a nd the a bstr a ct of the E pic ,

C ycle or p art of it T his w a s prexed to the text a nd scholi a

,
.
,

serving a s a kind of intro d uction to the volu m e U nfortun a tely .

the le a ves on w hich it w a s w ritten no longer exist in a com plete

st a te T he fra g m ents consist of one entire sh eet or p a ir of
.

le a v e s a n d three det a che d le a ves ; in a ll ve le a ves T he rest

, , .

of t h e MS consists of qu aternions or g a therings of four sheets

.

e a ch a nd the presu m ptio n is th at t h e intro d uctory ma tter

,

occupie d one suc h g a thering T hus three le a ves of the origin a l .

eight a re m issing T h e single le a ves h a ve been a tt a che d to

.

fres h p arch m ent a n d so m e n e w le a ves a re boun d up w it h the m

, ,

so th a t t h ere a re n o w eleven le a ves before t h e text of the I li a d

begins T he ve old le a ves a re nu m bere d 1 4 6 8 9 of these
.
, , , ,

folio 1 a nd folio 8 for m a n entire s h eet t h e rest being single

, , .

T heir contents a re a s follo w s

F olio 1 L ife of H o m er fro m Proclus
.
, .

4 A bstr a ct of p a rt of the E pic C y cle ( vi z

. a fe w .
,

lines of the conclusion of a S a ck of I li u m ,

then the N os toi O dys s ey a nd T eleg on i a ) fro m

, , ,

P roclus .

6 Abstr a ct of a nother p a rt of the E pic C ycle viz the

.
,
.
,

I li a d E thi ogai s L i ttl e I li a d a nd S a ck of I li u m

, , ,

( by A r c t i n u s : fro m the second book of the

)
chresto mathy of P roclus .

8 T he l a tter p a rt of a tre a tise on t h e critic a l ma rks

.

of the A le x a n d ri a ns .

9 F ille d w it h p a intings m uc h l a ter t h a n t h e MS

.
,
.

T he correspon d ing a bstr a ct of the C yp r i a w h ich is preserve d ,

else w here is ex a ctly long enough to ll one le a f of the Veneti a n

,

ma nuscript H ence w e may infer w ith tolera ble cert a in t y

.
,
3 08 O N THE F R A G M ENT O F P R O CLUS
AB ST R ACT
as S t u de m u n dpointed out th a t this abstra ct w a s cont a ined
,

on one of the lost le a ve s .

T he proble m n ow is to deter m ine the pl a ces w hich the

surviving le a ves held in the origin a l qu aternion .

It is cert a in in the rst pl a ce th a t folio 1 a nd folio 8 for m ed

, ,

the outer m ost sheet ( rst a nd l a st le a f) of the quire E xcept .

on this a rr ange m ent it w ould be i m possible to pl a ce t h e three

le a ves cont a ining the a bstr a cts a nd a lso the lost le a f cont a ining
,

the e arlier p a rt of the tre a tise w hich ends on folio 8 .

A g a in it is cle a r th a t folio 4 m ust co m e a fter folio 6 ; for

,

folio 4 gives the l a st p ar t of the w hole E pic C ycle w h ile folio ,

6 belongs to a n e a rlier p art of the story a nd i mm edi a tely f llo w s ,

o

the lost folio w hich g a ve the C yp r i a '

.

It re ma ins to consider w h ether folio 4 follo w ed i m m edi a tely

a fter folio 6 o r w a s sep a r a ted fro m it by a portion of text n ow
,

lost T he l a tter a ltern a ti ve ha s been recently ma int ained

.

w ith gre a t le a rning a nd ingenuity by Prof A Mich a elis rst . .

in his edition of Ja hn s Gr i ecli i sclze B i lder chr on i ken (p 9 3 if )

. .

a nd a g a in in the H er m es (xiv p 4 8 1 ff ) H is chief a rgu m ent

. . .

may be sta te d so m e w h a t a s follo w s .

T he contents of folio 4 begin w ith a fe w lines describing the

l a st events of t h e s a ck of T roy a s follo w s : U lysses h a ving ,

sl a i n A sty a n a x N eoptole m us receives A n d ro mac h e a s h i s pri z e

,
.

T hey d ivi de th e rest of the spoil : D e m ophon a n d A c ama s nd

E thr a a n d t a ke her w it h t h e m
,
T h en h a ving set T roy on re
. ,

they s a crice P olyx en a a t the to m b of Ac h illes Ag a in the .

,

l a st p art of folio 6 is occupie d by the a bstr a ct of Ar ct i n u s S a ck

of I l i u m If then folio 4 origi n ally follo w ed folio 6 it is

.
, ,

necess ary to consider these rst lines of folio 4 to represent

the conclusion of th a t poe m H ere ho w ever w e a re m et by .
, ,

a di fculty T he l a st w ords of folio 6 a re these : T hen the

.

G reeks s a il a w a y a nd Athen a contrives destruction for the m on

,

their w a y by se a In the or d er of ti m e this evidently follo w s

.

the supposed conclusion of the S a ck of I li u m inste a d of ,

preceding it a s it ought to do if folio 4 continues folio 6

,
.

H ence it foll o w s th a t the t w o le a ves a re not consecutive : th a t

a le a f h a s been lost bet w een the m a nd th a t the lines in ques
tion describe the conclusion of a nother poe m on the s a ck of
T roy introduced a long w ith th at of Ar ct i n u s into the E pic
,

C ycle .
31 0 O N THE F R A G M ENT O F P R O CLUS A B ST R ACT

Without un d uly pressing this phr a se w e c a n h a rdly reg a rd it ,

a s a ppl ic a ble to a co m pila tion in w hich there w ere three poe m s

turning upon the s am e c a t a stroph a nd differing materi a lly in e .

the det a ils of the story It is a m inor obj ection th a t S t e s i ch oru s

.
,

a s a L yric poet w ould be out of pl a ce in a n E pic C ycle

,
.

H is S a ck of I l i u m w a s cert a inly lyric a l in for m w hile the othe r ,

poe m s w ere in hex am eter verse .

1

T he discrep a ncy upon w hich Prof Mich a elis h a s grounded .

his restor a tion is m et by other schol a rs in a di fferent w a y viz , .

b y tr a nsposing the portions of n a rr a tive w hich a r e out of their

chronologic a l order If t h e l a st sentence on fol 6 a nd the l a st
. .

sentence in the disputed lines of fol 4 a re ma d e to ch a nge .

pl a ces the di fcu l ty is re m oved T his correction w a s proposed

,
.

by K L ehrs a nd is a d opted in K i n k e l s e xcellent E p icor u m

.
,

Gr a ceor u m fr a g men ta It is rendered pl ausible by the fa ct th at

.

the t w o sentences in question a re of the s am e length a n d begin ,

w ith the s am e w or d ( err ei r ) a nd by t h e further circu m st a nce

-a

not hitherto observed th a t t h e rest of the disputed p a ss a ge

is just t w ice the length of e a ch of these sentences T he w hole .

ma y a ccor d ingly be d ivide d into lines e a ch consisting of either ,

3 4 or 3 5 letters a s follo w s ,

rr ei r a ci rr o rrM o v a t v o l E >
' "
7t 7 v6 9 K a i 6 0 dv
7 p 35
'

a dr o i q 75 A dnvci I ca r cz
'

w k a o c p n a vd r a i 34
y x .

( end of fol 6 ) .

rea l
'
A a r vd va /cr a d v ek ovr o s N e on ?

6> uo s A vdp op dxnv yp a s h a u dv ei K a i r d

r
t e

Ro n n i h d qbvp a Bi a v u ovr a r A nuo d ad w 5 %K a l

Ia c I u 9 A
A x ua c A i dp a v
)I t

p 6 6 ea vr w v
ev
p o vr e g d
y ov o l . .

-
err ei r a emrp ria a vr ec r iyu m i x! H ok v g myv

a c a yi d o v a w i n t 7 5 1/ 7 0 9 A

i h x w c r d cp o v
p j

'

x .

T his is not the a rr a nge m ent of lines in the existing ma nu

script : but it may w ell h a ve been the a rr ange m ent in older
C opies or even in the a rchetype
, R ecent sticho m etric a l r e .

se a rches sho w th a t a line of a bout th at length w a s a recognised

m e a sure in a nti quity .

T hese consi d er ations h o w ever sc a rcely d o m ore t h a n d i m inish

, ,

I
I t i s t ru e t h at S t es i ch oru s i s fol m ea n t for u seR om an s ch ool s a d
in : n

l ow e d by t h e a r t i s t of t h e T a bu l a S te s i c h o ru s w a s t h e h i f u t h i ty f r
c e a or o

I l ia ca . B u t th e T a bu l a I l i aca w as th e of c a i l Rom n l eg n d of lE
a e . ne as .
 O F TH E E P I C CYCLE . 31 1

the a ntecedent i m prob a bility of a tr ansposition of text A m uch .

stronge r a rgu m ent a g a inst the a rr a nge m ent of Prof Mich a elis .

re mains to be sta ted .

T he C odex Ve n e t u s of the I li a d w a s ex am ined in the L ong

V a c a tion of 1 8 8 0 by Mr T W Ja ckson ( of Worcester C ollege ) . . .
,

a nd a n observ ation w a s ma de by hi m w hich goes far to solve the

proble m bef re us T he follo w ing ex tr a c t fro m a letter w ritten
o .

by hi m a t the ti m e w ill expl a in the n a ture of h i s discovery

A fter puzzling a good de a l over the introductory le a ves it

,

occurred to m e to t ry the si m plest of a ll tests the ruling , .

I foun d th a t every folio is ruled w ith a sh a rp stylu s on on e s i d e , ,

on ly . O f course on the other side the lines a re r a i sed

, N ow , .

in a ll the rest of the volu m e ( I w ent through m ost of it to make ,

the m atter certa in) the syste m of ruli n g is quite unifor m I n .

a ny q u aternio n fo l a h a s the lines r a ise d : 1 b a n d 2 a i n cised :

,
.
,

2 b a n d 3 a r a ised : 3 6 a n d 4 a incised : a nd so o n
,
T he , .

poi n t of course is this t h at if the recto a of a n y le a f h a s the , ,

li n es r a ised then th a t le a f is no 1 or 3 or 5 &c a l w a ys an

,
.
, , , .

odd nu m ber I f si d e a of a le a f h a s the lines incise d t h en t h e

.
,

le a f is 2 4 6 &c i e so m e even nu m ber

, , ,
I t see m s th a t
.
, . . .

S c h reiber a n d Mic h a e l is h a ve overlooke d t h is : for w hen I ,

ca m e to t h e introdu ctory le a ves I foun d th a t ,

fo 1 a . h a s li n es ra ise d ,
this le a f is to h a ve a n odd no .

f0 4 a . incise d ,
even

fo 6 a . r a ised ,
odd

f0 8 a . i ncise d ,
even

f0 9 a . incise d ,
even

N ow this disagrees w ith S chreiber s sche m e [this w a s proposed

in t h e H er m es vol x p doub ly : since he pl a ces fo 6 a s

,
. .
, . .

a nd fol 4 a s A n d w ith Mich a elis in one point h e

.

w ould pl a ce fo 4 a s B ut it w ill suit of the a ltern a tive

.
,

sche m es proposed by you [the det a ils of these nee d not be n ow

repe a ted ] either n o 1 or no 2 : but not no 3 T he st ate of
,
. . . .

the margins makes it i m possible th a t a n y le a f should h a ve

bee n reverse d so t h a t the origi n al r ecto shoul d n ow a ppe a r a s
,

ver s o .

U n d er t h e co n d i tions i m posed by Mr Ja ckson s discovery fol

. .
,

6 m ust st a nd in a n odd pl a ce a n d fol 4 in a n even pl a ce ,

.

h ence it is ev i de n t th a t the tw o l e a ves a re either consecutive

Y 2
31 2 O N THE F R A G M E NT O F P R O CLUS A B ST R ACT

in w hich c a se they m ust st and a s a nd or a s (5 ) a nd ( 6 )

or sep a r a ted by tw o lost le a ves A s this l a st a ltern ative is .

pra ctic a lly out of the question there re ma in t w o possible ,

sche m es in both of w hich fol 4 co m es i mm edi a tely a fter fol 6

,
. .
,

a nd consequently the disputed lines on fol 4 belong to the .

a bstra ct of the I l i up ers i s of A r ct in u s T he t w o sche m es are .

these
(1 )
I fol H o m er s ife

. . 1 ,
L .

II .
( C yp r i a )
III . fol . 6, E thi op i a L i ttl e I l i a d I li up er s i s .

IV . fol . 4 , I li up er s i s ( end ) N os toi T el eg e n i a .

V .

VI . fol . p a intings
9 , .

VII .
(tre a tis e )
V I II . fol 8 l atter p a rt of tre a tise
.
, .

(2)
I fol H o m er s ife

. . 1, L .

II fol. . 9 ,
p a intings .

III .

IV .
( yp )
C r i a

V fol 6
rest of E pic C ycle a s before
. .
,

VI fol 4 ,
.

VII
tre a tise o n critic al marks
.

VI I I fol
.

. . 8 ,

In fa vour of the second of these sche m es t w o consi d era t i o n s

may be thought to tell w ith m ore or less force
( 1 ) T he c a se of a single le a f is m ost likely to a rise by t h e l oss
(by theft d ama ge or the like ) of the other h a lf of a sheet
, , .

N ow in th e second sche m e no t w o single le a ves belo n ged to t h e

s am e origin a l sheet : w here a s a ccording to the rst sche m e
the sheet co m posed of fol III a n d fol V I h a s been sep ar a ted
. . . . ,

a n d y e t neither h al f sheet is lost -

.
3 14 O N THE F R A G M ENT O F P R O CLUS
AB ST R ACT
s ay a body of poe m s brought together by so m e co mm on circu m
,

st a nce o f origin or style or subj ect but ret a ining their sep ar a te
, , ,

for m T he poe m s of the E pic C ycl e to use the expression

.

of Photius w ere m e m bers of such a collective w hole T hey .

w ere a rr a nged in a xed order

; but they bore the n am es of
di fferent a utho r s a nd w ere divided independently into books , .

T his for ma l distinctness a ppe a rs fro m the ma nner in w hich

P roclus introduces his a ccount of e a ch poe m T hus ( w ith a pp a .

rent a bruptness the e arlier p art of the a bstr a ct being lost) the
, ,

a ccount of th e C yp r i a begins in this w a y

N ext to this [the preceding poe m of the Cy cle perh aps the
E p i g on i ] co m es the poe m c a lled C yp r i a in eleven books a bout ,

the a uthorship of w hich w e sh a ll spe a k here a fter th a t w e ma y ,

not interfere w ith the order of our exposition T he contents .

a re these Z eus t a kes counsel &c .

1
,
.

T he abstr a ct of the C yp r i a occupied the end of t h e rst book

of Proclus chresto ma thy T he second book w hich c on

.

t a i n e d his a bstr a ct of the re ma inder of the C ycle begins a s ,

fo l lo w s
N ext to w h a t w a s spoken of in the preceding book co m es

the I li a d of H o m er a fter w hich are ve books of the E thi op i s

of Ar c ti n u s of Miletus co m prising the follo w ing m atter ,
.

Pen hesilei a the A ma zon a rrives &c

t 2
,
.

F ro m this for m ul a w hich is repe a ted w ithou t subst a nti a l

ch ange in the other c a ses i t is cle a r th a t Proclus h a d before
hi m a series of distinct poe m s Wh a t then w a s the E pic .

C ycle
T he obvious a nsw er is th a t i t w a s si m ply the w hole of w hich
these poe ms w ere the p a rts A s to this ho w ever schol a rs h a ve .
, ,

not been quite un ani m ous It h a s been m a int a ined th a t the .

E pic C ycle does not m e a n a cycle of p oem s but a cycle of ,

l eg en ds a r r anged by t h e gr amma ri a ns w h o illustr a ted the m by

, ,

a selection of poe m s or p a rts of poe m s 3

B ut the l ang u a ge of .

1 i
E m Ba AAe r
r o r o rs r
'
d A e y du e r/ a K r rr
'
i
7 ?
3 u
p?) r ar r BrBAcp I Ards O p i p ov
i ns
' '

pm 31! BrBAfo rs pe pdpre va gy de k a , 5 1/ f o r m Al ro rr fdo s BrBAla e Apx

pl

( 1re u eO
, '

i) : y p a pii s {fo r ep ou po riu e v ry a MrAna lo u,

i
f
''
7 r
, ,
u h r tw
-
r r/ o u
'
n e p t e x ou r a r a ds . Ay a
573 5 Ady o v V BV e nrr o l gw p e v

6% (

d im U q l A e ra p y fv er 7\

r r s o n a a
'
ar K T . o .

r e
p
'
rex ou eva.

a r i '
7 0 07 a . 8 0 11
3
I q u o te t h e w or s for d con ven e n ce i
ten m f P f Mah a y s H is t f Gr L it


Au
s : s u . ro m ro . . o . .

E d M er 63 7 0 73 r

po e rpnne vors { v i p 86 T h e
. . . vi ew w a s or ig i l l y pu t
na
 O F TH E E P I C CYCLE . 3 15

P hot i rrs ill not be a r this interpret ati o n H e spe a ks of the

w .

E pic C ycle a s lled u p ( u xnp iu s ) o u t of di fferent o v n or e vo

poets a nd s a ys th a t a ccording to Proclus the poe m s of the

,

, ,

E pic Cycle ( ? u i} d h o u d
T or fp

e rr ) w ere preserved
co le /C r . n o ei a ra

a nd v a lued not so m uch for their m erit a s for the se q uence of

the events in it ( d d ip d h di
i . w p y ud
r )
) xo ov a v

ev a rw v .

T he E pic C ycle here is so m ething to w hich certa in poe m s

belong to the exclusion of other poe m s I t m ust h a v e denoted

,
.

n t a m ere a bstr a ct cycle of legends w ithin w hich indeed

o , ,

a l m ost a ll epic poetry w ould equ a lly fa ll but the a ctu a l

volu m e or corp u s in w hich cert a in p e m s w ere collected o .

It furth er a ppe a rs fro m the p a ss a ge j ust quoted th a t the E pic

C ycle w a s so a rr a nged a s to for m a continuous n a rra tive a

chronicle of the w orld in epic verse We sh a ll nd th a t the

.

a ssertion of Photius a s to this ch a r a cteristic of the E pic C ycle

is sufciently borne out by the existing a bstra ct provided th a t ,

w e do not insist upon a n ex a c t conti n uity in every c a se .

It is w orth notice here th a t i n the p a rt of the E pic Cycle

kno w n fro m the a bstr a ct of Proclus the l a rgest sh a re of sp a ce
w a s occupied by H o m er While the I li a d a nd O dys s ey cont a in
.

forty eight books a ll t h e other epics m en tioned by Proclus only

-
,

ma ke up t w enty nine T he books it is true ma y h a ve been of

-
.
, ,

gre ater a ver age lengt h in the c a se of the l a ter poets T he co m .

p a r a t i v e i m port a nce of H o m er is a lso sho w n by the c ir cu m

w

sta nce th at Proclus gives no abstr a ct of the I li a d a nd O dys s ey ,

but m erely m entions the m w hen he co m es to the pl a ces w hich

they held in the series H e took it for gr a nted th a t their con.

tents w ere su fciently kno w n to his re a ders We ma y even go .

so fa r a s to s ay th a t the chief purpose of the E pic C ycle or a t

le a st of the p a rt w hich de a lt w ith T roy w a s the illustr ation
of the H o m eric poe m s .

T he only other m ention of the E pic C ycle a ppe a rs to be the

often quoted p a ss age in A then a eus ( p 2 776 ) to the e ffect th a t
-
.

S ophocles co m posed w hole pl ays follo w ing the stories w hich it

for w a d by H y n e w h
r e en he ed it ed th e w i th P f ro . Ma h a ffy as to th e e xi s t en ce

fr g m e ts of Pr ocl u s f t h e rs t tim of i
s el e c t o n of oe m s p ar ts o f

a or
n or e, a p
i n t h e B i bl i oth elc d e r a n ti /een L i ter a tu r p oe m s ,

a n d on l y d er i ff f r o m hi m i n

u n d K u ns t I t i s n o t el b y h d olh di h t
n g t a t h e t e r m E p c C y c l e m ea n s i
W e l ck er , an d n e e h as b een g en er a l l y
i d d h i
t a t s e l ec t on , a n d n ot n g e l s e hi .

a b nd
a on e d . I m ay a dd t h at I a gr ee
3 16 O N THE F R A G M E NT O F P R O CLUS A B ST R A C T

con ta ined ( a r x ok o v dd w 7 15 0 u d rr m l
9 x
a) T
a he re ma rk ev

0 7 v o .

is ma de w ith reference to a w ord s a id to be bor ro w ed by

S ophocles fro m the T i ta n om a ch i a a n epic poe m w hich is l ikely ,

( on other grounds) to h a ve been p art of the E pic C ycle T hu s .

there is n othing in the p a ss age inconsistent w ith the V ie w of

the E pic C ycle w hich w e h a ve a dopted Indeed the l a ngu a ge .

of A then a eus is in ma rked a gree m ent w i t h th a t of Photius 1 .

T he notion of a body of m ythic a l history cont a ined in a

s eries of poe m s brings us to a m uch deb a ted question Were -
.

these poe m s t a ken into the E pic C ycle in their origin a l for m 7
In other w ords w a s the sequence of events of w hich P hotius
,

spe a ks a tt a ined by si m ply ar r anging the a ncient epics in a

,

cert ain order or w a s there a ny process of re m oving p a r a llel

,

versions s m oothing a w ay inconsistencies,lling up l a cu n a e a nd

, ,

the like
If w e could a rgue fro m the silence of Proclus w e should be ,

led to a ssu m e th a t the poe m s of the E pic C ycle w ere the

w orks of the a ncient epic poets ret a ined in their pri m itive ,

integrity H e no w here gives a ny h in t o f o m ission or curt a il

.

m ent T he inference ho w ever w ould not be a s a fe one

.
, ,
.

P roclus ma y h a ve de a l t w ith the topic in a p a rt of the

chresto ma thy n ow lost or not su fciently represented in the ,

sc anty notice of P hotius O r it ma y be th a t Proclus only

2
.

kne w the poe m s in the E pic C ycle n o t in their independent ,

sh ape O n the other h a nd it is unli k ely th a t the continuity

.
,

on w hich Proclus see m s to h a ve l a id so m uch stress could h a ve

been brought about spont aneous l y or by h appy a ccident ,
.

1
C om p a r e t h e w or d s q u ot e i n t h e d t he s e q u en c e o f e ve n ts , a c c or d n g i to
tex t i th t h p h
w e ra s e 7v &K v v ra V
7 9

Ph oti u s ,
w as in the E p i c C y cl e (e u

7 631/

e u u ry u

p pa y u dr ow i n Ph t i u s o . n ot i n th e p oe m s w h ic h w er e
2
T he n a tu ra l p l a ce for P c l ro us to c h os e n to f or m it .

no ti ce any c ha g nm a d e i n th e p oe m s
es I tm ay be w or th h i l
w e no ti i
c ng al s o

in or d er to h
t t e m for a p l a c e i n t h e t h at th e f or m u s e d by P r oc l u s in i n tro

E pi C y cl w l d b t h e p g i
c e ou e ass a e n d u ci n g t h e s e v e ra l p oe m s , d oe s n ot

w hi h h cx p l i d t h t t hey we e a ne a er e a l w a y s ex p r es s l y a s s er t th at th e w h ol e

p d d
re s er ve l d t f th i an va ue no or e r p oe m w as b e for e him e .
g us e
.

l @0 1 e
l

m it m h MrAno fo v

BrAlh A pK r fx/ ov

er ddso ip & x ei uc as i , r ! xo ov au A i d r om oo s
r ai ds : a n d s o of t h e L i ttl e

r IB V v a rr r ? I t s e e m s v e ry w e
p reXo vr a

p os s i b l th t e a he t h er e di cu s d s s e t he I li a d an d I l i u p er s i s t h e b ook s ,
n ot

re ecj ti f b on o o ok s o r p r ts o f p
a oe m s , t h e p oe m , a re s a id to c om p r s e s o i mu c h
n ot m e r el y of en ti re
p oe m s . N ot e th at m a t er t .
318 O N THE F R A G M ENT O F P R O CLUS A B ST R ACT

city T he subsequent history to w hich the l a st four subj ects

.
,

belon g is not given by Procl u s under the L i ttle I li a d but under

, ,

the I l i up c s is of A r c t i n u s It follo w s w ith s o m ething like

r .

mathe matic a l cert a inty th a t in the E pic C ycle the conclusion

of the L i ttle I li a d incl u ding the s a ck of the city a nd the
dep arture of the G reeks h a d been left out ; the co m pilers

preferring the version w hic h A r c t i n u s g a ve of this p a rt of

the story in his I li up er s i s .

T his i n ference is conr m ed by the description w hich P a usa ni a s

gives ( x 2 5 2 7) of a picture by Polygnotus representing the
.
,

t a king of T roy T he det a ils of this picture a s P a us a ni a s sho w s

.
,

fro m a l arge nu m ber of inst a nces w ere t aken fro m the n a rr a tive ,

of L esches It is true th a t he does not m ention the L i ttle I l i a d

.

the only reference to a p a rticul a r w ork of L esches being in the

w ords M

t 5 ) re l A xe s 6 A l k

lea e v v7
v p i s a I o w

a i o a o ov

p 5i 7 6 ( P a us X 2 5 F ro m this p a ss age it h a s
/
' '

7r e 0 i ,
7T O t 7 0 . .
,

been supposed th at there w a s a n I li up er s i s by L esches distinct

fro m the L i ttle I li a d B ut this is not necess a ry T he phr a se . .

I M v ep i 8e ma y refer to p a r t of a w ork m e a ning si m ply

-
ev o rr a ,

in his a ccount of the s a ck of Iliu m ; a s H erodotus s ays

cv

A w pnj de o c i p el
y (ii T hucydides
c ta r 8 f p 33 a x r rr r ov 7
' '
7 . 0

n a d a
e i (i A
a s w e kno w fro m A ristotle th a t the L i tt l e
p .

I li a d fu r n i s h e d t h e ma teri a l for a pl a y c a lled I M p t 9 it

'

o v 7T 0 ,

is cert a in th a t the L i ttle I l ia d incl u ded the s a c k of Iliu m a nd it ,

is unlikely th a t L esches w rote a distinct epic on the subj ect .

Polyg n otus then took his det a ils fro m the l a tter p a rt of the
, ,

L i ttl e I li a d the p a rt w hich w a s not a d m itted into the E pic

C ycle .

T w o quot a tions ma y be m entioned w hich support the s am e

conclusion T he scholi a st on A ristoph a n es (L ys
. s ays th a t .

the story of Menel au s letting fa ll his s w ord a t the sight of H elen

w as told by L esches in the L i ttl e I li a d A n d T zetzes (a d .

L c p hr 1 2 6 3 ) quotes fro m the L i ttl e I l i a d ve lines w hic h

.

describe N e op t ol e m u s t aking a w a y A ndro ma che a s his c a ptive ,

a nd thro w i n g the child A sty an a x fro m a to w er T hese events .

obviously fa ll w ithin the p art of the story not represented in the

L i ttl e I l i a d of the E pic C ycle T hey prove th a t the origin a l .

L i ttl e I li a d cont a ined a n I M ep o t s o m itted in the E pic

ov r r

C ycle .
 O F THE E P I C CYCLE . 319

I f then there
, ,
w as a t le a st one poe m
hich su ffered c on w

s i de r a bl e m util a tion in order to t it for a pl a ce in the E pic

Cycle the presu m ption is th a t si m il a r ch an ges w ere ma de in

,

other c a ses A n d a p a rt fro m this presu m ption there a re

.
,

su fcient indic a tions to w a rr a nt us in gener alising the inference

w hich the L i ttl e I l i a d suggests .

A p a ss a ge of P a us a ni a s ( x 28 m entions a s the poe m s .

, ,

w hich cont a in descriptions of the infern a l regions the O d s s e

y y , ,

the Mi ng/ a s a nd the N os toi As the a bstra ct of the N os toi in

, .

Proclus s ays nothing of a descent into the infern a l regions t h e ,

pr b a bility is th a t this episode w a s left out in the E pic C ycle

o

doubtless a s super uous a fter the v v in the eleventh /c ra

,

book of the O dys s ey .

T he A ethi op i s a ccording to a scholi a st on Pind a r (I s th 4

, .
,

s ays th a t Aj a x killed hi m self a bout d aw n B ut the A ethi O p i s .

of the E pic C ycle ends w ith the qu arrel a bout the a r m s of

A chilles ; the de ath of Aj a x fa lls w ithin the L i ttl e I l i a d .

Prob ably therefore the A ethi opi s h a d been curt a iled

, , .

It is a rgued by H erodotus th a t the p r i a c a nnot be the w ork

of H o m er (a s a ppe ars to h a ve been co mm only supposed in his
ti m e) bec ause it contr a dicts the I li a d in a n i m port a n t p a rticul a r
, .

T he I li a d a ccording t H erodotus represented P aris a s returning

, ,

fro m S p a rt a by w a y of S idon w hence he brough t the S idoni a n ,

w o m en m entioned in the sixth book (1 w here a s in the .

p r i a he returned in three d ays w ith a fa ir w ind a nd s m ooth ,

se a B ut a ccording to the abstr a ct of the p r i a in Procl us a

.
,

stor m is sent by H ere P a ris is driven out of his course l a nds

, ,

at S idon a nd t a kes the city i n perfect a gree m ent w ith the

,

construction put by H erodotus on the pa ss age of the I li a d .

N othing c a n be pl a iner th a n th a t the p r i a of the E pic C ycle

h a d been altered T he voy age to S idon w a s inserted in c on
. ,

sequence of the criticis m of H erodotus to h a r m onise the story ,

w ith the a ccount i m plied or supposed to be i plied in the

( m )
I li a d .

I t may be orth w hile in this connection to notice a n inst a nce

w

in w hich the n arr ative of the E pic C yc l e is not quite continuous .

T he L i ttle I li a d en d s a s h a s been m entioned a t the point w hen

, ,

the Wooden H orse h a s been t a ken w ithin the w alls a nd the ,

T roj ans ar e exulting over the defe a t of the G reek ar m y T he .

I li up er s i s of A r ct i n u s begins w ith the T roj a ns delibera ting w h a t

320 O N T H E F R A G M ENT O F P R O CLUS A B ST R ACT

they are to do w ith the Wooden H orse T he t w o poe m s there .

,

fore overl a p to a cert ain extent T he co m piler did not bre a k

,
.

o ff his L i ttle I li a d a t the ex a ct point w here it w a s t a ken up by

the I l i up er s i s of A rct i n u s but (prob abl y) a t the rst convenient

,

stopping p l a ce a fter th a t point T he fa ct is interesting a s

-
.

sho w ing th a t the E pic C ycle w a s not strictly consecutive a nd ,

or i th a t it w a s not continuous in for m T here c a n h a ve

a
f or ti .

been no atte m pt to fuse the sever a l poe m s together or to give ,

the collection the superci a l a ppe a r a nce of a single w ork .

T hese c onclusions it is right to a dd a re opposed to the vie w

, ,

of the E pic C ycle held by the schol a r to w ho m this subj ect o w es

m ost of its interest A ccording t o Welcker the poe m s of th e
.
,

E pic C ycle w ere preserved in their origin a l for m ; it is the

infor ma tion of Proclus th a t is defective T he obj ect of Proclus .
,

he maint a ins w a s n ot to describe the po e m s w hich he found in

,

the E pic C ycle but to give a su mma ry of the m ythic a l history

,

w hich they furnished : a cc ordingly it is Proclus and not the ,

co m piler of th e E pic C ycle w h o is responsible for the o m issions

,

on w hich w e h a ve been insisting T he obj ections to this vie w .

a re ma nifold In the rst pl a ce Proclus in every c a se professes

.
,

to describe the poe m s the m sel ves H is fo r m ul a is th a t a poe m .

succeeds or j oins on ( e w eBt e i o v vd rr r e r a i ) to the preceding

one a nd th a t there a re so ma ny books co m p r ising such a nd

, ,

such ma tter T his ma nner of spe a king ca n h a rdly be reconciled

.

w ith the theory th a t he p a ssed over l a rge portions of the con

tents th a t for inst a nce he o m itted fro m the L i ttle I l i a d of

, ,

L esches a n am ount of n a rr a tive equ a l to the w hole I li up er s i s

of Ar ct i n u s a nd sufcient to furnish four tr agedies L e a st of
, .

a ll c a n w e suppose this w hen w e a r e told th a t he h a d d w elt

especi a lly on the sequence of the e vents a s ch a r a cteristic of ,

the collection of poe m s Moreover the abstr a ct of Proclus is

.
,

not m erely silent about p a rts of the origin a l poe m s in one c a se

a t le a st it introduces n e w ma tter vi z the voy a ge of P a ris to , .

S idon in the p r i a N ow ho w ever a pt the fr am er of a n

.
,

abstr a ct ma y be to le a ve out incidents w e c a n h a rdly suppose ,

th at he w ould give this story a s a n episode of the C yp r i a if he

h a d not found it in the E pic C ycle A n d if so w e know th a t .
,

it m ust h a ve been inserted into the poe m either by the c om ,

3 22 O N THE F R A G M ENT O F P R O CLUS A B ST R ACT

It may be g athere d fro m the very elliptic a l w a y i n w hich t h e

a rgu m ent is st a ted especi a lly in the second of these p l a ces th at
, ,

it w a s a stock ex am ple a nd prob ably older th a n A ristotle , .

H ence the second m e a ning of le d/c h c w h atever it w a s m ust o , ,

h a ve been one w hich it bore in ordin a ry us age A g a in the .

,

phr a ses r m y a nd 5 r e in t e m a y m e a n either the poetry (in

or

1
-
a

a collective sense ) or the poe m viz a p articul a r poe m T he

,

,

. .

question for us then is this : w h a t fam ili ar fa ct ca n h a ve been

, ,

conveyed by the proposition a s st a ted by A ristotle or a ,

conte m pora ry sophist th a t the poetry (or the poe m ) of H o m er

,

is a led h c /c o

T h a t ze d/em s here m e a nt the E pic C ycle of Proclus or a si m il ar ,

collection of epic poetry is i m prob able on sever a l grounds In ,

.

the rst pl a ce there is nothing else w here in A ristotle to in d ic ate

,

th a t he knew of such a collection H e spe aks of the sep a r ate .

poe m s especi ally (a s w e h a ve seen) of the C yp ri a a n d L i ttle

,

I l i a d : but n ot of a ny C ycle or bo d y of poe m s Moreover

.
,

th e poe m s i n questio n w ere ev i d ently very l ittle k n o w n or re a d

a t t h e t i m e P lato a n d Ari stotle w ho q uote H o m er h u n d re d s
.
,

of t i m es h ar d ly ever q uote or a l l u d e to t h e oth er po em s

,

enu m er ate d by P roclus Y et if rcv lcxoc h ere is a n E pic C ycle .

'
,

w e shoul d h a ve to suppose not m erely t h a t t h ere w a s suc h a ,

t h ing i n t h e ti m e of Aristotle but th at it w a s fam ili a rly kno w n ,

un d er t h a t n am e Ag a in gr a nting t h a t there w a s such a

.
,

e de k as it w oul d n ot h a ve bee n spoken of by Aristotle a s the

,

poetry of H o m er ( ) O mfpo v 7 At one ti m e it i s true

'

, ,

m a ny C yclic poe m s w ere a scribe d to H o m er B ut t h ere is no

.

t0
tr a ce of th is confusion in the perio d w ith w h ich w e a re con
cerne d T he poetry of H o m er in A ristotle s m outh c a n only
.

m e a n the I l i a d a nd O dys s ey w ith the Ma r g i tes a nd a nu m ber ,

of short pieces sever al of w hich a re n ow lost When he m en

,
.

tions the p r i a a n d L i ttle I li a d (a s i n the p a ss age a lre ady

quote d fro m the P oeti cs ) h e a ssu m es t h a t t h ey a re n ot H o m eri c
, ,

a n d evi d e n tly t a kes i t for gra nte d t h at h is re a d ers d o t h e

s am e.

If schol ars h a d not co m e to these p a ss ages of the O r g a n on

w ith m inds possesse d by the notion of a n E pic C ycle they w ould ,

surely h a ve understood x v x k oe to be either the title of a p arti

onl a r poe m a scribed to H o m er or t h e n am e of a cl a ss to w hich ,

so m e w e l l kno w n H o m eric poe m belong e d T aking the form er

-
.
 O F T HE E P I C C Y CLE 3 23

a ltern a t i ve a s the e a sier w e m ay illustra te it by supposing th a t ,

the fall a cy of A m big u ous Middle T er m w ere exe m plied by

such a syllogis m a s
E very te m pest is a m eteoric d isturb ance ,

S h akespe a re s pl a y is a T e m pest

T herefore it is a m eteoric disturb a nce .

T h a t is to s a y the equiv a lent phr a ses r d E m ; a nd 7) O mfp o v

,
'

n o r770 1 9 m e a n the (w ell kno w n ) poe m of H o m er : a nd the only

/ "
-

question is w h at evidence or prob ability is there of the existence

,

of a poe m of H o m er c a lled K i nk o g or a led/0 0 9 ? , x

S uch a m e a ning of x ii /d o c is recognised in the co mm ent a ry o f

J o a nnes P h ilopo n u s on the P os ter i or A n a lyti cs T he p a ss age .

is given i n B r a ndis S choli a i n A r i s totelem (p 2 1 7 a 4 4

.

a s follo w s
r d rr r) 77r 0 i r d e m yp dup a r a r d orJ r w

le d/ch a r! 3 6

(5770 1 .
v

(ca r d r 5 r h o s r 0 0 w arr o v a r l ov M e i
'

rr e rr o mu va 0 5 (5 9 r 3
3

x E
'

, p x
d x ok ov o da m r 739 dpxii s r o i} dev r p ov K a i 7 0 157 90 7 0 73 r p lr ov

d a o du i r o v a rzr bv a r i ov z

I t a l be Es dxk d 9 ea l d i tea t
q , x px yv

r xos r e l ate a t , ol u da r e
-
no t r or o :

M76 0 1 1 3

) vq s lul, vl m ina r i
'

ae w ap e loci /t a t .
X

'
K ry ei 8e H p dor o v v 3 B i O u p v O u p ov el va t 6
A

r ) r ov o
9 g r

rr l yp a uua e ls Mida v )

'
r 6322 (
v y d v Ba a i k ea 7 r
r o rv v v . rd

r o ea r a dr i d a a x i i /ch a ir x ri /ch o p M e r r d i /e75

yp uu r y
v
y

p a du d r a o ii r w x a k o vu e va d e rrd o a v i a r op ra v w ep re
'
( t
'
.
,

rd w v re z
x o vr d m o ; ( I 79 ar d vr w v
p p
n ea l
d rh o a dd w v r 6322 r e

x a doh ov [ca r d u o c w e t a dr d e i h ov/i v w v g

a r b 3 % rea l dh l o
p p , [ .

r e led/c h o c i di o m duou a c ri
u e vo v 6 w o i n/i a r i v s u v e l c r ep o v q

,
I A ,

r el/ 6 9 36 e t c O ,u 77 o u a va bep o v a u ]
/ a p a :I
rr e t r a ahhd
q a r
p p y p e

u a O nu d e o i: w ei r/ r e c a r
p d ao vr a i o l ov w e p t l a r p u c iy v 7
i 7T p l ,

p pa r a w iyv K i m m y r i vet n e i r a r a
p u e L a
x e do v w dvr ee
:

- I I
o r e bo vr a i rea l o r w e t r a s a k k a s K o ucd v em u
9r

mu
7 c 9

p q rrov da

p
r
d a
y
. ;

( 0 22 7 6 9
:
t e h due l 30 x 6 2, di d rt ) w dvr a s r01 9 3 w o rnr ds w ep t r dc
I
d
7 t I
8
I o

f
s!

na da i
A

a ur a s ra r op ra s
'

e th r a vr y 5 o o vc n p a y m or e r a.
Iw e
.

A I 0!

ba i qbnu i 8 e o n u n h ea r d
a I r \

learnt /ca. rw y e r /c v /ch i w v
y a r m/cp a
'
L L GV
C IL a I
da de
I I
7r 7t 7t a /cr a l Mt a w a peu rrh e
,
I
7
7 (L
a xw p r
p r ov r ovr w v a 7
7 , a

a r o i a i a l e [c a l o i d M i rr o mr a l

x o vr a i
x i
w ok k d
p o i)
Xp d vr a i .

a! I I
a li k e) ? r e 36 a r e [c a l x v i w s V r
(
a a d
9
e as y
a! ah

a v cy a n
9 I /ch e er , K a r a
p p e

a vv e /c do i w 5 %[ca t r a ii r a
x .
 3 24 O N THE F R A G M ENT O F P R O CLUS A B ST R ACT

It h a s not been observed by a ny of the schol a rs w h o h a ve

de a lt w ith this pa ss age th at the w ords in br a ckets a re a n
interpol a tion It is cle a r ho w ever fro m the connexion of the
.
, ,

a rgu m ent th a t this is so L e a ving out this sentence then w e .

, ,

nd th a t P h i l op on u s gives t w o m e a nings for the w ord ii x c : x /e e

A n epigr am so constructed t h a t the s am e line ma y for m

( )
1
either beginning or end a s in the verses inscribed on the to m b
of Mid a s T hese verses w ere fam ous in a ntiquity a s w e see
.
,

fro m the use ma de of the m by Pl a to in the P ha edr u s ( 2 6 4 D ) .

T hey a re a scribed to H o m er in the pseudo H erodote a n L ife on -

,

the a uthority of the peo ple of Cy m e A ccording to D iogenes .

L a ertin e ( I 6 2 ) they w ere a ttribute d by so m e to C leobu l us of

.
,

L i n du s one of the seve n Wise Me n

,
.

he s o c a lled dy a d/{ M a uad t t is to s y the '

( 2 ) T -
nu d ra h a a , , ,

stu d y of t h e poet s I t is unnecessa ry to go into the di fferent

.

e x p l a n a tio n s w h i c h P hil op on u s suggests for this u se of the w or d

dy e d/ca ro m W e sh ou l d observe h o w ever t h a t a ccor d ing t o h i m

t h e sw ee t i e ua dg p a r a inclu d e d every species of poetry even

co m e d y w h ic h d oes not d e a l w ith the s am e m ythologic a l

,

s ubj ects a s t h e ot h er ki n d s : a n d a lso t h a t t h e ter m did n ot

inclu d e ot h er br a n ches of le a rn ing suc h a s r h etoric I t is , .

d ifcu l t to g at h er fro m the l angu age of P h il op on u s w het h er the

u se of x ii a m: for r d dy d/emu n dy/L a r a w a s custo mary in his
/c e . er

ti m e or is m erely supposed by hi m to a ccount for the Aristoteli a n

,

d erm [C O /C XO Q

r .

O f these t w ointerpret a tions the rst is the only one th a t is

ten able T he w ord eye d h o c occurs sever a l ti m es in Ar istotle
. /c

a nd his conte m por a ries but a l w a ys either in the origin a l sense

, ,

pe riodic a l recurring or w ith a slight extension of m e an ing

,

,

ordin a ry co mm onpl ace usu a l T he speci a l a pplic a tion of

,

,

.

the p h ra se usu a l le a rning to the poets is l a ter B ut if am ong .

the poe m s a scribed to H o m er there w a s a n epig r am of the

s am e for m a s the Mi d a s epit a ph a n d if this poe m w ere ,

gener ally know n a s a x i x s w e shoul d h a ve a pl a usible x o ,

expl a n ation of the p a ss ages in the O r g a non .

T he interpol a ted w or d s perh a ps o ffer u s the s am e expl a n ation

in a so m e w h a t di fferent for m A ccor d ing to the m there w a s a .

poe m called I I X0 9 a s its proper n am e ( idi m) w hich so m e

X /( o ,

a ttributed to H o m er so m e to other a uthors T his h a s gener a lly

, .

been understood to refer to the E pic C ycle Y et it is h ardly .

326 O N T H E F RAG ME N T OF P R O C L U S AB S T RAC T

P h a yll u s b r idged or t h e a b r i dg m ent itself T h e l a tter is th e

a ,
.

vie w t a k en by Welcke r w h o conside r s t h a t the w o r k w a s ,

intende d a s a n a ssist a nce to t h e m e m o r y pe r h a ps a s a ,

sc h ool book -
.

I n one of the a ncient lists o f Aristotle s w o r ks (given in

R ose A r i s toteles p s c u d cp i g m p lm s p 1 8 ) a ppe a rs the h e a ding

, ,
.

x i i /d a y w e i w o w fro ic it been infer r ed t h a t

'
ah m w h h h a s
p r
y
r

Ar istotle w a s t h e a utho r of a x ii /d o c in t h e sense n ow suggested ,

a su r vey or r es u m e of Greek poetry in th r ee books Such a .

w o r k m ig h t conceiv a bly be a r t h e s a m e r el a tion to hi s P oeti cs

a s t h e lost H o M T e Za t t h e a ccount of the v a r ious constitutions

of G r eek st a tes bore to the P olit i cs All t h is h o w eve r m ust be .

, ,

m ere hypothesis T h e w o r d {c u/( M e does not a ppe a r in the

.

corresponding title in the list given by Diogenes L a e r t i u s w he r e ,

w e on ly nd w e i w o mv w d B Moreover a s R ose sho w s

p ,

( p . the w ork in question w a s a di a logue a for m singul a rly

unsuited to a brief outline of fa cts 1

.

T h e chief inst a nce of the u se of x zi x xo s a s the title of a book

is unfortun a tely of uncert a in d a te A m ong the w orks a ssigned .

by S u ida s to the a ncient logogr a ph er D ionysius of Miletus

a ppe ars a x i i /cm ; i a T op L /cds in seven books but it see m s '

prob a ble th a t there is here a confusion w ith a nother of the m a ny

w riters of th a t n a m e Athen a eu s (p 4 77 d) quotes fro m a . .

Dionysius of S a m os in h is w ork on the cycle 7 o w ep l r o i}

'

x ii /em u
) so m e w ord s w hich evidently co m e fro m a prose version
of the story of the C yclops in the O dys s ey C le m ens Alex a n .

d ri n u s quotes A i m 150 1 0 9 v 7 98 7rp a3r cp u ep e t 7 0 6 K /ck o v for a

'
/ '

, ,

t r a dition a bout th e P a ll a diu m : a n d si m il a r references to the

w ork a s a n a utho r ity on points of m ythology a r e found in the

Sc h oli a sts O n e of the s e (S ch ol a d E u r

. c a lls h i m . .

A i m/ Ja w s o x vx k o y p d gbo s
Q
Aga in D io dor u s (i ii 6 6 ) professes
r
.
,
.

to h a ve m a de use of a ce r ta in Dionysius the one w h o m a de a ,

co pil a tion of the old m ythologic a l stories (7 g?) a v vm g a y ve

m

w a k a ui s p v dow o a a c
) He does not give the title of this

.

I f w e a d op t t he c orr c t i o of p p er n m O th erw i s w e m y a c qu i
1
e n ro a e . e a

Me ag n S A e i) p) 1 63
KI K O Sa d e cr ei t h opi n i o of R
0 11 7 th t o
11 , n s e n e n os e , a
f
In l ws

c m p e t h t i tl e of oth di al og u es h e h s n oth i n g t o d o i th th d i l g
o ar e s er , er a w e a o ue

I pzM

os f) r e
p) pnr opm s ,
m ang o : h
on t h e p oe ts , bu t i s a n oth er n a me for

W Gpl \ puxs , as al s o th e Pl a t on i c t i tl es th e f a m ou s n e n Ao s of Ari s t ot l e

s o, . If
g en era l l y , i t s ee m s p os s i l e t h a t t h e b it w as a s u mm a ry of m y th i c al h is tory,
w or d w mm s i s the

orru p t i on o f a c l i k e th e u x k os of D i on ys i u s .
 O F T H E E PIC C YC L E . 3 27

w ork or othe r w ise identify the a u tho r except by telling us t ha t

, ,

he w rote t h e h isto r y of the god Dionysus a n d the A m a zons

, ,

a lso of the Argon a uts a n d t he T r oj a n w a r a n d m uc h m o r e

, , ,

citing the poe m s of the a ncient m ythologists a n d poets

w a pa r t e l s r d w o ra a r a 7 6 W &p a iw u 7 c r e p v dok o w v x a i
(

x
'

y
r
.
,

7 6 w T his desc r iption ho w eve r a g r ees so w ell w it h , ,

t h e x i i /d o g [c r op s /c os of S u i da s a n d w ith the x ii /at a e or m p h ,

x i i /ch m) of Athen a eus a n d C le m ens th a t w e m a r efe r a ll

y ,

the notices to a single w ork T h e ch a r a cter of t h is w o r k is .

pl a in I t w a s a co m p r ehensive outline a storehouse of m y t h o

.
,

logic a l le a rning d r a w n fr o m v a r ious a ncient poets It d itfe r e d

, .

fro m the E pic C ycle described by Photius in the circu m sta nce
th a t it w a s in p r ose Prob a bly too it w a s m uch m o r e c o n .
, ,

de n s e d since the w hole w a s r e duced to the co m p a ss of seve n

,

books . Whether the proper ti t le w a s x ox k oe or w ep i 7 0 0

x x k o v is not cle a r It i s possible th a t x ii /d o s w a s not the
.

origin a l title but only a n a m e by w h ich it w a s kno w n in

,

co m p a r a tively l a te ti m es 1 .

Although there is no direct evidence a s to the d a te of this

x ii /ch o c
( or w ork on the x vx k o s ) w e c a nnot be fa r w rong in ,
.

a ssigning i t to the Al ex a ndrine period T he t a ste for le a rned .

co m pil a tion on so l a rge a sc a le ca n h a rdly h a ve a risen before the

ti m e of the gre a t libr a ries O n the other h a nd the re ference in .

D i odoru s prevents us fro m pl a cing it m u ch l a ter T hus the .

notion of a x ii /ch o c in the sense of a prose collection or su m m a ry

,

of m ythic a l history is brought w ithin m e a sur a ble dist a nce of

,

Aristotle B u t the a pplic a tion of it to a p oeti ca l collection a n

.

em /co

s x x k o r
-
c a nnot yet be discerned .

pic C ycle a ccording to Welck er w a s the w ork of

T he E , ,

Z e n odot u s the r st of the three Alex a nd r ine editors of Ho m e r

, ,

an d al so the rst chief of the Muse u m .

T he direct evidence for this theory consisted m a inly in a

st a te m ent quoted by a L a tin scholi a st fro m the gr a mm a ri a n
T zetzes to th e e ffect th a t Alex a nder the [E t oli a n a n d L y c o

,

phron of C h a lcis a n d Z e n odotu s of E phesus a t the insta nce of

1
T he

D i on y s iu s , m e n
p
a r e c a vo s of b ook . If s o, Z

r e oa uo s m a y h a ve been
c
t i on e d by S o ra te s ( H i s t E col i ii . . . th e prop e r t i t l e .

18
g en e ra l l y t h ou g h t t o b e t h e s a m e
2 2
 O N T H E F R AG ME N T OF P R O C L U S AB S T RAC T

K ing P tole m y Phil a delph u s collected a n d a rr a n ged ( i n u n u m

col l e er u n t et i n or d i n c m r cd e e r u n t
g g ) t h e G
'

r eek p o e tic a l books ;

Alex a nder the t r a gedies L ycophron th e co m edies a n d Z e n od ot u s , ,

t h e poe m s of Ho me r a n d o t her le a ding poets But it w a s

.

poi nted out by R i t s c hl D i e A lcx a n d r i n i s ch cn B i bl i otheken p 1 1 ) ,

.

t ha t this need only m e a n suc h a revie w a n d a rr a nge m ent of th e

'

Ho m eric a n d o t h er poe m s a s w ould fa l l w it h in t he duties of a

libr a r i a n Subsequently the origin a l scholiu m of T zetzes w a s
.

d iscovered a n d it w a s found th a t t h e th r ee sc h ol a rs in question

,

w ere s a id not only to h a ve collected ( a v v de i va t

) the books b e

longing to the sever a l bra nches of poetry but to h a ve corrected ,

the m (S cop d a a t ) We need not go into R i t s ch l s fresh discussion

.

of th e subj ect ( O p u s cu la i p 1 3 8 if ) except to observe th a t a s ,

. .
,

Z e n od o t u s certa inly m a de a cor r ected text ( Bi p dw a cc) of Ho m er ,

the st a te m en t of T ze tzes m a y refer to this a n d in a n y c a se h a s ,

no be a ring on the for m a ti o n of a collection such a s th e E pic

C ycle 1
.

C o m in g ne xt to the i n direct evi dence for or a g a inst the

existence of a n E pic C ycle in the peri o d n o w in questio n w e ,

n d th a t in the Scholi a of the C odex Ven ctu s w hic h cont a in

ne a rly a l l th a t re m a ins of the Alex a nd r ine criticis m of Ho m er ,

n o x ii /c h o c of epic poe m s is m entioned or i m plied T he issue i s .

pr a ctic a lly n a r ro w ed do w n to t h e question w het h er the a dj ective

I c y /( M in i s w hich occu rs seve r a l ti m es in the S ch ol i a a n d is used
, ,

in connection w ith poetr y by C a lli m a chus c a n or should be ,

i n t erpreted w ith a n y reference to a poetic a l x ii /c h o c .

In the critic a l S ch ol i a w hich a re kno w n to co m e in subs t a nce ,

fr o m Arista rchu s the w o r d [c o /( M a ri e m e a ns co m m on c o n v e n

, ,

I t i s especi a lly a pplie d to the recu rri n g ph r a ses a n d

tion a l .

tu r ns of exp r e ssio n th a t belong to t h e epic style T h us w e .

h a ve :
6 3 2 5 7 5 V 3 E lc r w p ve l /( 6 0 0 6 1 ] 1} 5 1 71 1 73 3T L
"
Schol A . .
, ,
2

I cy /( M ic a h xa r a x xp n r a v

a dder h y e r a t w cw xnx r i x v .

T h a t is to i s in a pp r opri a te since th e speech

sa
y ,
ve rx e a a e v ,

1
I t is n ee d l e s s
t o g o i n t o th e n ot i e s c as th e g ra mm a ri a n qu i s a cr i Zac m nz

c on n e c ti n g Z e n od ot u s a n d Ar i s t a r h u s c co l l eg i t c
orp u s H om cr i . T hi s l a ccm m
w i th the c
ol l e t i on o f t h e com e r i H c cor p u s , or f r a g m en t a r
y H om e r o f P i s is
p o e m s u n de r i s i s t r a t us P
A m on g t h e s e . tratu s , is a
g h o s t t h a t h as no bu i
s ne s s

c
m u s t b e ou n t e d a n e p ig r a m o f A u s o i n t he d ayl i g h t of Ale x a n d ri n e e r i ti

n ius in w hi h Z c eno do t u s i s f
re e r r e d to c i sm .
3 30 O N T H E F RAG ME N T O F P R O C L U S AB S T RAC T

Also by th e epig r a m of a ce r t a in P ol l i a n u s A n th ol , . xi . 1 30
I I W
T O US
le v

o v s T ov r o v e v o v s

a vr a
p e vr et r a.
'
I
h e'yo ur a e
dk k or p i w mv

m a d} h w n o dur a
, s v en
A I I Ie 9 I
Bra
3
Ka t 7 0 21 7 e k eryo w 7r
p 0 0 e
'

X a) w k ov
'
e
x w r
y p a

H a deu i o v xk rr r e w d K a k k cp dxozr
' '

p
d s v r o a w
"
i 5 d s Xw
( I

myp

o c o r e) 7 0 2/ O ov va t
'
lr o
'

(I Ia Al w 3! I 9

yp gbe w 775 77 {
a!
-"
co o r e r
m / a et Be 6 6 a .

T he d a te of P ol li a n u s is unkno w n but a s he p r ofesses a d m ir a tion ,

for C a lli m a chu s he prob a bly echoes his l a ngu a ge a n d critic a l

,

preferences Si m il a r ly Hora ce s s cr ip tor cycli cu s m ust be inte r
.

r e t e d w ith reference to the Alex a ndrine use of the ter m Wh at

p .

t h en w ere t h e poets a n d poetry c a lled cyclic in the Alex a ndrine

peri od
It is h a r dly n ecess a ry to point out th a t th e cyclic poe m of

C a l li m a chu s a n d t h e cyclic poet of Ho r a ce a n d P ol lia n u s h a ve
nothing to do either w ith the E pic C ycle or w ith the a ncient
epics of A r c t i n u s L esche s a n d th e rest T h e person a l feeling
, ,
.

w hich pl a inly a n i m a tes C a lli m a chus a n d his i m it a tor P ol li a n u s

is su fcient proof th a t th ey w e r e thinking of conte m por a ries a n d

r iv a ls
. T h e l a ngu a ge of P ol l ia n u s indeed is m e a ningless on , ,

an
y other h y pothesis : these poets he s a ys a r e be co m ing so

, ,

sh a m eless in their bo r ro w ings fr o m Ho m er th a t they h a ve gone

a s to w rite u v w c e aBe de d Moreover x v /cM/c c in

so fa r ,
r .
,

the sense of co m m on th e sense w hich is necess a ry to th e

-

point in the epigr a m of C a lli m a chu s h a s no connection w ith

a poeti ca l or educ a tion a l xi i /d o e I t is for m ed like e y x v x M os
'
.
v
, ,

fr o m the lite r a l sense of I C I i /C AO S a n d m e a ns th a t w hich h a s the

,

ch a r a cte r of a circle pe r iodic a l recurring &c ,

We m ust
,

, .

the r efore look for the true cyclic poet not in th e e a r ly post ,

Ho m e r ic a g e but a m id the feud s of Alex a ndrine li ter a ti

,
.

If a n y one poet w a s a i m ed a t by C a lli m a chus in the epigra m

in question it w a s u n doubtedly Apolloniu s R h odi u s T h e qu a rrel
,
.

bet w een these t w o schol a rly poets bec a m e fa m ous a n d m a y be ,

t r a ced in thei r w ritings Me r kel (in the prefa ce to h is e dition .

o f the A r g on a u ti ca p xvii f ) h a s pointed out a n a llusion to

,
. . .

Apollonius in C a lli m a c h us H ym n to Ap oll o 1 0 5 1 0 6

Aw oMt on / os i h d dp t o e e l n e v
'

6 ' '
'
oz a r a

.

I
vr o s a c t 8 e r.
1 (I
8
\

a a a t 7 0 12 a m 8o r
3

0 1m a 0 9 av 0 0 a w o
y
 O F T H E E PIC C YC L E . 33 1

T he ph r a se 6 0 a m i l 1 0 9 ( s c T p clJ GI ) is epic : of Horn h /

. . . . .

Ven 5 wip v i i n e ep o s 7 0 7t h } r p e cpet 755 6 0 a m i l 1 0 9

.
' '

Here .
'
/ .

the a llusion is to the Pontus a s the scene of t h e Argon a utic

expedition a n d to the m ythologic a l lore a ccu m ul a ted in t h e
,

A r g on a u ti ca It is p r ob a bly a reply to the w o r ds of Apollonius

.
,

A rg on iii 9 3 2
. .

i

-
dv r t

59 35 30 i 5 e c: ZO
'
c /ck e u c 0 1
y a e, a vr a a ow
'

0 286 12 6 9) ( pp i c a a a a ea t ,

App a rently C a lli m a chus w a s a tt a cked a s a n unle a rned poet a n d ,

retorted by pouring conte m pt on th e m ultifa rious le a rning of

h i s riv a l .

A si m il a r a tt a ck on Apolloniu s is t r a ced by Me r kel in

T heocritu s I d yl l 7 4 5 4 8, .
,

i s p a t K a t r x r w v i xde r a

y 50

'
7 w e ev v
'
u c vr t
'
'
, p
'
20 0 2/ op e v 9 I cop v cpci a a t 5 6p 0 v o y 5 o vr o c
'

r ek .
,

Mo w Av c )I N

0 0 0 1 7 mm X t ov a 0 t 5 o v
0 9
[ca t l/ a es
a
p x .

i
' '
K ozc x ii o y r e e 9

c wn d
'
e r ai o t a p x o rt
' '

o v .

T he poets w h o i m it a te Ho m er w h o l a bour in v a in to m a tch

their cuckoo notes a g a inst the C hi a n singer m ust be Apol
lo u in s a n d his lik e T h e com p a r ison to builders w h o struggle
.

to r a ise a gi a nt s house a s h igh a s a m ount a in top see m s str a nge -
,

a n d cert a inly beco m es m ore intelligible if ( w i th Merkel ) w e

reg a rd it a s a p a rody of the lines in th e A r yon a a ti ca desc r ibing

a picture of the building of T hebes ( i 7 3 8 ) .

Z ii do s a eu e 7r w a a 5 ov viep r a e y
'

,
'

eo e h r d r o w x dpn p o ye o vn e o u cai q
i
' '
ai
p , .

Putting together th ese v a rious indic a tions on th e one h a nd

th e use of the term cyclic a n d on the other h a nd the evidence

a s to the st a te of feeling a n d opinion a t Alex a ndri a w e c a n

h a ve little di fculty either in form ing a notion of the gene r a l

ch a r a cter of this cyclic poetry or in unde r st a nding h ow th e

,

w ord c a m e to be so e m ployed T h e s cr ip tor cycli cu s w a s .

essenti a lly a le a r ned m a n w ho sought to bring together in ,

a poe m a ll t h e a v a il a ble stores of legend a r y m a tter and w as ,

therefo r e forced to a dopt a m erely chronologic a l a rr a nge m ent .

He copied the Ho m eric l a ngu a ge a n d m a nn er especi a lly the ,

use of epic co m m onpl a ce w ith its repetitions an d stereotyped ,

332 O N T H E F RAG ME N T O F P R O C L U S AB S T RAC T

p h r a ses I t i s e a s y to see h ow a w ord like x v x xm s m e a ning

.

,

convention a l or m ight co m e to be a pplied to
poets of this st a m p a n d so p a ss by deg r ees into a liter a ry ter m
,

of rep r o a c h o r into the w a tc h w o r d of a sect or scho ol

, .

A l t h ough A pollonius R h odi u s w a s do u btless th e type of

cyc l ic poetr y in t h e vie w of C a lli m a chus it is not necessa ry ,

to suppose t h a t h e w a s the only cyclic poet or even th a t h e ,

w a s th e rst conspicuou s ex a m ple of th e cyclic style a n d

tendency T he sc h oli a sts on Hor a ce tell us th a t t he s cr ip tor

.

cy cli c u s inten ded by h i m is Anti m a ch us of C olophon a n d th a t ,

the lines
N e c r e di tu m D i om e di s a b i n t e r i tu Mel e a g r i ,

N e c ge m ino bellu m T r oj a n u m or d i t u r a b ovo ,

a pply to the w o r k s of Anti m a chus in p a r ticul a r to hi s T li eba id , .

I t w ill be w o r th w hile to consider w h et h e r he h a s the ch a r a cter

i s ti c of the cl a ss .

An t i m a chus w a s a conte m po r a ry of Socr a tes a n d the r efo r e

up w a r ds of a century e a r lier th a n th e Alex a nd r i a n school As .

a poet he is only k no w n t h rough the j u d g m ents p a ssed upon

h i m by a ncient c r itics Pl u t a r ch ( T i m 3 6 ) desc r ibes h i s style

. .

K a t Ka r o n o

a s fo r ced a n d el a bor a te v a t e eo m e )
-
,

cont r a sting it w ith t h e e a se of Ho m e r Quintili a n ( x 1 5 3 ) . .

,

a llo w s h i m the qu al ities of fo r ce a n d dignity but s a ys th a t h e ,

fa iled in p a ssion in a tt r a ctiveness in a rr a n ge m e n t a n d gene r a l ly

, , ,

i n a rtisti c po w er Acco r ding to Po r phy r y h e bo r r o w ed fro m

.

Ho m e r but w ith a lter a tions th a t spoiled w h a t b e borro w ed

.

( d 5 Avr la a xo e T cz O h j p o v I c h rr r w v w a p a 5 w p 9 0 2 E u sebius
{
' '
i , ,

P ra ep E v p . His chief w ork w a s a T h eba i d w hich a s the

. .
, ,

sc h oli a sts on Hor a ce tell u s beg a n a b ex or d i o p r i m a e or ig i n i s , ,

a n d c a rried t h e story do w n to t h e r e tu r n of Dio m ede w ith the

E pigo n i T h e length of this poe m w a s proverbi a l ( see C i c

. .

Brut . a s w a s a lso th e w ide r a nge of le a rning displ a yed in it

( 6 5 e w ep er r oq K a i d 5 0 7t e 0 X779 ci V y e 7 15x77 K a i 7 5 v K oh o dmi w o u

'
' '
r .
,

d v ev x d c Av r rp a xo v Plut llf or a l p 5 1 3 A ) He a lso

i , . . . .

w r ote a n elegy c a lled A 6 5 73 w hich C a lli m a c h us p r onounced to ,

be a n ove rg r o w n co m position ( ma xi) yp d a na m i 0 13 T op v) It r

.

is inte r esti n g to kno w t h r ough H e r a c li de s P on t i cu s th a t Pl a to

, ,

prefe r r ed Anti m a chus to C h oe r i lu s w hose epic on the Pe r si a n ,

w a r w as then hig h ly popul a r

(P r o c l a d P la t T i m i p 2 8 C ) . . . . . .
3 34 O N T H E F RAG ME N T O F P RO C L US
B
A ST RAC T .

histo r y T h e a dj ective r u r a l /c os h a s the gene r a l sens e

m yt h ic a l .

of convention a l a n d i s a lso used a s the n a m e (or nickn a m e ) 0 1
,

a n Alex a nd r ine school of poet r y T h e s cr ip tor cy cli cu s of Hor a c e

.

is one of t h is schoo l w hich h a s n othi n g w ha te ver to d o w i th t h e

,

e a r ly post Ho m eric poets c a lled C yclic in ou r h isto r ies 0 1

-
,

Greek liter a tu re .

D B M O NRO . . .
 T H E ME T R O L O G I C AL R E LI E F AT O X FO RD . 3 35

TH E ME T R O L O GI C A L R E L I E F AT O XF O RD .

[P L . xxxv ] .

O peculi a r interest a m ong the Arundel m a rbles of the

F

Po m fr et don a tion a t O xfo r d is a sl a b in the s h a pe of a pedi ,

m ent in w hic h there is in b a sso relievo the gu r e of a m a n a s

,

big a s the life w ith his a r m s extended a s if he w a s crucied ,

but no lo w er th a n a bout his p a ps is seen the co r nice cutting h im ,

off a s it w ere ; a n d this extension of his a r m s is c a lled a greci a n

m e a sure a n d over his a r m i s a g r eci a n foot T h e m a rble thus

.
,

1
described by George V ertue the engr a ve r w a s r st published , ,

i n h a n dl e r s Ma r m ar a O we n i en s i a Pt Pl lix N o 1 6 6 but its

.
.
,
. .
, ,

i m port a nce w a s co m pletely overlooked until t h e l a te Prof M a tz . ,

in one of his l a st pa pe r s published a better d r a w i n g a n d ,

pointed out the a rtis tic inte r est of the relief a s a sculpture
2
belo n ging to a r a the r e a rly period of Greek a r t O n th e oth er .

h a nd the m erit of t h e m onu m ent a s a n a ut h entic docu m ent of

,

Greek m etrology w a s set fo r th a t m y request by m y friend D r , , .

Fr B ultsch the a uthor of

. G r i e
,
c hi s che I ll et r ol og i e
3
w hose vie w s ,

a r e r epe a ted in m A n ci en t i ll a r bl es i n Gr ea t B r i ta i n 4 T h e
y .

chief r esult of his exposition w a s t h a t our relief unites in a

m ost interesting w a y t h e indic a tion of the lengt h of a fa tho m
( py )
o

vc d ofr or m w ith t h a t of a foot of 0 2 9 5 m . .

,

1
D c
es r ip ti on f
o E as ton -N es ton in th a t t he on l y vi s it V e r tu e e v er p a id t o
N or tha mp tons h i r e, the S ea t f
o th e R . N or th a m p t on s h i re , t o ok pl ce
a i n 1 73 4 .

2
H on . the E arl o f P omfr et ( p ri n t e d as A n na l i d cl l I ns ti tu te, 1 8 74 , P I . Q,
an a pp en di x t o th e C a ta l ogu e of th e p . 1 92 .

C u r i ou s c
C ol l e ti on o f c
P i tu r es of G .
3
1 4 7 6 7661 00 1 Z ei tu n g , 1 8 7 9, P 1 7 7,
. .

Vi l l i er s , D u lce o f c
B u k i n g ha m , L on d on , 1 88 0 , p 9 1 . . H u l ts c h , H cr a i o n u nd A r tc
Ba th oe, 1 7 5 8) m i s i on , p 2 1 ,
p . 55 ( s ee my A nc . .

Ma r l) . Gr . B r it p
. . I t a pp ear s I ) 5 6 7, D O t e 1
.

f r om Ho c ra e W a l p ol e s bi og r ap hi al

c 4
P . 5 59 : O x f rd o , N o . 83 .

s k et ch of G. V er tu e , i n t h e A n e d otes , c
3 36 T H E ME T R O L O G I C AL RE LI E F AT O X FO RD .

w h ic hi s not a s one m ig h t expect t h e sixth bu t ex a ctly the

, ,
1
,

seventh p a r t of the fa t h o m As suc h a division of t h e fa th o m doe s

.

n ot a g r ee w it h t h e w ell kno w n fa cts o f G r eek m et r ology H u l t s c h

-
,

i m a gined th a t t h e foot on o u r m a r ble m ight r a th e r be a m odu lu s

used by sculpto r s a n d a r c h itects a n d he obse r ved th a t t h e ,

r ecent exc a v a tions of O ly m pi a see m to sho w t h e di m ensions of

so m e of t h e te m ples p a r ticul a r l y of th e ve r y old te m ple of

,

He r e to be b a sed on a double m e a s u r e on a foot but l ittle

, ,

longe r ( of 0 2 9 8 a s w ell a s on a fa tho m of 2 0 8 4 m w hich .

,

a g a in co r r esponds to seven of those feet

,
.

T h e p r oble m thus p r esented a ppe a r ed to m e inte r esting

enough to j usti fy th e d esi r e of studying w ith g r e a te r c a re a n d
e x a ctness the m e a sur e s a ffo r ded by ou r m a rbl e I a pplied to .

P r of H Acl a nd of O xfo r d to w h ose kindness I ha d bee n

. .
,

indebted in 1 8 7 7 for fr ee a ccess to th e unive r sity g a lleries

, , ,

a n d h e a ns w ered m y a pplic a tion not only by supplying m e w ith ,

a ve r y successful photog ra ph
the neg a tive of w hich h a s se r ved

for t h e production of t h e a utotype p r int P l xxx v but a lso , . .

by h a ving a c a st of the r elief m a de w ith a copy of w hich ,

he w a s kin d enough to present m e T h i s copy is n ow in th e .

A r ch aeologic a l Museu m of the Str a ssburg U niversity a n d it is ,

w i th th e a i d of this ex a ct reproduction th a t I h a ve be en a ble

to revise to co r rect a n d to supple m ent t h e insu f cient m ea sure

, ,

m e nts t a ken on fo r m er occ a sions by m yself a n d by others I .

t a ke t h is occ a sion publicly to repe a t m y sincere th a nks to P r of .

Acl a nd for h i s libe r a l a n d e ff ective a id .

I M E T R O L O GI C A L AN AL Y S I S
. .

It a ppe a rs th a t t h e m e a ning a n d scope of our m onu m ent

w ere duly recognised by L ord A r u n de l s le a rned frien d s for the

H d 2 1 49 g m s at 7 F gm G H l t h s M tr

i

1 a ou e r1 : ra r ea s es n u sc e o
er o .
, ,
. .

i l og ic i S cr i p l or es , i p 1 8 0 , 5

5 p7 w 71 s y e r p
a
'
e oy e uns Ka . . .
.
333 T H E ME T R O L O G I C AL R E LI E F AT O X FO RD .

a ttention see m r a ther to point to t h e w es tern co a st of Asi a

,

Mino r or th e a dj a cent isl a nds in w hich st a tues a n d r eliefs of a ,

si m il a r m a te r i a l h a ve been fr e q uently discove r ed a n d p r ecisely

to these pl a ces th e chief a gent of th e E a r l of Arundel Willi a m ,

Petty o w ed a g r e a t p a r t of his tre a su r es In a n y c a se ou r

,

.

m onu m ent is evidence th a t a t t h e t i m e of its origin in the ,

count r y w here it w a s m a de th e Attic foot w a s cu r rent '

m e a sure .

T his Attic foot w ould see m to require a fa tho m of si x feet ,

equ a l to 1 77 6 m Inste a d of this our fa tho m ( A E ) m e a sures .

,

2 0 7 0 m th a t is to s a y a l m ost ex a ctly seven At tic feet As a

1
. .
,

fa tho m of seven feet w ould be a thing unhe a rd of evidently our ,

fa tho m m ust belong to a different syste m fro m th a t of our foot .

B ultsch h a s rightly pointed out th a t t h e m e a sure in question is

a n E gypti a n fa th o m w hich co m prises four gre a t or roy a l ells ,

2
of 0 5 2 4 e a ch a n d consequently h a s a length of 2 0 96 m w hich
, .
,

is but a little gre a ter th a n th a t of our fa th o m It is w ell kno w n .

t h a t there w a s a double ell in E gypt a s m a ller one of 0 4 5 0 m , .

,

divided into six p a l m s e a ch of w hich cont a ined four inches a n d , ,

the gre a t or roy a l ell of 0 5 2 4 m w hich being longer by one .

,

sixth h a d a length of seven p a l nrs

,
3
A fa tho m belonging to .

the l a tter syste m w a s consequ ently t w enty-eight p a l m s long .

N ow the Attic foot being one seven t h of this fa tho m is e qu a l

, ,
-
,

to four E gypti a n p a l m s ; a n d a s t h e foot is divided by the

Atheni a ns a lso into four pa l s ( u a k a o r a l ) a n d e a ch p a l m into
m - e -

S v n A t ti c f e t l t 2 0 72 Z i ts ch r f t f it d i oes tcr r ci ch Gy mna

1 e eq e ar ua o e r r e
e e .

m T h m e u em t t k en on t h c s t
. e as r s ic 1 86 9 p 2 6 5
en s a e a n, , . .

v y b t en
ar e w e a d ow i g t o D orp f l d i t h 111 i tth ci l n g en &c
n n
9
e n e u .
,

th l i g h t i n q u al i t i s of t h s u rf c e
e s e 1 8 83 p 3 8 e e a , . .

r li f
3
of t h e d t th e u tl i
e ,
f th
an I m ot i
o p os i ti n t o e t
e o i t
ne o e a n n a o n er n o

m iddl g e e f th ig ht h d b i g
n r o th c e t v ry i e b t e c i
an e n e on r o er s ar s n e we n s us

d f c d
e a e B id . th t f th
es es ,d D o p f l d Mi tth i l
e g
n a u re & 1 8 83
o e an r e , e u n cn c .
, ,

p l st
a d th f c t e n
er , a n th r ig h t
e p p ra 3 6 ur d p p 2 2 7 f
ear I c e y . . an . . an sa

a d m y c au s e
n a t i fl i ng d evi t i on O a on l yr h t pp e s t o m e t o be m os t
a . n w a a ar

t h e or i gi n l i t s l f C o z e h a d m eas u r d
a e l i k el y an d d d on e n ew fa c t
n e , a .

m y el f I t is st
s g e t h t 4 A i) ot k i th e At ti c
ran a na aar
'

,
n wa a ra r , s

L e on a r d o da Vi rrc i ( i p 1 8 3 , N o 3 4 3 ,
. . . for rrr of t h e w or d , s ee C . I . A tt i . . 3 21 ,
cd . c
Ri h te r ) m a k es t h e oo t th e s e e n th f v 1 0 ; 3 22 ( I ns cr B r i t Mu s i i . . . . .

p ar t of t h e l en g t h of th e b ody . I n the 28 ; 3 5 ; 3 8 ; ii 5 6 ; 68 ; 69 ; .

c an on i al c s t a tu e of P ol y k l ei tos , the 88 ; 9 7

A O va rov v ii p 4 8 , , 1 7
. . . c .

D or y ph oros , the f t oo ) i s n ear l y

nr . Ph ot i u s l ecc . s v . . nu m m i) , f
r e e r r in g to

e x c tl y
a the s i x th p ar t of th e t o ta l K r a t i n os and Phi l e m on . P lrry n i e h os
l e n g th of 2 m e te r s s ec Be n n d or i n t h e f ed .
p . 1 50 .
 T H E ME T R O L O G I C AL R E LI E F AT O XFO R D . 3 39

fou r inches ( 5 d x r v 7t o c) it is cle a r t h a t the E gy pti a n a n d t h e ,

A tt i c p a l m s a n d inches a r e t h e s a m e T h e diffe r enc e of t h e .

syste m begi n s only w hen the At h eni a ns constitute a foot W 0 6 9 , ,

( not in co m m on use in E gypt) of four p a l m s ; th e ell (w ixo e)

'

of one foot a n d a h a lf or six p a l m s a n d the fa tho m ( rim med ) o f , ,

six feet or t w enty fou r p a l m s a r e th e s a m e a s t h e s m a ll e r

-
,

E gypti a n ell w ith its fa th o m As to the roy a l E gypti a n 0 11 .

its a pp a r ent division into four (l a r ger ) p a l m s a n d t w enty fou r -

1
( l a r ger
) inches st a nds in no close rel a tion to Attic m e a sures .

N ot w ith s t a nding th e incontest a ble connection bet w een t h e

E gypti a n fa tho m a n d th e Attic foot it c a nnot but be striking t o ,

nd the t w o m e a sures united in one r elief As it w ould n o t be .

a re a son a ble supposition th a t the m a rble served only to st a te a ,

scientic fa ct of m etrology it m ust h a ve been m a de fo r ,

pr a ctic a l use ; a n d the only re m a ining expl a n a tion is th a t in t h a t

country in w hich the relief origin a ted both th e gre a t E gypti a n ,

fa tho m (a n d ell respectively ) a n d the Attic foot w ere cur r e n t

,

m e a sures T his a g a in p r oves th a t the relief c a nnot be of At tic

.

origin a s a t Athens a different fa tho m w a s in public u se O n

, .

t h e other h a nd w e m a y be led to the very origin of ou r m onu

m ent by a p a ss a ge of H e r o dot os in w hich h e a fr m s th a t t h e
E gypti a n fa tho m is equ a l to the S a m i a n fa tho m 2
As a nra t t c r .

of fa ct an ell of 0 5 2 4 m see m s to h a ve been used in t h e o l d

,
.

3
te m ple of Her e a t S a m os Wh a t ha s been sa id a bove a bou t
, .

the qu a lity of the m a rble w ould w ell s u it a S a m i a n origin .

Moreover w e he a r th a t thi s very isl a nd proved a m ost successful

eld for Petty s pursuits 4
C onsidering a l l this I think it not

.
,

too r a sh to conj ecture th a t ou r relief m a y h a ve 0 0 1 1 1 0 fr o m

S a m os or so m e pl a ce belon g ing to the S a m i a n do m ini o n s a n 1

, ,

th a t it m a y be a r the m ost a uthentic direct w itness for t h ,

e

S a m i a n fa tho m I n this c a se it is of g r e a t i m po r t a n c e for i t

.
,

sho w s th a t L epsiu s i s w rong in supp o sing the S a m i a n ell o f

5
H e r odot os to be the s a nr e a s the s ma l ler E gypti a n ell a n d t h a t ,

D or p fe l d w a s right in interpreting th e w ords of the histo r i a n a s

referring to the gre a t or roy a l ell And indeed if Herod o t u s .
,

S ee L ep s i u s

e x p os i ti on , p p 23 4 .

. i bi d p 2 6 1 17
. . .

2
H ero d . 2 , 1 6 8 , 6 5 t A i y ri 1rr t os ' '
n x v s 4
Mi h a e l i s A nc
c . Mu r b . C r . B r i ta i n ,
i
co u pp 1 6 , 1 9 2, 1 9 4 , 1 9 3

43 E a p frp
'

yx a ue r
'
r o ra o s 7 . . .

3
H u l t s ch c
i n t h e A r ha eol Z e i tu ng , .
5
I ll i tthc i l u n ycn &c .
, 1 88 3 , p . 23 8 .

1 881 , w v
-
p . 99 ; s ee ho e e r, D rir p fc l d ,
 3 10 T H E ME T R O L O G I C AL R E LI E F AT O XFO RD .

ha d intended to spe a k a bout the s m a ller ell he w ould h a ve ,

m a de it e q u a l to t h e co m m on Greek or A tt i c ell w hich a o ,

co r ding to D or pfe ld s conclusive a r gu m en t is ex a ctly of t h e

s a m e length ; by spe a king of the S a m i a n ell a s identic a l w ith

the E gypti a n one H e r o dot o s i m plies th a t he m e a ns the r oy a l
,

ell T he Attic foot a dded on ou r m onu m ent to the indigenou s

.

S a m i a n m e a su r e is e a sily expl a ined by t he inuence exe r cised

i n th a t isl a nd by the co m m e r ci a l a n d politic a l supre m a cy of
Athens e ven during th e a uton o m y of S a m os a n d s till m ore
, ,

a fter the unsuccessful revolution of 4 4 1 4 3 9 B C . .

T h e co m bin a tion of the t w o m e a sures on the s a m e sl a b meces

s a r il
y sugges ts the question w het h er the At t ic foot a n d its ,

subdivisions a r e in a n y w a y m a rked in the fa tho m a s gured in

our relief So fa r a s I c a n see t h is i s not t h e c a se D ividing
.
, .

the W hole length of th e fa tho m into seven feet (A c d ef g h E ) ,

the d ivisions fa ll in no inst a nce upon a distinctive point N or ca n 1

.

the s ubdivisions of th e Attic foo t viz the inch T 6 the pa l m 1

,
.
, ,

a n d t h e sp a n
( a m 6 a
p n) 2 of a foot e
( q u a l to
0 0 1 8 5 =
,

0 0 7 4 0 2 2 2 m re s pectively ) be found w he r e t h ey m igh t a t

, .
,

rst be sought for in th e relief F o r t h e b r e a dth of a nger a t .

i t s root is a bout 0 0 2 2 the bre a dth of the p a l m 0 1 0 5 m ; so a s ,

.
,

both di m ensions a r e co nside r a bly too l a rge such a d i rect ,

illustr a t ion of t h e nger (inch ) a n d the p a l m w a s not i n

tended by t he a r tist We sh a ll h o w e ve r co m e b a ck to this .

, ,

question T he sp a n n a lly the dist a n ce of the ends of the

.
,

second a n d the fth ngers w hen outsp r e a d c a n not be di r ectly ,

m e a sured on the relief ; th e dist a n ce a s given t he r e m e a su r es

0 1 9 0 m o r a bout te n Attic inches
.
, .

T h e m etr ologic a l a n a lysis of t h e fa tho m m ust conse q uently

enti r ely exclude the Attic foot T h e better m a r ked is the m a in .

d ivision of the fa tho m into fou r ells (A B C D E ) According to .

the denition given by P ollux 81 77 5 di k e /cp dv ov 7130 59

7 5 1/ e elbo w
'
u e O ov d r vk o v ci /cp o v 7 5 S ad a ma d # 73 12 9 T h

-
96
'

.
,

itself is not visible ; its position a s m a y be seen fro m a n a to m ic a l ,

di a gr a m s fa lls a little ne a rer to w a r ds the sh oulder t h a n th a t

2
,

1
I f l b ee d t co ct f l t t
ou n o r re ( q l t i At t i c f t
a a se s a e In . e ua o s x ee or a n

m ent g iv i m y A c i t f
en bl
n
p A t t inc f t h
en m ) b t 1 8
ar 9 m cs ,T h i m.
b a o u
'

. s nu er

5 6 0 (t d th
ow ar d f th s ti c l N
e en t od i e ar ti l e, l ti n t t h
o . s an s n n o ra on a re a o o e

T h l g th ob t i d by m
e en A t ti c m
a ne ea s u r e a s u re .

i g f m p l m to p l m th t i t i A m
'

i A F

9
F t

n ro a y a ,r t a g s o sa p o n s an ce u . ror e , na o 2e

b t th o t f th g i f i K tl L ip 1 8 8 0 Fi g 2 3

e w ee n e r o s o t e n e rs , s no ar u ns er , e z. ,
. .
34 2 T H E ME T RO L O G I C AL R E L I E F AT O XFO RD .

length of inc h of 0 0 1 8 5 1 1 1 But w ith e q u a l speciousness

an .

w e m a y conj ectu r e th a t t h e S a m i a ns a dopted t h e co m m on

G r eek syste m of dividing t h e ell i n to 6 p a l m s (of 0 0 8 6 4 I n ) .

a n d 2 4 inc h es ( of 0 0 2 1 6 a division w h ich a cco r ding to ,

L epsius w ould be in E gypt a lso th e co m m on division of t h e

,

roy a l ell a n d w h ich a s a m a tte r of fa ct c a n be r ecognised

, , ,

in t h e P t ole m a e a n foot of l a te r ti m es w h ic h is b a sed upon it a s ,

co m prising fou r of t h ese l a r ge r p a l m s 1

Indeed the bre a dth .
,

of t h e nge r s a t thei r r oot (w h ic h is a bsolutely t h e s a m e in a l l

the fou r a bove n a m ed nge r s) a ns w e r s a l m ost ex a ctly t h e r e
-

qui r ed m e a su r e of a n inc h inste a d of a n d the

lengt h of t h e p a l m is w it h still gre a ter ex a ctness represented

by the length of the fou r t h or ring n g e r ( vr a p aip e a o c 3d /c r v7k0 9
- '

QR ) n o t to m ention th a t t h e s a m e length ca n a lso be tr a ced in

a line JU N m e as ured fro m t h e w rist (or fr o m the root of the
a bd u ctor br cr i s p ol li ci s M) to the end of a d istinctly incised
,

fu r ro w (N ) w hic h a nsw e r s a s t o position to the j oint of the

, ,

mcta ca rp u s a n d the p ha la n x p r i m e of t h e fo r e n g e r I do -
.

not feel su r e w hethe r these slig h t indic a tions w ill be conside r ed

to be sufcient to solve the question w h e t h er the S a m i a n ell ,

w a s divided into six or seven p a l m s Possibly the condi t ions of.

inte r n a tion a l co m m e r ce a t S a m os w ere such a s t o r equ i r e a n

indic a tion of a double syste m of inches a n d p a l m s ; I a m inclined ,

h o w ever to give t h e preference t o the d ivision into six p a l m s

, .

T h e n a l decision w ill be left to further inves t ig a tions si m il a r to ,

those by w h ich Dr D or pfe ld h a s succeeded in discovering the

.

true leng t h of t h e At t ic foot w e m a y hope th a t the exc a v a t ions

at t h e H e ra e o n m a y h a ve a ffo r ded a rchitectur a l fr a g m ents
a d a pted to solve t h e riddle .

II . ST Y L E AN D P n o p o nr ro x s .

B esides the m etrologic a l questions connected w i t h it our ,

m onu m ent deserves no less a ttention a s a w ork of a r t w h ich

de m a nds a pl a ce in t h e h istory of G reek sculpture M a tz w ho .
,

rst recognised the stylistic ch a r a cter of the relief a scribed it to ,

the fi rst h a lf of the fth century B C b a sing his j udg m ent on . .

,

the follo w ing points : th e s h a pe of the skull si m il a r to th a t of ,

D or p fe l d i n t h e ll i l fbe zl u n g c n , 1 8 8 3 , p
'

1 . . 45 ; L e
p s i u s , i bid p 2 4 1 . . .
 T H E ME T R O L O G I C AL R E LI E F AT O X FO R D .

the st a tue of H a r m od i os a t N a pl e s a n d o f t h e M a ssi m i copy of 1

the d i s k obo o s of My on ; t h e st r o n g a n d p r o m inent c h in ; t h e

l r
2

t ra ce of a r c h a ic s m ile in t h e m ou t h ; t h e h ig h fo r m of t h e eye ,

w h ic h see m s to be r ep r ese n ted c a f ace t h e po w e r ful a n d

m uscul a r body w h ich h o w eve r is m o delled w it h out h a r dness
, , , .

O f t h ese a r gu m ents only t h a t t a ken fr o m t h e eye see m s open t o

,

doubt this p a r t of t h e cou n ten a nce bei n g so m uc h b a tte r ed a s

,

to rende r t h e o r i g in a l for m of the eye unce r t a in Besides Ma t z s .

'

re a sons I s h ould la y stress on t h e t r e a t m ent of the h a i r w h ic h

, ,

is sc a rcely m o r e t h a n blocked out a s is the c a se for inst a nce , , ,

w ith th e reliefs of the te m ple of Assos w ith the m etopes of th e ,

O ly m pi a n te m ple of Z eus w i th so m e of t h e m o r e a rc h a ic m etopes ,

of th e P a r thenon w ith one of the ter m in a l gu r es in th e V ill a

,

L u d ov i s i 3
&c Moreover the strict prole of the h e a d in
,
.
,

co m bin a tion w ith the fr ont vie w of the body though in keeping ,

w ith the l ow style of the relief still is less st a rtling in a w ork ,

of e a rlier d a te th a n it w ould be in a l a ter a g e w h i c h w ould ,

h a ve been a ble to e m ploy other expedients ; a n elev a tion of the

relief fro m the b a ckground of 0 0 4 5 m a s in ou r m a r ble w ould .
, ,

h a ve pe r m itted the sculptor to sho w th e he a d to t h e fr ont .

Fin a lly the sh a rp outline of the gre a t pector a l m uscle t oget h e r

, ,

w ith the very si m p l e tre a t m ent of t h e surfa ce exh ibits c om ,

p l e t e l y the m ethod of a rch a ic a rt T h e excellent m odelling .

,

ho w ever of the a r m s should w a rn us not to go b a ck to a too

,

re m ote pe r iod T his ve r y m odelling a ffords a further a rgu m ent

.

th a t the m onu m ent is not of Attic origin An Attic a r tist w ould .

cert a inly h a ve r a ised fr o m the ground a l l the outlines r a ther

strongly w ith a sh a rp edge a n d w ould h a ve represented the ,

m uscles of the a r m s w ith m o r e subdued m odelling T he .

sculpto r of our m a r ble follo w ed a di fferent m et h od ; h e m a r ked

ne a r ly th r oughout th e contou r s by a slightly incised line a n d ,

fr o m this ve r y point h e beg a n t h e round m odelling of t h e

1
A n na l i d ell I

ns t . 1 874 , PI .
Q . K ek u l e ( K opf d cs P m r ztcl H cr m cs p

.
, .

C omp a re th e h ea d s of H er ak l e s a n d of 1 2 , n ot e 1 ) t h e h e a d oe r s gr e a t an a l ogy

Ak ta eon i n t h e S eli n u n t i a n m e t op es , w i t h t h e a t hl e t e s h ea d i n

n e Bl u n I c .

Pl . vii . an d i x i n B en n d or f s
.

Mctop cn H
d ell a l l , N o 1 5 2 . Z e i tu n g ,
t i on S el i n u n t . 1 8 74 , P I .

3 S h r ei b e r
c
f xi zll a L u d oms i , N o
' '

n e i th e r 8
9
U n or tu n a t el y th er e e st , . .

c as t s n vi c Mom cmc n ti I ned i ti d c ll I ns t 1 P l

n g s of thi s a pi t a l
or g ood e n g ra
. . .

s ta t u e ( Ma t z -
D uh n A n t B i ld w er k e i n
. v
l ii . 1 .

Rom , i . N o . A cc o rdi n g to
A A 2
3 44 T H E ME T RO L O Gl U AL RE L I E F AT O XFO RD .

m uscles of t h e inte r io r fo r m s of t h e body gene r a lly T his

a nd .

syste m c a n be best tr a c ed a t t h e neck t h e s h oulde r s a n d the , ,

a r m s a s w e l l a s on both t h e a nk s of t h e t r unk : besides t h e

, ,

fr ont p a r t of the counten a nce w ould sc a r cely h a ve been so

enti r ely defa ed if the Attic syste m of sh a r p outlines h a d been
c
,

e m ployed .

T h e r el a tively e a r ly epoc h of ou r r elief is m o r eover est a blish ed

by t h e p r oportions of t h e body h ere gu r ed V itr uvius in a . .

p a ssa ge often discussed t r e a ts of t h e no r m a l propo r tions of t h e

1
,

h u m a n body So fa r a s th ey c a n be a pplied to ou r r elief th ey

.
,

a r e a s follo w s :

r om the cr o w n to th e bottom o the bod y

1 .
f f
T h e l eng th f the
o

feet i s equ a l to the l en g th of the ou tsp r ea d a r m s According to .

this r ule a pp r oved by m odern a utho r ities the tot a l length of

, ,

the body of ou r fa tho m m a n is 2 0 7 m -

.

1
3, 1 , 2 an d 3 . I gi v e th e t e t x as m o p e tor e c ad i m as r a d i es
i
c ca p i l lo r um

i t is e s ta bl i s h ed by L ore n t e n z an d by s ea ta c, a d su mm u m c er t i cem q u a r ta e .

Val . Ros e on the a u t h or i t y of th e b es t T h e ta n t zm d em a b i s an u n h a ppy a tt e m p t

m an u s c ri
pts , a ddi n g the num b e r s of th e to r e s t ore a m i s i n t e r p r e t ed p a s s a g e , a n d
fo ll ow ing e x pl a n a t i on s c orp us en i m the l as t p er i o dc
on t a i n s a gr os s e r r or i f

h om i n is i ta n a tu r a con p os u i t, u ti (7) 03 t h e p a r t i n g p oi n t of t h e m e as u re m e n t
c ap i ti s a m e n to ad f r on te m su mm a m et h e r e ag a i n i s t h e s um m u m p e tu s c
I t .

r ad i c es i mas c a p i l l i es s ct d cc i m a c p a r ti s , i s i n t er e s t i n g t o s ee h ow L e on ar d o d a
i tem (3)
m a n u s p a l ma a b a r ti u l o a d c Vi c i
n in a t r a n s l a t i on of th e W h ol e
ex tr em u m m ed i u m d i g i t a m ta n tu n de m , c
p as s ag e , th e o r r u p t n es s o f w hi h h e c
(6 ) c ap u t a m e n to a d su mmu m t cr t i cem

c
d u l y re og n i s e d , h a s t ri e d t o g u es s t h e
( 5 ) c u m cer vi c i bu s i m is a b s u m m o ri g h t d a ll a f or ete lla a l l a

oeta i a e, s en s e 6

p cctor e a d i m a s r a d i es a p i l l or u m s cx ta e, c c s om m i tcz

d el p etto s i p a r te , e d a l la
c
( 4 ) a m ed i c p e tor e [t h e s e t h r e e w ord s ar e f or cel la de l p ctto i n s i n o a ll a s omm i ta
w a n t in g i n t h e m an u s c ri p t s ; t he s u p d el c ap o 3; p a r te , s e e L i te r a r y W or k s

p l e m en t i s d u e t o Ga l i a n i ] a d s u m m u m of L eon . da Vi n i , e d by D r J c . . . P .

r er t i ce m q u a r ta e ( 8 ) ip s i m a u te m or i s
. c
Ri h t er , .i p 1 81 , N o 3 4 0
. I n th e . .

a l t i tu d i n zs ter t i a

es t p a rs ab i m o m en to s a m e w ork , u n der N O . 3 4 3, is gi v en a n

a d ima s n n r es , n as u m a b i mis n a r i bu s i n t er p r e t a t i on an d c orr e t i on c r a th e r

a d ne m m ed i u m s u p er c i l i or u m ta n tu n th an a t ra n s l a t i on of t he w
h ol e h a p te r ; c
d em ; a b ca n e a d i mas ra di c es ea p i l li i n s tea d o f t he c
or r u p t p a s s a g e e on a r d o L
f r ons ei ei t u r i tem ter t i a e p a r t i s , p es s ay s

d a l d i s op r a d e l p etto a ll a s om
ver o c
a l t i tu d i n i s orp or i s s ea tac , ( 2 ) u bi c m i ta d el c ap o j ia it s ex to d e ll
'
om o ;
p ect c '
u s i tem da l di 3 0p m de l p etto d l na s i m en to de
tu s qu a r ta e ,
s i a p ed i bu s i m i s a d s u m m u m c ap u t ca p eg l i a la
'
s etti m a p a r te di tu tto l om o

m ens u m er i t e a q ue m ens u r a r e l a ta fuer it d a l l e tette d l di 8 0p m d el c ap o a la

ma nu s I th i rd

ad p a i w a s , i n/ ve n zetu r ea d e m q u a r ta p a r t0 d e l l om o
'

. n a

l a ti tu d e u t i a l t i tu d e I n t h e ol d e d i
. c
a r ti l e, N o 3 3 4 , t h e w or d s
. a b su m mo

t i on s t h e num b ers 5 and 4 ru n th u s : s e r tac

. a re c
r e og n i s e d as
g i v in
g the
ta n t u n de m a b ce r r i ci bu s im i s , a b sum j us t me a s u r e .
3 40 T H E ) I E I RO L O GI C A L
'

RE L I E F AT O X FO R D .

fr o m the c r o w n ( T ) do w n w a r ds 0 5 2 4 m ( equ a l to one cubit or .

one qu a r te r of t h e tot a l height ) w e co m e to th e point Z on the , ,

uppe r e dge of t h e fr a ctu r e of t h e m a r ble w h ic h see m s to a nsw e r ,

to t h e r equi r ed point p r etty ex a ctly P r ob a bly our r elief m a y .

,

h a ve ended o r igin a lly w it h the lo w er outline of the g r e a t

pecto r a l m uscle unde r w hich t h e s m a ll lo w e r co r nice w ill h a ve
,

cut off t h e r e lief T h e dist a nce fr o m t h e top to th a t point

.
,

m e a su r i n g a bo u t m is but a little s m a ller th a n it oug h t to .

,

be T h e st a tue of t h e D o r yp h o r os is in confo r m ity

w it h t h e rule a s a bove given t h e dist a nce being m or one ,
.
,

q u a r ter of t h e tota l h eig h t of 2 m ete r s in t h e C hoiseul Gou ffi e r

-

st a tue th e dist a n ce ( 0 4 3 5 m ) is a little less t h a n one q u a r te r .

of t h e heig h t ( : 1i 04 54
1
4
s

5 . T h e h ea d ,
i n cl u di ng th e w h ole n ech ( ca
p u t cu m cer v c i i bu s
i mi s ) , f r om th e upp er en d o
f th e br ea s t to th e r oots o f the ha i r , i s
th e s i x th pit of h n a pe w h ic h
th e tota l h ei g ht T he
p f a rt o t e .
,

indic a tes t h e uppe r end of the s ter n u m is not m a r ked in ou r ,

r elief but its pl a ce c a n e a sily be m a de out a s lying bet w een t h e

,

inne r ends of t h e cl a vicles conside r a bly h igh e r t h a n t h e end of ,

t h e g r oove gu r ed in the relief w hich is p r oduced by t h e str ong ,

l a te r a l e x i on of the ste r no m a stoid T h e dist a nce bet w een this -

.

point Y 1 a n d U (the level of the roots of t h e h a i r a bove the

,

fo r eh e a d ) m e a su r es a bout 0 2 5 5 m o r the ei gh th p a rt of the .

,

tot a l length not the sixt h ( 0 3 4 5 ,

a s r equir ed by V itr uvius .

L eon a rdo gives to th a t dist a nce the seventh p a r t in confor m ity

2
,

w it h no r m a l fa ct a s w ell a s w ith t h e C h oiseul G ou f e r st a tue

,
-

( 0 0 2 5 inste a d of 0 0 2 6 a n d the Apoxyo m enos of L ysipp es

( 0 2 8 tot a l lengt
, h N eve r theless it w ould be r a sh to

a lte r t h e text of V itruvius f in t h Doryphoros of P o l k l e i t os

; o r e y ,

t h e p r opo r tions of w hich a gree in m a ny points w it h those given

c ro w n T h i s p oin t ,
. c
r e o m m en d e d by n i p pl es f
a l l on fr om b el ow .

Gal ian i , a p hys i i an , c ag re es b e t ter w i th 1

T he p oin t Y s h ou l d r ea l l y b e p l a e d c
V i t ru i u s v
r ul e th an th e s u p pl e m e n t s to m a rk t h e p i t of t h e n a p e , h ig h er t h an
p re p os e d by L e on a r d o d a Vi cin d a l la it a ct u al l y i s i n th e w o od u t ,c i . e a
. l i ttl e
for c el l a d el p etto ( N o . or d a l le b e l ow X, an d n e a rl y a t t h e p oi n t w h e re
tette ( N o . th e l a t t e r of w c
hi h has t h e l in e s K L an d TZ c r os s .

b e en appr o v ed b y m a n y , for i n s t a n c e
2
i .
p . 1 82, N o . 3 4 3, ed . c
R i h t er :

b y J oh n G i b s on , th e s c u l p t or , i n h is da l di s op r a de l p etto d l na s ci m e n to de
'

p a m phl e t on T h e p r op or ti ons of th e cap eg l i a l a s ett i m a

hu m a n 2 c d , L on d on , 1 8 5 7 l om o

g ur e , . . .

A cc or d i n
g to F r or i e p s

d i ag r a m th e
 T H E ME T R O LO G IC A L R E L I E F AT O X FO RD . 347

by ou r a uthor the di m ension in q uestion is but very little

,

s m a lle r t h a n one sixth p a r t of t h e to t a l height ( 2 0 viz O 3 2 .

inste a d of 0 3 3 3 m T h e ve r y di ffe r ent p r e p r tio n s o f ou r r eli e f

. o

a r e the consequence of t h e sho r tness of t h e neck a n d espe c i a lly ,

of the n a rr o w ness of t he fo r e h e a d w hich c a uses t he level of t h e ,

roots of t h e h a ir to descend so l o w C o m p a r i n g th e exceeding .

s m a llness of t h is di m ension w it h th e no r m a l lengt h of the p a r t

conside r ed in t h e fou r th a rticle it is fu r ther evident th a t w h a t , ,

is l a cking t o t h e n or m a L h e ig h t of h e a d a n d neck goes to the ,

c r edit of the bre a st ; a n d indeed the h eig h t of t h e g r e a t pecto r a l

m uscle fr o m the pit of the n a pe do w n to th e end of th e r elief i s
a bout 0 2 6 5 m th a t is to s a y a bout t h e eighth p a r t of t h e tot a l
.
,

length of th e body i nste a d of a bout the tent h p a r t w hich w ould

,

be require d in nor m a l p r opo r tions T h is r e m a r k a ble h eigh t of .

the pecto r a l m uscle the Mn a p bv 0 7 736 0 9 p r a ised by t h e Bt x a i o c

,

K 67 0 9 in A r istop h a nes C l ou ds is a h ig h ly c h a r a cteristic fe a tu r e

of such sculptures a s eithe r belong to a n e a r ly pe r iod or follo w

th e ex a m ple of a r ch a ic a r t So m e inst a nces w ill be su fcient to .

p r ove it .

H i g h t f p ct l m L g th f b dye P p ti o e or a . en o o . re or on .

C h oi s eu l s t a tu e 02 3 18 15 1 8
H ar m od i os 1 9 .

D ory p h oros 1 9%
x
A p o y om en os 1 11 % (1 1 1 7
9
)

6 . T h e h ei g h t o
f the hea d f ro m th e cr ow n to the chi n i s the ei g hth
p art f o
f th e l en g th o the body . T he r ea l m e a sure of 0 2 5 5 m .

a grees p r etty w ell w ith t h is rule T h e a pp a rent

cont ra diction be t w een t h is m e a sure a n d the result obt a ined a d
5 is expl a ined by t h e fa ct th a t a lthough the fo r ehe a d is ve r y
, ,

l ow still the uppe r p a rt of t h e he a d a s a w hole h a s t h e tr ue

,

height .

7 . T he l en g th ff
o a ce fr om the chi n to the r oots o f the ha i r a bove

the for ehea d f f

is on e his p r oportion
ten th o th e l en g th o th e body . T
st a nds in close connection w i th th e r ule N o 5 w hic h gives th e .
,

expl a n a tion w hy the length of fa ce m e a su r ing 0 1 8 5 m is ,

.
,

consider a bly s m a ller th a n t h e length of 0 2 0 7 m re q uired by .

V itruvius 1
He r e a g a in a t a ble w ill give so m e ele m ents of
.

co m p a rison .

1
N o . 31 7 of L e on ar d o s n o t e s(i p

. .

D a l la s om m i ta d el c apo a l di s otto del
1 7 2 , e d Ri h t er)
. c be g i n s w i t h t h e w or d s : m en to 5,
da l nas ci m en to de
'
c ap ell i a l
34 8 T H E ME T RO L O G I C A L R E LI E F AT O XFO R D .

L e n g t h of ta ec . L e n gt h of b od y . P rop ort i o n .

H a r m odi os 0 1 75 1
O u r r e li e f 0 1 85 1 11%
x
A p o y om e n os 1
C h oi s e u l s t a t u e 1
D o ry p h or os 2 00 1 z 10 .

( T h epl a ce of t h e Apoxyo m enos in this list is in confo r m ity

w ith the gene r a l no r m of L i p r opo r tions a s exp r essed by

s
y pp os

Pliny 3 4 6 5 : cap i ta m i n or a f a ci en d o corp or a g r o ei li or a p er

, , , ,

g u a e p r oeer i ta s s i g or u m m a i or u i d er etu r )
n .

8 . T h e l eng th o ff a ce i s d i vi d ed i n to thr ee equ a l p a r ts ,

r eck on ed u p

w a r ds thu s :f r om th e ch i n to the n os tr i ls th e ,
n os e f r om th e n os tr i ls up

t o th e br ow , th e f or eh ea d f r om th e br ow to th e f th e ha i r T h is r oots o .

r ule di ff e r s tot a l ly fr o m the p r oportions of ou r r elief As ex a ctly .

a s the defa ced m a r ble a llo w s u s to t a ke the m e a sures the t h ree ,

p a rts t a ken fr o m a bove do w n w a r ds give t h e follo w ing d i m e n ,

sions : U V VW WX 0 0 8 3 m We h a ve a lr e a dy .

pointed out t h e exceeding n a r r o w ness of the forehe a d T his .

,

ho w ever is no w ise a peculi a r ity of ou r relief but it is a n

, ,

est a blished fa ct th a t in a gre a t nu m ber of the e a rlier w ork s of

Greek sculpture the forehe a d is l ow especi a lly in co m p a rison ,

w ith the inferior p a rt of the fa ce in w hich the h igh a n d ,

very p r o m inent chin is re m a rk a ble ; th e di m ensions of the

th r ee p a r ts s h o w const a nt incr e a se fro m a bove do w nw a rds .

O nce m o r e I give a co m p a r a tive t a ble of so m e c h a r a cte r istic

inst a nces .

F or e h e a d . N os e . N os t r il s to ch i n . T ot a l h e i g ht .

O u r r el i e f 39 mm . 63 mm . 83 mm . 1 85 m m .

H a r m o di os 38 60 77 1 75 a)

S tr a n g f or d

A p ol l o
1
30 48 52 1 30 n

P izr e -r u n n i n
g g i r l 2
35 4O 60 1 35 n

S te p h a n os

3
y o u t h 30 45 55 1 30 n

D ory p h or os 65 63 70 1 98 n

H erm e s of P xit
ra el es 60 60 65 1 85 n

m en to d } d el l o Mon u men ti
'
s p a ti o ch Pl

1
1 e da es s o I ne d . d el l I ns t . ix . .

m i s ei m en to a ter r a .

T he fi r s t i tem x li .

a g re e s w i th Vi t vi ru us ( rule th e 2
Vi c s on t i , Mu s eo P i o C l em . iii P l . .

c
s e on d w ill do so i f i n s tea d of th e
c
s e on d na s c i m en to w e r e ad m en to, i n 3 A n n a l i d el l

I n st . 1 86 4, PI . D .

c f m i ty w i t h L
on or e on a r d o s

t r a n s l a t i on K ek ul e Gr u pp e des Mene la os , P l ii , 3 ,.

f Vi t i s (N a s w e ll as w i th v b ck
O g r ieeh P la s ti k , 3 d
o ru v u o .
er e Ges ek . d . .

hi w vi ( N
s o n ew s o .
ed .
,
i i p 4 1 3 , Fi g
. . . 1 5 0a .
350 T H E ME T R O L O G I C AL R E L I E F AT O X FO RD .

S a m i a n coin a ge being prob a bly conned to the r st ye a rs a fter

,

the conques t by P e r i k l e s N o w in connection w ith t h e S a m i a n

l
.
,

fa t h o m w hich t h e highe r r elief ch a ra cte r ises a s the chief

,

obj ect of the m onu m ent a ppe a rs in a m uch m o r e m odest fo r m

,

the Attic foot Al r e a dy w h en S a m os w a s still the m ightiest a n d

.

w e a l th iest m e m ber of t h e Attic confeder a cy the isl a nd stood in ,

so close r el a tions to A t h ens a s t h e othe r centr e of G r eek m a r iti m e

co m m e r ce th a t t h e a ddition of th e Attic sta nd a r d m e a su re

w ould be fa r fr o m st a r tling Possibly ho w ever t h is a ddition

.
, ,

w a s only m a de a fte r S a m os h a d p a ssed enti r ely into t h e do m i n ion

of victorious Athens At a n y r a te it is re m a r k a ble th a t t h e

.

sole of the foot is not gured in relief but indic a ted exclusively ,

h
by a n incised outline t h e inte r ior of the sole being ex a ctly o n
,

t h e s a m e level w ith th e surrounding ground of the relief T he .

foot m a y the r efo r e be a l a te r a ddition I f this conj ecture .

should be dee m ed to be right the Attic foot on the S a m i a n ,

st a nd a r d m e a su re w ould h a ve its closest a n a logy in the Attic

olive b r a nch on the S a m i a n coins a fter the conquest
- 2
it w ould
m ak e of ou r hu m ble n a y a pp a rently st r a nge m a r ble a n i n
, ,

t e r e s t i n g histo r ic a l docu m ent a very c h a r a cte r istic m e m o r i a l of

,

t h e m ost m o m entous event of S a m i a n history .

AD . MI C H AE L I S .

S r a a ss s uxc .

1
G ar d n e r , S a mos a nd S a m i a n C oi ns 2
Gar d n er , p 43
. .

(N u m i sm . C hr o n .
p 4 4, 5 2
. .
 I N S C RI P T I O N S F R O M R H O DE S . 351

I N S C R IP T I O N S FRO M RHO DE S .

1
I MP R E of t h e follo w ing a ddition a l insc r iptions h a ve
SSI O N S

been sent m e by Mr Albe r t Biliotti fr o m m a rbles found by

.
,

hi m self or his a gents a t diffe r ent p a r ts of R hodes

10 . O n a fr a g m ent of m a r ble co m plete on th e top edge only .

F r o m the Akropolis of K a m i r os Height 1 0 in by 1 3 %in . . .

. J L I

P N E I O Yk A l MYA A N

N HT O Z
(
T l MO YT A H I C
E YZ O E N E YZ T A F
Z CP I A O k PA T E Y

N A k T O Z F/ v
"
I A l C PA

A I r ci h k w vos
'
.

K a ] p ve i ov I ca i Mzi h a v o e
MJ Vnr o s ' "

Z

u n

b
i/s o u T k a uo

e v a de v e v e d i
o s

9 ( D i k ox p d r ev h

va /c r o e I a 7t d r a 9
[

a
ydp a
r

T his see m s to be a fr a g m ent of a list of priests l ep e i c i ep o n o roi

, , ,

or i ep o d r a t pe r h a ps si m il a r to Fouc a r t N o 6 2 th e lette r s
, , .

a r e cle a r w ell ou t a n d of a fa i r ly good pe r iod

, ,
I t is unfo r tun a te .

th a t th e uppe r po rtions conta i ni ng t h e n a m es of deities sh ould

be so little prese r ved ; the r e is sufcient ho w ever still r e m a ining
to ena bl e us to r ecove r t h e title of a deity w h o h a s been I
belie ve h ithe r to unkno w n Apollo Myla s such a t le a st see m s
I
S ee a n te, p 1 36
. .
35 2 IN S C RI P T I O N S F R O M R H O DE S .

to be a re a so n a ble expl a n a tion of the fr a g m ent a r y w o r d a t t h e

end of the second line Myl a s is a n epithet w hich is kno w n .

fr o m lite r a r y sou r ces a s h a ving a speci a l connection w ith R hodes ,

but h a s neve r I believe been found in inscr iptions a n d else ,

w h ere h a s usu a lly been referred to Z eus r a ther th a n Apollo .

T h e context ho w eve r of our fr a g m ent a n d the close connection ,

w ith K a r n e i o s m a ke it toler a bly cert a in th a t w e h a ve he r e a

, It

title of Apollo N eithe r is t h e lite ra r y evidence a t a ll opposed

.

to this V ie w Steph a nus w h o gives the l ocu s on the w ord

.
, ,
4
,

' /
k a vn a s a ys d x p a e v K a n t p ep T ii e P ddo v k
'

, d vr i m 6 6 0 i

.
3
p M o r d u b Mult a n r o e du dmr ep a r o i} x a i 7 r p a$

r o v e bp u r o s
'
em
3
/ "
5
, , 3
1

Bi rp r ip ) r 0 13 1 ; o

eu ii v O n t h e other h a nd H e s y
Xp
'

, a t ,
.

c h ius sa ys Mu k eze s i s 7 6 1 T e k xi w v 39 r d e v K a a e ip rp i ep ei

,
'
u ,

k a vr e i w v [S ri n t r e I is signic a nt to note t h a t the loc a lity

-
p t .

in both these p a ssa ges is t h e s a m e a s th a t of ou r insc r iption .

N o w h a r d by K a m iros in L indos ourished a cult of Apollo , ,

T e l c hi n i os a n d in vie w of this connection of the deity w ith the

,

T elchines the existence of a n Apollo My l a s see m s only n a tu r a l

,
.

I t m a y be t h a t w e h a ve h e r e a l a te r develop m ent of a n e a r ly m yth

w hich a r ising
,
like m a ny oth e r s fr o m a pr eviously existing
geog r a p h ic a l n a m e c a m e subsequently under the inuence ,

of t h e p r ev a iling cult of the Sun God We see the extent to -

.

w hich t h is inuence a tt a ined in R hodes by the fa ct th a t Apollo

h
w a s t e r e w o r s h ipped unde r a t le a st fou r teen
1
di fferent a ttr i
butes the m aj o r ity of w hic h like o u r K a r n e i os a n d Myl a s
, , ,

bo r e reference to hi s ch a r a cte r a s p r otecto r a n d p a tron of crops

a n d h erds T h e pe r sonic a tion H i m a li a w ould be a nother fo r m
.

a t R hodes of the s a m e ide a T h e d e a l w zp a i m w ould see m .

t h en to h a ve been Z eus De m ete r a n d Apollo , ,

.

T M H O L a r e m entioned in L oe w y U n edi er tes a u s R h od es 2 2

'

.
, ,

1 1 O n a fr a g m ent of m a r ble a bout 1 1 in by 6 i n broken on

. . .
,

a ll sides but t h e i n sc r iption see m s to be co m plete : the letters

,

a r e of a bo u t t h e fou r th centu r y .

A C P I A N I O YE N A T A I
E E I FA A O Z A I O N Y
Z H I E P I CPO Z
'
A yp i a v i o v bf i tc aibo s , A l o n/ 15m m
'
'
e va r a i

1
Cf . H e ti te r , D ie G otter d i ens te au f Rh od u s i m A l t . and i n s c rr .
 354 PAIN T IN G S O N TH E

PAI N T IN GS O N TH E A MA Z O N SA R C O PHAG U S O F
CO RN E T O .

PL S . XXXVL XXX V I I I .

F E W m onu m entsof a ncient ar t possess either a m ore obvious

be a u ty a n d a ttr a ction or a gre a ter interest for the a rch aeologic a l
,

student th a n the s a rcoph a gu s p a inted w ith v a rious scenes of a n

,

A m a zono m a chi a w hich w a s discovered in 1 8 6 9 in a gra ve a t a

,

little dist a nce fro m C orneto the a ncient T a rq u i n ii a n d w as a , ,

fe w ye a rs a fter w a rds a cquired for th e E gypti a n a n d E tru sc a n

Museu m a t F lorence I t s d a te is prob a bly not m uch a fter 3 0 0
.

B C. a n d the pictures w hich a dorn it even if not t h e w ork of a

.
, ,

G reek h a nd o ffer u s the best ex a m ple w e possess of the m a n n er

,

of Greek polychro m e p a inting in th a t a g e T hey h a ve been .

a lre a dy describe d by sever a l highly co m petent w riters including ,

D r Helbig a n d O tto Donner (B u l l d ell I n s t 1 8 6 9 p 1 9 8
. . .
, .

the l a te Dr K l ii g m a n n w h o for ye a rs m a d e represent a tions of

. ,

the Am a zons in a ncient a r t his especi a l study (A n n d ell I n s t .

.

1 8 73 p 2 3 9 s q ) ,
Mr Dennis ( C i ti es a n d C em eter i es of E tr u r i a
. . .
,

2 n d e d 1 8 8 1 p 9 6 s q) ; a n d Dr W oer m a n n ( Wolt m a nn a n d
.
, , . .

W oe r m a n n H i s t of P a i n ti n g E nglish e d 1 8 8 0 vol i p
,
. , .
, , . .
, .

B u t hitherto no a dequ a te illustr a tions of the m h a ve been

published T he sketches in slightly sh a ded outline engra ve d
.
,

M

v ol ix pl to a cco m p a ny Dr K l m a n n s

( on d el l I ns t , .
g .
,
. .

a rticle a bove referred to furnish indeed a useful k ey to t he , , ,

s h a pe a n d di m ensions of the s a rcoph a gus a n d to th e a rr a nge m ent ,

a n d subj ect -m a tter of its pictures B ut of the style of the w ork .

they give li ttle notion a n d of its colouring fro m the n a ture of , ,

the c a se none a t a l l 1
,
C oloured fa csi m iles of so m e selected
.

1
C ol ou r e d d r a w i n g s o f t h e w h ol e i n t h e p os s es s i on of th e D e p ar t m e n t of
c
s a r oph ag u s on i t s r s t d i s o e ry w ere cv P b c
u li c
I n s t ru t i on T h e C ou n i l of t h e . c
m a d e a t t h e or de r of t h e ta l i a n I A c h aer ol og i cl I a n s ti tu te Ro m e p r o
at

Go v e rn m en t , a n d a re p res u m a b l y s t i ll p os e d to h vea a n o th er s e t of ol ou r ed c
 AMAZ O N S AR C O P H AG U S O F CO RN E T O . 35 5

po r tions of these m ost inte r esting p a intings a r e publish ed for th e

r st ti m e w it h t h e present nu m ber of t h e J ou r n a l of H el len i c
S tu d i es (P l s XXX V I XXX V I I .
,
.
,

T hese fa csi m iles h a ve been p r ep a r ed by Herr S t e i n be c k of ,

Ber lin fro m d r a w ings t a ken a t m y request by Mr C Fa i r fa x

,
. .

Murr a y in 1 8 8 1 By th a t ti m e the p a intings w h ich even w h en

.
,

rst discove r ed w e r e m uch inj ured h a d su ffe r ed still fa r the r ,

fro m fa ding a n d sca ling of the su r fa ce in conse q uence of ex

os u r e to t h e a i r But su ch a s they then w e r e the portions
p .
,

of the m here selected h a ve been copied by Mr Mur ra y w ith .

n ot less a ccur a cy th a n spirit His w ork is a s true to th e touch .

a n d expression of th e origin a l a s it i s to the a ccidents of sur fa ce

a n d c ondition } an d it h a s been reproduced w i th surprisingly

little loss of e ffect by Herr S t ei n beck T h e obj ect of the .

present n otes is less to o ffer a n y co m plete criticis m o f th e

p a intings in question th a n to introduce the a bove -m entioned
reproductions of the m to the student B u t even for this li m ited .

purpose a cert a in a m ount of expl a n a tion an d discussion see m s

indispe n s a b l e .

T h e s a rcoph a gus then m e a sures I n ,

or a lit tle over six feet, .

in length by m ,
w ide T he lid of ordin a ry Ita li a n m a rble
. .
, ,

is roof sh a ped a n d on one of its slopes a ppe a rs the inscription i a

-
, ,

c i s e d in E trusc a n ch a r a cters Ra m tha H u czn a i T hu i A ti N a en oa , .

L a r thi a l Ap a i a tr a s Z i l E ter a i a s
. Prof C or s s e n h a s expressed . .

the O pinion th a t these three groups of n a m es denote respectively

the dece a sed perso n the l a dy w h o ordere d the m onu m ent a n d , ,

the a rtist w h o supplied it T h e lid is m oreover decor a ted w ith a .

coloured relief of Acta eon devoured by dogs in the pedi m ent a l

sp a ce a t either end a n d w i th proj ecting fe m a le he a ds a t the ,

four a ngle s : these orna m ents a r e in the ordin a ry for m a l E trusc a n

d raw i ng s m ad e f r pu b l i c ation bu t th e i nten d e d f r pu b l ic a tion th e s c l e of
o ,
o ,
a

A r ooca to B ru s c hi on w h os e g roun d th e ,
the g r s a cc i d nta l l y v ri es s l ig htl y u e e a

s arc o phag u s h ad b een d is c ov red re i n ea c h of th m t h s i n e xxxvi ,

e , o e .

fus ed th m p ermis s ion After i t had b ei ng on th e l a rg s t a n d th o i n

e .
e ,
se

p s s d from h i s h an d s i n to th e E g yp t i n
a e P I xxx vii i on th m ll t c l e M e a . . e s a es s a . or

Mu s eu m at F l r e c e t h ey g i n t r
o n over h e h s
,
mi tt d f m P I xxx vi i
a a en e a o e ro . .

t in d
a e i m il
a s
p pu b art i t f ll t r t h l et t r
os e , f t h E t u c i c i p ti e o e e s o e ru s a n ns r on

t h e g ou d for w
r n t of k il l d h d an r d l y i c i eda l o g th e p p
s em gi an u e n s a n u er ar n

t u d t k th w o k
o n er a S
e A e d ll r of t h
.
p i c t ee A t h p t i
nn . f e

e u re . no er or on o

Ins t 1 8 73 pp 2 4 4
.
, d 25 1 . an th m e d i g i g i c ip t i
.
d ly e sa s ur n ns r on u
2
It i t b t e d t h t Mr M i th igi l i PI x x vi

s o e no n e or na n x
y pp e sa , . u rra s a ar as . .

d raw i ng s n ot h a v i n g be en or i g i n a l l y
356 PAI N T I N G S O N T H E

style a n d c a ll for no speci a l m ention P a ssing fr o m t h e lid to

, .

th e body of th e s a r coph a gus w e nd in this both a di ff erent

,

m a te r i a l a n d a di ffe r ent style of decor a tion I t i s m a de eit h er .

of a l a b a ster or a m a r ble closely r ese m bling a l a b a ster a s to th e

ex a ct c h a ra cter of t h e m a teri a l a n d its p r oba ble pl a ce of origin
exper ts a r e not a greed T h e su r fa ce h a s been left unsm oothed
.
,

in o r de r th a t it m ight a fford th e better gr ound for p a inti n g on ,

a n d t he p a inter h a s w orked in tem er a directly on this ground

p ,

w ith out fu r th er pri m i n g or prep a r a tion ; a m ethod of w hich the

result is n a tur a lly li a ble in a peculi a r degree to inj ury fro m a i r

a n d da m p . T h e pictures a r e decor a tive in ch a r a cter a n d m ust ,

not be t a ke n a s a t a ll r epresenting the a chieve m ents recorded

to h a v e been m a de by Greek a rtists a fter Ag a th a r ch os a n d
A pol l od or os in C h i a r oscuro a n d perspective a n d th e deceptive ,

i m it a tion of n a tu r a l obj ects T h e gures a r e dra w n i ndeed in

.
, ,

spirited a ction w ith a perfectly free a n d a cco m plished h a nd ;

but they a r e a s c a refully sp a ced out on a single pl a ne w ith ,

a s l ittle cro w ding or crossing of one behind a nother a s in Greek ,

relief sculpture of the good ti m e B ehind th e gures there is no

-
.

i ndic a tion of l a ndsc a pe or dista nce but a pl a in tinted b a ck ,

groun d : a lo n g the sides of the s a rcoph a gus this i s of a cle a r

lil a c colou r a n d a t t h e e n ds of a greyish bl a ck w hich w a s
, ,

origin a lly prob a bly d a rk blue T he gener a l colouring of the

.

pictures is in cle a r a n d pure second a ry tints of w hich the ,

n u m ber is li m ited to eight or nine In th e es h tints the .

-

d i fferences of th e sexes is strongly m a rked a s if w ith so m e ,

re m iniscence of th e con ven tion a l pra ctice of E tru sc a n a n d

other pri m itive sch oo l s in th is respect ; th e esh of the
ghting G reeks being a t a w ny r e d w h ile th a t of th e A m a zons ,

i s very fa ir For e a ch sex t w o tints o n ly a r e used in t h e

.

sh a ding a n d m od elling of the esh T h e outlines h a ve been .

freely a n d lightly dr a w n in w ith th e brush gener a lly in red or ,

reddish brow n for the e s h -p a rts a n d in g r ey for the r est H a i r .

a n d eyes a r e for th e m ost p a rt a purplish bro w n ; g a r m ents

m a inly reddish bro w n w hitish grey or p a le lil a c a n d light blue

, , .

Horses a r e unifor m ly a g r eyish w hite sh a ded w ith a fuller tint ,

of grey their eyes a l w a ys blue T he r e a r e t w o colou rs of m eta l

.
,

light blue for sw ords spe a r h e a ds a n d the inner fa ces of shields

,
-
, ,

golden yello w for h el m ets gre a ves h a fts of spe a rs ri m s a n d

, , ,

h a ndles of shields girdles a n d ch ai n o r n a m ents In a ddition to

, , .
333 PAIN T IN G S O N T H E

' 1 . Group of t w o fi gures A G r eek a bout to desp a tch

. a

fa llen A m a zon .

lb 2 . C or r espon ding g r ou p of t w o gu r e s (Pl .

A G r eek a bo u t to d esp a tch a fa llen A m a zon .

c 1 Grou p of t w o gu r es A G r eek on foot confr onting a n

(
. .

A m a zo n on h o r seb a ck .

c 0 C o r respondi n g g r oup of t w o gu r es A G r eek on foot .

confr onting a n A m a zon on h o r s eba ck .

P a ssi n g to t h e b a ck o r seco n da ry fa ce of t h e s a r coph a gus ,

w e

n d it e n t i re l v occupied by t w o e x tensive groups viz , .

r l 1 . Group o f four gure s T w o A m a zons riding in a four

.

horse ch a riot a tta ck t w o Greeks on foot .

2 . C orresponding group of four gure s T w o A m a zons .

ridi n g in a four -hors e ch a ri o t a tt a ck t w o Greeks

on fo ot .

L a stly on the e nds of t h e s a rcoph a gus a ppe a r sever a lly :

,

e 1 . Group of three gures (Pl A Greek .

a tt a cked by a n A m a zon a s h e is in th e a c t of
desp a tchi n g a second A m a zon fa llen bet w een the m .

r 2 . C o r re s ponding grou p of t h ree gures T w o A m a zons .

a bout to desp a t c h a Greek w h o g hts on his knees

bet w e e n the m .

L et us n o w proceed to ex a m ine m ore closely th ese sever a l

grou ps a n d especi a l ly those a m on g th e m w hich our illustr a tions
,

en a ble u s to study i n deta il Beside s the interest of their .

subj ect w ork m a nship a n d style w e sh a ll h a ve to consider both

, , ,

their rel a tio n s w ith other kindred representa tions w hich h a ve

been p reserved a n d th e signs w hich they be a r of deriv a tion
,

fro m prototypes w hich h a ve perished .

I n reference to this l a tter point let us re m e m ber w h at w ere ,

the princip a l w ork s co m m e m or a ting the w a rfa re of Greeks a n d

,

A m a zons w hich w ere p r oduced i n the gre a t cre a tive a g e of

,

G r eek a r t a n d a r e likely to h a ve served a s m odels a n d ex a m ples

,

to l a ter c r a fts m en T h ey w ere a t Athens i tself rst t h e

.
, , ,

p a inti n gs of P o lyg n ot os or his a ssoci a te Mikon in the t e m ple

 AMAZ O N S A RC O P H AG U S O l" C O R NE T O . 35 9

of T heseus w ith th o s e of N i k o n i n t h e Sto a P ikil e; a n d

, o

secondly the relief s c ulptu r es of P h e id i a s on t he o u t r r fa c e o f

,
-

t h e s h ield o f t h e s t a t ue of At h en e l a r t h e n o s ; t h e speci a l

subj ect of a l l t h e s e w o rk s a like w a s t he ove rth r o w of t h e

A m a zons by t h e Atheni a n he r o T h eseu s At O ly m pi a t h e t h r e e .

g r e a t lege n d a ry p ha ses of t h e s a m e w a rfa r e w e r e a l l r e l -r e

sented by P h e i di a s a n d his schol a r s ; t h e b a t t le f He r a kl e s w i t h o

t he A m a zon s a t t h e T he r m od on in a se r ies of sculptures p r ob a bly

(
i n th e r ound ) pl a c e d on t h e c r oss b a r s of the t hr one of t h e g re a t -

st a tue of Z eus ; t h eir defe a t by T h eseus i n r e liefs on t h e fr ont

of hi s footstool of t h e sa m e s ta tue ; a n d t h e d e a th o f t h ei r q u e e n
Penthe ile a in the a r m s of Ach ill e s in a picture p a inted by
s

P a na enos on the b a lustr a de inclo s ing t h e s a m e st a tue o f Z eus .

A m ong these repr e sent a tions it is a ntece dently prob a ble th a t

those a t Athens t he gre a t centre of a rts a n d a rtistic h a ndicr a ft s
,

in the Greek w orld w ill be found m ore frequently th a n those , ,

a t O ly m pi a repe a ted or re ec ted in subo r din a te a n d d eriv a tive

,

w orks of a l l cl a ss e s 0 f such sub or din a te a n d prob a bly deriv a

.

tive w orks a v a st nu m ber h a ve co m e d o w n to u s Wheth e r

, .

tre a ted w i th reference to a p a rticul a r legend or generic a lly ,

a s is m ore co m m on the A m a zono m a chi a a s a ll students of

, ,

cl a ssic a l a rch ae ology a r e a w a re is one of t h e fa vo urite subj e cts ,

of a ncient a r t A m ong relief sculptu r es still preserved w e

.
-
,

h a ve the gre a t Se r ies of m onu m ent a l friezes b e ginning w it h ,

th a t of P hig a le i a continui n g w ith th a t ne w ly recove r ed fo r

, ,

science of t h e Her oon of Gj olba s ch i a n d w ith th a t of t h e

, ,

M a usoleu m of H a lic a rn a ssus ; a n d endi n g w ith the enor m ou sly

ex tensive if so m e w h a t uninteresting frieze of t h e te m ple of
, ,

the M a gnesi a n Arte m is We h a ve be sides a l a rge nu m ber of .

, ,

s a rcoph a gus reliefs ; one of w hich the fa m ous s a r c oph a g u s a t ,

V ienn a h a ppens to be the m ost be a u tiful a n d prob a bly th e

, ,

e a rliest kno w n ex a m ple of th a t for m of m on u n u -n t e x t a n t 1

, ,

w hile a nother th e L ouvre s a rcoph a gus found a t S a lonic a is o n ly

, ,

e
seco n d to it I n p a intin g w e h a ve a v a st qu a ntity of p a in t ed
. ,

v a ses of the me st v a rious fa bric a n d p rorcn m u c a n d illustr a ting

,
l '

the the m e w ith a re m a r k a ble diversity of tre a t m e n t a n d m otive ,

a s w ell a s one or t w o l a te m ur a l p a intings a n d ou r o w n u n r i ,

F ig u re d Mu s e c 2 Flam e/ i i P l 1 1 7, 4 , O br-ok I

B ou il l on , dc S '
u
p . . . r ei

t i t r e, i i . 9 4, a ,
b, S t ei n er , D er . I mn H el o is e/u; xx i 8 . .

:o nc mn yl /zws
-
, pl . v .

I} l

3 30 PA I N T I N G S O N T H E

v a l le de a rlier ex a m ple p a inted a s w e h a ve seen on a sa rcoph a gus

, , ,

of m a rble or m a r ble like a l a b a ste r T h a t m a teri a l is not suit a ble

-
.

fo r c a rving a n d h ence pe r h a ps t h e c h oice of p a inting r a the r th a n

, , ,

sculptu r e for its deco r a tion At th e s a m e ti m e th e p r inciples .

,

o f co m position a n d d e sig n w h ich h a ve governed th e p a inter in

h is w o r k a r e those a s w e h a ve seen of sculptu r e a n d o f sculp
, , , ,

tu r e in its best a g e But in tr u t h th e l a w s of deco r a tive design

.

in p a inting a n d sculptu r e w ere fo r a ntiquity so ne a r ly th e s a m e ,

th a t w e a r e fu lly a ccusto m ed to nd eit h e r of the t w o a r ts bor

r o w ing its m otives fr o m the oth e r T h e ne a r est p a r a lle l s w hich .

w e possess to the p r esent w ork a r e a s h a s been j ustly pointe d out ,

by D r K I Lig m a n n for design t h e sculptured r eliefs of t h e V ienn a

.
,

s a r coph a gus a bove referred to a n d fo r tec h nic a l m ethod th e ,

fr a g m ents of a p a inted w ooden sa r coph a gus found ne a r K ertch ,

a n d r epresenti n g the R a pe of the L e u c i p p i da e ( see A n ti g u i t s da

B osp h or e C i m m em m P I 8 3 O ther p a i n ted s a rcoph a gi of

.
, , ,

course exist besides th a t of C orneto a n d th a t of K ertch but

, , ,

t h eir m a te r i a l is usu a lly terr a co tt a a n d the p a inting i s on l y ,

a dded to enh a n ce the e f f ect o f their orn a m ents in relief a s in a ,

n u m ber of w ell k no w n E trusc a n ex a m ples

-
.

C o m ing n o w to the single groups

, ,

a (P I XXX V I ) represents a n A m a zon bet w een t w o Gree k s

.
, .

She is m ounted on a w hi t e horse a n d g a l l ops a w a y to the ,

righ t tu r ning r ound in h e r se a t to deliver a s w ord cut w ith th e

,
-

r i g h t a r m w hich is r a ised a n d doubled right ove r her he a d a t

, ,

the Greek w a rrior beh ind h er w hose right a r m t h re a tens her ,

w ith his spe a r w hile h e extends his shield w ith his left
, T he .

s econd G r eek w a rrio r in front of the A m a zon to our right ( h e i s ,

only p a r tly seen in our picture ) retr e a ts fro m bet w een the ,

forelegs of her ch a r ge r a t w ho m he a t the s a m e ti m e a i m s a ,

do w n w a r d blo w w ith h i s spe a r .

I c a nnot point to a group of th r ee qu ite corresponding to this

in a n y othe r A m a zo n o m a chi a th a t is kno w n to m e ei th er in
sc u lpt u re or p a inting But ta king a w a y the right h a nd gure .
-
,

the re m a ining gr oup of t w o w a s evidently one of the stock

gr oups or sche m es bo r ro w ed by decor a tors fro m the gre a t e a rly
, ,

m a sters I t is repe a ted a l m ost ex a ctly a t the left h a nd end of

.
-

the fa m ous s a r coph a gus a t V ienn a a l r e a dy m entioned w ith the ,

di ffe r ence th a t the A m a zon in this c a se thre a tens w ith a n a x e ,

a n d the G re e k w ith a short s w ord Moreover the s a m e m oti ve .

3 32 PAI N T I N G S O N T H E

e l a bo r a tel y e m b r oi de r e d a n d p a tte r ned b a r b a r ic costu m es in

w h ic h t h e s e h e r oine s a r e fr e u e n tly sh o w n c l a d in v a se i ctu -
q p
of a ll pe r iods .

I n spiri t a n d exp r es s ion a l m ost equ a l to the A m a zon is the

h o r se s h e best r ides ag a in r e m inding u s of e a r lie r Greek ex a m ples
, ,

a n d a ff o r ding t h e s t r o n gest cont r a s t w ith the t a m eness of t h e l a t e

I t alo G r eek v a se p a inti n gs r ep r e s enti n g t h e s a m e subj ect Al l

-
.

the h o r ses i n t h e p r esent w o r k a r e of t h e s a m e w h ite co l ou r ,

si m il a r ly sh a ded w ith g r ey a n d h a ve th e s a m e blu e eyes : even

,

s u pe r ior to t h is one in r e of a ction a n d exp r ession a r e those of

th e t w o g u a d r ig a c in g r oups ( l 1 d 2 on t h e opposite fa ce A l l ,
.

a r e c a p a r isoned w it h so m e r ic h ness : see in t h e p r esent inst a n ce , ,

t h e sc a r let r eins a n d h e a dst a ll a n d t h e gold c a ble ch a in a n d ,

-

l i n ks So fa r w e nd little in the invention or execu t ion of

.

th e pictu r e t h a t see m s a lien fr o m th e spi r it of the best

G r eek a r t T u r ning h o w eve r to t h e w a r r io r t ra ce s of a nothe r
.
, , ,

i n spi ra tion a r e disce r nible T h e c h a r a cte r of t h e h e a d lik e

.
,

t h a t of the gestu r e is full of spi r it a n d ene r gy but t h e

, ,

fe a tu r es a re not of t h e ide a l c a st w h ic h t h e w o r ks both of

sculptu r e a n d of th e m ino r deco r a tive a r ts h a ve a c c usto m ed u s
to expect in G r eek he r oes T hey h a ve a blunt r e a lis m a n d i n
.

di v i d u a l i t y w h ic h is c h a r a c t e r istic r a t h er of th e a i m of E t r usc a n
art . Mo r eove r it is to be noted th a t n o n e of t h e G r eek c om
b a t a n t s a r e represented i n t h e w o r k befo r e u s in t h e h e r oic nudity
w h ic h G r eek a r t itself a ffected in t h ese subj ects ( not exclusively ,

but int r oducing gu r es w e a r ing only a ying clo a k or a r m ed

,

only w ith a h el m et sh ield spe a r or s w o r d a lo n g w it h oth e r

, , ,

gures in p a noply) All th e gu r es he r e a re fully d r essed m ost

. ,

of th e m in p a noply T h e w a r r io r in t h is inst a nce besides h i s

.
,

h el m et spe a r a n d s h ield w e a r s ove r a sh o r t red chi ton a thor a x

, , ,

colou r ed in di ffe r ent sh a des of g r ey a pp r o a c h ing w h ite a n d ,

e m b r oide r ed or p a inted el a bor a tely w ith m a e a n d e r s a n d oth er

p a tte r ns in r e d d a r k gr ey lil a c a n d b r o w n T he Ho m e r ic
, , ,
.

epith ets of b r e a stpl a tes a i oxoc w ok a cBa Xo e &c a r e fo r cibly

, ,

, .
,

rec a lled by t h ese represent a tions ; bu t of w h a t m a te r i a l a r e

w e fr o m t h ei r col ou r to suppose th e m m a d e ? T h ese w h ite
a n d g r eyis h tints still o r e distinc tly seen in t h e b r e a stpl a te
( m
of t h e w a r r io r in P I X XX V I I ) c a nnot possibly it w o u ld
. .
,

see m r ep r esent a n y fo r m of m et a l : a r e w e to suppose t h en

, , ,

th a t t h e m a te r i a l i s colou r ed le a the r or e l se th a t it is linen , ,

 A MAZ O N S A l l t O l l I AGl S
'

O F C O RN E T O . 3 G3

a nd tha t t r u s c a ns like t h e E g ypti a n s w e r e Arr/ 0 6 3

the E , ,
0

p m ce v ? ( F or a discussion of t h e m e a ning of t his epi th et in

connection w it h a r ep r esenta tio n of a no t h e r ki n d a n d of t he ,

n a tu r e of th e G r eek th or a x gene r a lly see t h e p a pe r O n t h e ,

A r m ou r of Ho m e r ic He r oes by Mr \Va lt e r L e a f i n t h e J u r n a l
,

. o

o
f H el l en i c S t u d i es April ,
T h e s h oul d e r st ra p s a l s o
,
-
,

p a tterned a r e fa stened to t h e b r e a st pl a te by gold bos s e s An

,
-
.

a l m ost ex a ctly si m il a r a r m a tu r e occu r s not unfr e u ently in t h e

q
p a intings of E tr usc a n to m bs ; co m p a r e for insta nce t h e gu r e o f
Geryon in th e T om ba d cl l ( Mon ( 16 11 I n s t V ol ix Pl

. . . . .
,

b 1 b2
, In e a ch of these co r r esponding g r oups w h ic h occu r
.
,

to r ight a n d left of th a t a bove disc u sse d a G r e e k g r a s ps by t h e ,

h a ir w ith his left h a nd a n d is a bout to desp a tc h w it h h i s r ig h t

, ,

a n A m a zon w h o h a s su n k w ou n ded upon h e r knees I) 1 a l l .

,

except t h e h e r o s he a d is r uined bu t e n o u gh r e m a i n s t o sh o w

, ,

t ha t t h e fa lling A m a z o n is r epre s ented nu d e a peculi a ri t y ,

t o w hich w e sh a ll return in connection w it h g r oup c 1 a n d ,

w hich never occurs in a pu r e G r eek version of t h e s ene For c .

the rest both g r oups repe a t a stock sche m e w h ic h occu r s

,

a g a in a n d a g a in in other rep r esent a tions of t h e subj ect Most .

co m m only the a ction is a s in b 2 ( Pl but so m eti m es .

a lso fro m t h e reve r se side a s in Z) 1 In one sense or th e oth er

,
.

a n d w ith t h is or th a t m inor v a r i a tion the m otive of a G r eek ,

gr a sping by the h a i r w ith one h a nd a n d thre a tening to ,

sl a y h e r w ith the oth e r a n a nt a gonist w h o h a s fa llen w ounded

,

upon one knee occurs to m entio n o n ly a fe w of t h e c h ief

, ,

ex a m ples t w ice in th e P hig a l e ia n fr ieze once in t h a t of t h e

, ,

te m ple of N ik e A p te r os (only he r e the victi m is a Pe r si a n ,

on c e in th a t of t h e M a usoleu m a n d in both t h e fa m ous ,

Si r is bronzes in the B r itis h Mu seu m : in these l a st inst a nces

the Greek th r usts w ith one k nee a g a inst t h e side of his fa llen
fe e
. T h e m otive is in a w o r d one of th e m ost fa vourite a n d
, ,

often repe a ted of a l l those e m ployed in si m il a r scenes N or is .

it di fcult to point out a m o n g th e celebr a ted w o r k s of t h e

gr e a t ti m e t h e p r ototype fr o m w hic h it is likely to h a ve been
1
derived A si m il a r m otive a s D r K l ug m a n n h a s poi n ted out
.
, . ,

h a d been int r od uced by P h e i d i a s into t h e reliefs a do r ning t h e

shield of the Ath en e P a r thenos a s is a ttes t ed bot h by t h e ,

1
D er A ma zonc n mythus , p 6 0 . .
3 64 PAIN T IN G S O N TH E

L e n or m a n t sta tuette a t Athens a n d the fr a g m ent a ry Str a ngfo r d

shield in the British Museu m I n the repetition of this m otive on .

our s a rcoph a gus the chief points to be noticed a re the follo w ing :
,

I n the A m a zon t h e b r oken spe a r w ith w hich s h e h a s been tr a ns

,

xed fro m behind in t h e a ct of retre a t a n d fro m beside the ,

point of w hic h h e r blood is seen spouting ; th e ne expression

of p a in a n d desp a i r w h ic h even the r uin of the p a inting h a s not
,

oblite r a ted in h e r fa ce ; h e r a ction w h ic h is ne a r ly const a nt in

, ,

si m il a r groups of th ro w ing up t h e s h ield w ith her left h a nd

, ,

a n d the peculi a r elong a ted fo r m of th a t shield the o r din a r y

(
notched A m a zoni a n yepp o v or m a m but lon ge r ) w h ich else

, ,

w he r e occurs m ost co m m only i n t h e p a intings on l a te Apuli a n

v a ses I n t h e G r e ek h i s youth ful fa ce contr a sted w ith the

.
,

ste r ne r a n d m a tu r e r look s of t h e w a r r io r i n a t h e coloured

p a tte r ns on h i s thor a x bette r p r eserved a n d still m o r e el a bor a te ,

t h a n i n a a n d t h e a dditi o n of g r e a ves w h ic h like the hel m ets

, , ,

r i m s of s h ields h a n dles of spe a r s &c a r e p a inted yello w a s if

, ,
.
, ,

to r epresent gold or b r a ss .

c 1 c 2 N ot gu r ed in our pl a tes
,
. A G r eek w a r rior on foot .

confr onts a m ounted A m a zon N ei th e r of these groups c a lls for

p a r ticul a r r e m a r k c 1 is a l m ost entirely oblite r a ted c 2 p r etty
. .

a ccur a tely rep r oduces in gene r a l design a m otive w hich is of

fr e q uent occur r ence on G r eek v a ses of the best ti m e a n d on ,

se ve r a l of the m is identied by insc r iptions a s r ep r esenting th e

co m b a t of T h eseus a g a inst Hippolyt e or so m e oth e r w ise n a m ed -

a nt a gonist An a tte m pt h a s been m a de not unre a son a bly to

.
, ,

a ssoci a te w ith t h e n a m e of Mikon t h e invention of th is ve r y

fa vourite m otive of Attic a r t 1

In the present insta nce it h a s .
,

only to be noticed th a t th e w a r r ior of c 1 is a l m ost a n ex a ct

counte r p a rt of th e w a r r io r of g r oup a ( P 1 XXX V I ) w h ile t h e .
,

A m a zon i s distinguish ed by w e a r ing in a ddition to the sh ort ,

t u nic a P h r ygi a n c a p a ying leop a r d s skin a n a x yr zdes a n d

, , , ,

boots
d 1 d 2 N o t gu r ed in our pl a te I n e a ch g r oup t w oA m a zons
,
. .

m ounted on a q u a d r ig a d r ive a t full g a llop a g a inst t w o G r eeks

confr onting th e m of w h o m t h e fo r e m ost is o verth ro w n w hile
,

t h e l a tte r st a nds r m A ve r y singul a r m otive not str ic t ly .

,

1
S e e R l ug m a n n , A nn . del l
'
h as t . au t h or gi v es a. l is t of n ot l es s t h a n
21 1 , and D er A m a zom n m y th u s , si xt ee n v a s es in w c
h i h t hi s g r ou p i s

p . 45 sq . I n th e f or m e r pla c e th e re p e a t e d w i t h m ore o r l es s ar ia t i o n v .
366 P A I N T l N GS O N T H E

c r a fts m en of t h e s e distr icts a n d giv ing the m a p a r ti a lity for ,

t h e fou r ho r se c h a r iot a s a subj ect of r ep r esent a tion w it h out

-

st r ict r ega r d to p r ecedent or a pprop r i a teness ? At a n y r a te ,

a s a fe a tu r e of a n A m a zono m a ch i a in t h e m a nner in w h ic h w e ,

n d it int r oduced in these t w o sy m m et r ic a lly b a l a nced g r oups ,

it is if I a m not m ist a k en unique

,
1
,
.

c 1 e 2
,
I n 0 1 t h e Am a zons h a ve ove r th r o w n a Greek w h o
.
,

is on hi s knees bet w een t h e m In 6 2 ( Pl XXX V I I I ) a n . .

,

A m a zon hu r r ies up to t h e r escue of a co m p a nion w h o m a G r eek

h a s ove r t h r o w n T h ese subj ects p a inted on th e ends c f t h e
.
,

s a r coph a g us h a ve been p a i n ted on a d a r ke r g r ound a n d w ith

, ,

a so m e w h a t co a r ser touch t h a n th ose on t h e t w o sides N ote .

i n P 1 XXX V I I I t h e crude colou r of t h e w a r r io r s esh a n d

. .
,

t h e co m p a r a tively vulg a r though expressi v e fa ce of t h e a tt a ck

ing A m a zon C ounte r p a r ts of both t h ese scenes a s to thei r
.
,

gener a l m otive a r e to be found a m ong th e v a r iou s ext a nt

,

fa m ilies of relief sculptu r e to w hich w e h a ve a l r e a dy r efe r r ed

-
.

I n its deta iled fe a tu r es t h e l a tte r gr oup is h o w ever si n gul a r .

First (see th e Pl a te ) w e h a ve t h e a tt a ck i n g h e r oine d r essed in,

t h e P h r ygi a n c a p a n d a long tunic yi n g a bout h e r feet ; t h i s

i s a costu m e unt for w a r a n d unkno w n to e a r lie r G r eek a r t in ,

r ep r esent a tions of a n A m a zono m a chi a Still m o r e singul a r is .

t h e nudity of t h e slender fa llen A m a zon w h o is h a lf dr a gged ,

u p w a r ds by t h e a r m b y her victorious ene m y a n d h a lf suppo r ts ,

h e r self w ith h e r shield upon t h e ground T h e s a m e peculi a r ity .

occu r s a s w e h a ve seen in one of t h e ve r sio n s on t h is s a m e s a r co

, ,

p h a us
g ( I) of
,
the fa m ili a r th e m e of a fa lli n g A m a zon w h o m h e r

a nt a gonist seizes h y the h a i r G r eek a r t a ff o r ds neith e r i n sculpture .

n or in v a se p a inting a n -
p a ra llel insta nce of such nudity in a c om
y
ba t a n t A m a zon T h e r e does exis t indeed a w hole g r oup of G r eek
.
, ,

m onu m ents in w h ic h th e gu r e of a nude A m a zon occurs ; includ

ing t h e h a s r elief on one of the ends of th e P a ris s a r coph a gus
-

a bove m entioned a nu m ber of e m eng r a vings a n d seve ra l terr a -

g , ,

cott a pl a q ues l a m ps &c B u t t h ese a r e one a n d a ll repetitions of

, ,
.

t h e s a m e group a g roup n a m ely of Achilles sust a ining the

, , ,

dying Pent h esile a Ancient poetr y w e kno w cont a ined w a rr a nt .

, ,

1
C h a r i ot s s im i l ar ly d ra w n by ou r f r e pr e s e n t i n g t h e Ra p e of t h e L e u c i p
w h i te h or s e s o cc ur in a w o rk c
l os el y p i da e . B u t t h es e are t h e h ar i o ts o f c
an al o
g ou s t o t h i s , a n d p r o a l y of a ou t b b b t h e D i os k ou r oi , an d b el on g n a t u ra l l y

the s a m e d a t e , v iz t h e ra g m en t s o f t h e
. f t o th e su bj c t e .

p a in ted w ood e n s a r o h a g u s o f
p c K e rt h c
 AMAZ O N S AR C O P HAG U S O F CO RN E T O .

for t h is m otive of the he r o t a king co mp a ssion on h i s a dve r sa ry

a fte r h e h a d con q uered h e r a n d st r ipped h e r of he r a r m ou r ,

T h e g r oup i n w h ich the m otive w a s t h us e m bo d ied m ust to ,

j udge fr o m th e nu m ber of exta nt w orks in w h ich it is copie d ,

h a ve been one ve r y fa m ous in a ntiqu ity At the s a m e ti m e it .

c a n h a r dly h a ve been of ve r y e a r ly o r igin a s t h e repetitions ,

i n question a r e a l l of the m of l a te ch a r a cter See O ve r .

beck H er oi sche B il d w cr /rc Pl xii Figs 8 a 9 1 0 a n d 1 1

, ,
. .
, .
, , ,
.

te xt p 4 9 7 3 99 A fulle r discussion of t h e fa m ily of m e nu

. .

m ents in question by t h e sa m e a uth or w ill be found in t h e

Z e i ts ch r if t f a r A lter thn m w i s s cn s ch a 1 8 5 0 N os 3 7 3 8 3 9
, , .
, , .

P r ofessor O ve r beck w ith w hose vie w I a m not in a cco r d a nce is

, ,

disposed to r e fe r t h ei r o r igin to t h e pictu r e by P a n a e n o s on the

b a lust ra de of t h e te m ple of Z eus a t O ly m pi a a n d to a ssoci a te ,

the m m o r e closely t h a n I th ink t he r e is r e a son for doin g w it h

t w o other fa m ilies of w o r ks e a ch r ep r esenti n g the s a m e subj ect
,

a cco r ding to a di ffe r ent sc h e m e But to the w h ole q uestion of

.

Achilles a n d Penthesile a in a ncient a r t I h ope one da y to r etu r n .

I h a ve no doubt it is by seeing a n d i m perfectly understa nd

ing so m e r epr esent a tions of th a t subj ect th a t t h e p a inter of ou r
A m a zon sa r coph a gus h a s been led into t h e a no m a ly w e see th a t
-
,

of trying to heighte n the p a thos a n d h elplessness of defe a t by

depicting t w o of h is co m b a ta nt h eroines a s if a l r e a dy e Em a
/

p w a a s w hen they a r e in fa ct only in t h e a c t of overth r o w

v
,
.

T o s u m up the gener a l result of the fo r egoing observ a tions .

T he be a uty a n d spirit of the pictu r es under consider a tion t h ei r ,

pu r ely G r eek subj ect a n d t he not less strictly Greek p r inciples

,

w hich h a ve gove r ned t h eir co m position a n d design m ight a t ,

rst sight induce u s to cl a i m t h e m for a u th entic w o r ks of a

Greek pencil A n d this cl a i m m igh t be fu rth er suppo r ted by
.

the m a r ked di e r e n ce bot h of m a te r i a l a n d of style w hic h

'

exists bet w een t h e body of t h e s a r coph a gus they a dorn a n d its

lid w hich is a w ork of ordin a r y E t r u sc a n h a ndic r a ft
, Such .

a cl a i m h a s a ctu a lly been p r eferred for t h e m by severa l w rite r s ,

including Mr Dennis (op ci t) But a close r ex a m in a tion see m s

. . .

to prove th a t it is not ten a ble So fa r a s the m otives of t h e

.

design a r e conce r ned w e h a ve sho w n th a t a lt h ough t h ose on the

, ,

pr incip a l fa ce a r e a ll of them r epe a ted fr o m cu rrent a n d

tra di tion a l Greek ex a m ples yet th ey include one incident th e
, ,
368 P A IN T IN G S O N TH E

nudity of a co m b a t a nt A m a zon (r epe a ted in a nother c o m

position on one of t h e ends of t h e s a rcoph a gus) w hich is not ,

G r eek but see m s on the ot h er h a nd to sho w a dist i nct m i s

,

unde r st a nding of G r eek pr ecedent : w h ile on th e b a ck of the

s a r coph a gus the m otive t w ice r epe a ted of A m a zons g h ting
, ,

fr o m a qu a d r i g a a g a inst Hellenic h e r oes h a s its only p a r a llels , ,

a n d t h ose not ex a ct in l a te I t a lo G r eek va ses found in t h e

,
-

ce m ete r ies of Apuli a Add the exception a l costu m e of t h ose

.

A m a zons w h o w e a r long tunics a bout thei r h eels w hile they

gh t ; a n d a ce r t a i n genera l tendency to a b r uptness a n d u n
couth vigou r in the a ctions a n d to co m m onness a n d r e a listic
,

energy in t h e types of the co m b a ta nts w hich see m s a lien fro m ,

t h e h a r m onious ide a ls of t h e G r eeks th e m selves ; a n d w e h a ve

sufficient r e a son for co n c l uding th a t t h e w o r k is n ot th a t of a
G r eek h a n d w o r king in t h e e m ploy of a n E tr usc a n p a tron bu t ,

r a t h e r t h a t of a n E trusc a n h a nd st r o n gly i m bued w ith G r eek

ide a s a n d p r inciples .

O f th e blending a n d conict of n a tive E t r usc a n w i t h i m po r ted

G r eek m ode s of design w e h a ve a s is w ell kno w n a bun da n t ex
, ,

a m ples in the w a ll p a inti n gs of t h e v a r io u s to m bs exc a v a ted ne a r

-

C or n eto a n d O r vie to seve r a lly But in none is t h e a scendency

.

of t h e Greek ele m ent so co m plete a s in t h e p a inti n gs of this s a r

c o ha u s
p g As to. t h e d a te of the w o r k a n a pp r oxi m a te con ,

e c t u r e only is possible n logous pu r ely G r eek s a rcoph a gus

j T h e a a
.

of p a inted w ood found in the exc a v a tio n s a t K oul O ba ne a r ,

K e r tc h m ust belong to t h e fourt h centu r y B C

, T h e int r insic . .

evidences of a style w hic h rec a lls i n b r e a dth en e r g y a n d freedo m , ,

fr o m a ffecta tion a n d senti m ent a lity th a t of the best G r eek w o r k ,

m igh t incli n e us to a ccept a t le a s t a s e a r ly a d a te for t h e C o r neto

ex a m ple O n th e oth er h a nd w e m ust re m e m be r th a t it w ould
.
,

t a ke ti m e for c h a nge s in t h e c h a r a cte r a n d p r inciples of G r eek

a r t to r eec t t h e m selves in t h e i m it a tive w o r k of a lien c o m

m u n i ti e s And w e m ust ta ke into a ccou n t t h e introduction of

.

m otives suc h a s th ose of the ghting qu a d r i g a e a n d of th e nude

,

co m b a t a nts for w h ich a s h a s been s a id no a n a logies occur

, , ,

except in co m p a r a tively l a te w o r k Moreover t h e epigr a phic a l

.
,

evidence of t h e e a r lie r of the t w o insc r iptions o f t h a t n a m ely , , ,

w h ic h a ppe a r s o n t h e lid is p r onounced by experts t o point to

,

t h e t h ird centu r y r a t h e r th a n to a n y e a rlier d a te O n the w hole .

,
3 70 T H E C I T I E S AN D B I S H O P RI C S O F P H RY G IA .

TH E C IT IE S AN D B I SH O P R I C S O F PH R Y G IA .

T p a per is re a lly the rst p a rt of a report on the results

H I S

a tt a ined in 1 8 8 3 by th e Asi a Minor E xplor a tion Fund B esides .

so m e m inor excursions I then m a de t w o long j ou r neys in the ,

interior of Asi a Minor J une to O c tober I w a s a cco m p a nied , .

a l m ost the w hole of the ti m e by Mr J R S Ste r rett a Vi r gini a n . . . .

,

student a t th e A m e r ic a n School of Athens O u r usu a l pra ctice .

1
w a s to r ide by sep a r a te ro a ds a n d in this w a th e expeditio
y , n su r

v e e d a m uc h w ider count r y th a n if I h a d been a lone the results

y
w ere so good th a t I a m a nxious to a rr a nge th e expediti o n of
1 8 8 4: in a si m il a r w a y O u r chief a i m w a s to const r u ct th e m a p
.

of a ncient Phrygi a a n d our m ethod w a s to ex a m ine e a ch district

,

thoroughly enough to be a ble to s a y not only w here there w ere , ,

but a lso w h ere t h e r e w e r e not a ncient sites T h e discovery of , .

m onu m ents a n d inscriptions w a s a second a ry obj ect a n d w e did ,

not a i m a t co m pleteness in this reg a rd but even h ere our results

a r e i m port a nt We copied m ore th a n four hundred a n d fty
.

inscriptions w hich is a t th e ra te of one hundred per m onth a n d

, ,

I inco r po r a te in th is p a per those w hich h a ve m ost direct be a ring

on the a nti q uities of e a ch district Most of th e m h a ve p a s sed .

under the eyes of both of u s : w h ere only one of us a c tu a l l v

copied the inscription fro m the stone I give h is initi a ls a t th e ,

h e a d of the text : w here no initi a ls a re a tt a ched it is to be ,

3
understood th a t w e h a ve both veried th e text on t h e stone

I sh a ll spe a k a t a nother ti m e of the m onu m ents w h ich w e found .

1
O f c ou rs e n ot u n til Mr S terre t t t xt I h op d h r t o b b l e t o re f r
. e . e e e e a e

h d le
a ed m y w y s
ar n f w ork a ot o a n i m p or t n t s er i es of i s c r ip t i n
. a n o s
2 B id s t hi s I h av
es e
i m pr s i on s c opi d by
e t T r ll i
es h ich M e us a a e s, w r .

m d e by Mr S t
a .et t f m y f th
err S t r t t i p p i g f r p b l ic t i
o an o e ; er e s re ar n o u a on

i c i p ti
ns r hi c h h c p i d i s c h
on s w e bu t o fo t t cc i de t h s d l y d
e : n u an un r una e a n a e a e

c I ti ll t t c h hi i i t i l t th e h i w k
ase s a a s n a s o s or .
 T H E C IT IE S AN D B I S H O P RI C S O F P H RY G I A . 371

\Ve h a ve such a m a ss of r esults of every kind th a t it w ill t a k e

ti m e to a r r a nge th e m a n d settle their v a lue : th is p a per w r itt e n ,

befo r e resti n g fr o m th e fa tigue of the j ou r ney w ill give a f i r , a

speci m en of t h e r esults of a m onth s w o r k He r e a little a n d .
,

t h e r e a little w e collect the m a te r i a l w hich m a y in ti m e m a k e

,

it possible to w rit e a connected h isto r y of Ph r ygi a .

H i e r oc l e s enu m e r a tes sixty t w o cities in th e t w o Ph rygi a s : -

of these sixteen a ve l e a dy been pl ced co r rectly on th e m a p

,
h a r a 1
.

An a tte m pt to solve the p r oble m of Ph r ygi a n top og r a p h y

de m a nds t w o q u a li ca t i on s kno w ledge of th e country : t h e
nu m ber of w orking d a ys spe nt by m e in a ctu a l explor a t i o n
w ith in or on th e bo r ders of Phrygi a w a s sixty t w o in 1 8 8 1 te n -
,

i n 1 8 8 2 a n d one hundred a n d eighteen in 1 8 8 3 T o a tt a in

,
.

p recision a s to th e m a in fe a tures of the country a n d x th e m i n

m y m ind I h a ve dr a w n for m yself fr o m m y o w n obse r v a tion s

, , ,

the m a p of gre a t p a r t of Ph rygi a A c a reful co m p a r ison o f .

t h e lists of H i e r oc l e s of the N oti ti a e E p i s cop a mm n a n d of t h e

, ,

bishops present a t t h e councils of th e rst ten centu r ie s 2

Ptole m y h a s proved a s yet fa r less useful th a n th e l a t e r

a uthorities ; I h a ve not discovered th e principle of h is orde r o f

enu m era tion a n d of his o m issions or the rel a tion betw een h i s
'

list a n d th a t of th e cities w hich w e r e coining m oney w hen h e

w rote . T h e e a rly I tine r a r ies a r e of the h ighest v a l u e ; a n d I
think w e h a ve th is ye a r t r a ced eve ly ro a d on th e P e u ti n g e r
T a ble a n d the Antonine Itiner a r y w est of Ango r a : '

I n one respect I dissent fr o m m a ny m odern w riters : I h a v e

been led to a tt a ch th e highest v a lue to th e a ccur a cy a n d
precision of the a ncient w rite r s w h o refer to Ph rygi a I could .

m ention v a rious c a ses w h ere th e a ncients h a ve been censured f r o

di ffering fro m K i ep e r t s m a p a n d w here it w ill be found w he n , ,

the n e w edition of th a t m a p a ppe a rs th a t the difference n o ,

longer exists Gr a du a lly I h a ve been forced to the opinion th a t

.

so fa r a s Ph ry gi a is concerned our censure of th e in a ccur a cy of ,

1
I om i t fou r w hi c h h ve b e ide ti ad p d on o g h n t m ade d u i g
en n o
e en r u o es r n a

d i n my ow n p ap rs
e l s o C er e t a p
e ,very ha s ty an d i n d qu te ex am i ti n
a a, a e a na o

D i o ys p oli s T r j an op ol i c ed i of t h e A m C m n i n the A t h e
' '

n o , a p l s, a l n c on cz zor

t h r i g h t d i tr i c t b t on t h
e s ro g i t
u i U i v r i ty L i b y T h I d
e w n s e, n an n e s rar . e n
'

zcrs

an d E u d oc i s J d a th r t e m p o
an o y t the A s i
e d t h l i s ts of b i h p i
rar o a an e s o s n

na m f
es o ll k
w e c i ti
n ow n L e Q i
es .O i p f ct u en , -
r. a re s o in ei e

9
W iti g i
r n Sm n I h v tor rn a t o b u l s fo m p poa e as e se e s r v ur s e.
 3 72 T H E C IT IE S AN D B I S H O P RI C S OF P H RY G IA .

the ncients is si m ply the m e a su r e of ou r igno r a nce T h e

a .

r e a son is obvious : P h r ygi a w a s w ell kno w n to t h e m to us it h a s ,

been a n unkno w n l a nd O n e exception o n ly h a ve I to m a ke .

L i v y s a ccount of t h e m a r c h of M a nlius T h e r oute w h ich

M a nlius follo w ed a ppe a r s d i r ect disti n ct un m ist a k a ble but I , , ,

c a nnot reconcile t h is r oute w ith L i v y s a ccount w it h out t h e

supposition th a t h e h a s th r ee ti m es m is r ende r ed a G r eek tense

o r p a r ticle .

T hese sc a nty a uthori ties w ould be of little use w ithout the

S yn e/cdemos of H i e r oc l e s A c a reful study of H i e r oc l e s a n d a .
,

syste m a tic co m p a r ison of h i s lists w ith th e N oti ti a e m a kes it ,

e a sy to pl a ce w ith in n a rro w li m its eve r y city w h ich they

m ention provided th a t the follo w ing principles a r e a d m itted
,

principles not a dopted a p r i or i but a tt a ined a s th e result of ,

eighteen m onths t h ough t .

( 1 ) T h e list of H i e r ocl e s is a rr a nged in s tr i ct geog r a ph ic a l

o r der T his fa ct h a s been p a r ti a lly r ecognised
.
1
but n eve r ,

thorough ly c a rr ied out I r ecognised long a g o th a t such a n .

order w a s obse r ved in Pisidi a a n d so m e othe r p r ovinces but

2
,

till our discove r ies of this ye a r I th ought it w a s i m possible to

a pply th e p r inciple to th e t w o Ph r ygi a n provinces N ow I kno w .

th a t it is observed even m ore str ictly in the m th a n in a n y oth e r s .

I a pply this principle in a fe w c a ses w h ere no other evidence

re m a ins to sh o w the n a m e of a n a ncient site ; but in gener a l
so m e corrobor a tive evidence c a n be found .

( )
2 T h e list is a rr a nged to a cert a in extent in dist r icts a n d ,

occ a sion a lly there is a le a p fr o m one distr ict to a nother : bu t

such a rra nge m ent is not c a r r ied out syste m a tic a lly a n d is ,

perh a ps illusory It is therefore evident th a t the list is not

.

a ccording to govern m ent a l districts .

( )
3 T h e list is a bs olu tely co p etem l If a city 3 c a n be proved .

to exist both before a n d a fter the ti m e of H i er ocl es it is not ,

o m itted in his list Appa rent o m ission is a l w a ys to be expl a ined

.

by th e use of a te m por a ry n a m e or by so m e other c a use so w e

nd no A s p e n dos but P r i m op oli s no C oty a ion but E udoci a s no , ,

B l a u n dos but P u l c h e r i a n op ol i s no C on a n a but J u s t i n i a n op oli s , .

T his principle m a y be a pplied to sho w th a t a n a ncient site in

2
i r ocl es , qu i J ou r n H el l S tu d 1 8 8 3 , p 4 0
'
or dre d H tres
1 es t

L . . . . .

s ou ve nt l g
or dr e

o
g ra ph i q u e,

Wa d 3
Iu se th e w or dc
i ty i n a n e m ph a t i c
d i ng tou ,
Voy N u m i s m p 5 0
. . . . s en s e .
 T H E C IT IE S AN D B I S H O P RI C S O F P H RY G IA . 3 73

a fe r tile v a lley suf ciently extensive to suppo r t a ci ty m u st be

m entioned by H i e r o c l e s .

( 4 ) T h e list of H i e r o c l e s is t he l is t of the bishop r ics of h i s

5

ti m e VVe s s e li n g a ft e r ex a m ini n g t h is point h a s co m e to th e

.
, ,

opposite conclusion a n d h i s opinion h a s found ge n e r a l a ccept a n ce , .

I c a nnot he r e ex a m i n e t h e point co m pletely but I believe t ha t ,

t he ecclesi a stic a l a r r a nge m ent w a s coi n cident w it h a n d dete r ,

m ined by t h e politic a l ,
E ve r y city h a d g u a city a bis h op : .
, ,

even three cities lik e H i e r op ol i s O t r ou s a n d S t e c tor i on w ith , , ,

one a n d a h a lf to th ree m iles of ro a d d ividing the m h a d t hr ee ,

sep a r a te bishops T h e bish ops of e a ch politic a l p r ovince fo r m ed

.

a distinct body p r esided over by th e bish op of th e m e tr op ol i s

, .

T he p r inciple th a t the ecclesi a stic a l a r r a nge m ent follo w s th e

politic a l w a s a l w a ys observed in the Byz a ntine C h urch : even
such a n a ctive resolute a n d unco m p r o m isi n g p r el a te a s St B a sil
, ,
.

tr ied in v a in to uphold the superio r ity of t h e ecclesi a stic a l

a r r a nge m ent When C a pp a doci a w a s divided politic a lly into
1
.

t w o p a r ts B a sil w a s un a ble to m a in t a in t h e ecclesi a stic a l u n i t v

,

of the province T h e list of H i e r oc l e s is a t once t h e list of t h e

.

cities recognised by the civil govern m e n t a n d the list o f

bishoprics T h e discrep a ncies be tw een h i s lis t a n d those of th e
.

N oti teia c on w hich W e s seling l a ys such str ess a r e d u e to c h a nges

, ,

in the constitution of t h e p r ovinces m a de bet w een the ti m es to

w hi c h the lists r el a te .

T h is is the V i e w to w hich I incline bu t I do not fe el su r e ,

enough a bout it to found a n y infe r ences upo n it a t p r ese n t .

T h e a cco m p a nying ta ble conta ins lists of t h e cities th a t c a n

be tr a ced a t d i fferent periods in t h e p r ovince I t w ould help .

m uch in re a soning fro m this t a ble if t h e d a tes of the v a r iou s

, ,

N oti ti a e w ere kno w n I n th e p r ovinces of A si a Minor they .

see m to fa ll into th r ee g r oups N ot I I I X a n d X I I I a l w a ys . .

,
.
, ,

give th e s a m e list w ith m inor v a r i a tions ; this g r oup is certa inly,

the l a test of a l l N ot I so m eti m es st a nds a lone but gener a lly

. . . ,

a grees w ith VI I V I I I I X ; it belongs oste nsibly to t h e reign

, ,

of L e o t h e Wise 8 8 6 9 1 1 N ot VI I V I I I I X a ppe a r to ,
. .
, ,
.
,

m e e a rlie r th a n I ; they so m eti m es present re m a r k a ble coin

c id e n ce s w ith H i e r o cl e s but a r e on t h e w hole d ivided fr o m hi m ,

by a b r o a d g a p In so m e c a ses substa nti a lly t h e s a m e list

.

I t i t th t i
s t h r
ru ei g of w h iac h i t b t a i e d i tn
h B y z t i ne e e n o n n e an

V l ns th C h ch h d n ot th e p ow r p ri d
a e e ur a e e o .

H . s .
v o r W . . .
C C
3 74 T H E C IT IE S AN D B I S H O P RI C S O F P I I R Y GI A .

a ppe a rs in a l l the N ot i ti a e : in P h rygi a S a luta ris there is l ittle

c h a nge except w h a t w a s c a used by t h e elev a t ion of A m or i u m
,

a n d K o t y a i o n to t h e r a nk of m et r op ol ei s w h ile t h e o r der of

enu m e r a tion r e m a ins t h e s a m e th r oughout O n the other h a nd .

it is cle a r t h a t there w e r e t w o reo r g a nis a tions of the p r ovince

P a ca t i a n a T h e r st w a s bet w een H i e r oc l e s a n d N ot V I I V I I I
. .
, ,

I X : a t t h is ti m e (possibly 5 0 5 A D w hen J ustini a n s ch a nges

. . .
,

w e r e m a de Hie r a polis bec a m e m etr opol is of a geogr a phic a lly

)
w ell m a r ked dist r ict a n d t w o ot h e r dist r icts
-
,
th a t of A c m o n i a ,

a n d t h a t of t h e south w e r e sep a r a ted fr o m t h e 722ctr op ol is '

L a od i c e i a 1
T h e second took pl a ce bet w een N ot I a n d N ot I I I
. . . .
,

X XI I I ; th e A c m on i a district a n d the south district w ere

.
,

re united to L a odi c e i a w hile the Ai za n i distr ict w a s d et a ched

,

fr o m it a n d a dded to Hie r a polis the order of enu m er a tion w a s

re m od elled All these dist ricts a r e d istinctly m a rked frontier
.

dist r icts a n d i t g a ve m e g r e a t condence in m y a r r a nge m ent of

,

t h e Ph r ygi a n cities w h en I found th a t it expl a ined w ith pe r fect

,

si m plicity w h a t h a d long see m ed a h opeless puzzl e th e

, ,

di ffe r ences bet w een th e N ottl ia c .

T h e follo w ing n a m es a ssigned gener a lly to Ph ry g i a a r e , ,

excluded fro m m y list S a l a P /u yg i a c a ccordi n g to Ptole m y .

'

a n d the nu m is m a tic a r r a n ge m ent is a ssigned to L ydi a by a l l ,

the N oti t i a e C l a n n ou dda P hr yg ia e a ccording to th e nu m i

.
,
s

m a tic a r r a n ge m ent is a lso a city of L ydi a the southe r n city of

, ,

the D ccap ol zs : it ch a n ged its n a m e a t a n e a rly peri od a n d is

'

prob a bly ide n tic a l w ith Au r el io polis Att a i a P h ryg za e in t h e

'

nu m ism a tic lists i s pr oba blv a to w n of Mysi a P hy l a k a i on .

P h r yg i a c a ccording to Ptole m y is a to w n fa r south a n d pr oba bl v

, , ,

belo n gs to L yci a or P a m ph y li a in t h e Byz a ntine lists C ibyra .

P h r g/y za c also belongs to L yci a in B y z a ntine ti m e

'

V a lenti a of H i e r ocl e s a n d so m e C ouncils is conj ectur a lly

identi ed on the T a ble w ith L a g i n a or L a kin a of P a m phyli a ,

a frontier city not m entioned in H i er oc l e s s P a m phyli a a n d T heo

dosi a is identied w ith D a ld i s ; but a s I h a ve not yet tr a velled

in these dist r icts I h a ve no condence in the hypoth eses I t .

w ould be e a sy for m e in th e typogr a ph ic a l re m a rks th a t follo w

to spend se v e r a l p a ges in discussing th e site of e a ch little city ,

1
I t w as
p er h a p s a t t h is t i m e t h a t C ot y a i on w as d e ta ch e d from P a ca ti a n a an d

a s s ig n e d t o S al u ta r is .
3 76 T H E C IT IE S AN D B I S H O P RI C S O F P H RY G IA .

t h i s dis t r ic t is i n te r esting I t m a r k s h e r a s a fo r m of t h e usu a l .

Mothe r goddess of Asi a Mino r w o r s h ipped unde r m a ny n a m es

-
, ,

b u t w it h p r a ctic a l identi t y of c h a r a cte r in a ll p a r ts of t h e coun ,

t ry It is n o t i m possible t h a t t h e n a m e L eto is a fo r m of t h e
.

L yci a n I a d a w om a n ; a n d t h a t Mete r L eto is i n voked a s t h e

,

L a dy t h e Mot h e r 3
T h e n a m e A nr a) w a s ce r t a i n ly u n der
' '

.
,

s tood by t h e G r e e k s t o be connected w i t h Xa t g d a n d X 56 77 7 ,

b u t suc h G r ecisi n g of fo r eign n a m es is ve r y co m m on : t h e r iver

A nda i o c w hic h flo w s out of M o unt Me s s og i s w a s the river of L eto
, , ,

t h e goddess of the m oun t a in : t h e G r ecising process h a s gone

even fu r ther i n t h is c a se S t r a bo considers th a t Me s s og i s a n d .

t h e m ount a in of Hie r a polis ar e one r a nge ( p a n d thoug h .

,

h i s opi n ion is geog r a p h ic a lly not st r ictly a ccu ra te it m a y se r ve

, , ,

a s p r oof th a t the vulg a r belief a n d t h e vulg a r r eligion h eld the

t w o m ount a i n s to be one .

T h e goddess L eto is kno w n fr o m coins of H ie r a polis Mi on n e t

( Suppl N o 3 7 3 ) gives t h e follo w ing

. .

O bv A H M O C .T et e nue , .

Rev u t o u r d u n e cou r onne

.
{ P A n 0 Ae l T Q
N a au m ilieu de
a
g n elle on lit : A H T LQ E I A H Y G I A ,

\Ve m a y g a t h er fr o m this coin th a t t h e t w o c h ief r eli g iou s

fe stiv a ls of Hie ra polis w e r e devoted t o t h e t w o c h ief deities of
t h e ci t y L e t o a n d Apollo L a i r h e n os
, I sh a ll sh o w belo w th a t .

t h e s e t w o d e i t i e s a r e w o r shipped a l s o on the no r t h e r n side of t h e

m oun a in a n d th a t L a i r b e n o s is k no w n only fr o m t h e coins of
t
,

l l i e r a n ol i s a n d the insc r iptions of D i o n ys op ol i s .

I I . ll l E ve r y steep a n d t oilso m e a scent of

T E L L O PO I J s A
m o r e t h a n t w o t h ous a nd feet b r o u g h t us to the su m m it of the '

i n u n t a i n ridge I n fr ont the Ph r ygi a n pl a in extended right

.

a w a y t o M o u nt D i n d m o s w h ich w a s o n l v p a r tly conce a led by

y ,

i nte r m edi a te h ills T his g re a t pl a in is ne a r ly feet a bove

.

t h e level of t h e L ycus v a llev a n d before us the country sloped ,

ve r y slo w ly do w n w a r d s fro m t h e s u m m it of t h e ridge to the

c e n r e o f t h e p l a in Wh a t h a d a ppe a red fr o m the L ycus v a lley
t
.

9
H ow e v er t h is m a y be , I ha ve no a n ti q u e a rt a n d hi era t i c sym b oli s m of

b
d ou t t h a t t h e L e da of S p a r ta n l e g e n d S p ar t a a n d of c v
L y ia p r o e t h a t i n t er
be a rs the L y ia n c n a m e , L a da : t he ch a n g e o f r e l i g i ou s a n d m y th ol og i a l c
l c l i l al k a bl e a n a l og i e s u h ich ha v e re for m s b
e t w e e n t h e cou n tr i cs i s p r oba bl c .

ce n t l v b een d i c overed s b e tw een t he

 T H E C IT IE S AN D B I S H O P RI C S or P H RY G IA . 3 77

a steep a n d lofty r a nge of m oun t a ins t u r ned o u t to be m e r ely

t h e oute r r i m of t h e g r e a t c e n tr a l pl a te a u o f Asi a M ino r O n .

t h e ve r y r idge of t h is m o u nt a i n r i m a r e t h e r e m a i n s o f a n a m ic h t
city T h e pl a ce i s n ow c a lled G e u z la r t e t h e A r c h es fro m t h e
.
,
. .
,

nu m e r ous v a ulted to m bs in t h e m o u n ta i n side T h ey a re .

exceedingly like t h e P r e h isto r ic Build ing a t S a l a m is d e ,

sc r ibed by Mr O lm e fa ls c h R ic h te r in t h e l a st n u m be r of t h is
.

J ou rn a l a n d t h e to m b a t G l i e r r i z i n n o r t h e r n P h ry g i a d r a w n
1
,

by J R Steu a r t in h i s Anci e n t M o n u m ents

. .

.

T h e r e a sons w h ich s h o w t h a t t h is is t h e site of Me t e llo po lis

w ill be given belo w unde r I X T h e n a m e Me t e l lo polis o r Met a l
,
.

l o poli s occurs in the N ottt i a c E p i s cop a t zrzm z a n d bishops of t h e ,

pl a ce w e r e p r esent a t so m e C ouncils .

A r undel r st obse r ved this site w h ic h he c a l ls K usl a r K iepe r t 2

, .

supposed th a t it w a s T r a lles a to w n of L ydi a dis t i n ct fr o m t h e ,

w ell kno w n city of t h e Ma e a n de r

-
but t h e r o a d in t h e P e u t i n g e r
T a ble on w hich h e founds t h is iden t i fi c a tion is o n ly a disloc a ted
r epresent a tion of t h e g r e a t cent r a l h ig h w a y of Asi a Mino r fr o m

E phesus by T r a lles a n d L a odice a to A p a m e i a Mo r eover ,

the Byz a ntine L ydi a did not extend so fa r e a st a s Ge u zl a r .

I I I MO S Y N A About ve m iles beyo n d G e u zl a r o u r r o a d

. .
,

c r ossed a deep c a fi on do w n w hic h a s tr e a m o w s to j oin the

M a e a n der T h e cou r se of the st r e a m s in this d ist r ict is v e r v
.

r e m a r k a ble In t h e uppe r p a r t of t h ei r cou r se t h ey ow on th e

.

level of t h e pl a in : g r a du a lly t h ei r c h a nnel g r o w s deeper a n d

deeper until a t l a st it beco m es a g r e a t c a non 5 0 0 or 6 0 0 fe et
, ,

belo w th e level of the pl a in Suc h is t h e c h a r a cte r of t h e .

M a e a nder of the K opli S u t h e a ncient H i pp ou r i o s of t h e B a n a z

, , ,

T ch a i a n d of the stre a m w hich w e h a d n ow to c r oss

,
I n th e .

c a ti on to the left of our ro a d is a n a ncient site a t the lo w e r e n d

, , ,

of a s m a ll v a lley d r a ined by this str e a m About a m ile fu r th e r .

do w n t h e c a n on i n its n a r r o w est a n d deepest p a r t is a vill a ge

, ,

1
Th g l vi w
e P ] X X XI V
e n e ra T h tw e d i th T b l m t i g
on . .
3
e o roa s n e a e ee n

m igh t p f p i c t re f o
as s of t h
or t L od i c
a m t b c
u c t d th
o ne e a a ea us e orre e us

G l r
eu z a I p k f S t t t om b S d i 2 5 P h i l d l p h i 3 4
.

S ea o eu a r

s ar s a e e a

f m mm y t h vi g s th T ip li 1 2 Hi p li 6 e r o s e ra o s
d ic
ro e or no a n e en
,
L ao ea
b kf ya
oo I h ve t w i c l ok ed i
or e rs E ph a15 M g i 17 e o n es u s a n es a

va i n for t h e t om b at Gh err i z . T ra l l e s 45 An t i o c h e i a 31
2
I o ft en re er f to D r . K i e p er t

s vi ew s T he nu m b er s are of c ou r s e on l y u
p
i n th e ap
pen d i x to F ran z , F unf I n x
pr o i ma te .

s chr z f tcu .
37 8 T H E C IT IE S AN D B I S H O P RI C S O F P H RY G IA .

G eveze in w h ich w e fou nd a fr a g m ent of a re m a r k a ble relief

,

a n d inscription r ecently exc a v a ted on th e a ncient S i te

,
.

N o . 2 .

S i m ul a c r u m
rese m bling
Horse m a n fa cing the D i a n a E ph e s i a fa ,
Ho r se m a n fa cing
goddess t h e uppe r,
cing w ith a l l th e
,
t h e goddess w e a r ing ,

p a r t of the figu r e u su a l ch a r a c t e r i s the chl a m ys c a r r y ,

b r oken off holding ,

tics veil m a m m a e
, , ,
ing a b a ttle a x e over -

a p a te r a in his r ig h t suppo r ts for the hi s left shoulde r a n d

h a nd the h o r se h a nds a n d a deer
,
holding a p a te r a in
r a ises t h e right fore a t e a ch side . h i s righ t h a nd the
foot . ho r se r a ises the right
fo r e foot
-
.

0 AH r a di mo z o mo
O IE l a ted 2 T 0 2 rr
\ H < A| he a d 2 T E A N
'
0 6 M [ o 0 0 z vw v
' '

i
at 6 59 7 5 7
} 3 0 12
M) Ka i . a re

a v o
[ i ?

I t is i m possible to restor e the w hole inscription but the n a m e ,

of the city is the m o st i m po r ta nt point I h a ve gre a t condence .

th a t the restor a tion Mo [a o zi v mv] is r igh t Mos s y n a is a to w n of .

Ph r ygi a m entioned by H i e r ocl e s next to Hier a polis a n d pl a ced ,

in a l l t h e N oti ti a e a m ong the bishop r ics u nder th a t m etr op oli s .

I m ight here devote seve r a l p a ges to p r ove ( 1 ) th a t the r e is no

other site w he r e Mos s y n a could be pl a ced w ithout viol a ti n g the
re q ui r e m ents eith e r of t h e N oti ti a e or of H i e r ocl e s ( 2 ) th a t this ,

site fulls a l l th ese requi r e m ents ( 3 ) th a t no other kno w n n a m e 1

,

except Mos s yn a could possibly be restored in this inscription .

B u t prob a bly a n y one w h o goes c a refully ove r t h e list of P h r y

gi a n to w ns a n d pl a ces the m on t h e m a p w il l see the a r gu m ents
t h a t I m ig h t use T h e description given belo w of the li m its
.

o f the d iocese of Hier a polis (see I X ) a ppe a rs to m e to be of itself

1
Mo x ea n o i an d Mok k a d e n oi a re th e on l y o t h e r s .
3 80 T H E C IT IE S AN D B I S H O P RI C S O F P H RY G IA .

K iepe r t ecognised th a t D i o n y s op o li s m ust be in t h is va lley

r ,

but follo w ed A r un del in pl a cing it on t h e site of Mos yn a : in 1

r e a lity t h e l a t t e r is sep a r a ted fr o m t h e D i on s o oli t a n pl a i n

y p ,

a n d in a cont r a cted situ a tion w h e r e no i m po r ta nt city c a n be

pl a ced .

In H i e r oc l e s D i on y s ou p o li s a cco r ding to the Byz a ntine spell ,

ing h a s been m eta m o r phosed into K o n i ou p oli s a n d t h is co r r up

, ,

tion p r oduced a n e r r o r t h a t b r oug h t di r e confusion into P h r ygi a n

topog ra p h y : K o n i ou pol i s w a s identied w ith K onni w it h out ,

r eg a r d to t h e fa ct t h a t t h e fo r m e r is in P a c a t i a n a a n d the l a tter

in S a lut a r is .

N o . 3 .

In the cou r ty a r d of a h ouse a t S a z a k co m plete a t the ,

left side b r oken on t h e r ig h t co m plete a t top a n d botto m

, , .

A Q N I A O Y A I A Y MO Y I E P O E K A
MO Y K A T A I P A CDO I Me N
'

H FY N H H AI GD
A E P MH N G A I AY MO N K A T AO N

5 O N AE G E I E N N E I KH
P
d DO P
M O
E I T I E A A N E TT E N K AAE E '

G H E I E I E I E T O N T A ME I O N '

d
O N B DK E E I E T O N e

he r e is no clu e to the size of the stone

T : it is a block o f
m a rble n a rro w e r b elo w th a n a bove .

f
'
"
E r
] a ve r i e , , A 7r ok
v i do v A L S liu o v l ep oe Ka i 3 6 2m .

mm [A m ih k w m
'

d


ou e v H 7
u. o v , x a r a yp c
r
v
v
) ,

A s p iri nVa) A t du /r o u K A T A O N I:
/

O N 5 6 p e dr e v ve t x n6p [
'

p0 .

w e vx a k o

i

e i T L? c v

0 60 5 s s 7 i 51/ r a u ei o v
'
[u p o r e tu
mi 6 59 T o e ov
ou ( Ba p L a ) BdJ , r 0[

1 H e w as m i s l e d by Ar u nd el s s om e

t h a t thi s s i te ( s ee III) w as in th e

w ha t co f
n u s e d l an g u a g e i n t o t h e el ie b f pl ain .
 T H E C I T I E S AN D B I S H O P RI C S O F P H RY G IA . 38 1

In line 1 the ye a r is doubtful it is pe r h a ps but m ore

'

prob a bly r r9 1
t h e d a te by ye a r m onth a n d da y a l l nu m be r ed
'

, , , ,

is co m m on in Ph r ygi a T here w ere neve r a n y letters in line .

6 a fter M O w hich a r e c r ushed into a n a rro w sp a ce bet w een

,

5 and 7 T his inscription m ust be co m p a red w ith the

.

follo w ing :
N o . 4 .

In the courty a rd of the s a m e hou s ea t S a z a k : on a si m il a r

block of m a r ble : co m plete a t r ight (except in lines 7 a n d
2

8) a n d botto m inco m plete a t top a n d left ,

side a n d 7 8
,

right .

N K AAE E E I
I IT E I MO Y

Q N AU O AAGD N I A A P B H N Q M
5 b AN T O Y I E P ATI O A I T H E K A I H I Y

(
h 0 ME N T O N E AY T N T E GPE
\ JE I T I E A E E TT E N K A A E E E I O H E I

N G E O N X BCbK A I AAA E I E T O
'

5 %e 7r e] w c a 7t 0

i ei
'

e T L?

i S yd i a )
6 59 T op (
p c /c0 12
( n p
0 N

A I r h h w vt A a a
'
vc BN

or M[771/ o
K a i 75 7 12
'

7 6 12 779 ? a o qbci vr o v I e
p a vr o h cr ne .

T o y e a v r w r e dp e
'

mi
'

w e5 % n e mca h a et
' '

'
[7r

p oa r e ip o v 5
6 9 T op 6 6 5 1! ( a dpt a ) BdJ x a i d h (7t ) a ,
. 5
6 9 T o7 [a
p l e or ]
hese stones conta in fr a gm ents of t h r ee deeds of e n fr a n
T
ch i s e m e n t T h e enfr a nchise m ent of sl a v es by dedic a ting th e m
.

to a deity w a s custo m a r y a t O rc h o m enos in Boeoti a ( Ser a pis

a d
n I sis ) a t C h a
,
e r o n e i a a n d C o r o n e i a ( Ser a pis ) D a u l i s ( At h ene ,

1
E q ivu al e n t to 23 2 A . D .
i t i s tha t of a s q u a re p i ll a r s u r m ou n t e d
1
T h e l e t t er s i n th e rs t t h r ee l i n e s by a c p i t a l , bu t t h e
a p i l l a r is on l y a ou t b
ar e mu ch l a r g e r t h a n i n t h e ot h e r s . f ou r c
in h e s h i g h an d t h e c ap i tal a b ou t

T he sh ap e of th e s e s t on es i s p e u l i a r :
.
c e ig h t .
3 82 T H E C I T IE S A N D B I S H O P RI C S O F P H RY G IA .

Poli a s) S t ir i s (Asclepios) but no ex a m ple w a s h ith e r to kno w n

,
1

in P h r ygi a T h e sl a ves thu s dedic a ted doubtless bec a m e

.

hi er od ou l oi it is k no w n t h a t h i cr od ou l oi existed in th e neigh
bou r i n g K a t a k e k a u m e n e in the R o m a n period
2
.

T h e gods m entioned in t h e t w o insc r iptions H M o q A ep p nv o q

"
,

a n d A n k x w v A a m o c a r e cle a r ly t h e s a m e a s A A I P B H N O Z

' - /
,

w h o is kno w n only fr o m coins of Hie r a polis A n othe r for m of this .

epith et w h ich is peculi a r to t h e r eligion in t h e district Hie r a polis

,

D i on ys op oli s is given in ou r next insc r iption H Mos ik o k

"

, ,

A v ep myv c 3
T h e v a r iety of fo r m s sh o w s th a t the epith et w a
.

non G r eek cont a ining a vo w el sound w h ic h could not be p r ope r ly

-
,
-

r ep r esented by the G r eek a lph a bet I t could not be ve r y .

n e a r t h e m odied 20 w hic h w ould be qu ite w ell r epresented by ,

the G r eek 1 2 : the devices to express it suggest th a t it w a s close

to t h e Ge r m a n T h e epith et is a n a dj ective of the fo r m so

co m m on in Asi a Minor a n d m e a ns t h e God of L d r be Such ,

.

epith ets in Asi a Minor a r e usu a lly de r ived fr o m t h e gr e a t se a t

of t h e w o r sh ip of the deity in q uestion : L d r be is th e r efo r e a
loc a l n a m e A do/377 is a n inl a nd to w n on t h e bo r de r s of I sa u r i a
.

a n d P a m p h yli a a ssuredly not ve r y fa r fr o m t h e m ode r n Bei

,

S h e h e r : t h e n a m e is evidently identic a l w ith ou r hypot h etic a l

L er b e It is possible either to reg a r d L dr bc a s the pl a ce in or
.

a bove Hie r a polis w h e r e the peculi a r se a t of th e god ex isted or ,

to consider h i s w o r sh ip a s a dopted fro m the fa r e a ste r n L yr be .

T h us t h e w o r ship of Arte m is P e r g a i a w a s a dopted in H a l i ca r

n a s s os
( G I G thus I should expl. a in t h e Helios Apollon

K i s a u l odd e n os w hose s a nctu a ry on the Ac r opolis of S m yrn a is

desc r ibed in a re m a rk a ble inscr iption Mo v a e i ov E p vp v N 0 p 55 , . .
"
.

V AT Y O C H O R I O N T h e n a m e is kno w n only fro m the follo w

. .

ing inscription exc a v a ted r ecently a t a vill a ge B a di n l a r in t h e

, ,

5
D i on ys op oli t a n v a lley It is engr a ved on a s m a ll pl a te of .

1
F ou c ar t i n S a g l i o , D i et A nt i q . . s . m e , B u l l C or r H . . el l . 1 8 83 , p . 2 76 .

A p e l e u t h e r i s m os : n on e o f t h e i n s cr i p 3
O n t he i n t er h a n g ec of B an d p
t i on s f
r e err i n g to th is c u s t om a re ao c om p a re Ah r e n s .

c e s s ib l e to me w h il e w r i ti n g .
4
AA I P of c ou rs e r es e m b l in g i n s ou n d
2
S e e Mo v er S pa m , N o 7 N 9, w h er e
. . ou r la i r .

un f or t un a t e l y t h e d a t e i s m u t il a t e d .
5
We s aw i t in p os s es s i on of an

O n th e s u r vi v a l of th e an ci en t c u s to m I a tr os in th e K h an a t K a i baz a r . I n

of r a i p w p s i n L y d i a a s l a te a s 2 0 0
'
l ine 5 M a n d E a re

s ee a n i n s ri p t i on p u l i s h e d byc b
3 84 T H E C I T IE S AN D B I S H O P RI C S O F P H RY G IA .

[]
'
l A m mr p t os U 5 p gi o v

I ca O 7 I ca

T he inte r esting title Soter Seilenos is unfo r tun a tely not

ce r t a in ; but it w a s re a d independently by Mr Sterrett a n d by .

me . Soter is ce r ta in but the r e is a slig h t g a p too s m a ll for a

, ,

co m plete lette r bet w een a n d A I f it w e r e a llo w a ble to sup

, ,

pose a M w ith obli q ue sides t h e r e a ding w ould be

,

p r e fe r a bl e : but in this insc r iption M h a s pe r pendicul a r sides .

I n eith er c a se Apollonios t r a ced h is d escent to a god a n d m ust ,

the r efo r e h a ve belonged to t h e fa m ily w h ich h eld t h e p r iesthood

of t h e god If w e c a n tr ust the r e a ding Xe rxnv o v t h e god of
.

D i o n ys op ol i s is a ssoci a ted w ith t h e r eligiou legen d s of centr a l s

1
P h r ygi a in a ve y n a tu r a l fa shion Acco r ding to Steph a nus
r
2
.

t h e city w a s founded by th e Pe r g a m eni a n k ings p r o m pted by ,

nding the r e a w ooden i m a ge of D ionysos It is s a fe to g a the r .

fro m t h is t a le : ( 1 ) th a t D i on y s 0 p oli s received fr o m t h e Pe r g a

m e n i a n dyn a sty the G r eek politic a l o r g a nis a tion in exc h a nge
for the n a tive vill a ge syste m a n d w a s m a de one of th a t series
-
,

of cities by w hich they consolid a ted thei r po w e r in the inte r io r :

( )
2 th a t a god w h o w a s r e a dily identied w ith the G r eek

Dionysos w a s th e c h ief deity of the d istr ict a n d if h i s pr iests

3
,

bo a sted t h ei r descent fr o m Seilenos such a n identic a tion w a s ,

n ot h ar d D ionysos K a th e g e m on w a s a g r e a t deity a t Pe r g a m u m
.
,

a n d t h ere w a s a n a tur a l tendency to nd h im th r oughout the

e m pi r e But on the w h ole the god of this dist r ict of cou r se in

.
,

t h e l a st reso r t the Ph r y gi a n Sungod w as m o r e fr equently ,

identi ed w ith Apollo T h e double identic a tion a n d t h e

.

p r edo m in a nce of the l a tte r c a n be fr e q uently observed i n

P h r ygi a T h e n a m e A ty o c h o r i on gives a gli m pse of the genuine
.

ch a r a cte r of t h is P h r ygi a n c u l tu s .

Anothe r insc r iption of D i on y s op ol i s sho w s th a t th e w orsh ip of

L eto w a s i m po r t a nt in t h e distr ict .

N o . 7 .

High in the w a l l of a m os q ue at O t K eui r e a d

r a ,
w ith d i f
culty : on a m a rble t a blet b r oken at the top .

1
Xe n oph on , A na l) i 2 , l 3 . . P a us au , w or d s o f S te p h a n u s .

i 4,
. &c .
3
T h e d is t ri t i s c a g r ea t vi gr ne- ow
2 V a r i ou s r eas on s , w c I c
hi h an not i ng on e th i s w oul d gi v e a l c l c l
o a o ou r

h er e s
pe i y cf at l e n g th , c m
on r th e to th e c u l t u s of th e S u ng od
 T H E C IT IE S AN D B I S H O P RI C S O F P H R Y G IA .

N E T O E

d

A DI A E O E O A O T O Y A cpu zs 0 60 861 0

E YX A P I E T Q MH T PI dxa pw r di Mnr p i
e '

A H T E D O T I E E AA Y N A A nr ( o i ) i f ( i s m/ ( i
'
5 T Q N A Y N AT AU Y E I T w p 5L va r a

K E K O A A O I F A I T O N I AO Y O P O
'

0
K MH T P I AH T Q E Y X H N Mmp2 Am (oz) .

T hel a st t w o lines a r e very fa int but Mr Sterrett a n d I , .

a greed th a t the a ppe a r a nce of the letters w a s a s a bove .

I a dd here a fr a g m ent fr o m D i on ys opol i s w hich m a y be m a de ,

co m plete by a n y one w h o c a n induce t h e people of S a z a k to t a ke

1
u p a fe w pl a nks in t h e oo r of th ei r m osqu e T h e r e a r e six .

lines conce a led belo w t h e oor T h e insc r iption is in a very .

d a r k co r ne r of the m osque turned upside do w n a n d t h e lette r s , ,

fa intly engra ved : it w a s re a d w ith difficulty by the lig h t

35
re ected fr o m a s m a ll pock et m i r r or .

N o . 8 .

MO Z K E ATI O AAO A O T O Z A TI E AA I A O YZ YN A T I E AA I A H K A I A I T O A
'

N l n r m z w o nz x A A A MA z n A Mc I o x A AN T o oe YK n N oz p
he
K AE P M O F E N H Z M E Z T I A I O Z Z Q Z I MO Y
.
( AI O I N O H O Z I O N

\ XI AA E Y S A T I O A AQ N I O Y 9 ATI O AAQ N I A H Z E A AE I I AI Q N
c ME P o z ael An o /xA O A o r o z z n z m o r r A A E A z x i
'

A r Ae H

lAAO A O T 0 2 2 E A E Y K O Y I A U O AAQ N I O Z A I T O AA Q N I A O Y X I
AO O N O Y Z ME N E A H MO Y ) Z Q Z I MO Z ME N E E O Q Z I

] (a dp t a ) A Tr eMt t do v
'
f w A rr ek

v0 oc
p
'
a '

M3 37 i An o X/t w w q) 7 0 29 v io i s ( S ny dp t a ) N

A a p ci s H a p cbl h o v

Ka
:

( S nv dp t a ) N Al/ T O X0 9 I Mi x w vo c ( onv d p t a ) t K a i o i v o vr o co v
, '
: ' '

M
'
K a zi S t o g ) E pp o y vnc
t
"
E a n a i o s Z w o rp o v ( 37)
'
'
L v

)

" "
iAXt (S nvdp t a ) Avr oh h w m dnc
'
zl a
p ta I. e jcf A w o h h w mo v l,

(Avr oh k w m do v ) AXGE L S L w

( duv dp t a ) L T
'
A ya p ep o s
,
z
v

l k .
r

( a dp t a ) A vr ok k o do r o s ( 5 7] Vdp t a )
'
"
I
'
t Z w mp ov a h ed c L

Avr oh h do r o c Z x ov S vd t a k w m do v

( p ) Ar

"
eh s n L A7r o70 t ai w os oh

[our
1
I had a l i ttl e
r ow

w i th the 2
T he r e a di n g A AE I I A I Q N is
p e opl e , and le t f w i th ou t m ak i n g a
n ot c er t ai n .
p rop e r re vi s i on o f th e t e t x .
 3 86 T H E C IT IE S AN D B I S H O P RI C S O F P H RY G IA .

Me v e Bryp (a ip t a ) " Z ai a t y o s

( Bmdp ta ) i
I.
"
A ya 6 6 7r o v s
r ov c I.

B
( n p )
'
hl e v 6 0 6 [] w s u d t a L .

six lines lost a t the beginning of this inscr iption

T he
doubtless sho w ed the obj ect of the subscription T he d a te is .

a bout t h e end of t h e rst centur y T h e fr equ ency of n a m es .

d e r ived fr o m Apollo is expl a ined by the r eligion of th e dist r ic t .

R o m a n n a m es a r e r a rer th a n t h ey w ould be a t a l a te r period i n

this dist r ict a n d r a r er th a n they w ere a t this ti m e in cities of
,

th e co a st I a k eci c is not in P a pe s L ex i con

.

.

VI . see m s to h a ve been a vill a ge of the

S AL S AL O U D A

D i on ys o poli t a n v a lley w ith a te m ple of Meter L eto to j u dge ,

fr o m a n inscription found a t K a b a l a r .

MH T P I C A AC A AO Y Mrrrpi E a xa a k o v
i

c
'
AH N H T I T O A A BI C S nv T ar os ( D a c u


E wa c p S e t r os et i
A M N O C A N 0 H KA i mca

-
E a uevos cv

(P u f ( D aci
n for B zo s :

co m p a re no . 20 belo w ,
a nd W a ddington
on L eb a s ,
N o . 1 36 7 .

VI I . T H E KO
N O N o r T H E H Y R GAL E AN P L AI N M Wa d
I . .

di n g t on by a h a ppy e m end a tion of Pliny N a t H i s t v 2 9

1
, , . . .
,
'

introduced the n a m e H y rg a leti ci ca mp t into the topogra phy of

Asi a Minor A n inscription w h ich w e found in th e H yrg a l e a n
.

Pl a in co n r m s the n a m e a n d gives so m e infor m a tion a s to its ,

soci a l condition i t is not a city w ith a B oule a n d a De m os bu t ,

a K o ri/ 6 V It is i m possible to tr a nsl a te the w ord K o ri/ 6v in

.

historic a l docu m ents of Asi a Minor It m igh t be p a r a p h r a sed .

by tr a cing the process w hich gr a du a lly consolid a ted the ho m o

e n e ou s m a ss of vill a g es dependent on th e centr a l Hieron into
g
1
I h i s Ma n gcs d o N u nn s ma ti qu c, ven i n an y Byz an tin e l is t T h e MS S
'

n e . .

I , 1 03 T h e em e n d a ti on w as on l y a r e
. . t h ere for e m u s t be c or re c te d d w , an e

s t or a t i on of t h e MS r ea d i n g w hi h .
, c h ad t o rea d Barg y l e t i c os
I t i s t ru e .

had b een u n a n i m ou s l y a l t er e d by c
t h a t B a r g yl i a i s a oa s t t o w n of C a r i a ,
e d i t or s . B a r g yl i a is a w e l l -k n o w n fa r rom t h e Ma ean d er , b u t t h a t on l y
f
t ow n : H y rg al e ia is ne v er m e n ti on e d s h ow e d w ha t w as a l r e a d y w e l l k n ow n
in an y o t h er l i te r a ry a u t h or i t y , n ot the

ina cc u ra c y of P l i nv .
3 88 T H E C IT IE S AN D B I S H O P R I C o O F P H RY G IA .

O bv . I O Y A I AC E B AC T H

R ev Y P I A A G LO N O MO N O IA
'

his coin w a s of ve r y co a r s e fa b r ic thick a n d clu m sy a bou t

T , ,

size 7 or 8 of Mi on n e t I t w a s not a n a lli a nce of t w o ci t ies ; .

t h e dy er/ e t a w a s therefo r e t h e conco r d of the vill a ges of t h e

p l a in I n t h e l a st nu m be r of this j ourn a l 1 h a ve spoken of
.

t he condition of a si m il a r a ssoci a tion of vill a ges in Pisidi a a t a

so m e w h a t l a ter d a t e : th ere w a s cert a inly a close rese m bl a nce
bet w een the t w o c a ses .

T he inscription of B e k i rl u w a s found a t a pl a ce c a lled

'

K i li s s eh a t t h e northern foot of a ka l e a lit tle south of the

vill a ge T he r e i s no a ppe a r a nce th a t w ould le a d us to suppose
.

th a t a city stood here a n d e xt a nt evidence h a s a l r e a dy s h o w n ,

the p r ob a bili ty th a t no city H yr g a l e i a ever existed T he .

K t li ss ch i e x /cxnm a is doubtless the site of the hi er on w hich
,
. .
, ,

w a s the centre w here the K een an of the p l a in m e t T h e gre a t .

d eity of the pl a in w a s a goddess w h o i s a dd r essed in t h e next ,

i n scription .

N o . 11 .

O
fr a g m ent o f a
n a m a rble stele in the ver a nd a h of a m osque
opposite the K en n/c in D e m i rdj i K eui .

MO
'

GT O Y C C I ATT O A U N I O C I AO YC O Y
MO T E AAH N O C
K AT A GU I T A I H N T H C O E AC Y TT E P
'

"
E r ov e o f .
CD L XO L O I O O U
/ I

h l o r e h k nv oe Ka n t
m
'

va y r v 7 7
y 5 9 @ 6 63 9 fn r p '
r i v T /c v w v &c , .
, o w r
'

np t a e] .
1

I t is p r ob a ble th a t the m ode r n unity of n a m e a n d gove r n m ent

th r oughout the T c h a l O v a is t r ue to a ncient fa ct a n d th a t , ,

before the Pe r g a m eni a n kings dest r oyed th a t unity by founding

a city in the w estern v a lley a l l the vill a ges of the O v a united
,

in t h e w o r ship of on e goddess in on e centr a l h i cr c n T ha t .

goddess w a s L eto a n d h e r h o m e w a s in the m ount a ins t h a t r ise,

h ig h behind (t e south of) D e m ir dj i K eui . .

.

O n w h a t occ a sion did fou r d i s t a n t ci t ies 2 t w o of the m so ,

1
O n Mo r e AAnv ds , s ee b e l ow N o. 14 .
2
Bl a u n d os must be f ul ly t w el ve
b a b ly j f Hi
g
hc d a te i s p r o 1 26 h ou rs

r om
p ol i s
s ee ou r n e
y e ra .

o 1 4 . .
 TH E C IT I E S A N D BIS H O P RIC S O F P H RY G IA . 380

i m porta nt a s Hie r a polis a n d B l a u n d os unite in honou r ing so m e ,

R o m a n ofci a l ? It is not a n a llo w a ble h ypoth esis t ha t these

cities fo r m ed a confede r a cy h a bitu a l ly p a ssi n g dec r ees in ,

co m m on : the R o m a n policy w hile encou r a gi n g city a utono m y , ,

a l w a ys discou r a ged co m bi n a tions except o n a li m ited sc a le

betw een neighbou r ing pl a ces I t m ust t h e r efo r e h a ve been .

so m e speci a l event t h a t p r oduced t h e c o m m on dec r ee of w h ich ,

doubtless a copy w a s pl a ced in e a c h city T h a t event c a nnot .

h a ve been m erely t h e visit of so m e o fci a l or a n y benet con ,

ferred by h i m on e a ch of the cities ; in suc h c a se e a ch sep a ra te

city w ould h a ve p a ssed its ow n decree T h e occ a sion m ust h a ve .

been one w he r e so m e co m m on need of t h e fou r cities w a s

supplied by a n a c t of Pl a utius T h e situ a t ion of t h ese cities .

suggests o n e co m m on need t h a t w ould fully expl a i n a ll th e

circu st nces
m a T h ese fou cities a d no o t h e r s besides the m
r . n
1
, ,

use a n d prot by one ro a d T h e g r e a t cent ra l h igh w a y of Asi a .

Mi nor p a sses do w n the L ycus v a lley a n d t h e lo w er M a e a nde r

v a lley to T r a lleis a n d E phesus D ion yS O p o l i s H yrg a l e ia a n d .
, ,

Bl a u n dos a l l co m m unic a te w it h t h is h igh w a y by one r o a d p a s s ,

ing close by Hier a polis Hiera po lis a g a in w a s gre a tly interested .

in the p a ssa ge a cross its territory perh a ps a ctu a lly th r ough its ,

g a tes of the produce fro m such a fe r tile c ou n t r v O n t h e other

, .

2
h a nd pl a ces so close to H yrg a l e i a a s L ound a a n d Bri a n a c o m
m u n i c a t e w it h the L ycus v a lley h igh w a y by t h e r o a d connecting
'

E u m e n e i a a n d L a odi c e i a : T r aj a nopolis a n d Seb a ste do not use

the L ycus v a lley route but co m m unic a te w ith the [E g e a n co a st,

by a nother high w a y viz t h a t w h ic h connects A c m o n i a w ith

,
.
,

P h i l a de l ph e i a 3
P r ecisely the four pl a ces w h ich a r e inte r ested in
.

this r o a d unite in p a ssing the d ec r ee : I c a nnot th ink of a n y

other occ a sion on w hic h they w ould be likely to hold a co m m o n
m eeting except in reg a r d to th is r o a d
,
T h ey w ould n a tu r a lly .

pr efer a request in co m m on to the gove r n m ent on this subj ect ,

a nd e u l l n a tur a lly p a ss a decree in honour of the o fci a l w h o

q y .

g r a nted their request .

1
Mos yn a w as at t hi s ti m e n ot a ov er al l t h es e r oa d s , w h o h a s l o ok e d
s e p ar a t e c i ty bu t a vi ll
,
ag e of t he fr om a n y c
hi l l o k i n t h e D i o n y s op ol i ta n
t er r i t o ry o f H i e p ol i s
ra . v a l l ey a c ros s t o B l a u n d os a n d rom f
2
O n t h ei r s i tu a t i on
-

s ee b el o w 38 . Bl a u n d os s e en the vi ew s tre t c h i ng nu

r v. br ok en to t he D e m i r dj i K eu i h i ll s ,
3
O n ly a p e rs on w ho ha s w an der e d w i ll a p pr e ci a te th e c
e rt a i n ty of t h i s

II S . .
V O L . I V .
D D
3 90 T H E C I T I E S AN D B I S H O P RI C S O F P H RY G I A .

Inscriptions th a t r efer to the m a k ing or rep a i r ing of ro a ds in

Asi a Mino r a r e couched in t h e n a m e eit h er of the reigning
e m pe r o r o r of t h e gove r no r of the p r ovince Pl a utius then ought
to be proconsul of Asi a T h e only pe r son in the F as ti C on s u l a r es
.

th a t could possibly be identied w ith hi m is Q Pl a utius of .

u nkno w n cog n om en consul A D 3 6 His p r oconsul a te m ig h t be

,
. .

expected bet w een 4 0 a n d 5 1 d u r i n g w h ich pe r iod the n a m e of ,

no proconsul is kno w n T h e fo r m of th e letters in ou r i n s cr i p

.

tion w ould ce r t a inly su it better w ith a l a te r d a te I c a nnot a t .

t h is m o m ent q uote a d a ted ex a m ple of t h e round C a n d u) in a n

insc r iption e a r lier t h a n 1 1 9 A D bu t on coins they occur . .
,

m uch e a r lie r (c g A i za n i in Ph r ygi a Mi o n n e t

. 8 3 under ,

C a ligul a ) .

We should cert a inly expect th a t a proconsul w ould h a ve his

title a dded but ( 1 ) the line is inco m plete in Greek i n s cr i p ,

tions titles a r e not so c a refully enu m er a ted a s in L a tin C e n .

s e rinus proconsul a bout A D 1 is m entioned in a n inscription of

,
.
,

Myl a sa w ithout a n y title 1

.

T h e poi n t m u st be left undecided ; a ll th a t c a n be s a id is th a t

the person honoured in co m m on by four dist a nt pl a ces three o f ,

t he m i m port a nt cities m ust h a ve been a high o ffici a l a nd th a t

, ,

the preceeding hypothesis expl a ins the situ a tion a n d encounters

no seriou s di f culty .

VI I I . A N AS T A O
S I P O L I S
T he t w o v a lleys of the T c h a l O v a
.

w ere u nited in the e a rlier period j ust a s they a r e by the

present syste m a n d by the necessity of their situ a tion U nder .

the R o m a n E m pire they w ere united in tr a ding connec

tion w ith Hier a polis a n d fa r m ore coins of Hier a polis th a n of
,

a n y other city w ere sh o w n m e in the T c h a l O va 2

In the .

Byz a ntine lists H yrg a l e i a is never m entioned : the district

r ea s on i n g . Bl a u n dos i s s o pl a e d a s c ou r i n s c ri p t i on mi g h t ex pl ai n th e e mi s
t o om m u n i a t e b oth w i th
c c H
iera p oli s , s i on of t h e t i t l e , if i t t a om i tted
'

v
t w el e t o fou r teen h our s , an d w i th 9
B
es i d e s nu m erou s c oi n s of i era H
x
P h i l a d el ph ei a , s i t ee n h ou r s .
p ol i s , I s a w a g oo d m a n y c oi n s o f
2 6 9 8 b, \Va d d i n g t on , F a s tes , B l a u n dos , D i on y s op ol i s , L a od i ce i a , a n d
p 1 02
. C e n s or i n u s w a s d ea d , a n d n o
. f
T ri p ol i s , e w e r of S a l a , on e ea h o f H y r c
c
l on g er p ro on s u l w h e n t h e i n s r i p t i on c g a l ei a a n d Mar i a n op ol i s ( i n T h ra e ,
c c
w as en r a v e d : t h e
g c c
i r u m s ta n e s o f c a c
o i n i n m os t b
ea u t i u l f c
on d i t i on ) .
 392 T H E C IT IE S AN D B I S H O P R I C S O F P H R Y GI A .

N ot . VI I . lx . N ot . VIII . N ot . I . N o t. I I I . X .
1

i
' '
6 I 6 l ep a m A e w s
'
1
'
1 6 I e pa rr e
.
'
w s 1 . e p a rr r A e w s .
1 . 6 I epo moA e w s

Me Me r e AAo w roA ew s Me r e AAo w ro Ae w s Mer e AAom r dAe w s

'
oAns

vw 2 . 2 . 2 .

'
3 . A tO Vv a ovn o A e w S
'

5 dw v
'
A t o v v a ror oAe w s

s SL
.

A ua cr r a m o w
'
r A ew s

A r y o iw v ow u
'
J8w v

4 5 3
'
A r r o v ow u .

. Ar r o . A7 1 0

Me a l s/ a w Moo uw v Mo o v uw u MO U
' '
5 . 6 . 4 . V VO W

F r om this t a bl e it a pp e a rs th a t s o m e ti m e s on ly on e bish o p w a s
pl a c e d ov e r t h e t w o v a ll e ys of t h e T c h a l O va a n d th a t s om e ,

ti m e s h e is c a ll e d bish op of D i on y s op ol i s s om e ti m e s o f An a s ,

t a s i op o li s ,s o m e ti m e s of P h e b a T his l a st n a m e occ u rs s o r ar e ly .

th a t it is n ot s a fe t o m a k e a n y d e n it e c onj e ct u r e a b ou t it .

I f a l i n e be dr a w n on t h e m a p i n cl osi n g t h e v e citi e s
A t t ou dda Hi e r a p olis Mos y n a D i on y S O p olis A n a s t a s i op oli s it
, , , , ,

w ill i n cl u d e t h e w h ol e s o u th w e st e r n c or n e r of P a c a t i a n a a -
,

w e ll -m a rk e d district h a vi n g its c e n tr e i n Hi e r a p olis W ithi n .

this district a n d cl os e t o Hi e ra p olis is t h e si t e of a n a n ci e n t

t ow n a t Ge u zl a r (s e e a b ov e If th a t a n ci e n t t ow n did n ot ,

b e l on g t o t h e di oc e s e o f Hi e r a p olis t h e u n ity of th e district i s ,

d e str oy e d ; if it d oe s its n a m e is Me t e l l opol i s B e tw e e n th e s e

, .

a lt e r n a tiv e s th e r e s e e m s n o r e a s o n t o h e sit a t e .

T o c om pl e t e this sk e tch o f t h e H yr g a l e a n pl a i n w e m u st ,

cr o ss t h e hills fr om U tch K u y u l a r or B e k i r l u w e st w a rds t o t h e

vill a g e s of D e st e m ir ( 1 % h ou rs) a n d Me d e l e (3 h ou rs) T h e r e .

a r e i n b o th m a n i n scripti on s a n d a t fi rst I i n cli n e d t o s u pp os e

y ,

th a t a n oth e r city a n d bish opric h a d e xist e d h e r e T h e se vill a g e s .

li e n e a r t h e n orth e r n b a n k o f t h e Ma e a n d e r right opp o sit e ,

D i on y s op oli s bu t t h e i n scripti on s c ou ld n ot be br ou ght w ith o u t

,

gr e a t di fc u lty a cr oss th e e n or m ou s c a non i n w hich t h e Ma e a n d e r

ow s I a m h ow e v e r forc e d t o t h e c on cl u si o n th a t th e s e i n
.
, ,

s c r i t i on s b e l on g t o t h e H yr g a l e a n pl a i n T r a n sp o rt fr om
p .

B e k i r l ii i s e a sy a n d on e o f t h e i n scripti on s c on ta i n s a t e r m
,

u n k n o w n e xc e pt i n H
yr g a l e i a Mo r e ov e r th e r e is n o r oom ow i n g .
,

t o t h e ch a r a ct e r o f t h e s oil t o pl a c e a city a n d bish opric h e r e , .

T h e m ost i n te re sti n g of th e s e i n scripti o n s a r e

O m i t t i g t h d i t i c t f th A c
n e t t c h d t th m t p l i H i r p l i
s r o e n y ra a a e o e e ro o s e a o s .

bis h p i c o h i ch r i th
r s, w N ti ti a e n es e o ae
 T H E C IT IE S A N D B I S H O P R I C S O F P H R Y GI A . 393

N O . 13
O nfr a g m e n t o f a Byz a n ti n e a rchitra v e o v e r
a a d oor i n t he
c ou rtya rd o f a m o sq u e a t D e st e m ir W M R . . . .

I
MI
PFO N XA H A+ T A s
e m c xo n ur o c l
T he s e c on d li n e is irre g u l a rl y e n gra v e d a m o n g t h e tr a c e ry on
t h e sla b 1
.

T h e )( A of Mt xant a r e e n gr a v e d i n a c u ri ou s m o n ogr a m

.

"
E T ( 6 L ) N 7 6 9 Ba o t l s ia e I o v a n v ra vo 6 130 6 8 0 23 9 5 6 0

E p y o v Mt xd n) 5 (t o m a e w s ) e w w x o
"
'

w o v r o e T h e d a t e of t h is i n scripti on is 5 5 7 : i n 5 5 3
A l e x a n d e r bish op of D i on y s op oli s a n d Hi e r o n bish o p o f
, , ,

A n a s t a s i op ol i s w e r e pr e s e n t a t S y n od V
,
A pp a r e n tly t h e . .

l a tt e r di e d b e tw ee n 5 5 3 a n d 5 5 7 .

MO T E LL A T h e n a m e of this vill a g e occ u rs

I Xbi s . .
-
on ly in
i n scripti on s It is still r e ta i n e d u n d e r t h e for m Me d e l e
. .

N o . 14 .

O n a st e l e at Me d e l e : c opy an d i m pr e ssi on J
AYP E I A O ME N E YZ
T E T P A KE I Z MO T E AAH N O Z
C Y N CI T I O Y A A E E N T Q I A I
ca A Y T o v A A E A c I A E I b
5 E T O YE T KA
a
MB I H I A Y PG E

( b l A I A N H F AY K E
H E YE E I AE
T AT I AN O Y
10 Z H N Q N O E
O

K I A AA BO Y D1
T a r AY K YT A
2
rca A N A P
'

1
T h e l arg e cros s e v i d e n tl y m ar k ths e q ui t e e ta n cr i At l eas t ou
. f r a re

i
m ddl e of t h e s t on e , so that e x c t ly
a l os t a t t h e en d , h a i n g be en v w il f l l y
u

f
h a l of th e ns i c ri p t ion i s p r e s er v e d .
e r as e d . I n li n e 7 Ire a d on the im pr es
-
readin g i FA K E rA Kc
a
T he AA E A I A E | is

s on or .
3 04 T H E C I T I E S AN D B S H O P R C S O F P H R I I YGIA .

A li p . E fBO /L E VE I J ; T er
p i r /c e t q h i o r e k l nv oe 7 3
9
ti p
"
a i n o i} / dc K
B r o u s r /a i [ m o ) B A

'
.
, ,

G e a rba ) I M me ah ( v a e t 5 e T a r t a r/ o i) Z v w v o e K L a Mt
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rel y ? e
?
/

v /c u r d r o d v 8 i
7
95 yh r
g p [
T his i n s c ripti o n is s o i n c o rr e c t l y e n gr a v e d th a t t h e s e n s e
i s o bsc u r e T h e s u p e rscripti on li n e s 1 4 a pp a r e n tly r e c ords
.
, ,

th a t A u r e li u s I d o m e n e u s c oop e r a t e d w i t h s om e o t h e r p e rs on or
p e rs o s
n i n e r e cti g t h e t om b
n
1
T h e r e st o f t h e i n scripti on is i n .

t h e u s u a l styl e o f a w ife m a ki n g t h e t o m b o f h e r h u sb a n d .

A u r T h e oph il i a n e h a d a n a d optiv e fa th e r a n d a n a t u r a l fa th e r
.
,

bu t th e r e is p e rh a ps s om e c on fu si on a m on g th e m a s t h e l a tt e r
2
,

h a s s o m a n y n a m e s o r e pith e t s T h e w ord M o r et / ci g .

o cc u rr e d a l r e a dy i n a n i n scripti on o f D e m i r d i K e u i
j N o 1 1 ,
. .

T h e n a m e Id om e n e u s w a s u s e d fo r fo u r s u cc e ssiv e g e n e r a ti on s .

W h a t e v e r be t h e m e a n i n g of a d a t e r f on a c oi n of H yr g a
l e i a Mion n e t N o 6 5 0 this i n scripti on is cl e a rly d a te d a cc ordi n g
, ,
.
,

t o t h e u s u a l P hr ygi a n a n d A si a n e r a 8 5 4 B C T he ye a r 3 2 1 ,
. .

c o rr e sp o n ds t o A D 2 3 7 a n d t h e r e g u l a r u s e o f t h e p r a en om en.
,

A m b e l on gs t o t h e th ird c e n t u ry
'
. I t is t h e r e for e pr ob a bl e th a t .

N o 1 1 is d a t e d a cc ordi n g t o t h e s a m e syst e m
. .

I a m h ow e v e r str on gly disp o s e d t o c o n sid e r t his i n scripti on

, ,

a s C hr isti a n a c om p a ris on w ith t h e o th e r C hristi a n i n scripti on s

o f t h e third a n d fou rth c e n t u ri e s i n P hrygi a s u gg e sts p o i n ts of

a n a l ogy : e sp e ci a lly t h e phr a s e s u gg e sts t h e C hristi a n

br o th e rh ood a ll u d e d t o i n a n i n scripti o n o f E u c a r p i a 3 a n d i n ,

a n o th e r of t h e s a m e district C opi e d by H a m ilt on a n d com

m e n t e d o n by C a v e don i a n d D e R o ssi 4
B u t I d o n ot s e e h ow .

e x a ctly t o u n d e rst a n d t h e i n scripti on i n t h is s e n s e .

X . A T T AN his t o w n is m e n ti on e d i n a l l t h e N oti ti a e
AS S O S .
T
,

a n d i n t h e C ou n ci l of C h a lc e d on 4 5 1 A D T he n a m e seem s t o ,
. .

b e r e t a i n e d i n t h e vill a g e of E sk i A id a n O ld A i d a n on t h e , ,

w e st e r n b a n k o f t h e G l a u c os S a n d k l ii T ch a i a b ou t t w o h ou rs
5
y , ,

1
2 5 d f th m m b s
1rov ao f
wrw u O p c l i d i ll d
o VI I I 1 76 e le e er o us o i o cna . : r

an c i ti i
ass o i c i p t i of R i I m S tt I 1 0 6 I h v
a on n an ns t r on os s , to

a . o . . : a e no

Ap m i a h i h I pu bl i h d B l l C
e a w c th c m m t b t t k th s e u . or r . s ee n es e o en s , u a e e

H ll 1 8 83 p 3 0 7
e .
, . f c f m M D ch
.
i R r e ere n es ro . u es n e n ev .

I c p i d t Ap m i
9
o i c iptio
e a Q t Bi t aJ l y 1 88 3 p 3 1
e a an S ee ns r n u es . s ar . u , , . .

in w hi c h t w l i s e tr p s edo l W dd i g t
ne L b s 1 6 87
ar a ns o , s ee a so a n on on e a , .

B ll C
u . H l l 1 8 83 p 3 08
or r . e O . th pp i te b k t d th e , . .
5 n e o os an s an s

S b l w N ee43 e o vill g f N
,
o .Ai d . a e o ew an .
396 T H E C IT IE S A N D BI S H O P RI C S O F P H R Y G IA .

T he city o f L ou n d a w a s sit u a t e d b e t w e e n t h e vill a g e s of S e id

a n d E ski S e id i n t h e sh a rp a n gl e w h e r e t h e Ma e a n d e r t u r n s

s u dd e n ly n orth t o e n te r t h e T c h a l O v a T h e r e m a i n s of t h e .

city h a v e b e e n c a rri e d w e st a n d s ou th w e st t o S e id Ma h m ou d -
,

G h a zi H a dj i la r Ma h a l e si a n d Is a b e y a n d n orth e a st t o K a v a kl a r
, , ,
-

a n d t h e s u rr ou n d i n g distri c t \Ve h a v e i n this fe rtil e v a ll e y .

,

tr a v e rs e d by a n i m p ort a n t r o a d fr om E u m e n e i a t o L a o di c e i a a ,

city of t h e G r a e c o R o m a n typ e w ith a B ou l e a n d a D e m o s n ot

-
,

a m e r e c oll e cti o n o f vill a g e s lik e H yr a l e i a I t s re m a in s a r e

g .

n u m e r ou s a n d u it e diffe r e n t i n ch a r a ct e r fr o m th o s e o f t h e
q
H yr g a l e a n pl a i n T h e i n scripti on c o pi e d by H a m i lt on i n t h e
.

n o r t h e r n p a rt o f t h e B a kl a n O v a on t h e r oa d fr om D e m i r d i
j ,

K e u i t o I s h e k l u is t o b e th u s r e s t or e d i n t h e rst thr e e li n e s
'
H
u
]a i 6 5 6n d }
]
'
0 o v 5 co v

N o . 16 .

O n a ba s rs of a st a t u e i n the vill a g e of K a v a kl a r ; br ok e n a t

foot J
A T O K P A T O P A -K A I C A P A
A API A N O N w
AN T CDN E IN O N
" E BA E T O N w E Y E E BH A U O A

o a o r og a
a A Q PO Y

5 T P A T H F Q N T l -E TI A T P I A O E
ME T A T O YI I A T P O E E KT

w Q N
I A I C D N A N E C T H E E N YI T E P E Y

E E B E I A C -T I E I C T O N K Y P I O N

l
K A I CD i A O T E I MI A E W T H C E l l:

10 T H N TT A T P I A A m KO Y A E K M I

um
-
r
r

H am il t on , N o . 348 : r e s t or e d in an d H E i n 7, N K i n 8 H N n i n 1 0 ,

[T PM M W
,

m w a d d m g t on Mel
T he l as t l e t t e r i n A n om am s i s a cc or d


,
A n wm [ rm
a
A
I

zi n 5 l 6 so m 6i N E
i n g t o t h e c opy a m on og r a m of N a n d
)
E ,
p r ob abl y i t is N co ec t
rr ed to C .
 T H E C I T I E S A N D BI S H O P RI C S O F P H RY GI A . 3 f) ?

A [d] r o x p d 7 0 p a K a ra u p a A S p t a i/ ov Avr w vei vo v S eBa o r ov E 5 0

'

3 7?

6

Aw o h k ddo r o k ] A t [o] 5 a3p o v 7 739 w a r i S o e ,a e r d

p

7 0 6
p oe d w ZBL w v ri v e a
'

[] e 6V

5 7r p [7] e i

w a r e lc r r na e v e da e ei a e
'
r f e 7

K zi p t o u i c
'
971/
'

m bth o r e zw a r t da i ra e Ka i
l 5
'

Ka (

p a s 6 9 7 ,

T his i n scripti on d a t e s 1 3 7 6 1 .

W h e n a l l t h e t ow n s a r ou n d P e l ta i E u m e n e i a C e r e t a p a , , , ,

D i on ys op oli s e v e n H yr g a l e ia a n d t h e littl e Bri a a n d S e i bli a

, , ,

str u ck c o i n s i t is dif c u lt t o s e e w hy L ou n d a w hich w a s

, ,

e vid e n tly a n i m p ort a n t pl a c e stru ck n on e T h e e xpl a n a ti on '

.
,

li e s I thi n k i n a fa ct hith e rt o u n n otic e d : citi e s lik e i n divid u a ls

i n A n a t oli a o ft e n b e a r t w o n a m e s I sh a ll sp e a k of this m o r e .

fu lly i n r e g a rd t o B e n n i s oa ; m e a n w hil e I q u ot e t h e c a s e of
C om a n a i n C a pp a d oci a w hich c o i n s u n d e r t h e n a m e C o m a n a
, ,

1
bu t w h os e i n sc r ipti o n s a r e c ou ch e d i n t h e n a m e of H i e r op ol i s .

S o m e r a r e c o i n s b e a r i n g t h e l e g e n d O K O K A I e Q N a re a t
trib u t e d on t he e vid e n c e of sty l e a n d fa bric t o P hry gi a O c ocl i a
2
.

is a bsol u t e ly u n k n o w n e xc e pt fr om th e s e c oi n s I b ou g ht a n .

u n p u blish e d v a ri e ty a t I s h e k l u

0 1w B u st t o right
.
,

R ev C y b e l e st a n di n g fa ci n g w e a ri n g p ol e s a n d v e il cl a d i n
.
, ,

l on g t u n ic a n d h oldi n g w r e a th i n h e r right h a n d e a A AA Q B
,

P O T O Y O K O K A | Q N : siz e 6 of Mi o n n e t T his c o i n is i n fa ir
3
.

bu t n ot i n n e c on diti on th e r e is th e r e for e a pr ob a bility th a t it

b e l on gs t o s om e p l a c e c on n e c te d by tr a d e w ith E u m e n e i a : i n
t h e I s h e k l ii district t h e c om m on c oi n s b e sid e s E u m e n e i a its e lf ,
,

w e r e of E u c a r i a A a m e i a a n d L a o d i c e i a
p p ,
A ft e r g oi n g ov e r ,
.

t h e list o f t ow n s w hich c ou ld p o ssibly fu ll t h a t c o n diti on I n d ,

n on e bu t L ou n d a w hich did n ot strik e c o i n s T h e su gg e sti o n i s .

p e rh a ps w orth m a ki n g th ou gh th e r e is n o dir e ct e vid e n c e i n its

,

fa v ou r th a t L ou n d a a cc ordi n g t o a P hrygi a n c u st om w a s c a ll e d
,

by a s e c o n d n a m e O coc li a ,
.

XI I . PE L T AI . W e sp e n t a b ou t
k s e e ki n g for this city a w ee ,

a n d disc o v e r e d n o th i n g bu t n e g a tiv e e vid e n c e I n pl a c e s W h e r e .

w e e xp e ct e d t o n d P e l ta i w e disc ov e r e d th a t n o G r e e k C i ty h a d
,

e v e r e xist e d A bs ol u t e ly t h e on ly pl a c e w h e r e it c ou ld p ossibly
.

1
Also C ni M t
on p l i c l l d i th
e ro H y g l i
o s, as i P h yg i a
e n e r a e a w a n r .

By zan ti e l i t C
n s s i D m t i p l is
on n T he
e ix th
e r o v th o d g h th
.
3 s , se en , an ei

2
U t i l M W dd i g t
n . a t ed t h en l tt r d o b t f l
on r e s or p h p s AAA : t h e e s u u er a e

di g i P l i y th i s p h p s x x A Bp

t ru e r ea n n on n m
, er e w as n a e er a . aw o r os .

oth e r e v i d e c e t h a
n s ty l t o p v e th t
n e ro a
398 T H E C IT IE S AN D B I S H O P R I C S O F P H R Y G I A .

h a v e st ood is t he
ighb ou rh o o d o f K a r a ya s h il a r a l a rg e vill a g e
ne ,

o n t h e G la u cos thr e e h o u rs fr o m I s h e k l i i t w o fr om E sk i A id a n
, , ,

a n d n e a rly on t h e dir e ct li n e b e t w e e n L ou n d a a n d E u m e n e i a .

T his situ a ti on s u its a l l t h e e vid e n c e t h e or d e r i n H i e r ocl e s th e , ,

n a rr a tiv e o f X e n op h o n t h e r e fe r e n c e i n t h e P e u ti n g e r T a bl e
, ,

t h e p a ss a g e i n S tr a b o m e n ti on i n g t he m a m / 5 v w e8 i o v T he .

P e u t i n g e r T a bl e m e n ti on s P e l ta i a t t h e sid e o f t h e r oa d fr om
A p a m e i a t o E u m e n e i a i n t h e s a m e w a y th a t it m e n ti on s ,

T e m n os l
i n c on n e c t i on w ith t h e r oa d fr om S m y r n a t o C ym e .

T h e r oa d t o P e l ta i d iv e rg e s fr om t h e m a i n r oa d a t a p oi n t i n
t h e I s h e k l ii v a ll e y t w o h o u rs s o u th o f E u m e n e i a ; t h i s p oi n t is
d ou btl e ss t h e a d e tou m o f t h e T a bl e T he X I I on t h e T a bl e .

m u st b e c o rr e ct e d t o V I I ; it h a s b e e n u n iv e rs a lly r e c og n is e d
th a t t h e t ot a l dist a n c e on t he T a bl e fr om E u m e n e i a t o A p a m e i a ,

XX V I is t oo gr e a t ,
T his c orr e c ti on m a k e s t h e t o t a l dista n c e
.

X XI w hich is I b e li e v e a cc u r a te t h e m od e r n e sti m a t e is s e v e n
,

h ou rs A d o i cm n is b e tw e e n G e nj e l l u a n d H om a a b ou t X I I
.

,

m il e s fr o m K a r a y a s h i l a r a n d V I I fr o m I s h e k l ii T h e dist an c e .

fr om A pa m e i a t o F a lt a i is th e r e fo r e XX VI w hich a gr e e s w ith ,

X e n oph on s t e n p a r a s a n gs
2

T he pl a i n of P e l t a i li e s b e t w e e n t h e pl a i n o f L ou n d a a n d th a t
of E u m e n e i a th e r e is n o li n e o f d e m a rc a ti on o n e ith e r sid e for ,

t h e c o u n try str e tch e s a t a s a t a bl e fr o m I s h e k l ii t o Is a b e y In .

s u ch a fe rtil e a n d w e ll c u ltiva t e d district w e m u st n ot e xp e ct t o -

,

n d m a n y tr a c e s o f a n a n ci e n t ci ty t h e r u l e is i n v a ri a bl e t h e
b e tt e r p op u l a t e d t h e c ou n try th e gr e a t e r d e stru cti on of a n ci e n t ,

m on u m e n ts T w o l a rg e m ou n ds n ot fa r fr om K a r a ya s h il a r on e
.
,

n orth t h e o th e r w e st b oth c on t a i n c on sid e r a bl e tr a c e s of a n ci e n t

, ,

life ; bu t i n scrib e d st on e s a r e r a r e i n t h e s u rr ou n di n g vill a g e s .

I n K a r a ya s hil a r a l on e b e sid e s n u m e r ou s m a rbl e s w e fo u nd t w o

, ,

s e p u lchr a l i n scripti on s o f n o sp e ci a l i n t e r e st .

A ft e r t h e thr e e d a ys visi t o f X e n op h o n n ot h i n g is k n o w n o f

P e l t a i till t h e third c e n t u ry A m on g t h e n u m e r ou s i n scripti on s .

r e c o rdi n g t h e th a n ks v o t e d by G r e e k citi e s t o th e r citi e s w hich

o
1
S ee m y p p a er i n J ou r n H . el l . S t ud . m a de a n ot h e r j ou rn e y c
a r os s t h e d is
I I . p . 286 . tr i et a fter tha t s t a t e m en t w a s w r itt en .

2
T he s ta t e m e n t m a de by m e in I obs erv e d t h a t P el ta i m u s t b e v se er a l

R e v A r ch ol S e t 1 8 8 3 ( i n t h e C h r on
. . p . m lesi fur th er rt h
no th a n I t ra st

d oi
'

w i th rg e ar d to X en o ph on s

t h ou g h t .

r ou te is w r on g . T o l ea v e no d ou b t , I
 4 00 T H E C IT IE S AN D B I S H O P R I C S O F P H R Y GI A .

E XA P I N E I A E
] i t at
'

p 17 . :
X pw c a

E TI I X I P l -
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0 6 211
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N A I E T E PO N 62 6 67 6
p 0 v,
T A I A YT GD U

PO E M m a tn s w
p ds

T O N O E O N T O N e asy 7 5
Z CDN T A { 6 12 7 a

N O . 18 .

O n a st e l e at D e de K eu i J

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a i r 7r s 7
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r e m a rk a bl e e xpr e ssi on w ith w hich b oth th e s e i n s cr i p

T he ~

ti on s c on cl u d e m u st b e c om p ar e d w ith oth e r e n di n gs of si m il a r
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ch a r a ct e r : a t E u m e n e i a w e n d p 09 7 0 p y a 012 0 u a @6 0 5 ,
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N o . 1 26) 7 m e vr u c a 7 w a
p cz @ 6 03 6 59 7 012 a l d wa : at

E u m e n e ia , in an i n scripti on giv e n i n A dd . the stra n g e c u rs e

1 I n t h e s am e i c ip ti
ns r on 7 0 7s 7 e K vo u

9
Ip u bl s h e d i t hi s i c ip t i i B l l
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. an d in a n o t h er f r om C or r . H el l . 1 88 2 , p 51 6 . th are e

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ros I 6 a ip o va s d e i l s , v or i t h ins c i p t i
s e r on a

ha v p bl is h
e u ed t h es e B u l l . 0077 . H el l . m ixt ure o fp a
g a n an d C h is t i ph r an ra s e

1 883 p 31 0 , . an d 31 2 . ol o gy ?
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6 7 93 rp ec 0v X p i a
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a r a t 0 v 7
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m y opi n i on o n a p o i n t a b ou t w h ich I l on g h e sit a t e d m a n y

i n scripti on s i n c e n tr a l A n a t oli a w hich e n d w ith t h e c u rs e 50 7 0 7 ,

0 57 ? ) 5 ; 7 0v m u st be r e ck on e d a s C hristi a n 1 H e n c e it
g p .

i s s a fe t o a dd th e foll ow i n g a s C hristi a n .

N o . 19 .

O n a st e l e at T c h e v r il : this i n scripti on m ay b e l on g to
A t t a n a s s os or to E u m e n eia .

AF IB
V '
T O YC T I | AT P E 7 ovs 7 N y , # 2
7
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09 f A zi p .

MO C X A C A A GZ A N Mo o xds
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7 p un/4 6 70 11 . Ah e
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7 oz

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P O N e MBA Ae I e C T A I

p ov ea s a i e z, ea m
1 0 AT T CD TT P O C T D N G GO N a z i mi w b 0v @ 6 012
p s 7 .

I d7 0 v ci v n yp a cpov ci

T O Y T O Y A N T I I P A C DO N A T
'

e T GO H I C T A A P X I A is

a
pxza .

I giv e this i n scripti on a s a dd i n g on e to t h e s m a ll n u m b e r o f

d a t e d C hri sti a n i n scripti on s of t h e third c e n tu ry L e b a s n o 7 2 7 . .

giv e s on e d a t e d 27 9 A D T h e pr e s e n t i n scrip t i on d a t e s 2 4 9
. . .

M7 p w v i n N o 1 8 is pr ob a bly a fo r m o f . a m a te r n a l

u n cl e E m ovc m p i n t h e s a m e i n scripti on is i n t e r e sti n g O ne

'
. .

o th e r i m p ort a n t C hristi a n i n scripti on m u st n d a pl a c e h e r e .

N o . 20 .

At D e de K eu i : c opy and i m pr e ssi o n , J . R . S S . .

A dp N
'

A Y P N E I K E P GD C BK A T E E em e m B -

.
p s . I r a r eo

K E Y A E E N T O H P CD O N I ce va a e v 7 3

1 I s ee th a t M . l Abb

D u ches ne n ot be sa ef to as s u m e t he p i o nt w i th c u t
h olds t h e s am e o pi i
n on , R ev d . .
Qu e! t . p r oo f : 6 96 63 and 06 6s c
a re om m on in
H is t J u ly , 1 8 83 ,
. p 31 . . B ut i t w ou l d p ag an P h ryg i an i c i p ti
ns r on s .
4 02 T H E C I T I E S A N D B I S H O P RIC S O F P H R YG IA .

KA I I YN A I K A I min ?) i ( l) l
'

A YT GD Ka t
y vva x It a

T E KN O I E E O H KAAE Ca / o w tee m 5 %
pl xo u

5 i AO N oE N e A A E c . E u ea se
'
K E K H A E YT E A Y P x e m y ev r e B A rip
'
.

MA N N O II IZ T P A T I GD T H E
1
Mai l 12 0 5 /
0 7
p a 7 t0 7 1 9
7 5
I TT T I E Y C E A F I T T A P I E 77 7 6 0:

A P A K GD N A P I C E Z O CD I K I 5p a x w mip r ( o) s i f 095 e
1 0 O YT O Y AA MTI P O T A T O Y on 7 0 13 Xa p w p o n i r o u ' '

MO N O E KAC T PI O y e y oy o g K a a rp l o Ev
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N E T AN T O U ?

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p 0 0

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O n this i n scripti on s e e A dden da I I I .

T h e i n scripti o n N 0 a ttrib u t e d t o E u m e n e i a on .

t h e a u t h ority of L a b or d e b e l on gs t o E u ca r p i a : w e c opi e d t h e
,

st on e i n a m osqu e n e a r t h e sit e of E u ca rp ia t hirty -t w o m il e s ,

fr om I s h e k l ii . ttrib u t e d w r on gly t o is a lso a

E u m e n e i a a n d F r a n z h a s b ee n pu t t o s a d shifts t o e xpl a i n h o w
,

E u m e n e i a c ou ld be c a ll e d S e b a st e T h e i n scripti o n b e l on gs t o .

S e b a st e a n d h a s e ith e r b e e n br ou ght fr om t h a t sit e t o I s h e k lii

,
2
,

or P ocock e h a s lik e L a b ord e m a d e a m ist a k e i n his n ot e of t h e

, ,
'

pl a c e w h er e h e c opi e d it .

T h e on ly trib e of E u m e n i a k n ow n is c a ll e d w e
'
fou n d a s e c o n d n a m e H p a zs .

X I V S E I B L I A H 0 m a li e s on t h e s ou th e r n sl op e of t h e i m m e n s e
. .

m a ss of li m e st on e n a m e d Ah D a gh T h e sit u a ti on is v e ry n e .
,

l e n tifu lly s u ppli e d w ith w a t e r a n d c om m a n di n g a n e pl a i n

p , ,

'
c on ti n u ou s w ith t h e E u m en etzci C a mp l on t h e n orth -w e st a n d
'
'
,

b ou n d e d on all oth e r sid e s by m ou n ta i n s or l ow hills T h e r e .

a r e h e r e tr a c e s of a n a n ci e n t city w h ich by its si tu a ti o n m u s t ,

h a v e b e e n a str on g fortr e ss T h e sta t e m e n ts of C i n n a m u s .

,

P t ol e m y a n d H i e r o cl e s sh ow w ith d e n it e c e rta i n ty th a t this

,

1
N N l z e : th e
a o

I m pres s w n
o 0

18 v rye
I h v k o l rg
a
a e C n u n a e lDS ll be d s t on e s

f i t a d I d ot f l c t i th a t th e
o n ee er a n
tra ns p or t d t o a g a t r d i t
e re e S am c
'
o
a n , n

re di ng i s c orre c t p oss i bl y K N
a
4 04 T H E C I T I E S A N D B I S H O P R I C S O F P I I RY G I A .

P a ca t i a n a I t p oss e ss e d t h e t e rritory on t h e n orth e r n sid e o f

.

Mt S a l ba k os B a b a D a gh a n d t h e w h ol e of t h e B ogh a z w e st o f
.
, ,

S e ra i K e u i T h e t e m pl e of Me n K a r ou w h o o cc u rs o n c o i n s o f
.
,

A ttou dd a w a s s om e w h e r e a b ou t t h e e a st e r n e n d o f t h e B ogh a z
,
.

T h e t e rritory w a s b ou n d e d o n t h e e a st by th a t o f L a o di c e i a o n ,

t h e n o rth e a st by th a t o f Hi e r a p o lis on t h e n o rth by th a t o f

-
,

T rip o lis T h e b ou n d a ry b e tw e e n T rip ol is a n d Hi e r a p olis w a s

.

t h e Ma e a n d e r b e t w e e n Hi e r a p olis a n d L a o d i c e i a t h e L yc u s
,
I n .

t h e R o m a n p e ri o d t h e t e rrit o ry o f Hi e r a p olis i n cl u d e d a ll t h e
m ou n t a i n district u p t o a n d p e rh a ps i n cl u di n g Mos s y n a .

XVI I . PE PO U Z A pr oc e e d t o th e n e xt gr ou p i n
. VVe n ow

H i e r ocl e s e n u m e r a ti on It is m or e di f c u lt h e r e t o c a tch t h e
.

cl u e t o his o rd e r a n d bu t for t h e fortu n a t e disc ov e ry by Mr

,
.

S t e rr e tt of a n i n scripti on w ith t h e n a m e D iocl e i a a n d s u b ,

s e qu e n tly m y d e ciph e ri n g of a fr a g m e n t c o n t a i n i n g t h e n a m e
K idy e s s os it w ou ld b e h op e l e ss t o a tt e m pt t h e t a sk
,
T h e t ow n s .

of this gr ou p a r e situ a t e d i n t h e gr e a t u n d u l a ti n g pl a i n thr ou gh

w hich t h e B a n a z T ch a i ow s s ou th w e st t o j o i n t h e Ma e a n d e r -
,

a n d i n t h e m ou n t a i n ou s district b e t w e e n t h e B a n a z O v a a n d t h e

S an dyk l ii O v a P e p ou za is m e m or a bl e a s t h e cr a dl e of t h e
.

r e ligi ou s m ov e m e n t k n ow n a s Mon t a n is m \Ve a r e n ow a bl e t o .

sp e cify w ith c e rta i n ty th e d istrict w h e r e this m o v e m e n t b e g a n .

Its e a rly opp on e n ts a r e t h e pr e sbyte rs or bish ops of O tr ou s

a n d H i ero ol i s i n t h e w e st e r n p a rt of t h e S a n d k l ii O v a T h
p , y e .

fe w fa cts k n ow n a b ou t its e a rly history r e fe r to t h e distric t

b e tw e e n E u m e n e i a a n d O tr ou s I t is w orthy o f n ot e th a t .

thr e e fou r ths o f t h e e a rly C hristi a n i n s c ripti on s of P h rygi a

b e l on g t o this n e ighb ou rh ood I n t his district th e r e a r e thr e e .

pl a c e s w h e r e a n a n ci e n t bish opric a n d t ow n m ight be pl a c e d ;

( 1 ) D og hl a a n d Agh a r Hiss a r ; H odj a l a r ; ( 3 ) Y a n n ik E u r e n
t h e rst is t h e sit e o f D i oc l e i a t h e s e c on d is pr ob a bly a vill a g e ,

o f t h e Mox e a n i t h e third is pr ob a bly P e ou za 1 It is situ a t e d

, p .

on th e h igh r oa d fr om E u m e n e i a t o t h e citi e s of t h e S a n d k l ii
y
v a ll e y a t t h e p oi n t w h e r e a r oa d div e rg e s n orth w a rds t o D i ocl e i a
,

a n d t h e vill a g e s o f t h e Mo x e a n i .

P e p ou za s e e m s t o h a v e d e riv e d its i m p ort a n c e fr om Mon t a n is m .

E p i ph a n i u s ( H a er es xlviii 1 4 ) s a ys th a t it w a s d e s e r t e d i n his
. .

1
I f th i s be 50 , H o t d a r m u s t he T vm io n .
 T II E CIT IE S I
AN D B S H O P R C S O F P H R I YG I A .

ti m e ( h e d i e d 4 0 2
1
H i e r oc le s h o w e v e r i n c l u d e s it i n his , ,

list a n d P h ilos torg i u s m e n ti o n s it (H is t E ccles i v 8 ) it n e v e r

, . . .

o cc u rs i n t h e N ot i t i a e
'

A b o u t a n h o u r e a st o f Y a n n i k E u r e n is a vill a g e c a ll e d K ilt e r ,

i n w hich th e r e a r e s o m e m a rbl e s .

N o . 21 .

O n a st e l e at K ilt e r i n a c ou rty a rd .

ME MF
"
E T O YC T E m s me ,

A Y P A E K A H TT I O A A vp . A a /ck m n0 5

CD PA K A T E E KE Y alp a . xa n a x s d
A E E N T O H P GD O N d a eu

5 A YT H K A I T GD F AY 10 5 i 3 X
'

0 7 Ka 7
9 7 0

MO
i
K YT A T CD YA KU T dT QJ u ov c
,

N A P I A YP F A I Q v 3p l A dp P a l ?) .

I
E Y XO Y K A I T Q E 57
v
jxou xa l 7
03

F AY K YT A T C D r
ylu m v r a r co

10 MO YT E K N GD y ou 7 (v
A Y P K O Y A P T GD A dp . K o v dp r gi
MN M E - -
XA P I N u w
, i/ ms

Xdp w

l 8
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E ' AE T E PO N T I E E H c 67 e
p cv m ew

I E E N E N KE I E I E T w em m . 7

E II I E T GD2
' '

MN ME 0 y vnp ei o v a r e
'

15 O -
IO N '

TI FO E
p 03
[ 0v 7

his a dds on e m or e t o t h e d a t e d
T C hristi a n i n scripti o n s of t he

t hird c e n t u ry t h e y e a r is 2 6 0 A D .

N o . 22 .

At K ilt e r i n a fou n t a i n a m e re fra g m e n t .

l I O Y K T H C V N BH O Y Q V T O V K C I O N

N O N & Y T O Y d e KY M I O I
U A O Y AO C T O Y

giv the
1
I e the s ta t e m en t on H n in 2, T E in 3 H P i n,

a u th o r i ty of S m i th

s D tctq ha vi ng no
MN in 1 2, N E
4, H K in 5 &c and
v eri fyi n g
.
, , ,
m ean s
.

S m yr n a
. .

of i t in .

N K in 1 4, lie .

E E
H S VO L
. . . 1v .
4 06 T H E C IT IE S A N D B I S H O P RI C S O F P H R Y G I A .

mw ip t ov A vda ] ov v rio v

[0 7 I co q ra a t I ce 7 ij [e] a a r o x
[ e/w o o
'
e x v/u d t c0
[] 07v 7 0 17

T his i n scripti o n is fa r l a t e r th a n t h e pr e c e di n g a s is sh ow n ,

by t h e styl e o f l e tt e rs by t h e sp e l li n g 7 61 v 7 /c u w v
, ,

a n d by t h e disti n ctiv e ly C hristi a n fo r m u l a s .

I n t h e C hristi a n s e p u lchr a l i n scripti on s w e n d ( 1 ) a p e rfe ct

id e n tity w ith s e p u lchr a l p a g a n fo r m u l a s ; t h e d a t e d e x a m pl e s
1 9 0 2 2 0 AD -
Ma n y of th e s e i n scripti on s m u st a l w a ys r e m a i n
.

u n k n ow n as c o n t a i n i n g n othi n g disti n ctiv e ly C hristi a n ( 2 )

, .

T h e p e n a lty of vi ol a ti n g t h e t o m b 0 7 a t 7rp 09 7 0v @ 6 012 : t h e

'
'

d a t e d e x a m pl e s 2 4 9 2 6 0 I n st e a d of a p e n a lty t o a n e a rthly
-
.

r u l e r t h e t om b is pl a c e d u n d e r t h e c a r e of God ( 3 ) S i m il a r
, .

for m u l a m or e disti n ctiv e ly C hristi a n i n styl e 7 022 {6312 7 0 ,

-
(4 ) x or/ wn yp t ov or s om e s u ch e x

&c n o d a t e d e x a pl e
.
,
m .

pr e ssi on of C hristi a n fa ith i n st e a d of t h e p a g a n pqSov n o d a t e d ,

e x a m pl e ( )
5 P u r e ly C.hristi a n fo r m u l a s i
i i/ 0a x e x or
myr a t , ,

62 6 0 56 e 7 a L 0
2 7 0 0 @ 6 0 13 : a ll k n ow n t o m e a r e e vi de n tly

l a te .

X V I I I B RI A T his t ow n is k n ow n fr om a fe w r a r e c oi n s
. .

w h ich b e a r t h e l eg e n d B P | A N Q N a s th os e o f S e ibl i a E E I B A I
,

AN Q N of A li a A A I H N Q N
,
&c T h e n a m e is a n i n t e r e sti n g ,
.

on e : it is t h e ol d P hr yg o T hr a ci a n w ord m ea n i g tow n w hich

n 1 -
,

gra d u a lly p a ss e d i n t o a pr op e r n a m e It o ccu rs a s t h e s e c on d .

e le m e n t i n t h e T h ra ci a n Me n ebr i a P ol t yobr i a a n d S elym , ,

bri a or S a lybr i a S o t h e c om m on t e r m i n a ti on a s s os
. is 2

u s e d a l on e a s t h e n a m e of a t ow n i n My si a ; tetr a o cc u rs i n

T hya t e i r a the vi l la g e T h n d is a ls o u s e d a s
3
o the dd
f g o ,
es s y a a ,

t h e n a m e of a t ow n i n t h e C a y s te r v a ll e y .

Bri a w a s a bish opric i n t h e Byz a n ti n e p e ri od a n d its bish o p ,

w a s styl e d 6 B p t d v j u st a s t h e bish op of A li a w a s s tyl e d ci ,

T his titl e h a s pr od u c e d i n

A a i vw v (c on tr a ct e d for Alt mvciw )

.

H i er ocl es w h o is oft e n m u ch i n u e n c e d by t h e e ccl e si a stic a l

,

lists t h e n a m e B p i a va W rit e rs on n u m ism a tics h a v e i m it a t e d

,

.

this e rror a n d th e n a m e Bri a n a ha s n ow r m ly e st a blish e d its elf

, .

T h e s e w rit e rs h a v e c o i n e d a si m il a r fa ls e n a m e fr om s om e
Lydi a n c o i n s w hich b ea r t h e l eg e n d T O MA P H N Q N t h e n a m e
T o m a r e n a is r e g u l a rly e m pl oy e d i n st ea d o f t h e obvi ou sly c orr e c t

1
S te h p . B yz . a v . Me a a pia .
3
C om p ar e T hy es s os , the p eak of
2
A s s os , pr ob a bl y a k -y oe ,
the p ea k . T h ya .
 4 08 T H E C IT IE S AN D BI S H O P RIC S O F P H R Y GI A .

dp e rn
'
T H O P E TI T H P O A O

P 0 30
l - ME X I A E Z []

GD O N 52

77
37 , a e x p t

A N e E A H z cs ad vic e)
[
6 130 a t

ME T AA E T H N E MH p 67 0 5% .
a sp .

0 T E AE YT H N O Y A E N I E 7 6 h 6 u7 7 v o ) tam
A O N E E T E E T E P CD T E O H N E gay 00 7 6 7 6 0 1311 6 ,
MO N O N T H O Y I AT P I MO YT A uo u 33 eu y m p t y Td

p 7 ou

K E I E E T E E U I K AT A P A T O Z TI AP A zm
'
5 2 r ep o u 2m m
'

7 e
9 .

T AE I T I Z A E E T E P O N E U I Z E N E an , 60 7 6 6 7 nx a 7 dp a 7 o s vra c
,

5 O E Q I Z T O N E G N M e a
; is 7 01! gram .

T his i n scripti on is m u ch e a rli e r th a n t h e pr e c e di n g a n d ,

b e l on gs pr ob a bly to th e m iddl e of t h e third c e n tu ry It is .

o bvi o u sly C hristi a n T h e e n gr a v e r h a s i n v e rt e d li n e s 1 3

.

a nd 1 4 6 3:7 [a t ] i n li n e 8 is a pp a r e n tly
(s e e a b ov e on N o . 1 ,

i n t e n d e d a s a orist p a rticipl e : t h e r e g u l a r for m u l a r e qu ir e s th is

r e st or a ti o n is p e rh a ps t h e r e a di n
.
cr

N o . 25 .

At S b e sid e t h e p r e c e di n g on a s e p u lc hr a l bom os
u r e t l ii ,

e x a ctly si m il a r t o t h e l a st a n d b e l on gi n g c e rt a i n ly t o t h e s a m e
,

p e ri od pr ob a bly t o t h e s a m e fa m ily : it is th e r e for e a lso pr ob a bly

,

C hristi a n V MR .
V
. . .

A
[ B
I I

m]
A
I
] e l l/ a x a 7 6 0 / ce ua a a 7 0 7 6 1 m
9
.

M E AT I N H K E ClDP O Y Ma r lin ; x 6 ( 13 m;
'
p
I I GD T GD A N A P I A 5 dq i
'

Y 7 0) a z i
T H Z K E C PO Y I b 0 @ p o u y r go


I ce K

AO YK I A N H Z K A I T H o /c ra w is It a l
5 O P E TI T H MO Y 6p 6 77 7 y ou

A 2 2 E N CD KH A E Y 6V {5
O H Z E T E K A l l -N Y 16 0 2 1 ) mi
() i H T O Y C DP O YF I O I Y p a/
r>
1) 7 0 0 ( P p o u yco u '

T A T I A N H O YA E N I A E E T an a mi '
0 086 122 82
10 Z O N E P GD T E O H I 2
0 67 16p ? 0 2) [va t
12 7 6

1
H Mi n 7, ME in 9, p r oba bl
y H N
2
I c
n om pl ete at bot tom .

[J H E in
i n 1 0, N E /
an d H N E in 1 1 , N E tw ic e 6: an d H N in
i n I 4 , li e .
 T H E C I T I E S A N D B I S H O P RI C S O F P H R Y G I A . 409

O n coin s o f A li a der
, a m a gistr a t e P h r o u g ios is m e n ti o n e d un

Gordi a n T h e s e t w o i n scripti on s b e l o n g t o t h e s a m e p e ri o d
. .

T h e c o i n cid e n c e pr o m pt e d m e for a l o n g ti m e t o pl a c e A li a
h e r e bu t t h e p o siti o n is irr e c on cil a bl e w ith H i e roc l e s T h e
,
.

n a m e P h r ou i o s is n o t c o m m o n : it o cc u rs a t L a o d i c e i a C o m
g ,

bu sta 3 9 8 9 a n d a pl a c e i n t h e a g o r a o f H i e r op ol i s w a s
, ,

n a m e d P h rou i s I t is pr o b a bly n o t d e riv e d fr o m t h e L a ti n

1
g .

F ru gi bu t is r a th e r a n a tiv e P h rygi a n n a m e d e riv e d fr o m t h e

, ,

2
n a ti o n a l n a m e lik e t h e v e ry c o m m on K a r ik o s fr o m C a ri a .

X IX S E B AS T E T h e B a n a z O v a is b ou n d e d o n t h e e a st by t h e
. .

B u rg a s D a gh a n e m ou n t a i n w hich ris e s p e rp e n dic u l a rly fro m

,

t h e pl a i n o n t h e right o f t h e r oa d fr om I s h e k l ii t o U sh a k o r t o
,

A c m on i a T h e B u rg a s D a gh is c o n ti n u e d t o t h e n o rth by a
.

si m il a r bu t l ow e r ridg e of m ou n t a i n s b e n e a th w hich S e b a st e ,

w a s b u ilt F r o m this r a n g e s e v e r a l str e a m s r u n d ow n t o j o i n

.

t h e B a n a z T ch a i m a ki n g t h e c o u n try i m m e di a t e l y b e l ow t h e
,

m ou n t a i n s a p e rfe ct g a rd e n W e r od e for h ou rs a m id o rch a rds .

,

a r a r e pl e a su r e t o tr a v e ll e rs on t h e g e n e r a lly tr e e l e ss pl a t e a u .

I n t h e m ost fe rtil e p a rt of this district w h e r e t h e gr ow th is ,

m o st l u x u ri a n t l a y t h e a n ci e n t S e b a st e ; a n d its pl a c e is n o w
,

ll e d by thr e e m ode r n vill a g e s S e lj ii k l e r S i v a s l u a n d B o u n a r , , ,

b a shi w ith its a b u n d a n t spri n gs of w a t e r

3
,
B e sid e S e lj ti k l e r .

th e r e a r e s e v e r a l t u m u li on e of w hich h a s r e c e n tly b e e n op e n e d ,

a n d th e n e l b u ilt s e p u lchr a l ch a m b e r i n sid e h a s b e e n th u s

-
y
e xp os e d t o V i e w T h e a n ci e n t city d ou btl e ss li e s w ithi n t h e
.

e q u il a t e r a l tri a n gl e w ith si d e s a b o u t o n e a n d a q u a rt e r m il e s i n

l e n gth w hich is for m e d by th e s e thr e e vill a g e s bu t i n su ch a w e ll

, ,

c u ltiv a t e d sp ot n o tra c e s e xc e pt th e tu m u li a r e visibl e i n s i tu .

I n scr i pti on s a b ou n d i n t h e vill a g e s .

A ru n d e l w h o visit e d t h e sit e th ou ght th a t i t w a s E u c a r p i a

,
4
,
.

H a m ilton disc o v e r e d a n i n scripti on w ith th e n a m e S e b a st e a n d ,

obs e r v e d th a t th e a n ci e n t n a m e w a s still pr e s e rv e d i n t h e m od e r n

S i v a s l ii .
5

1
S ee m y pp a e r on Aber c i u s in J E S
. . .
4
I t mu s t be sa id , in j us t ic e t o Ar u n
ii i . p 349
. . d e l , th a t h e pl c a ed S e ba s t e on l y t hre e
2
My r e m ar ki n t h e l as t n u m b er of or f ou r i
m l es t o t h e w e s t of S e lj uk l e r .

th i s J ou rn a l , p 36.
, n ot e 2 , m u s t t h er e 5
T h e m od er n f or m is e vi d e n t ly due
fore be c orre ct d e . P h r ou g i os al s o at to

fl
a se a n a l o gy

: -
l n o r l ii , en -

C o ty a i on an d Ai za n i . d ow e d i th w ,

is an e xc i ee d n g l y om m on c
3
S elj ii k l er , the S e lj u k s B ou n a r t er m i ti na on in T ur ki h s .

bas h i , hea d of th e sp r i n g s .
4 10 T H E C I T I E S A N D B I S H O P R I C S O F P H R Y GI A .

W e c opi e d n i n e t e e n i n scripti on s i n t h e thr e e vill a g e s m ost of ,

w hich h a v e b e e n a lr e a d y p u blis h e d I c on n e m ys e lf h e r e t o .

c o rr e cti n g e rr o r i n t h e p u blish e d t e xts .

L e ba s N o 73 0 ,
I n li n e 3 for
. . N e dpxo u r e a d

K A[a U ] 8t a V N e u p Xo u

I n 5 L e b a s r e a ds [ a w a v
. M /
. .

\Va dd i n g ton w h o e d its t h e i n scrip t i on fr om L e ba s s c opy w a s

, ,

m isl e d i n t o t h e b e li e f th a t a l e tt e r is w a n ti n g a n d r e a ds
T h e r e is n o n e e d t o s u pply a n y l e tt e r : it is tr u e th a t th e r e is a
t t h e e n d o f li n e 4 bu t I w a s c o n vi n c e d th a t n o l e tt e r
g p
a a ,

h a d e v e r b e e n e n gr a v e d i n it A ft e r w a rds s e e i n g t h e r e a di n g
.
,

giv e n i n L e ba s I a sk e d Mr S t e rr e tt on his s e c on d visit t o

, .

v e rify this p o i n t c a r e fu lly : h e e n tir e ly a gr e e d w ith m e T h e .

tru e r e a d i n g is K h [a v ] 8i a u N e dp xo u du y 61 7 6,0 0 A p i a v : t h e t /
.

m o st c o rr e ct ord e r w h e n a p e rs on h a s t w o n a m e s is t o giv e t h e
rst th e n t h e n a m e o f t h e fa th e r th e n t h e s e c on d T h e i n s e rti on
, ,
.

o f 0 v7 a 7 6 a n this c a s e c plic a t e s t h e e xpr e ssi o n a littl e

'

p i o m ,
.

I n 2 0 for Moi 1 0 9 r e a d pr o b a bly a

/ . o
[y e mys
] t h e l e tt e r fo ll ow i n g r

1
0 is t h e l ow e r h a lf o f a n I or F or s u ch l e tt e r .

I n N o 7 3 7 ou r c opy di ffe rs m u ch fr o m th a t o f L e b a s : t h e
.
,

l a tt e r is u n i n t e lligibl e w ith ou t t h e su pp o siti on th a t a li n e h a s

b e e n om itt e d .

]

T O YC YO B E e
r o us uo

Y P TT A Y A ] 3p n t
. . a

\ o ceYr e N I xxj E ty

os o
an

P MA F O
]
c

au E pa yd a r

5
p ]
YK T H C A 0 7 0u 16 7 1 0 .

I O C T O YT O
2
[ J 3
L GV O S 7 0 2 7 0

DO N MH Z 51 1 3 # 70 0 )
1 0 0 0 1! 0 2 9 f
,

his i n scripti on is d a t e d i n t h e s e v e n th m on th (a b ou t Ma rch

T
A pril ) 3 8 8 A D, T h e e xpr e ssi on p gi o u o cc u rri n g s o l a t e a s
, . .

3 8 8 i n cli n e s m e t o thi n k th a t t h e i n scripti o n is n ot C hristi a n

,
,

bu t p a g a n T h e sp e l li n g H a h k o e is a ls o m o r e su ita bl e t o a
.

p a g a n i n scripti on ; a C hristi a n w ou ld h a v e b e e n m o r e lik e ly t o

sp e ll his n a m e lik e th e A p ostl e A t th e s a m e ti m e t h e n u m b e r .

1
N O . 73 1 is c or r e c t .
1
T he rs t l e t te r i n 7 i s c i
er t a n l y w .
4 12 T H E C I T I E S A N D B I S H O P R I C S O F P H R Y GI A .

an un h e a rd o f w o rd th ou gh h e a ssu r e s u s th a t E is c e rta i n
,

p e n di n g a n oth e r c opy w e c or r e ct t o O eo ye ns ,
r

v

.

N o 6 p 4 5 7 : li n e 1 pl a c e a p o i n t a ft e r A : li n e s 5 a n d 6
.
,
.
,

a r e c o m pl e t e E C T A I ( n o t a [7 6 ] a s t h e w rit e r r e st or e s) a n d

GE O N .

I ha ve to a dd
th a t t h e d a t e by m o n th a n d d a y i n N os 2 a n d , .

4 ,
w hich t h e w rit e r i n t h e B u lleti n h e sit a te s a b ou t is v e ry ,

c o m m on i n P hrygi a m a n y e x a m pl e s m a y be fou n d i n t h e pr e s e n t
p a p e r T he i n scripti o n s N os 4 a n d 6 m u st be a d d e d t o t he
.
, .
,

C hristi a n i n scripti on s o f t h e third c e n tu ry : N o 4 is d a t e d .

256 A D . T h e i n scripti o n o f t h e physici a n A u r Me s s a l a s

. . ,

p u blish e d c orr e ctly by M W a ddi n gt on i n L e b a s is a ls o C hrist i a n .

,

o f t h e third c e n t u ry N o 7 3 5 i n L e b a s is a C hristi a n i n scripti on

. .

d a te d 3 5 3 A D .

XX . P AL fou r or v e m il e s n orth o f
A I O S E B A S T E . A b ou t
S i v a s lii th e r e is a t c hii k or fa r m c a ll e d P a y a m a l a n
,
T h e w a lls .

of t h e fa r m h o u s e a re fu ll o f i n scripti on s w hich w e r e s a id to h a v e
-
,

b e e n br ou ght fr o m a k a l e a b ou t a m il e t o t h e w e st I visit e d .

this ha l e a n d fou n d on a hill w ith pr e cipit ou s sid e s slight tr a c e s

,

of a G r e e k t ow n O n t h e sid e s of t h e hill I s a w t w o m a rbl e

.

t om bst on e s w ith p a rt o f t h e G r e e k i n scripti on s on th e m T h e .

ch a r a ct e r o f this sit e is striki n gly lik e th a t o f A c m on i a T h e r e .

is e v e ry pr ob a bility th a t i n a n e a rli e r a n d m or e u n s e ttl e d ti m e

it w a s t h e chi e f city of t h e district a n d th a t S e ba st e i n its ,

b e a u tifu l bu t d e fe n c e l e ss situ a ti on su ppl a n t e d it i n a m or e

p e a c e fu l a g e T he r e l a ti on b e t w e e n t h e t w o is t h e s a m e a s
.

1
e xists b e t w e e n P a l a i on B e n d os a n d S n n a d a
y .

T w o o f t h e v e i n scripti on s w h ich I c o pi e d a t t h e t c h i ik
'

b e l on g t o a v e ry e a rly p e ri od pr ob a bly b e for e t h e ti m e w h e n t h e ,

pl a c e yi e ld e d t o t h e gr ow i n g i m p o rt a n c e o f t h e m or e fort u n a t e
S e b a ste a n d s a n k i n to t h e c on diti on of a m e r e vill a g e
,
.

1
S e e H i rs h c f lde ,
in Mona ts b . B er t A k a d 1 8 7 9 ,
. . p . 31 2 .
 T H E C I T I E S AN D B I S H O P R I C S O F P H R Y G I A . 4 13

N o . 27 .

I n the wa ll of t he t chii k P a ya m a l a n W MR . . .

T l -P I Q I K AI Kai
Z A FI O a a
p l. 2 6 "

AX I O Y Z E B] a o [7 ] 0 ii [ i
u
] 26
B AZ T Q I E E 30 0 7 93 l 6 p [] 6
[ 7 9
2 # 6 20 7 )

N o . 28 .

I n th e s a m e pl a c e as N o . 27 W MR . . .

O N E N O AQ
I AK AA Q Z K A I A ME M
O Z H A N T A XTI P O Z E N H N E
N A E E I Q Z K AI U PO H FH ME
5 N O N F H U AT P I A N T O T E E N
T O I Z K O I N O I Z K AI MH A E TT O T E d DE I
Z A ME N O N E N E I T I A Q Z E Z I N K A I
A N AAQ MA Z I N K A I I T A N YN I AI Z
E N T E T H I I O AE I H MQ N MQ Z

E U IZ H
10 Z T P AT H F H Z A N T A K A F O P AN O
MH Z AN T A K A I MH I
CDE I Z A ME N O N
A N AA Q MAZ I N K A I TI AN l c


E l
'
/

"
l I T AT E T E I M
7 67 ] 0 22 6 V 0 7 w
'

] 7 a [c a l du ep
0 9 77 6512 7 0 9 7T 0 0 6 1/ 77V6
]
'

p
8 6 35a) ? I c a ] l r on n
] 12

[ p y u .

5 W V
[ 47
61 7 ) 77 a 7
p 5 tt 7 07 6 61 '

79 l # 0 867 0 7 6
'

7 0 i
x o ru o e I t a

6V 6 77 t 3[0] 0 6 0 t v rea l
l
ora p eu o v
d ua k aiu a a w [ca l w a r/ [6 ]
7 6 7
i
a r/. 6312 w t a u m v
10 0 7
p i
a 7 1 7'yr d a I 27 a
[ t] d yO p a uo
Ic a r

wi d en / 7 a rea l 6 t a du 6 uou
/
d va k ai u a a '
w I ca i n a pa m
l (bet

7 6 7 6 t ,u 77,u [ 6vo u
4 14 T H E C IT IE S A N D B I S H O P R I C S O F P H R Y GI A .

T he
s e c on d of th e s e i n scripti on s is o f t h e l a t e r H e ll e n istic
s tyl e a n d is u n lik e ly t o be m u ch l a t e r t h a n t h e R om a n
,

o cc u p a t i o n : it m a y be c om p a r e d w ith an i n scripti on of
S yn n a da p u blish e d by m e i n B u l l 0 0 7 7 H el l June 1 883 . . .
, ,

p 4 2 4 I t is n ot by m e r e a ccid e n t th a t th e s e t w o i n scripti on s
. .

b e l on g t o a p e ri o d s o v e ry p oorly r e pr e s e n t e d i n P h rygi a .

I n 8 if t h e r e st or a ti on w a v do w i a i e is c orr e ct it w o u ld be a
, ,

r e m a rk a bl e e x a m pl e of v for o r i n t h e rst c e n t u ry B C . . .

XX hi s A L O U D D A E L O U Z A Aft e r sp e n di n g a l on g ti m e
. .
, .

l ooki n g for t h e R om a n r oa d fr om A c m on i a t o P hil ad el ph e i a I ,

fe e l c on d e n t th a t it w e n t by H a dj i m l a r a n d B e i S h e h e r T h e s e
1
.

t w o pl a c e s a r e a n ci e n t sit e s a n d th ou gh t h e dist a n c e s do n o t
,

e x a ctly a gr e e w ith t h e P e u t i n e r T a bl e y e t I h a v e n o h e sit a ti on

g ,

i n c a lli n g th e m Al ou dda a n d C l a n n ou dda W ith a s li ght c or .

r e cti on t h e R om a n r oa d m a b e r e a d A cm on i a 2 5 A l ou dda 2 0
y
C l a n n ou dda 4 5 Ph i l a de l p h e i a .

E xc e pt i n P t ol e m y a n d t h e P e u t i n g e r T
bl e Al ou dda is n e v e r a

m e n ti on e d A cc ordi n g t o t h e p r i n cipl e s l a id d ow n w e c a n n o t
.
,

a d m it th a t a t ow n on a n i m p o rt a n t r o a d a n d i n a g oo d situ a t i on

sh ou ld n ot a pp e a r i n th e Byz a n ti n e list s T h e e xpl a n a ti on s e e m s .

t o b e th a t A l o u dda is t h e s a m e a s E l ou za t h e t e r m i n a ti o n d d a ,

s o c o m m on i n P h r gi a n t ow n n a m e s is a m o dic a ti on o f t h e
y
-
,

si m pl e y a p a ssi n g th r ou gh t h e i n t e rm e di a t e for m dya i n t o ddd

a n d za
2
.

XXI D I O S K O ME . T h e n a m e is k n ow n on ly fr om a n i n
.
-

scripti o n w hich I fou n d i n t h e w a ll of t h e m osqu e a t T a b a kl a r .

I t is e n gr a v e d on p oor m a rbl e a n d t h e su rfa c e is i n a v e ry ba d ,

c on diti on ; I sp e n t m o r e th a n a n h ou r w ith ou t b e i n g a bl e t o
s a tisfy m ys e lf a s t o t h e r e a di n g T h e sit e of D i os K om e is u n .

k n ow n as it is i m p ossibl e t o s a y w h e r e t h e st on e w a s fou n d
, ,

b u t it sh ou ld be a t n o gr ea t dist a n c e n orth w e st of S e lj ukl e r -

.

T h e d a t e 3 3 0 is th e third y e a r of t h e e m p e r o r P hilip a n d his

s on 2 4 6 A D
,
a b ou t t h e m on th o f A u g u st
. .
, T h e n a m e of t h e .

e m p e r or h a s b e e n e r a s e d .

B e s h S h eh e rfon K i ep er t s m a p , on
1
A1u th e i mp etu ou s , S a n s i t a r va n , kr
t h e au th or ty of Aru n d e li . i s t h e Gr e e Aru k Al u a n d a l a , h 0 7 s e
2
Fr om th e y d e -
h yg an Al u L p r i in C a ri an , a r e cl os e l y rel ated.

c f
o m e s Al ou d d a , a s r o m A t t u A t t ou d d a .
4 16 T H E C I T I E S AN D B IS H O P RI C S O F P H R Y G I A .

A MI A N AH MO YP Q MA I Q N E IT A I /

K Yn P O YA F O P A N O MO N Z T PA T H F

TI P E Z B E YT H N K A I A N T I Z T P A T H F O I
MA P K Q A H Q N I Q Z A T O YPN E I N Q A Z I /

E TI A P X E l A Z T O N E A YT H Z E Y E P F E T

E cp o u nu i o v A O
'

ou

A luhk

t cr

K 0 p V0 0 7 0 12

67r ] l 3
7 0 V xk np o vou m u 5 m a [0 '

7 77
p i c0 12

ro a ct i ai v 677 a p
c
6 la 9
0 7
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a ,u
2 S u o u P [X
K 1577 p 0 u d yop a u du o v 0 7 p a 7 77 y[0v
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7r
p 6 0 8 6 u 7 77u
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p a 7 777

Mdp /p

A vr w vi go 2 61 7

0 1 0 12 6
4 0 9) A0 i
[dpxy
w a pxe la e 012 6a v 7 739 [77u
'
7 6 6 6 p7 6 7 .

A c m on i a seem s to ha ve b ee n the st a ti on o f on e of th e thr e e

l eg a ti A u g u s ti p 7 0 p 7 a et0 7 e T he . nam e S e r v e n i a C orn ou t a
is lr e a dy a n d a t A n cyr a o f G a l a ti a
k n ow n b ot h a t A c m on i a 1
a .

T h e r e n d e ri n g o f d eoem vi 7 s tli ti bu s j u di ea n di s is n e w .

A fte r t h e sit e of P e lt a e h a s b e e n x e d it foll o w s fr om t h e ,

a cc ou n t of X e n oph on t h a t A c m o n i a m u st b e K e r a m on A g o r a .

T h e r e c a n be littl e d ou bt th a t H a m ilt on h a s x e d C a ys t r i P e di on
a n d t h e fou n t a i n of Mid a s c orr e ctly s o th a t t h e r ou t e of t h e ,

T e n T h ou s a n d is n ow d e n it e l y tr a c e d for a l o n g w a y .

XXI I I A L I A T h e r e w a s a n a n ci e n t sit e a t K irk a b e tw e e n

. .
,

S u su z K e u i a n d H a dj i m l ar T h e o rd e r i n H i e r o c l e s sh ow s th a t
.

this m u st be A li a T h e n a m e Al i a h a s b e e n m u ch dist or t e d i n
.

t h e Byz a n ti n e lists : 6 ( 677 50 7 6 0 77 0 9 ) A lt mvi u b e c a m e 0 A h t vmv

'

a n d H i er oc l e s e licit e d fr o m th is t h e n a m e o f a city A M VO L P "

w hich h a s b e e n a lt e r e d by a n e r r or of t h e scrib e t o A 82 0 7
"
.

1
Mor d tm a n n Ma 7 7n 0 7 a
, A ncym na i
b sh o p ic f
r s o h i s day H i s T i a n a i or
.

F ran z , Funf I n s ch m f ten . Ti ar a i fA i

o s a is f
or m e d r om 6 T i m/ (Bu f
2
S o H i er ocl es m a k es ou t of 6 Bp t t h e t ow n i s T i a , i e A tte a : t h e b s h o
. . i p
i
a r/ a w a t ow n B ri v X V III
an a , s ee a bo e, . i s in t h e N ii
ot t a e 6 2 7 6 m T he b s h o . i p
Su h c f ct a the
s as se p v th t H i
ro e a e ro of K ol e s e or K ol oe is s om e t im es 6
0 10 c tru c ted hi l i t f m th
3 on s s s s ro e K oA a wns .
 T H E C IT IE S AN D B S H O P R C S O F P H R I I Y GI A . 4 17

N o . 31 .

I n fou n t a i n b e sid e K i rk a on a m a rbl e st e l e c o n ta i n i n g a

a

r e li e f r e pr e s e n ti n g t h e g od Me n h a lf l e n gth sta n di n g sl ig htly t o -

,

t h e right w e a ri n g a h igh P hrygi a n ca

,
p a n d w ith t h e cr e sc e n t
on his sh ou ld e rs W MR . . . .

A F AO H T Y X H T O YC C N A
'

MH N I AC K A H AN E O H K AN
N Q R e li e f

P AT P A H A I re
pre
c ca N T oc s e n ti n g
AN T IO X0 Y th e
K AI n o N n E g od
I0 Y MA P Me n
KO
Y

Ay a 97) T xn E 7 0 12 9 M7712 1 A a x a nugii ( I Dp d r pa
.
"
.

H Mo dcbw o c A v7 t 6xou I ca l I I o w re l o u Md x o u d v dnx a u

'

p .

T h e r e a di n g is ce rta i n t h e d a t e 1 70 AD Me n A s k a e n os i s .

k n ow n a t E u m en ei a a t S a rdis a t A n ti och of P isidi a } a t Aph ro

, ,

d i s i a s an d a t A p oll on i a of P isidi a
,
His w orship a t A p oll on i a i s .

pr ov e d by t h e foll ow i n g i n scripti on hith e r t o u n p u b lish e d , .

N o . 32 .

A t A p oll on i a , i n t h e wa ll of the G re e k c h u rch i n th e cit a d e l

c opi e d by S ir C . W ilson .

O P O Z I E PO Z K A I A Z Y
A o z o s o vs m c A no v t
MH N O Z AZ KAH N O Y
T h e g od Me n r e pr e s e n t e d e x a ctly
, as on th e re li e f occ u rs
,
on

c o i n s of Ali a , Mi on n e t n o 1 3 0 , &c , . .

XXI V I O U C H A R AT A X
. T his n a m e is obvi ou sly c orru pt It -
.

h a s b e e n s u pp o s e d t o c o n c e a l C ot y a i on w hich d oe s n ot o cc u r i n ,

1
By e . c orr e c t ion of th e tex t of S t ra bo : s ee W a dd i n g t on on L e ba s , N o . 668 .
418 TH E C I T I E S A N D B IS H O P R I C S O F P H RYGIA .

H i e r ocl e s this vi ol a t e s g e ogr a phic a l o rd e r a n d I sh a ll pr ov e

: bu t ,

b e l o w th a t w e m u st n d C otya i on u n d e r t h e t e m p or a ry n a m e
E u d o ci a s .T h e o rd e r i n H i e r oc l e s sh ow s th a t w e m u st l ook for
t he pl a c e w h o s e n a m e h a s b e e n disgu r e d a s I ou ch a r a t a x s o u th
o f Mou n t D i n dym os a n d e a st of T raj a n o p o lis I n t h e r e q u ir e d .

sit u a ti on th e r e is a d e s e rte d a n ci e n t sit e c a ll e d K il i s s e h a t th e ,

h e a d -w a t e rs of t h e H a m m a m S u on e m il e n orth of t h e vill a g e ,

O t ou r a k . I n scripti on s fr om this v i ll a g e h a v e b e e n a lr e a dy
p u blish e d i n t h e C orp u s W e fou n d t w o oth e rs on e of w hich
.
,

h a d b e e n r e c e n tly e xc a v a t e d a t t h e K i l i s s e h .

T h e n a m e O t ou r a k h a s cl e a rly b e e n pr e s e rv e d fr om a n ci e n t
ti m e a n d a ssists u s t o n d t h e tr u e ol d n a m e T h e e n di n g of
,
.

th a t n a m e is c e rt a i n l y C h a r a x st ock a d e S t e ph a n u s m e n ti on s
,
.

fou r t ow n s of this n a m e i n A si a on e is i n P hrygi a a n d is c a ll e d

Ch a a r x A l e x a n d r i 1
O f si m il ar ch a r a ct e r a r e t h e n a m e s P a n em on
.

T ei chos i n P a m phyli a 0 o7 d i ou T ei chos i n C a ri a N e o n T e i ch o s

, ,

i n L ydi a O n th e s e a n a l ogi e s I h a v e n o h e sit a t i o n i n w riti n g

.

C ha r a x a s t h e s e c o n d e l e m e n t i n th e c orr u pt I ou ch a r a t a x T he .

rst e l e m e n t m u st r e m a i n u n ce r ta i n bu t is cl e a rly a n a l og ou s t o ,

P a n e m ou a n d G or di ou O n e thi n g is c e rt a i n it m u st c on t a i n
.

t h e l e tt e r t t o a cc ou n t for t h e m od er n for m a n d for t h e c or

, ,

ru pti on I ou ch ara t ax I n obs e rvi n g th e pr on u n ci a ti on of t h e

.

T u r kish p e a s a n ts I h a v e b e e n oft e n stru ck w ith t h e fa ct th a t

,

a gu ttu r a l b e t w ee n t w o v ow e ls dis a pp e a rs F or e x a m pl e i n .
,

this v e ry district of P hryg i a a vill a g e Ak E u r e n Whi te R u i n s , .

is pr on ou n c e d A E u r en : on th e s a m e a n a l ogy I su pp os e t h a t
O t ou r ak d e sc e n d s fr om t h e old e r O t ou a r a k O tou ch a r a k

.
,

A g a i n on a cc ou n t of t h e a ssi m il a ti on of v ow e ls wh ich is a
,

u n iv e r sa l r u l e i n T u rkish a for m A t u ch a r a k w ou ld r e a dily

,

b e c om e O tou ch a r a k T h e c onj e ctu r e is th e n e a sy th a t th e

.

o rigi n a l n a m e w a s A tu o c h a r a x th e s tocha d e of A tys

-
, A tys or
A ttys i s a v e ry c om m o n e l e m e n t i n l oc a l n a m e s i n A si a Mi n or
g e n e ra lly c g Atta i a Att ou dda Atu os l oph os A tu ocho
,
.
, , ,

ri on &c
, .

1
T he p l a c e is fr
re e re d t o byN ic t e as kn ow n o o th e r place w he er i t is m en
C h on i a t es i n hi s h i s tor y of th e E m p ero r t i on ed .

Manu el , u n de r t he na m eC h ar a x I :
 4 20 T H E C I T I E S AN D B I S H O P R I C S O F P H R YG I A .

S e c on d sid e .

I
G A N A T O E E TT I T Y N XA A da ua '
ro: E m '
r vxa
I O C TT I O Y T I MH O I E Y I T O E K A ]
I f C
v o s~ H LO U u 7r o

T c P ca T H Re C A E YT E m w
p sm s ,
s a
D
e JT e o

O N Y TI O MA li e f : N O Y AA O Y ou Mdvo u A do v
N o AP o mo di a Y AI O E T P I j xi o ap y A b ds , !

5 ra H ou 7
p

ted

zn pm
A F XH I E T O m cp o A
'

T O N O I BO Y o u rou

MO head A O T O YA a p o B r ov ci
XPH E q
'
.

AH G R eli e f de Q E AGD X776 62:

D
oN fa c e d ; h or s e E AA B J
p ou s Aa B

1 0 DN m an t o th e XP H E 1 xpn
0 v o

0 r ight c a rry , AO T I @ 8 6 ; 0 7

i n g b a ttl e A AH I, c um
J

I axe AE E N a e L a s 30
TI O Ve l
'

AT Pl wa r
p i
1 5 Al h is K -N O 31 . x 8 iv 3
s h ou ld er p p]
9 c
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xp
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l

MO
I A

N O YC T I O I N N O PO I E voy o u s n cv o o a
p
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2 0 P H C MO Re AO T IN X p U /L O SO N
V

I AE I N T l i e f : O Y T O E X GD AG i
w d ow 7 01 7 0 3 5x60 35
p]
I 9

O N E Z bu s t A GA N A ov G E d ed uci
I
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th '

N nA N T ca N ra w w a v rw v
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T
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Ae AN A ha nds T n n P ca A aa va r q) '
w
pm
25 T n A PXI fol d e d E PI KA 7
9 ) c ip xt ep (e) 2 x
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- th e T AT I E I I ce mrrpc T a n a
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PI H E T bre as t E T E KE GT E /C 6
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.
1

K A AA T E K N AK A I ca hn . r e / wa , I ca
'

30 how N O MA X0 1! o vo,u. a ,
A I

U PQ T O N AGA p r ou A da
I

N A T O N E TI I T Y N X A N O N A P X I E P vaxr o v E m '
i xa vo v a pxc
n v

o moo E
I I
Ao c N
4"

w a r l os , vo
e A m T H PAn AT P I
- '
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IE 7 77 9
1
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P er ha ps
re
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mnee m '
a { mo 2 0:7 6 !a
c
E n dr m,

at
2
W i th l i ne 2 4 cp . L e ba s , 805, C ot y ai on .
 TH E C IT IE S AN D B S H O PR C S O F P H R I I YGI A . 4 21

T hird si d e .

O A N A T O I H PCD T O I A dci vaj

'

p ir o t
'
r ot w

Re li e f : [bl a n k sp a c e ]
bird to right A P X I E P I E O MA Zy d
W l th a ri n g h E M O I A I o r
b S e k o l A m
'

y
in its A E K -TI I T Y ( is
5 m ou th .
N XA N v
x a v

O E C GD o r, a m
T H PE T
p e
C TI A T 9 war

PI AO p S o l

10 [N O 9
.
, vo

MO G p 0 9
E T E

his c u ri ou s i n scripti o n d a t e d 3 H A D pr e s e n t s a m ixt u r e o f

T , . .
,

C hristi a n a n d P a g a n l a n g u a g e w hich is e xpl a i n e d by t h e s t r o n g ,

h old obt a i n e d by C hristi a n ity i n this dis t rict a s e a rly a s 2 0 0 A 1) . .

T he i n scripti on a pp e a rs t o c om m e m or a t e s e v e r a l m e m b e rs of
on e fa m ily t w o o f w h o m a t l e a st h e ld t h e o rli c e of d ce p e u i n
,

px e

s om e p a ga n c u lt u s A n e xpr e ssi o n i n t he rst sid e li n e 7 sh ow s

.
, ,

th a t A t yoch a ra x w a s s till a p a ga n t o w n i n 3 1 4 A D th ou gh it is . .
,

c e rta i n th a t by this t i m e s o m e t o w n s of P hrygi a w e r e e n tir e ly

C hristi a n 1
I sh a ll n ot a tt e m pt t o e xpl a i n a ll t h e difc u lti e s i n
.

t h e e pit a ph bu t I m a y m e n ti on th a t a n i m pr e ssi on i s a t t h e
,
|
s e rvic e o f a n y sch ol a r w h o w ish e s t o i n v e s t ig a te m o r e c om pl e te l y
a n y p oi n ts i n t h e i n scripti on .

I n t h e r st sid e li n e 3 occ u rs t h e m od e r n G r e e k fo r m s l/i a c

, ,

or l y e : a c a s e of t h e m od e r n G r e e k fo r m o f third pl u r a l ,

e m m S e i ia o v u o cc u rs i n a n i n scripti o n o f A a m e i a pr o b a bly n o t

2
, p ,

l a t e r th a n t h e fou rth c e n t u ry .

T h e n a m e Ma n e s D a e s (or D a o s l ) H e l i odr om os Ze u s is a ,

r e m a rk a bl e c om b i n a ti o n Ma n e s w a s fa t h e r o f A c mon fou n d e r
.
,

o f t h e n e ighb ou ri n g t ow n A c m o n i a a n d w a s th e r e fo r e d ou btl e ss
3
,

1
A t ow n P h yg a i n w h h e e r
of r i ic v y 2
I p u bl i he d i t s i n B u ll C or r . . H el l .

i i i
n h a b tan t a n d m a g s t r a t e w a s C h r s t a n , i i 1 8 83 , p 31 0 . .

is sa id by E u s eb us , i H . E . vi ii . 1 , to 3
S t e ph By z . . Ac m on i a . Ma n e s
ha v e been bu r n e d i n t h e t m e o f D i ocl e i an d Me n I bel iv
e e to be th e s a m e w or d

t i an. J ou r n H . el l . S t 1 8 8 3,
. p . 31 .

EL S V O L
. . I V . F F
4 22 T H E C IT IE S A N D B I S H O P R I C S O F P H R Y GI A .

the gr e a t g od of this district id e n ti e d w ith t he Gre e k

Ze u s .

XX V D I O C L E I A
. . A c oi n i n th e British Mu s e u m i s O bv .

B u st ( of E l a g a b a l u s)
. to right l a u r e a t e d :
,
1

MAYP AN T Q N I N O C AY I

R e v A p oll o st a n di n g right h oldi n g pl e ctr u m

.
, and lyr e ,
w hich
r e sts on a pill a r b e hi n d hi m trip od , .

A I O K A E AN Q N MO I S AN Q N

T hefoll ow i n g i n scripti on fou n d by Mr , . S t e rr e t t, form s a g oo d

c om m e n t a ry on t h e c oi n

N o .

I n a fo u n t a i n ,
t e n m i nu t e s we st of D ol a , on the r oa d to
E m i ra s J ,

K I O N E E ii I I MI O N
E E YH P O N TT E P T I
N AK AZ A P MAT I K O N F E P
MAN I K O N B P E T AN I K O N
5 Z E B AZ T O N N E O N H AI O N
H U PO K E K PI ME N -
T O Y MO Z
\ N Q N AH MO Y A I O K AE I A
N AZ T H Z AN T Q N U AP E
AYT Q N K TI E T P Q N I O Y K A
10 TT I T G N O Z E F N AT I AN O Y YI T E P
T O YY I O Y MA P K O Y K A I P O Y O Y P O Y
( b P I O Y K P I Z U O Y K A I C DI A A A E ACDO Y I I
A l - M- I T P I O Y F P AMMAT E Y
O N T O E T O YA H MO Y
15 MAP K O Y B T O YO Y A
'

2
AE P I O YE T O YC C I I A
'

'

T he d a t e is 1 9 7 A D I n li n e 6 t h e phr a s e 75 w p ox e/cp tp e vn
.

Mo f is r m rk bl D i l i h
'

o t
p A

7 0 3
1 e a v w o v t o lck e ca e a a e : oc e a w as e

P f G d w h o k i d ly s d 11 5 [we i 9 K v ery l g ; d s
1 n en s 2
ro . ar n e r, n ar e oe
,
me n ot e o f h i oi d d s t h t th e
m p o may g
g u rd i
n a a
i t s t n d f r K pi
e
a c
of hi s s on
c ail
a o u o v, a an
e ei r a ra a.
i 1 0 E li n e .
 4 24 T H E C T I IE S AN D BIS H O PR C S I O F P H RY G I A .

M A P K O C O YATI I O C C AB I N O C
GT G I M H C AN T O N E
A YT w N n A I T PA C

T he this i n scripti o n is giv e n by t h e n a m e s M U lpi u s

d a te of .

N e k t a r e o s a n d M U l p i u s S a bi n u s S a b i n u s i s a n a m e of t h e
. .

F l a vi a n dy n a sty a n d t w o br oth e rs n a m e d M U l p iu s m u st h a v e
,
.

b e e n b o r n i n t h e ti m e o f T r aj a n T he fo r m u l a e r e ra na a v 7 6 v .

w a r e a is c o m m o n on p a g a n t o m bst o n e s a n d t h e dir e ct si m pl e
p ,

n a t u r e o f t h e e pit a ph w ou ld on t h e pri n cipl e s w e h a v e l a id ,

d ow n be s u fci e n t e vid e n c e t o pl a c e t his a m on g t h e e a rli e st

,

C hristi a n i n scrip t i on s T h e r e ligi on of t h e fa m ily is pr ov e d on ly

.

by a si m pl e cr oss c u n n i n gly c on c e a l e d a m o n g or n a m e n t a l tra c e ry .

T h e n a l l e tt e rs 6 C a r e u n i n t e lligibl e t o m e u n l e ss th e y giv e ,

t he d a te 205 1 21 A D
,
1
T he i n scripti on is c o m pl e t e
2 . . T he .

fo u n ta i n i n w hich it w a s fou n d is a b o u t thre e or fou r m il e s

fr om E u c a rp i a a n d s i x or s e v e n fr om H i e ro pol is
,
.

N o . 36 .

I n t h e i n t e ri o r of th e p a ss a g e l e a di n g t o t h e m e n s b a th r oom -

a t t h e h ot spri n gs n e a r H i e r op ol i s : o n a s m a ll fr a g m e n t of a
-

m a rbl e bom os : c om pl e t e a t t op a n d l e ft br ok e n a t right a n d ,

b ot t om .

E I E P C D M- l

E ME N BA Z Ah l
K A I BA Z I A I Z
T O AO N X P

AA O N A E I A O N

z PA r E I A A N E

K A I Z Y P I H Z TT E
K A I A Z T E A TI A

E c PA T H N M A

1
Th i s e xp l i
a n a t on d id n ot ccu o r to ing it I al w a y s as s ign ed th e d a te , on

m e for m an y m on th s a fte r di g
n n th e a cc ou n t of the n om en cl a t u re , a s 1 1 5 3 0
i n s e i i p t io n f r om th e m om e n t of n d .
a m .
 T H E C IT IE S AN D B I S H O P RI C S O F P H RY G I A . 4 2 C

10 T H AE Z XO N Z Y N O

n AYAO N

v a N E no
I I Z I IZ I

K Ad n A r e e H K E
H A N T L H XO Y N A F

15 H AN ME F E O I - K AG
E AP A Z AT o n A Pe r
K A I T O Y T O N E TI
1
/ o u r zo
'

his i n scripti is fr
T on apit ph a gm en t of the e a o f S a i n t A be r c i u s .
2

A cc ordi n g t o t h e l e g e n d a ry life o f t h e S a i n t h e o rd e r e d his ,

e pita ph t o be e n gr a v e d on a n a lt a r br ou ght fr o m t h e hipp odr o m e

i n R o m e by t h e d e vi l w h o m h e c a st o u t of t h e d a u ght e r o f
M A u r e li u s T h e st on e o n w hich t h e e pit a ph w a s e n gra v e d
. .

w a s a bl o ck o f m a rbl e n e a rly sq u a r e O n e sid e w a s p l a i n e xc e pt .

for a circ u l a r g a rl a n d or cr ow n i n t h e m i d dl e a n d a br o a d d ou bl e ,

b a n d of m ou ldi n g r ou n d th e e dg e T h e o t h e r t h r e e si de s w e r e .

o cc u pi e d by t he i n scripti on w h ich w a s e n gr a v e d i n a s u n k p a n e l
,

s u rr ou n d e d by a br oa d b a n d o f m ou ldi n g T h e br e a d th o f this
. .

p a n e l on th e sid e th a t r e m a i n s m u st h a v e b e e n a b ou t ft e e n t o
sixt e e n i n c h e s .

I t is u n fo rt u n a t e th a t s o s m a ll a fr a g m e n t o f s o i n t e r e sti n g a n
i n scripti on h a s b e e n pr e s e rv e d bu t e v e n this fr a g m e n t c on r m s
t h e tr a d iti on a l t e xt i n s o m e of t h e m o st i m p o rt a n t p o i n ts T h e r e .

is a g a p i n t h e tr a diti on a l t e xt w h e r e t h e w o rds a r e fa r t oo fe w
t o ll t h e m e a s u r e O n t h e st o n e its e lf th e r e h a s b e e n a d e e p
.

e r a s u r e p r e cis e l y i n t h is pl a c e T h e tr a diti on a l t e xt w a s th e r e .

fo r e w ritt e n d ow n fr om th e st on e a ft e r this e r a s u r e obvi o u sly ,

a n i n t e n ti on a l o n e h a d b e e n m a d e ,
T h e t w o li n e s m a y h a v e .

b e e n e r a s e d fr om m e r e w a n t on n e ss bu t this is c e rt a i n ly v e ry ,

i m pr ob a bl e T h e e r a s u r e m u st h a ve b e e n m a d e by a p e rs on
.

w h o h a d s o m e r e a s on t o oblit e r a t e pr e cis e ly th e s e li n e s : h e m u st

th e r e for e h a v e b e e n a C h ri sti a n n ot a p a g a n a n d i t is a n e a sy , ,

c onj e ct u r e t o m a k e th a t t h e li n e s d i d or s e e m e d t o fa v ou r s om e
1
Li n es 1 1 -1 2 era s e d ; t he to p s of R ev d es Qu es t E aston , J u l y 1 883 ,
. . pp .

t h e l e tt er s i n 1 1 an d 18 a l on e ar e pr e 1

de Ros s B u l l d A r ch ol C hr t, i . .

s er v ed , a n d t h e bot t om s of t h e l e t ter s 1 88 2, p . 79 D u ch e s n e, B u l l C r i ti qu e
.

in 1 2 . t . iii p . . 1 35 al s o J ou r n H . el l . S tu d .

9
c
S cc D u h es n e , S a i n t A bcr czu s , i n
'

1 88 2 , P t I I .
.
4 26 T H E C IT I E S AN D B I S H O P RI C S O F P H R Y GI A .

h e r e sy a n d w e r e on th a t a cc ou n t r e m ov e d by a n orth od o x z e a l o t
, .

F r a g m e n ts o f t h e l e tt e rs h a v e b e e n l e ft s u fci e n t t o e n a bl e u s ,

t o r e a d t h e n a m e I I a Go a t t h e b e gi n n i n g of t h e rst li n e T his .

n a m e l u ckily s o i m p e rfe ctly e r a s e d

, su gg e sts a r e a s on for t h e ,

A cc ordi n g t o G ibb o n s a cc o u n t t h e P a u lici a n s pl a c e d

1
ac t .
,

P a u l on a m u ch high e r r a n k th a n t h e oth e r a p ostl e s : it is

p ossibl e t h a t t h e e r a su r e w as m a d e fr om h a tr e d of t h e P a u lici a n
h e r e sy a b ou t t h e e n d of t h e s e v e n th c e n t u ry T h e L e g e n d of .

t h e S a i n t c a n th e r e fo r e n ot h a v e b e e n c o m m itt e d t o w r iti n g
e a rli e r th a n th e e ig h t h c e n t u ry a n d t h e th e o ry w hich I for m e rly ,

pr op os e d i n this J o u r n a l a s t o t h e d a t e m u st be a b a n d on e d .

A t t h e s a m e ti m e I m u st a d d th a t t h e pr oofs I a dv a n c e d a t t h e
s a m e t i m e t o sh o w th a t t h e l e g e n d gr e w i n th e v a ll e y of S a n dykly
a n d w a s w rit t e n d ow n by a p e rs o n fa m ili a r w i t h t h e l oc a lity ,

still a pp e a r t o m e c o rr e ct .

I n li n e 1 1 t h e sixth l e tt e r is N a n d r o r E Zi ee I n 15 N M
'

, .
,

and in 1 7 N E a r e Zi ee T h e n u m b e r of l e tt e r s i n e a c h li n e

v a ri e s : t h e e igh t l e tt e rs o f E dgbp d r q e o cc u py m or e sp a c e th a n

th so e o f
m i cza r e a

T h e br e a dth of t h e rst li n e is 6 %i n ch e s ,

o f 1 0 a n d 1 1 w hich a r e t h e l on g e st 9 i n ch e s n t h e r e st o
, % I ,
.

r a ti on o f t h e d ou btfu l p a ss a g e 9 1 2 t h e rst p oi n t t o be ,

s e ttl e d is t h e e n d o f t h e h e x a m e t e rs I n a ll ot h e r c a s e s t w o .

li n e s o f t h e i n s c ripti on c o rr e sp on d t o on e h e x a m e t e r e xc e pt ,

p e rh a ps 8 a n d 1 0 H e r e th e tr a d iti on a l t e xt c e rta i n ly s u gg e sts

.

th a t t h e a rr a n g e m e n t is diffe r e n t bu t I b e li e v e th a t e v e n i n ,

this c a s e it is s a fe st t o a dh e r e to t h e g e n e r a l r u l e of t h e
i n scripti on .

T h e st on e c on r m s th e r e a di n g [m i l d-r77 i n 1 0 t h e w d v r a s of '

som e MS S is th e r e for e a c orr e cti on a d o pt e d t o giv e m e a n i n g t o

.

a v voy
n yzp o v s S u spici o n is t h u s thro w n on t h e l a tt e r w ord
r
.

w hich m or e ov e r o ffe n ds a g a i n st e t m o l ogy a n d pr o s ody It h as

y .

2
b e e n u su a l t o a cc e pt this w o rd a s g i v i n g t h e t on e of th e
p a ssa g e a n d m e r e ly t o c orr e ct its for m t o a v uop nyep ea e bu t
,
v

th e r e is n o c on c e iva bl e r e a s on w hy a v v oa ny ep a q sh ou ld h a v e r

b e e n c orr u pt e d i n t o s u ch a fo r m a s a v vo w lyyzip o v c T h e tr u th l
t
.

is ra th e r th a t t h e e n di n g o v 9 w a s disti n ct on t h e ston e a n d -
,

th a t is a c o rru pti on or a c onj e ctu r e t o ll a g a p T h e .

a v i l bl e t cc p t th g e l
1
Th ly
e on on e m e t th a a o a bt i
e d by
a e s e en ra s en s e o a ne
tim e of w i ti g
r n . th m t h g h d b t i g t h ir e x c t e ou ou n e a
,

S oP it a d D ub
r an D u c h es di g
u er : ne r ea n .
4 28 T H E C IT IE S AN D B I S H O P RI C S O F P H R YG I A .

M de R o ssi c onj e ct u r e s ea s p a s
. t/
}
L
i n e s 3 4 o f t h e e pig a p h i c
t e xt h a v e l o st thr e e l e tt e rs a t t h e b egi n n i n g a n d fou r a t

th e end .

7
"

d '
r
] o
/ '
Xw
'

[ Z i v i
] ip

vga a ve pc 9 3 a ros
'
v J a

T h e r e st of t h e t e xt h a s a l w a ys b e e n c orr e ctly giv e n a n d n e e d ,

n o t be r e p e a t e d I pr e fe r am p s ; t o di a vep d v a s n e a r e r t he
.
,

c orr u pt K a l p o o f t h e tr a diti on a l t e xt

.

N o . 38 .

At H j
od a l a r , a vill a g e of Mox e a n i o n t h e r oa d
the ,

P e p ou z a t o D i oc l e i a , is an o bl on g t a bl e t m a rk e d by li n e s on a

sl a b of m a rbl e .

AY P H A I O I
F AI O Z K AI MH b
N o c I AO Z A TT O Z Z T P A T E I Q N
U A I A E Z AYP AZ K A A d Z
MY T O Y K A I AY P
AO MN H Z E I PH N A YT O N B MO N K Al T N

5 K AT AY T O YE O P O N Z Y N T GD I T E P I B O A GD K O I
N G Z K A T E Z Z K E YA Z A N E A Y T O I Z K A I
T A I Z I Y N A I Z I N AY T ME
'

CDN Z Z A AE I N H
TT ATI A K A I BA Z I A C D E Y Z E N O Y Q V
MH AE N l
E T E P GD E Z GI N A I E TT I Z E N E N K E I N H O E I N A I
1 0 Z E N O N N E K PO N H Z O P O N MO N O IZ I N H Z I O IZ
'

l -MQ N T E K N O I Z E I A E T I Z Y TI E N A N T I O N TT O I H
O N P Q E Z T A I AYT Q I T P O Z T O N G E O N

T A ME I
2
T O GD ol l| I A

1
T he co j
n e ct u re of M . d e Ros s i w as
p oi t e xc p t th r adi ng I for P
n e e e bu t
un kn ow n t o m e t ill a ft er my r e tu r n
I d i d n t b v th t l i e 3 4
o o s er e a n s -
we e r
fro m P h ryg i a i n O ct ober . T he re ma r k s
lo g n th li
er 1 2 an nes
c
.

m a de by m e i n Re v A r hed 1 883 ,
p
S e te mber , on t h e a u t h or ty
.

i
.

of Mr .
9 I n 2 T and E l i e, i n 9 t h e c
s e on d

S te rr e t t, r e q u i re c o rr e c ti on i n th i s one E of E Z E IN AI i v y m s a er s all l e t te r
p i o nt . I n a ll o th er s Mr . S te r r '
e tt s i ns er te d a s a c c ti b t w
orr e on e e en 2 and

r e a d ng i and m e a s u re m e n ts w e re
p e r ~
l , in M N a nd Mll c i n 1 2 O N a t the
fe c t l y a ccu ra te . I saw the s to n e in
beg i n n i ng are c e rta n , i
,

bu t t h e l e t s d e f i
O ct o b er . T he rs t h a s ty copy of t he
of t he foll w i g o n l e t te r i s bl u r r e d an d
s t on e m a d e by m e i n N v e m be r 1 881
I
o
y be i th er P
,
ma () I ettr c l i c e

or a
an d p u bl s h e d i
in B u l l . C or r . H el l .
e or .

1 8 82 , p . 5 1 8, w as a cc ur a te in e ve ry
 T H E C IT IE S AN D B I S H O P RI C S O F P H R Y GI A . 4 20

T he styl e of this i n scripti on t h e fo r m o f t h e l e tt e rs a n d th e , ,

w a i n w h ich it is pl a c e d on t h e m a rbl e sh o w th a t it is v e ry
y ,

u n lik e ly t o b e l a t e r t h a n 2 5 0 A D T h e u n iv e rs a l u s e o f t h e .

r a en om en Au r e li u s p o i n ts t o this e p och T h e fo r m u l a i n li n e
p .

1 0 sh o w s t h a t w e h a v e h e r e t h e e pit a ph o n t h e fa m ily t om b o f
t w o C hristi a n s o ldi e rs : A dp u o r F d l o s K a i a gbt h o c am ; r .

da
'
fe s A dp Aa (D a i A dp A ti/ um
'

o a r
p a reu
'
v, w a .
'

xhc i r ov
'
Ka .

E lp nu a [{ 5 B p bv i iyv dr m) a ov a dv 7 3 r e t i l e

] V w Ka Ka r c
'
o u 7 r a
, p 9 p
i
'
a vr o i s Zs y v va t fi v dr i v
'

i

-
he K ow a e K a r e a o I c e v a cm v ra
'
) Ka a

Me a a a h e rvn H a m ? i B a a l h cp E g vo v d

8 23 re
'
Ka
# 1
'
6 7
2 p g) .

de l l/ a t E e v o v ve/cp ev
'

fe fva t e m a e ve z me i v a p ov p o
'

r o us
'

ru
p
v
,y
'
lo ne em 5 5e r ts i [o e r
' '

a r / ow 6
'
in r e va vn o v 7r o n
'
a ra t
'

a rrf g 7 5V [ xa l 7 3 &c
9 .

H odj a l a r m a y be th e sit e o f T y m i on th e , ea rly s e a t o f

Mon ta n is m .

30 .

O n a b as is or ll a mas o f v e ry si m pl e for m i n the vill a g e of

Ma g h aj i l . W MR . . .

A YP A I O N O I

A Jp . mo m

E I O E TI P E C B m os w DI
p ea

T E PO E Z Q N K A re {c312
p os I ca

T E E K E YA E E N T ea x ei a or eu i
T O KO I M l -T -P l r d xo mmript
O N E I P l- N TI A C I e i riw )
-

ou
p
T o nc A A E Ac o b 7 o dS eMo
b (5 IE is
T hei n scri pt i on fr om t h e for m of t he l e tte r s a n d, , t he us e of

t h e t e r m x o ca m p zo v is pr ob a bly n ot ea rli e r t h a n , the fou rth

c e n t u ry T h e i n scripti o n b e l on gs t o E u ca rpi a
. .

N o . 40 .

O n a ba s i s o f fo r m si m il a r to t h e l a st ,
in t he s a m e vill a g e .

A Y P l -I A I O C Adp i ilu os
'
A C K A l -I U dnb

I AAI Aa '

t n a

E TI O I l -C E N T O c w o rna e v 7 0
E }
4 30 T H E C IT IE S AN D B I S H O P RI C S O F P H RY G I A .

T O T O KO I M I l
T )

5 PI O N E I PH N I p t ov

e ip vl};
H AC I lT l I A A E /- - 77 d c i elt
i [ dz!

I KAI O I i
'

Ka s

K 7 . . h .
J
his i n scripti on is c e rt a i n ly of t h e s a m e p e ri od a s t h e p r e
T
c e di n g B oth b e l on g t o E u ca rp i a a n d b oth m e n ti on th e x o w ov
.
,

r d m &S ea ci i v w hich is a ll u d e d t o i n a n i n scripti on o f t h e s a m e

'

f ,

district b el on gi n g pr ob a bly t o t h e third c e t ry T h e s a l u t a ti on

n u 1
.

of p e a c e w hich w a s i n th a t c e n t u ry giv e n t o a ll th a t p a ss e d by

is n ow strictly c on n e d t o t h e br o th e rh ood .

I h a v e u s e d t h e n a m e P e n t a p olis t o d e sig n a t e t h e v e a n ci e n t
citi e s of t h e v a ll e y of S a n dykly T h e n a m e is j u sti e d by t h e .

foll o w i n g sig n a tu r e a tt a ch e d t o t h e A ct S y n od V 5 5 3 A D . . .
, .

( L a bb e p I a u l zcs ( 221 213 6 01 9 21 3 S fcctor i z ci vi ta ti s P en ta

'

, .
,

oli ti ca c r eg i m es P hr g i a e S a l u ta r i s
p r or i n ci a e T h e v e citi e s
'

p y ,
.

a r e ( 1 ) E u ca rp i a b e t w e e n t h e vill a g e s Men t e s h Ma g h aj il a n d
, , ,

Ill e Me sj id H i e r op ol i s K otch Hiss a r 3 ) O tr ou s T ch or

, , , ,

Hiss a r (4 ) S t e ct or i on E m ir Hiss a r (5 ) B rou zos K a r a S a n dykly

, , , , .

I m a y fe licit a t e m ys e lf o n h a vi n g l on g a g o pl a c e d thr e e of th e s e
2
citi e s i n th is v a ll e y a n d on e on t h e e x a ct sit e : th e e vid e n c e ,

a v a il a bl e th e n w a s v e ry slight .

I m u st h e r e a dd a n i n scripti on a n d a c oi n w hich w ill I b e li e v e , ,

n a lly j u stify m e i n r e st ori n g H i e r op oli s t o its pl a c e a m on g t h e

citi e s of t h e R om a n E m pir e .

N o . 41 .

O s m a ll c ol u m n of m a rbl e i n a c e m e t e ry b e tw e e n t w o littl e
n a

vill a g e s b oth n a m e d K u y uj a k h a lf a n h ou r n o r th o f K o tch

, ,

Hissa r T h e i n scripti on is s o c om plic a t e d th a t I sh a ll giv e it

.

pi e c e m e a l It w a s o rigi n a lly pl a c e d a s a m il e ston e of t h e e m p e r or

.

P r ob u s 2 7 6 8 2 bu t o n t h e a cc e ssi on o f D i o cl e ti a n t h e n a m e
, ,

P r ob u s w a s e r a s e d a n d D i ocl e ti a n s u bstit u t e d i n s m a ll e r a n d
c oa rs e r l e tt e rs T h e h o riz on t a l str ok e of t h e
. a l on e r e m a i n s

t o sh ow t h e o rigi n a l n a m e .

C p i d by H m il t on t S
1
o e dy k l y : a T oi V il / P h yg i a B ll C r an
2
r s a es r . n u . or .

c mm t d
o en e by d R i Rm
on H ll J l y 1 8 8 2 e os s ,
o a. e .
, u , .

S ll
e i p 1 06
er . . . .
4 32 THE C I T I ES AN D B I SH O P RI CS O F P H RYG I A .

F in ally a t so m e l ater ti m e perh a ps during the w a rs bet w een

, ,

L icinius a nd C onst a ntine t h e n am e of C onst a ntius w a s er a s e d .

,

a nd here w ith ends the stra nge e v entful history of th e m iles t one .

T he coin in question is a s ma ll co a rse one .

O bv F e ma le bust to left w ith turreted he a d holding u p t h e

.
,

right h a nd in fro nt of t h e fa ce : b e hind her a corn u copi a

| P O TI O A I C .

R ev . st a nding f cing but w ith A scl e pios a ,

he a d turned to left ; w e a ring hi ma t ion res t ing the righ t ,

h a nd on a st a ff round w hich a serpent t w ines I bought this

,
.

coi n fro m a pe a s a nt t S a ndykly it w a s undoubtedly found i n

a :

t h e v a lley a nd ma y be a ssigned w ith c e rt a in t y to H i e r op l i s

,
I o .

believe th a t a ll coins be a ring the legend a nd

belonging like this one to a period l ater th a n 1 8 0 A D may be .

a ssigned to H i e r op oli s inst e a d of H ier apolis in t h e L ycus v alley

1
, .

It is a bout 1 8 0 th a t the coin ag e of t h e s ma ller ci t ies of upper

Phrygi a begins .

In this p aper m uch use h a s b e n made of t h e A si a n e ra : e v ery e

d a ted inscription of Phrygi a w h i h c a n be te t ed e m ploys a n e r a c s

t h a t begins a t the a utu m n e quino x 8 5 B C I w ill here a d d . .

a good ex am ple
. .

O n a colu m n in th e vill age of Inch : in the .

court of the
Mu s e/ i 7 "
O de .

A YT O K P A T O P I
K A I C A P I E E BA C T Q F E P M
AN I KQT O Z TAO YK I Q MI N O YK I Q

E T O YC P O B MTT A N H MO Y P O YCDQ YI T I
0 | E N N A E I K A T O I K O YN T E C P Q MA I O I T E K AI Q

T he e m peror s n am e h a s been er a sed T h e re never n y

. w as a

Conclusion to this inscription unle s s it , w as e n g r a ed n t h e b ck

v o a

of the colu m n w hich is co n c e a l c d .

1
Mi on n e t g i v e s on e s u c h c o n . i T he 3
B i n l in e 4 i s of p ecu l i ar s h a p e
i
r u n s of H i e rop ol i s a re fa r m or e i m p os
,

i ng t h an t h os e of O t rou s 01 S tc c t ori on .
Y Q)i and Yn b ot h 1 m on og l mn '
 TH E C I T I E S AN D B I S H O PR C S I 0 F P H RYG I A .

A dm /( p T o p t [A oi t m a r qi ] K a rc a p t l eBa a r gB I ep p a m m 7 2;
' '

BK o m ro Mt v o u m m P o dqbgo &w ir o c gr o v e p oB # 0 0 6 9 )
'

, , ,

H a mil/ 0 12 o f e u N u a I c a r o u co w r e e P w u a i o o 7 6 K e i
' '
' '

.
,

T he d a t e i s g i v e n b y t h e c o n s ul s o f 88 ea r
A H . . . an d by t he y

1 72 o f the A s i a n e ra T h e o ld na m e . f t h pl c i
o t ill r t i e d
e a e s s e a n

under t h e 11 a m I c h T h e n .
p r a mzo m m of R u fu s h s hith e r t a o

b en doub t fu l i n t h e J h s i
e
'
.

A DD E N D A .

I . R RAS O S . T his pl a ce is m en t ion e d in T heoph a n e s pp 4 t , .

a nd and in G a len ,
Sw ap . I p 3 1 2 (quoted by
. .

\Ve s s e li n g under K r a te i a of T he
'

,
(N Z H zr r oc r l m ,

fi rst p a ss a ge h a s been quoted a bove T he second sho w s th a t .

K r a o s w a s in th e O p s i k i a n T he m e
s A r t a v a s d os c a m e fro m .

D or y l a i o n w hich is still t h e chi f m ilit a ry st a t i n of t hi s

, e o

d i trict a n d a t t a cked the young e m peror C ons t a n t ine un a w a r

s ,
e s

in th e pl a i n of K r a s os C onsta ntine fl ed to A m or i u m P r e ha bl v . .

Kr a s a s w a i n th e lo w er T e m bri s v a lley T he w or ds o f Ga l e n
s

conr m t his situ a tion : N t a t a K a i I I p o cm K t K p a a ou a i

x a

a K

K h a v Bcov rr oM s


xa i I o vk zo z w ok t e, &Ah ct xa i A op zk a co v
p v 60 73 27 2; Wesseling unnecessa rily

re a ds K p dr el a: K d
p s i s better Kr u s e s w a s in Phrygi a but o a o
-
.
,

not in th a t p a rt of Phr y gi a included in t h e province of A si a ; it

w a s in the O s i k i a n T he m e a n d C onst a ntine w hen defe a t ed
p , ,

there directed his ight t o A m or iu m T he s e i n d ic a t ions point

, .

to the neig h bourhood of A lpi on the T e m br i s ten r t w elve ,

o

m iles e a st of Mi da i on ( K a r a E v u k ) .

II T he inscriptio n
. G 3 0 0 2 0 w a s copie d by I a m il ton .
,

w ith perfect a c c u r a e v do w n to the l a st sy m bol w hich he ma kes ,

)
-
. In re a lity i t is a X through the m iddle of w hich ru n s a ,

t a ll vertic al line It is a n unsuccessful a tte m pt by a n unskilfu l

.

e n g r av e r
l
to render the C hristi a n m onogra m ; the end of the

1
Fi nla v re ers f t o N i ce ph . Pat 3 .
9
E | r 0 N 0 | E in 8 a w h l
o e l i ne
w h i ch I h a v e no m ean s o f v er i fy i ng .
om i tted a fte r 9 .
4 34 THE C I T I ES AND B I SH O P RI CS O F P H R YG I A .

inscription is 6 5 [5 6

w e

em
x et
pf w a et QGZVCI L
] gr ap o v go n, zo

7 c
p ? T oy
T he of a w hole l ine in this inscription co m p ared
e m i s s i on ,

w ith the revers a l of t w o lin e s in t h e c a ses m entioned a bo e v ,

N o 2 6 sho w th a t the P h r vg i a n e n gra ver usu a lly w orked fro m

.
,

a p attern in w hich the w ords w ere a rr anged in lines ex a ctly a s

,

on the s tone .

T his inscription is m ost prob a bly of the third century a n d ,

proves th a t a C hristi a n w a s a t th a t ti m e a m e m ber of the

E u m e n i a n S en a te .

III It .ould be i m port a nt to deter m ine the ex a ct d a te of

w

N 0 . a s sho w ing w hen the C hristi a n for m ul a e ddS e I ce n

v /e

S ew -
h a d est ablished itself Professor Mo mm sen w ho m I
a t .
,

consulted c a nnot give a ny de n ite da t e ; th e epithet Aa m pd

, r

a pplied to the governor of P a c a t i a n a sho w s th a t it is ,

l a ter th a n the N ot D ig n B ut I am inclined to think th a t

1
. .

it is not l a ter th a n the fth century .

It may be observed th a t in the fth century the ol d m ethod

of d ating fro m the R o ma n er a 8 5 B C p a sses out of use in . .
,

P hrygi a \Vith one exception the l atest d a te of the kind is

.

u aB
( see
'

a bo ve N o t e 388 A D A bout t,
h e ye a r 4 0 0 A D
. . . . . .

the d ate by indictions beco m es co mm on in Phrygi a B yz a ntine .

d a ting a nd C hristi a n sepulchr a l for m ul a s suppl a nt the ol d

R o ma n custo m s I n one c a se the R o ma n d a te gbq a i s use d
.

a longside of the d ate by indiction but w hile d a tes a nd 7 a re , a

'

very co mm on u is very r a re a nd d) only in this exception a l

,
2 '

c a se .

A fr a g m ent a ry inscription copied by a G reek I n tr os ne a r ,

P hilo m eliu m conr m s the belief th a t E m m

, p e s 6 6 6 1 a a 7 v 6 /

is a v a ri ation of the p a g a n cu rse introd u ced by C hristi a n

scruple .

N o . 43 .

At Kor a se : copy given m e in Ak S he b er .

O C AN T A AY T H T 8: 3 12
C O P U K AK O C P U F E A p[ ]
'
0 0 3 c

K a x oe
py
r
ea

1
T h e re th e g ov e rn or i s a y ep y i n ,
7
'
is n ot c om m on in C '
. I . bu t
H ie roc l e s h e i s a u 1r a a
'
'
S . I k n ow m a n y un p u bl i s h e d e x am pl es .
 TH E C I T I ES AN D B I SH O P R I C S O F P H R YG I A .

3 . T he i m p or ta nt inscri ption ,
I . G 9266
.
,
prob a bly belongs
to the e a rly ye a rs of this century .

F if th
'
r n l zzr y .

1 . No . 20 .

O ing to the ch a r a cter of B yz a ntine rule inscriptions of

w ,

priv a te individu a ls see m to be r a re in the fth a nd sixth

centuries \Vhi le the A r a bs w ere r a v a ging Asi a Minor in t h e
.

seventh a n d eighth centuries w e c a n expect no inscriptions a nd , ,

a fter quiet w a s resto ed the inner country never recovered r ,

educ a tion enough to produce a ny thing beyond a fe w o f ci a l

inscriptio n C I G 9 2 6 1 c a nnot there fore be a ssigned to
s . . . .

C entur y VI I but ra t he r to t h e preceding century a t l a test

, .

W M . . R A MS AY .

TH E RU I N S O F H I S S AR L I K .

T H E E d it ing C o mm ittee h a ve receive d a n ote fro m D r D o rp .

feld in reference to the letter signe d by hi m i n t h e T i mes of

2 2 n d Ma rch 1 8 8 3 ( see H ell en i c J ou r n a l IV p
, , . .

D r D erpfe ld a ccepts t h e responsibility of th a t letter a s a

.

t ra nsl a tion of his a rticle in t h e A l lycmci n e Z ei tu ng of 3 0 th

Ma rch but st a tes th a t in signing it b e overlooke d the insertion
,

of the w ord prehistoric in connection w it h the 5 th city a t

H iss a rlik .

E RRAT U M .

Pag e 1 5 8, l in e 1, f or

Am p h ora -s t o pp i n g from Taren tu m "
r ea d

A mp h ora
t pp i
s o ng from A l ex a n d ri a .