Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
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PUBLIC BUILDINGS
SUBANG PARADE
6.0 References 74
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Subang Parade was the first regional shopping centre in Selangor when it was opened in 1988. The
centre is located in the heart of Subang Jayas commercial district, a township which is 25 minutes
drive from Kuala Lumpur. Upon its completion it was the longest mall in South East Asia.
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 ABSTRACT
The research report will be looking into the workings of services system in the Subang Parade such as
the air-conditioning and ventilation system, fire safety system, electricity supply system and water
supply system. The report will aim at introducing the fundamentals of all the mentioned system as
well as an analysis of the system and the advantages and disadvantages that have been analysed
and synthesized to our own understanding and also based on the regulations of the buildings and its
services such as Uniform Building By Law and also Malaysia Standards Requirements and adherence
will also be analysed based on each service respected controlling arm.
1.2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like extend our gratitude to each individual that has helped and assisted us to complete
this research report which without your involvement, this report would be insufficient and
unsatisfactory. A special thanks we would like to give to Ar. Sateerah for guiding us through each
tutorials and providing us with an aim to accomplish.
We would also like to thank the staffs at Subang Perade, especially Mr. Rahman for welcoming and
giving us an insight into the services system incorporated into the building and also for being patient
and understanding,
2
INTRODUCTION
1.3 METHODOLOGY
The purpose of this report is to familiarize ourselves with the application of building systems,
which in future can be applied to our design proposals. Thus, demonstrating our understanding in
building operations.
1.Conduct preliminary research concerning the systems that encompasses building services
systems
Mechanical ventilation
Air-conditioning system
Fire protection system
Mechanical transportation
2. Arrange case study site visit to a multi-storey building of our choosing ( Subang Parade ) at
some time during the project
3. Document the systems in place and interview maintenance personnel concerning the details of
the system they have in place in their premise.
4. Make a report concerning our findings which includes our explanation of the functions as well as
analysis as we understand them throughout this project.
Project Limitations:
3
MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
2.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Mechanical ventilation systems circulate fresh air via ducts and fans rather than relying on the natural
airflow brought upon by physical holes in the fabric of the building in question
The smoke control system functions in conjunction with other active fire protection systems in the
building to provide a safe and effective response in the event of a fire.
4
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
"Smoke Extraction". VENTS - manufacture of ventilation and air conditioning systems. N.p.,
2017. Web. 6 May 2017 provides an illustrated diagram regarding the effect a smoke control
system has during a fire event.
Chart "A" clearly shows that at the fire origin where no fire control systems are present the smoke
fume volume rapidly becomes critical.
Chart "B" shows that a fire control extraction system helps to significantly reduce the content of
smoke in the gas environment which remains below the safety threshold during the entire duration of
fire.
5
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
2.1.1 COMPONENTS OF SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM
EXTRACTION FAN
Smoke exhaust fans come in a variety of configurations mainly propeller, coaxial or centrifugal
each with its own suitable use cases. Extraction fans remove smoke,heated gasses and heat
away from an enclosure by creating an area of negative pressure which sucks out the smoke in the
given enclosure into its ductworks and finally dissipated to the atmosphere.Such fans are capable
of handling smoke and air mixtures with temperatures up to 600 .
DUCTWORK
6
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
FIRE DAMPERS
Fire dampers are usually installed at compartment walls and function to prevent the migration of
fire from one enclosure to another via the ductworks. They engage automatically with the use of
electric actuators or thermal lock (fusible link that melts when room temperature exceeds 75
degree celsius)
7
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Top: placement as indicated by blue highlighted line
The smoke control system used in Subang Parade are of the propeller fan variety which is
suitable as they are able to move large volume of air and their inability to move air over long
ductworks is offsets by the fact that they are all wall mounted and its exhaust is directed
directly to the surrounding atmosphere The smoke control fans mounted along the clerestory of
the gallery in Subang Parade are spaced out between 6m-6.5m apart from one another. Such a
layout maximises the area coverage of the smoke control fans in the event of the fire.
8
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
2.2 BASEMENT MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Ventilation of car parks is important to prevent the build-up of toxic fumes and flammable gases from
motor exhaust and also to clear smoke in the event of a fire. As stated in the UBBL 1984 By-law(refer
to 1.4 Analysis) a minimum of 6 air changes or 0.28 cmm per person every hour is required in a
basement car part setting. Such requirements are higher than other enclosures due to the fact that
air doesnt circulate well underground.
Natural Ventilation
For natural ventilation in basement car park linear flow systems in which the supply and exhaust
points are on either ends are preferred as they provide maximum coverage of circulated air as shown
in the diagram below:
Mechanical Ventilation
Figure 04: Air-conducting system diagram either have many moving parts or is very
expensive respectively.
9
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
This system comprises of 2 main parts as follows:
EVENLY DISTRIBUTED
While installing such systems obstructions such as the building's support beams or other service
must be taken into consideration. This is required in order to ensure continuous flow of air
without damaging other service as shown in the picture below.
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MECHANICAL VENTILATION
b) Extraction fans
Extraction fans removes fumes from vehicles and carbon dioxide away from the basement carpark by
creating an area of negative pressure within the ductwork which sucks out the gases into its
ductworks and finally dissipated to the atmosphere.
Figure 06: shows the fan grille of the extractor fan from the outside.
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MECHANICAL VENTILATION
2.3 KITCHEN FUME EXHAUST
As stated in the UBBL By-Laws regarding kitchen ventilation, kitchen enclosures requires at minimum
20 air changes per hour. This suggest that the air in a kitchen environment becomes foul very quickly
due to the intensity of activity and relatively small space.
In Subang Parade there are multiple restaurants with their own dedicated kitchens each of them will
require their own ventilation system. However we were not able to visit these kitchens as they in use
and we did not have their permission to do so.
With that being said most kitchen ventilation are relatively similar, most of it revolves around the
following components:
Hood
Filter
Extraction fan
Exhaust duct
Exhaust blower
13
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
14
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
2. 4 BY-LAW REQUIREMENTS
(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are
6.Filtration
Unless otherwise specified. Where air-conditioning is mentioned herein. It shall be deemed to include
air filtration down to a particle size of ten microns with an efficiency of not less than 70% arrestance.
(1) Basement and other enclosures below ground level used for working areas or occupancy of more
than two hours duration shall be provided with mechanical ventilation having a minimum of six air
(2) Basement or underground car parks shall be provided with mechanical ventilation such that the air
exhausted to the external atmosphere should constitute not less than six air changes per hour. Air
extract opening shall be arranged such that it is not less than 0.5 meters above the floor level period
system.
15
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
(3) Basement and other enclosures below ground level used for working areas or for occupancy of more
than two hours duration shall be provided with a minimum of one fresh air change per hour, or the
Where room, window or wall air-conditioning units are provided as means of air conditioning, such
(1) the minimum scale of fresh air ventilation in conjunction with recirculated, filtered and
conditioned air meeting with the requirements of ASHRAE STANDARD 62-73 shall be as follows:
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MECHANICAL VENTILATION
(2) The minimum scale of fresh air ventilation in conjunction with the mechanical ventilation systems
shall be as follows:
hour
Commercial premises
(the design shall be based on the actual requirements) 0.56 cmm per occupant
Note- that all other areas shall meet with the minimum requirements of the ASHRAE STANDARD
62-73.
17
AIR-CONDITIONING
SYSTEM
AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
3.0 AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
The term air conditioning has been defined by the American Society of Heating,Refrigerating,
and Air Conditioning Engineers as:
The air-conditioning system used in Subang parade is called the water chiller refrigeration
system, whereby change of phases of liquid refrigerant is used to absorb and release heat to
the atmosphere.
Figure 10: condenser & evaporator units located in the plant room
Heat that returns to the chiller via the AHU is removed using refrigerant (R-22 or HCFC-22 or
Chlorodifluoromethane) in a refrigeration cycle. They can work on either compression or
absorption systems.
19
AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
"Chiller Units - Designing Buildings Wiki". Designingbuildings.co.uk. N.p., 2017.
Web. 6 May 2017 offers the following definition for the refrigeration systems.
In compression systems, a liquid refrigerant with a low boiling point absorbs heat from
water returning from the building and boils in an evaporator to form a gas. The gas is then
compressed, which increases its temperature further. The gas is then condensed, releasing
its latent heat which is rejected to the outside. The process then repeats.
Absorption refrigeration works on a similar basis, with a refrigerant that boils at low
temperature and pressure, however, in this case, the refrigerant gas is then absorbed in a
solution which is then heated in a generator so that the refrigerant evaporates again, but
this time at a higher pressure and temperature. The gas is then condensed, releasing its
latent heat which is rejected to the outside. The process then repeats.
Air cooling, which rejects heat to the outside air by circulating it through the
condenser.
Evaporative cooling, which uses the addition of a water mist to the air to enhance
the cooling effect.
Water cooling, which is generally suited to large systems and requires connection
to cooling towers.
The system used in Subang Parade is based around the Compression system as it is the
most common type especially during the time its construction. Furthermore, Compression
systems are generally more powerful because it can operate on propane or other natural
gases, whereas Absorption systems a generally preferred for its portability and ease of
20
AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
maintenance comparatively. Its industrial uses are mostly for cooling machinery/equipment
rather than for Ventilation Air-Conditioning (VAC).
The chiller is located in the plant room which is in the basement due to weight and vibration
considerations. Which might affect public user at the upper levels.Subang Parade itself has 3
chillers which comes with 2 type of sizes: big and small. The 2 bigger chillers work alternately
daily to reduce wear and tear of its components. On the other hand, the small chiller operates
daily in conjunction with the 2 bigger chillers.
3.1.1 CONDENSER
3.1.2 EVAPORATOR
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AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
3.2 AIR HANDLING UNIT
Figure 13: on the left, AHU unit. On the right Mr. Rahman explaining the piping system
connected to the AHU room
Due to the large volume of space in terms of air circulation required in the shopping mall, this
building has 6 AHU rooms at each level in the building distributing and re-circulating treated air
throughout the building. The AHU is the machinery to circulate the fresh air into the large
volume of space of the shopping mall itself, the air that extracted from the malls goes through
The air is suck into the air grilles, to the air ionizer and lastly air filter. The function of air
ionizer is to remove the dust and contaminated substances in the air to ensure the air is clean
and fresh.
The cooling coils is made from copper pipes, the fins shape design will increase the surface
area of copper coils as to increase the heat transfer process to its maximum results, when hot
air is contact with the cooling coils it will loses its heat, and cool air is generated.
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AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
Figure 14: AHU plug fan
The pressure of the air is created by 2 types of fan, suction force into the cooling coil, secondly
is the fan that diffuse the air into the air supply duct.
Constant airflow system is used here which means the AHU from each floors has the ability to
manipulate the temperature of air diffused out from the vent by controlled panel in the AHU
rooms. Subang parade has a compact and enclosed rooms for AHU only,its is designed this way
is to avoid the AHU and other components in it from external pressure or diffusing of air from
different temperature as this will decrease the efficiency of this system.
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3.3 DIFFUSER
3.3.1 SUPPLY AIR DIFFUSERS
Diffusers is the medium that deliver the fresh filtered air into the interior spaces of Subang
Parade. Its a passive type of system which its pressure is determined by the fan speed
generated by the AHU rooms and total number of outlets available in the building, it means all
of the spaces will receive the same volume of air and temperature. The numbers of outlet on a
spaces is varies by how much heat is the spaces generating which corresponding with total
The outlets of the diffusers is in fins shape in order to split the strong pressure of fresh air
from the AHU rooms in order to ensure a comfortable pressure of air being forced out the
diffusers.
AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
3.3.2 RETURN AIR DUCT
Figure 16: Shows the return air duct in the AHU room
The role of return air duct is to transport the hot air out of the space back into the AHU rooms
to be filtered. Grillwork can be seen obviously from the inlets of the return air ducts in order to
avoid objects such as (balloons, tissue papers, etc) from being suck in and trasnfered back to
the AHU rooms which will damage the mechanical system in the room which will cause system
failure.
The solution is to filter the air at the first stage is installing a filter behind the return air duct
to decrease the workload of the air filtering system which the filter is easy to be clean/replaced
as compared to the AHU control rooms machinery.
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AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
3. 4 COOLING TOWER
From interviewing Mr. Rahman (maintenance personnel), we learned that there are 6 cooling
towers that can be found at the roof of Subang Parade which provide a passive pressure of
water using the gravity force, its function is to remove the latent heat from the condensed hot
water and then re-circulate the chilled water directly back to the chiller.
Subang Parade uses packaged cooling towers which is pre-assembled in factory by Nihon
Spindle. Packaged cooling tower is compact but the limitation is its capacity. Therefore, this
type of cooling towers is only used for low heat rejection requirements buildings.
Speed of cooling of the cooling towers varies depending on the fan size and the speed of the
fan, as it can be adjusted based on needs of the building. For this cooling towers The condensed
water from chiller room is pumped from the basement to the cooling tower and falls down over
the fill. To maximize the process of heat transfer between the air and the water latter is used,
induced draft fan sucks the air through the wetted fills and diffuse the hot air across the top of
the structure. Chilled water is collected at the bottom of the cooling towers and transferred
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AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
3.5 BY-LAW REQUIREMENTS
At normal comfort room temperature (23 to 26c), the acceptable air velocity would be in the
region of 0.15 to 0.5 m/s. The indoor design conditions of an air-conditioned space for comfort
cooling is recommended to have dry bulb of 23 to 26c. The recommended design relative
humidity is 55-70%. The recommended air movement is 0.15 to 0.5 m/s. According to
Department of Malaysian Standards, the maximum air movement is 0.7m/s.
Subang Parade Mall has proven through our case studies that it comply all the minimum
thermal control requirements stated in MS1525. Temperature of the dry bulb fulfill the
requirements which is 25c to achieve the thermal comfort for the users, workers in the
building.
Zones which are expected to operate non-simultaneously for more than 750 hours per year
shall be served by independent air conditioning systems. According to the Department of
Malaysian Standards, zones, which are expected to operate, should be served by separate air
distribution system. To comply with this requirement, the Subang Parade Mall , the offices
operate non-simultaneously for more than 750 hours per year by using the air distribution
system.
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AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
According to MS1525: 2007
Off-hour Control
Temperature control.
Each system should be provided with at least one thermostat for the regulation of
temperature. Each thermostat should be capable of being set by adjustment or selection of
sensors over a minimum range of between 22C to 27C. The Subang Parade Mall has a
thermostat at the top floor to measure temperature of building. Hence the temperature is
always at an average of 23C.
27
FIRE
PROTECTION
SYSTEM
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
4.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
4.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
Fire is defined as the rapid oxidation of a material through the chemical process known as
combustion. During this process, heat and light energies are released alongside other
by-products from the reaction process of the change of matter and energies.
Ignition
Growth
Development
Decay
Fire protection systems exist to slow down the spread of smoke and fire which in turn buys
more time for evacuation and minimises fire damage. This ultimately:
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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
4.1.2 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
Active fire protection (AFP) systems are those which are on full-time duty. Many AFP systems
rely on the detection of specific stimuli in order to initiate operation and are considered
automatic, such as sprinkler systems, though there are manual systems. AFP systems are
programmed to extinguish flames by:
Passive fire protection (PFP) systems rely on a buildings own structural design,
compartmentalisation, and materiality to slow down the spread of fire allowing occupants more
time to evacuate and to reduce damages caused by fire outbreaks. As opposed to AFP systems,
PFP systems require no mechanical operation of any sort to function. With fire rated structures,
additional partitions, and the proper compartmentalisation, a buildings PFP system should be
effective for at least 1 to 2 hours.
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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
4.2 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
4.2.1 Water Based Systems
Fire Hydrants
Fire hydrants are connection points by which firefighters can tap into a water supply. They are
high pressure pumps connected to the water main which allows firefighters and other
authorised users access to the main water supply. Fire hydrants give a continuous flow of
water which is vital for firefighters as a fire truck can only carry so much water on its own.
8 fire hydrants
3-way hydrant
Hydrant to hydrant = 68 metres
Hydrant to building = 0.89 metres
Hydrant to road = 6 metres
Every building shall be served at least one fire hydrant located not more than 300 feet from the
nearest point of fire brigade access for fire appliances, additional fire hydrants shall be
provided as may be required by the Fire Authority.
All building in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall abut upon a street or road or open space of
not less than 12 metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The proportion of the
building abutting the street, road or open space shall be in accordance with the following
scale:
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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire Sprinkler System
One of the most important and popular AFP systems: fire sprinkler systems consist of a water
supply system which provides pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system
which the fire sprinklers are connected onto. These sprinklers can fend off fire in its early
stages of development but not in the case of large fires. In Subang Parade these sprinklers
cover every level of the building and are placed at least half a metre away from walls and
columns for water to effectively spread out instead of trickling down said wall or column.
The separation between each sprinkler head in 4.2 metres wide and 3 metres high.
Pendent Sprinklers
These types of sprinklers hang upside down
directly attached to the ceiling like
stalactites in caves. Their water deflectors
are placed at the bottom and they are
activated at the detection of a certain level
of heat. 68C is the activation point at which
Figure 17: Pendent Sprinkler found at the red bulb in the sprinkler will rupture in
indoor of the shopping mall Subang Parade. They are found in commercial
spaces in front of shops
Upright Sprinkler
- Sistance: 3m
- Pressed steel storage tank = 48,000 gallons capacity
-1 duty pump, 2 standby pumps and 2 jockey pumps
- Ball valves
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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
UBBL 1984, Section 228: Sprinkler valves, states that:
(1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall
and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority.
(2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to
provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.
Water to the sprinkler pipelines is supplied from a reinforced concrete sprinkler tank located in
the water tank room of the basement level of Subang Parade. The sprinkler pump is sensitive
to changes in water pressure in the sprinkler pipelines.
3 pumps supply water to the sprinkler systems of every level of the building holding the
pressure level of 120 psi. Dimensions of the tank are 8.534m x 3.658 m x 2.438 m and should
hold up to 16,800 gallons.
Deluge System
This sprinkler system has its sprinkler heads open and its pipelines are not pressurised. These
systems are connected to a water supply through a deluge valve operated both by manual and
automatic detectors which allow simultaneous discharge of water from all open sprinkler
heads.
Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe an enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be
readily accessible to the Fire Authority. All sprinkler systems shall be electrically connected to
the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.
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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire Hose-Reel & Wet Risers
Hose-Reel Systems
Hose-reel systems are intended to combat early stages of fire comprising of the: hose reel
pump, fire water storage tanks, hose reel, pipe work, and valves.
These systems can be found paired with a riser in a closet section of every level in Subang
Parade.
11 sets
30 metres in length
8.47 millimetre
diameter
Wet Risers
Wet risers are used for firefighting purposes and are permanently charged with water from a
pressurised supply and fitted with landing valves at specific points.
The wet risers in Subang Parade a located next to the lift lobbies as well as emergency
staircases on every level of the building. The pipes supplying water from the tank to the hoses
are permanently pressurised and consist of 3 pumps: jockey, duty, and standby pumps.
Water Tank
The two major water storage tanks, the wet riser tank and water sprinkler tank, which supply
water to the AFP system in Subang Parade are located in the fire pump room at the basement
level of the building.
Jockey Pump
Duty Pump
34
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Standby Pump
Figure 21: Shows standby pump located at the basement of the shopping mall
Standby pumps act as a backup pump system to maintain the minimum pressure required of
the sprinkler system should the duty pump fail to operate in the building.
(1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for the fire fighting systems and
installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth
Schedule to these By-laws.
(2) Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall be
located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet
connections accessible to fire appliances.
(3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided
without need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their
location.
35
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
4.2.2 Non Water Based System
Non-water based systems are an alternative method in controlling or extinguishing flames
which are more sensitive to building environments with valuable equipment, as opposed to
water based systems. These systems use a combination of a wet agent and dry chemicals to
cause a reaction to contain flames. Some of the many benefits of using non-water based
systems are that they:
The common types of non-water based systems are: carbon dioxide systems, dry chemical
agents, and aragonite.
Fire extinguishers are handheld cylindrical devices containing a dischargeable agent used to
control or extinguish small flames in case of emergencies.
Fire extinguishers should be placed in locations easily accessed, such as against walls about
high-traffic spots.
Portable fire extinguishers can be found on all floors of Subang Parade, beside every fire escape
door, along fire escape paths, and within hose-reel closets.
36
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
UBBL 1984 Section 227: Portable extinguishers, states that:
Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and
shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar
extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.
Among the various types of fire extinguishers available, Subang Parade uses dry powder
extinguishers with one provided in every shop and several in a white metal casing throughout.
They also use carbon dioxide extinguishers in the electrical, transformer, and water plant
rooms. They replace the extinguishers every once a year for maintenance.
Also known as carbon dioxide systems, fixed fire extinguishers are commonly found in
commercial buildings because of their ability to extinguish hazardous flames effectively
without harming sensitive electronic equipment. Similar to portable fire extinguishers, a heavy
layer of odourless, non-corrosive, non-conductive gas is discharged from the cylinders and
covers the flames making combustion no longer possible by reducing the surrounding oxygen
level while also absorbing combustion energy.
37
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Spaces within which carbon dioxide systems can typically be found include:
Storage facilities
Computer and server rooms
Sensitive medical equipment
Data and telecommunications centers
Sensitive research instruments and equipment
Heavy industrial and manufacturing equipment
Museums, art studios, libraries, and other locations with invaluable objects
In Subang Parade, carbon dioxide systems are used in the transformer room as opposed to
water based sprinkler systems which would likely damage the technology in the room.
In comparison, dry powder extinguishers cover the widest range of fire classes in terms of which
it can effectively contain.
38
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire Detection & Alarm System
Fire Detection
Fire detectors are designed to sense at least one of the many products or phenomena caused
by fire, such as: smoke, heat, flames, and radiation. When heat rises too rapidly or passes a
certain level, the detector will alarm the fire control alarm panel.
Smoke Detectors
Smoke detectors sense smoke and typically to indicate the presence of fire. They are typically
powered by a central fire alarm system with a backup battery. When the temperature detected
reaches the fixed temperature, a signal is sent to the master panel while the surrounding
temperature reaches 47C.
The most common types of detectors are: (1) photoelectric, (2) ionisation, or (3) combination
smoke detectors.
Photoelectric smoke detectors detect light scattering caused by smoke particulates and are
triggered much faster by smouldering fires before they break into flames, while ionisation
smoke detectors detect changes in ionisation field from smoke and are triggered much faster
by the flaming stage of a fire but will not respond to many smouldering materials.
39
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
For the installation of smoke detector, it has a laser sensor inside, while the smokes flew in
and lower down the detection of laser. It will be activated and sent signal to master panel.
UBBL 1984, Section 153: Smoke detectors for lift lobbies, states that:
(1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
(2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by
light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close features which
after thirty second of any unless incorporated with a force close feature which are
thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset
time.
40
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire Emergency Alarm System
Fire Alarm Bells
Figure 23: Shows fire alarm bells located at the basement carpark
Fire alarm bells can act both automatically as well as manually by accessing a manual call point
to alert building occupants about smoke or fire within said building and to evacuate. The alarm
bells should be installed and distributed evenly throughout the building.
Manual call points (MCP) exist in the building to allow occupants to manually transmit signals
that smoke or fire have broken out within the building. MCP are typically connected to a central
fire alarm panel which is connected to an alarm system in the building.
When installing MCP, consideration must be made to ensure that the travel distance from any
point of a building to the nearest MCP should not exceed 30 metres.
41
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Manual Pull & Key Switch
42
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
UBBL 1984, Section 155: Fire mode of operation, states that:
(1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which
may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.
(2) If mains power is available all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated
floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls,
overriding the emergency stop button inside the car, but not any other emergency or
safety devices, and park with doors open.
(3) The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the
firemans switch.
(4) Under this mode of operation, the fire lift shall only operate in response to car calls but
not to landing calls in a mode of operation in accordance with by-law 154.
(5) In the event of mains power failure, all lift shall return in sequence directly to the
designated floor and operate under emergency power as described under paragraphs
(2) to (4).
UBBL 1984, Section 225: Detecting and extinguishing fire, states that:
(1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with
fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as
specified in the Tenth Schedule By-laws.
(2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5
metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access.
(3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision as may be required
by the Fire Authority.
43
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire Control Room & Intercom Station
Figure 26: Show the smoke detector board which located in the control
room
UBBL 1984, Section 238: Command and control centre, states that:
Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a command and
control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address,
fire bridge communication, sprinkler, waterflow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a
direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard.
Subang Parade meets the requirements that the fire control room is located at ground floor near the lift
lobby and staircase as it has 4 storeys including the car parks located at basement and one lower
ground floor above. There are 2 guard observing the fire control room continuously who will take the
appropriate action at the detection of any signal from the detectors come directly to the control unit
44
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Intercom Station
(1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these
By-laws.
(2) All premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car park and storage
areas exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be
provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be
given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert
(intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section.
(3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a
master control.
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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
4.3 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
4.3.1 FIRE ESCAPE PLANS
Figure 28: Show the fire escape plan on lower ground floor
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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Figure 29: Show the fire escape plan on ground floor
Figure 30: Show the fire escape plan on lower first floor
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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire escape provide a method of escape in the fire to allow the occupant to evacuate from the
building to a safer area outside of the building, which also mean assembly area. There are
routes and exits that were designed specifically in Subang Parade in case of fire.
Escape route is a designed safe pathway to occupants, from an area of the building to a place
such as fireproof staircase, where the occupants will be safe and capable of escaping from the
fire or smoke as a fire protected area or a fire fighting access lobby.
1) Every staircase provided under these By-laws in a building where the highest floor is more
than 1200mm above the ground level, or in any place of assembly, or in any school when such
staircase is to used as an alternative means of escape shall be enclosed throughout its length
with fire resisting materials.
2) Any necessary openings, except openings in external walls which shall not for the purpose of
this by-law include wall to air wells, in the length of such staircase shall be provided with
self-closing doors constructed of fire resisting materials.
Exit Emergency signage indicate the way to safety outdoor area or assembly point. It is an
effective guidance tool, helping to reduce panic and confusion by providing a clear directional
system. These signs are always lit for cases of necessity. The letters are written in block
letters sufficiently big to be seen and green on color to attract attention. In Malaysia, the exit
signage is written in Malay word KELUAR, which mean EXIT.
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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
According to UBBL 1984 Section 172:
1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not
obscured by any decoration, furnishings or other equipment.
3) Every exit sign shall have the word KELUAR in plainly legible letters not less than 150 meter
high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18 mm wide. The lettering shall be in
red against a black background.
The fire escape door are installed at all the fire exit. Each door are openable from the inside
without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort according to UBBL 1984 Section
173 (1). Beside that, Subang Perade used solid hardwood core with asbestos insulating board
which fire rated by one hour as their fire escape door material.
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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
In addition to, the dimension of single leaf fire escape door are 900mm x 2100mm x 38mm
while the double leaf escape door are 1800mm x 2100mm x 38mm which fulfill the requirement
of UBBL 1984 section 163. Lastly, all door are fitted with automatic closers of the hydraulically
type.
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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
4.3. 4 FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE
The type of fire escape staircase used in Suabng Perade are cement concrete half landing
staircase at each floor of the shopping mall. To ventilate the smoke from the fire, each stairway
has an opening to the door. The landing area has a dimension of 1.2m x 2.4m. The stairway
landing is wide enough to accommodate the users during a fire to escape.
The purpose of having Fire Escape staircase in such a large scale of building is to allow
occupants escape from the building to a safer area or assembly point when there is fire event or
emergency event happen. According to the law, the building should have two means of exits
consists of separate exits or doors that leads to a corridor or other space giving access to
separate exits in different directions.
2) The exits shall be so sited and exit access shall be so arranged that the exit are within the
limits of travel distance as specified in the seventh schedule to these by-law and are readily
accessible at all time.
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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
According to UBBL 1984 Section 166:
In buildings exceeding 30 metres in height all staircases intended to be used as
means of egress shall be carried to the roof level to give access thereto. The width
of the staircase is 1350mm, allowing two people to be able to use it at the same
time. The height of riser is 170mm and the tread is 290mm. Every flight of stairs
has more than four riser and due to that. Handrail is required for safety purpose of
the occupants in the building. The height of the handrail is 950mm, and no
intermediate handrail are required in this building, as the width of the staircase
does not exceed 2255mm.
2. Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available
for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load
of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh
schedule to these By-laws.
3. The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but handrails may be
permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 mm.
4. The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at
landings.
5. Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point
encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.
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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
4.3.5 RAILINGS
In term of railing, it is important to have continues railing instead of having suspended railings
as well as without any obstruction matter in between. Beside that, the minimum dimension of
the handrail should be 1.0m heights x 0.04m in diameter. The railings should have minor parallel
railing in distance of 0.2m each to accommodate different height of occupants when escaping.
The entire stairway should constructed with non- flammable materials, whereas in Subang
Perade the material of the railing are iron painted grey. A landing is provided to ensure the users
to have enough circulation space in the stairs to avoid any injuries or accidents during an
emergency. It is also realized that no piping are found within the stairway. Thus obeying the law
number 157 as follow.
A protected staircase containing a staircase shall not contain any pipe conveying gas or oil or
any ventilating duct other than a duct serving only that staircase.
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MECHANICAL
TRANSPORTATION
MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
5.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
Elevator zoning varies depending on the type of building. Zoning in high rise buildings
increase efficiency by reducing waiting time. Zoning is usually not necessary in mid-rise
buildings as the waiting time is lower.
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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
5.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
5.1.1 ELEVATOR
Elevators are a type of vertical transportation that moves people or goods between floors
(levels, decks) of a building, vessel, or other structure. Elevators/lifts are generally powered by
electric motors that either drive traction cables and counterweight systems like a hoist, or
pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack.
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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
5.1.2 ESCALATOR
An escalator is a mechanical transportation system in the form of a moving staircase/conveyor
which transports people from one floor to another within a building without waiting interval
(except during very heavy traffic). Escalators provide an immediate means of transportation. It
consists of a motor-driven chain of individually linked steps. These steps are guided on either
side by a pair of tracks which force them to remain horizontal.
Escalators have the capacity to move a large number of people. They can function as a normal
staircase during breakdowns, whereas many other conveyances become useless. Escalators
can be reversible to suit the main flow of traffic during peak times.
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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
5.2 CASE STUDY
5.2.1 ELEVATOR
Our chosen building, Subang Parade, consist of 4 floors basement, lower ground, ground and
first floor. Just like most non-residential buildings, Subang Parade has integrated mechanical
transportation system which carries its customer and goods between floors. There are a total
of 18 standard elevators and 4 bubble lifts, which uses hydraulic system. Unfortunately, the
bubble lifts are currently closed due to maintenance.
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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
58
MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
GEARED TRACTION ELEVATORS
Geared traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors and lifted by ropes. They have a
gearbox that is attached to the motor, which drives the wheel that moves the ropes. Elevator
cars are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called
a sheave. The weight of the car is balanced by a counterweight. Geared Traction Elevators
typically work at speeds greater than 500 feet per minute (2.54 meters per second)
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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
PLUNGER HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR
A plunger hydraulic elevator is positioned in the center of Subang Parade. The absence of the
overhead machine room, penthouse and traction equipment with camouflaged guide rails
project above the car generate an impression of freestanding observatory elevator. Hydraulic
elevator at Subang Parade are powered by hydraulic ram. The system comprises of fluid
reservoir, pump, piston and valve. The pump pushes the fluid from the tank into the cylinder.
Once the valve closes, the fluid collected inside the cylinder pushes the piston up whilst lifting
the elevator to the desired floor. When the valve opens, the fluid moves back into the reservoir
thereby lowering down the elevator.
Besides that, there are advantages of hydraulic elevators. Advantages of Hydraulic elevator:
The elevator load is carried by the ground and not by the structure. In contrast, traction
units place a large structural load on the penthouse and machine room floors and on
overhead steel as well.
The hoist way is smaller due to the absence of a counterweight and its guide rails.
Cars can be lowered manually by the operation of oil valves. This is particular
useful and important in the event of control equipment failure or power outage.
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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
LIFT SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Exterior Lift Components
Installed beside the lift. Used to request for an elevator. Consist of an up button and a down
button that illuminate to indicate the request has been received and an elevator is on the
way.
Used to indicate the arriving elevator and the direction it will travel. In addition to the
illuminated directional indicators, the hall lanterns have an audible tone to indicate
direction.
To open elevator car doors using specific key. Usually acts as a safety measure or for
maintenance purposes
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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
Interior Lift Components
Emergency Railings
According to EN 81 ISO/TR
11071 standards, emergency
railings should be provide at
the side
Ventilation Vents
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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
Key Switch Controls
Included may be buttons for Fire Department Control, Door Hold Open, Elevator On/Off,
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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
MECHANICAL COMPONENTS
Geared Traction Machine
Geared traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors, mainly used in low rise
buildings. The electric motor in this design drives a worm-and-gear-type reduction unit, which
turns the hoisting sheave. Subang Parade uses this system as it is considered to be a low-rise
building.
Roping System
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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
Counterweight
The counterweight consist of cut steel plates stacked in a frame attached to the opposite ends of the cables
to which the car is locked. It is guided in its travel by two guide rails typically set up on the back wall of the
shaft. Its weight equals that of the empty car plus 40% of the rated live load.
Purposes of Counterweight:
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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
SAFETY
EMERGENCY POWER
According to Malaysia Standard EN 81-1:2012, sub clause 8.16.5
There shall be an emergency supply which is capable of feeding at least the forced ventilation
for 2 hours in case of interruption of the normal supply. This forced ventilation shall come in
automatically upon failure of the normal power supply.
During power shortage in Subang Parade, the car brake is set immediately upon power outage
and the car remains motionless. The emergency brakes are activated by a continuous rope
passing over a pulley in the pit and an over speed governor pulley in the motor room. The
governor locks in response to flyweight inertia from the centrifugal force generated by excess
speed, thus jerking the rope in the process. While for the observatory elevator, the hydraulic
cars can be lowered by operation of a manual valve. This is particularly bad for cars in blind
shafts that is, express shafts with no shaftway doors.
The generator in Subang Parade is sized to support one elevator motor at a time, with manual or
automatic switching organized between unit controllers. Thus, each car in turn can be brought
to a landing and from that time forward a single car maintained in service.
FIRE SAFETY
According to Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws, clause 151
Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts shall be
provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square metre per lift located at the top of the shaft.
Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air the lift shafts shall be vented to the
exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts.
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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
According to Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws, clause 152
1. Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall not open into a protected lobby unless other
suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is
provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings
as may be approved by the D.G.F.S.
2. Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoistway structure with a
minimum FRP of half hour.
3. No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision panel
shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than 0.0161 square metre and
the total area of one of more vision panels in any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156
square metre.
5. Provision shall be made for the opening of all landing doors by means of an emergency key
irrespective of the position of the lift car.
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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
5.2.2 ESCALATORS SYSTEM
Subang Parade also consist of an efficient escalator system. Escalators provide an immediate
means of transportation as they continuously conveys to move large number of people quickly
and efficiently with no waiting time required.
ARRANGEMENT
Two types of escalator arrangement are present in the Subang Parade building. Parallel stacked
arrangement as well as Crisscross arrangement.
Crisscross Arrangement
This arrangement is used mainly in major department stores, public buildings and public
transport buildings where transport times between several levels should levels should be kept
to a minimum. This arrangement minimizes structural space requirement by stacking
escalators in that go in one direction.
Parallel Arrangement
The principal advantage of the parallel arrangement is its impressive appearance. The stacked
arrangement must be used with caution due to the inconvenience to the rider of an enforced
long walk-around to continue the trip. In Subang Parade, the stacked parallel arrangement is
disadvantage as the forced walk-around is unpleasant.
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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
69
Escalator Components
MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
Drive System
The Drive machine together with the gear reducer provides the torque to drive the step band at
a constant speed. The drive machine motor is typically a three-phase AC direct-on-line flange
mounted unit. It is either directly or flexibly coupled to the reduction gear. The motor is usually
protected by thermal and/or electro-magnetic overload devices as well as thermistors in the
motor winding.
External Drive.
Usually located in the upper pit area. An external drive escalator with the drive unit located
within a machine room beneath the upper landing
Internal Drive.
A motor to gearbox drive with a direct drive axle connection located between the steps bands or
at the top pit. Internal escalator drive machines may be one, two, or three drive. Some internal
drive escalators are equipped with either dual or three drive machines all inside the step band
or step-belt.
Modular Drive.
Located within the incline of the truss between the step bands. The motor may be directly
connected to the gearbox or it may transfer power through a belt drive. The gearbox will have a
direct connection to the drive axle. A modular escalator may have a single drive or a multiple
drive depending on the overall length of the escalator.
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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
STEP DRIVE SYSTEM
The step motion is achieved by a direct step assembly connection to the step
chains. Two-step chains; one for each side of the escalator are directly coupled to
the Main Drive axle, the bull gear shaft, through the step chain sprockets. The
step chain form a loop for the length of the truss, from the step chain sprockets at
the upper end down to the tension carriage gear or turnaround (depending on the
manufacturer) at the lower end or the lower reversing station.
The handrail drive moves the handrail along the handrail tracking system through
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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
SAFETY
Skirt Brush
Sensors
during emergencies
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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
Steps
The steps made from die-cast
aluminium provides greater strength
and durability, with no distortions
even after long periods of usage
under heavy loads, plus and added
ability to withstand corrosion. It also
has a yellow polycarbonate safety
boarder.
Comb Lighting
5.3 CONCLUSION
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6.0 REFERENCES
Lastname, C. (2008). Title of the source without caps except Proper Nouns or: First word after
colon. The Journal or Publication Italicized and Capped, Vol#(Issue#), Page numbers.
Lastname, O. (2010). Online journal using DOI or digital object identifier. Main Online Journal
Name, Vol#(Issue#), 159-192. doi: 10.1000/182
Lastname, W. (2009). If there is no DOI use the URL of the main website referenced. Article
Without DOI Reference, Vol#(Issue#), 166-212. Retrieved from
http://www.example.com
"Chiller Units - Designing Buildings Wiki". Designingbuildings.co.uk. N.p., 2017. Web. 6 May
2017.
"Smoke Extraction". VENTS - manufacture of ventilation and air conditioning systems. N.p.,
2017. Web. 6 May 2017.
The Basics of Passive Fire Protection. (2008, April 01). Retrieved May 08, 2017, from
http://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/5851/title/the-basics-of-passive-fire-prote
ction-
74