10/9/2015 MohrCircle

ManufacturingProcessesMFRG315
Mohr'sCircle
1Introduction
Intwodimensionalstressanalysisplanestressthereisofteninformationavailableabout
directsigmaxandsigmayandshearstressestauxyactingonaparticularplaneandeither
thevaluesofthedirectandshearstressesactingonaplaneinclinedatsomeangletothefirst
planearerequired,oralternativelythevaluesofthe2principalstressessigma1andsigma2
andtheinclinationoftheplaneonwhichtheyactarerequired.

Thistransformationcalculationcanbecarriedoutusingequations,butitwasnoticedbyMohr
thatthesetransformationequationscanbecombinedtogivetheequationofacircle.This
enablesthetransformationtobecarriedoutgraphicallyandtheequationsneednotbe
remembered.Usingthegraphicalconstructionalsomakesiteasiertovisualisealternative
scenarios.

InaMohrstresscircle,directstressesareonthehorizontalaxisandshearstressesareon
theverticalaxis.RotationsofdirectioninaMohrcirclearedoublethoseintherealstress
distribution.Tensilestressesandashearstresstendingtocauseclockwiserotationare
deemedtobepositive.Compressivestressesandshearstressestendingtocausecounter
clockwiserotationaredeemedtobenegative.

Manymetalformingoperationsinvolvea3dimensionalstateofstresssothisisconsidered
below.

2Mohr'sCircleforThreeDimensionalStatesofStress
AgeneralapproachtoMohr'scirclein3dimensionsiscomplicated,howeverthisishardly
everrequiredasinvirtuallyallmetalformingproblemsweknowthedirectionsofatleast1of
the3principalstresses.

Ifthedirectionof1principalstressisknown,saysigma3,thenwecanimaginelookingback
alongthedirectionofsigma3totheplaneonwhichitactsasthisisaprincipalplanethere
arenoshearstressesactingonitandforthestressesactinginthisplanea2dimensional
Mohr'scirclecanbeconstructedtodeterminethevaluesanddirectionsofthetwoprincipal
stressesactinginit.

Giventhe3principalstresses,threecirclescanbeplotted,oneforeachprincipalplane.We
candeterminethestressstatewithinaprincipalplaneaswerotateabouttheprincipalstress
directionnormaltotheplane.Itisnotpossibleusingthisapproachtoconsidersimultaneous
rotationsabout2ormoreprincipalaxes.

Itcanbestatedthat:
Thestressesonanyplaneatanyrotation,whenplottedinthe3dimensionalMohr'scircle
diagramwillberepresentedbyapointeitherononeofthe3circles,orwithintheshaded
areabetweenthelargestand2smallercircles.

data:text/htmlcharset=utf8,%3Ctable%20bordercolor%3D%22%23CC99FF%22%20bgcolor%3D%22%23FFFFFF%22%20cellspacing%3D%222%22%20cel 1/5
10/9/2015 MohrCircle

Themaximumshearstressisgivenbytheradiusofthelargestcircle.

SomesketchesofMohrcircleforcommonstressstatesareshownbelow:

data:text/htmlcharset=utf8,%3Ctable%20bordercolor%3D%22%23CC99FF%22%20bgcolor%3D%22%23FFFFFF%22%20cellspacing%3D%222%22%20cel 2/5
10/9/2015 MohrCircle

DeterminingtheStressStateonAnotherPlane
Afurthergraphicalconstructionenablesthestateofstressonanyplanewhosenormalis
inclinedatangles'alpha','beta'and'gamma'tothesigma1,sigma2andsigma3directions
respectivelytobedetermined.Withdirectioncosinestotheprincipalaxesdirections:l,mand
n,respectivelyForinformationaboutdirectioncosines.

data:text/htmlcharset=utf8,%3Ctable%20bordercolor%3D%22%23CC99FF%22%20bgcolor%3D%22%23FFFFFF%22%20cellspacing%3D%222%22%20cel 3/5
10/9/2015 MohrCircle

Thefullprocedureis:

1.Drawthedirectstresshorizontalandtheshearstressverticalaxes.
2.Markthethreeprincipalstressesonthehorizontalaxis,sigma1greaterthan
sigma2greaterthansigma3.
3.Drawthe3circles
4.Drawthelinesigma1ABinclinedatanglealphafromtheverticalthroughsigma1.
5.Drawthelinessigma2Candsigma2Dwithinclinationsofbeta,eithersideofthe
verticalthroughsigma2.
6.WithcentresC13andC23drawarcsDCandAB
7.ThedirectandshearstressatParegivenbyitscoordinates.

Anexamplecalculationisshowninthediagrambelow:

The3circlesaredrawnforthreeprincipalstresses:

sigma1=120MPa
sigma2=80MPa
sigma3=20MPa.

Thisgivesamaximumshearstressof50MPa.

Theconstructionshowsthedeterminationofdirectandshearstressesonaplaneat45oto
thesigma1directionand60otothesigma2directionpoint'P'onthediagram.Fromthescale
data:text/htmlcharset=utf8,%3Ctable%20bordercolor%3D%22%23CC99FF%22%20bgcolor%3D%22%23FFFFFF%22%20cellspacing%3D%222%22%20cel 4/5
10/9/2015 MohrCircle

diagramthedirectstressvaluevalueisabout87MPaandtheshearstressvalueisabout39
MPaseebelow.

Thiscanbecheckedusingtheequations:

Firstdeterminethethirddirectioncosine:n=1l2+m20.5

n=10.70712+0.520.5=0.5

sigma=sigmall2+sigma2m2+sigma3n2

sigma=1200.70712+800.52+200.52=85MPa

Theshearstressisgivenby:

Shearstress2=sigma1l2+sigma2m2+sigma3n2sigma2

shearstress=7200+1600+1007225=40.9MPa.

Formostpurposesareasonablycarefulgraphicalconstructionprovidesadequateaccuracy

data:text/htmlcharset=utf8,%3Ctable%20bordercolor%3D%22%23CC99FF%22%20bgcolor%3D%22%23FFFFFF%22%20cellspacing%3D%222%22%20cel 5/5