Power System Operation and Control

Economic operation - Load forecasting - unit commitment -Economic dispatch problem of thermal
units - gradient method - Newton's method - base point and participation factor method.

Hydro-thermal co-ordination - hydroelectric plant models - short term hydrothermal scheduling

problem-gradient approach-hydrounits in series-pumped storage hydroplants- hydro-scheduling using
dynamic programming and linear programming"

Automatic generation control - Review of LFC .and economic dispatch control (EDC} using the three
modes of control vz. flat frequency - tie-line control and tie line bias control - AGC implementation
AGC features - static and dynamic response of controlled two area systems.

MVAR control - application of voltage regulator - Synchronous condenser-Transformers taps- Static VAR
compensators.

Power system security - contingency analysis - linear sensitivity factors - AC power flow methods-
contingency selection - concentric relaxation -bounding security constrained optimal power flow-
interior point algorithm-bus incremental cost

Books

1. Allen J. wood and Wollenberg B. F. ' Power Generation Operation and Control' John Wiiey and sons .

2. Kirchmayer L K ' Economic Control of interconnected system' John Wiiey and sons.

HVDC Transmission
Comparison between HVAC and HVDC transmission, Planning HVDC transmission, HVDC transmission
links, properties of thristor valves, Components of HVDC transmission systems.

HVDC Converters, Converter circuits, Converter Bridge characteristics, Characteristics of a twelve pulse
Converter ,Phase angle Controls, Current and excitation controls, Backfires and commutation failure.
Converter power flow and reversal, Reactive power flow control.

Harmonics and filter : generation of Harmonics, AC And DC filter.

Modeling of HVDC systems power flow analysis transient stability studies.

BOOKS

1. Kimbark.E.W., 'Direct current transmission- volume 1-Wiely

2. Arrilaga, J., 'High Voltage 'Direct current transmission'

3. Padiyar K.R., 'High Voltage 'Direct current transmission'- Wiely

 Extra High Voltage A.C. Transmission
Unit 1: E.H.V-A.C. Transmission line trends and preliminary aspects standard transmission voltages-
power handling capacities and line losses- mechanical aspects.

Unit 2: Calculation line resistance and inductance , resistance of conductors, temperature rise of
conductors and current carrying capacity . Properties of bundled conductors and geometric mean
radius of bundle, Inductance of two conductors lines and multi- conductor lines, Maxwell coefficient
matrix

Unit 3: Line capacitance calculation: capacitance of two conductor line, and capacitance of multi
conductor lines potential coefficient for bundled conductor lines, sequence inductance and capacitances
and diagonalization.

Unit 4: calculation of electro static field travelling waves due to corona- Audio noise die to corona its
generation, characteristics and limits measurement of audio noise

Unit 5: Surface voltage Gradient on conductors, surface gradient on 2 conductor bundle and cosine law,
Maximum surface voltage gradient of bundle with than 3 sub conductors, Mangolt formula.

Unit 6: Corona: Corona in EHVV fines- corona loss formulate- attenuation of travelling waves due to
corona-Audio noise due to corona its generation, characteristics and limits measurement of audio noise"

Unit 7: Power Frequency voltage control: Problems at power frequency, generalized constants, No load
voltage conditions and charging currents, voltage control using synchronous conductor, cascade
connection of components: Shunt and series compensation, sub synchronous resonance in series-
capacitor compensated lines.

Unit 8: EHV testing and Standard Specifications: Standard 'Waves shapes for testing, properties of double
exponential wave shapes, procedures for calculating ,, E, wave shaping circuits impulse generators
with inductance, generation of switching surges for transformer testing, impulse voltage generators,
energy of impulse generation, generation of impulse currents, generation of high alternating test voltage
& high direct voltage, measurement of high voltages.

Books; - Rakosh Das Begamudre, 'Extra high voltage ac transmission engineering' New age publisher
 Soft Computing Techniques

Module1 Introduction to soft computing, components of soft computing, traditional computing and
drawbacks, advantages soft computing techniques.

Module2 Fuzzy logic definition, general idea and importance in practical life. Fuzzy set theory, Concept
Fuzzy set, Membership function ,Comparison between Fuzzy set and classical set. operations on fuzzy
sets, properties of standard operations, T norm and S norm, Extension principle and application. Height
of Fuzzy set, core of Fuzzy set, support of Fuzzy set, Normal of Fuzzy set, normalization of Fuzzy set,
Level set. cut of Fuzzy set, Concentration and dilation of Fuzzy set, fuzzy singleton, crossover points
Fuzzy relation: fundamentals of fuzzy relations, operations on fuzzy relations, composition of fuzzy
relations, fuzzy reasoning, fuzzy relations interferences, compositional rule of inference, fuzzification.
Fuzzy methods in control theory: Introduction to fuzzy logic controller, types of fuzzy logic controllers,
basic structure of fuzzy knowledge based controllers, defuzzification methods, applications of fuzzy logic
control.

Module 3 Introduction to artificial neural networks, artificial neuron model; types of activation
functions. Learning in neural networks, feed forward and feedback neural networks, back propagation
training. Hopfield network .Boltzman machine, Self organizing map, learning vector quantization
algorithm.

Module 4 Basic concept of Genetic algorithm, comparison of GA and traditional techniques, objective
function and fitness function, crossover, mutation, GA search, applications of GA

Book:
1.. Klir. G.J. & Yuan. B.- Fuzzy sets Fuzzy logic, Fuzzy Theory and Application- Prentice Hall of India Private
Limited
2.M, Ganesh - Introduction fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic, PHI.
3. N. P Padhy - Artificial intelligence and intelligent systems, Oxford.
4.Timothy J. Ross -Fuzzy logic with engineering, applications, Wiley.
5. Nie and Linkens,- Fuzzy Neural Control-Principles, Algorithms and Application,
6. J.S.R Jang, C.T. Sun, E. Mutzutani - Neuro- fuzzy and soft computing PHI
7.Kosco, B--Neural Networks and Fuzzy System-PH 8.Haykin-
Neural Network: A Comprehensive Foundation PHI
9.Rajasekaran and Pai -Neural Networks , Fuzy Logic and Genetic algorithms: Synthesis and Application
PHI.
10. Goldberg- Genetic Algorithms, Pearson.