Answer

1. Geoid, Elipsoid,

Geoid

Equipotential fields of the earth's gravitational field or sea level on average

Irregularities of the geoid plane due to being affected by

The rocks in the earth's crust are not homogeneous

Irregular landscape (topography)

This field can not be mathematically calculated

Spheroid

As a regular surface area and ellipsoid shape, balanced with the geoid plane

The ellipsoid is the ellipse that is rotated on its short axis. The difference
between geoid and ellipsoid is not more than 200 m.

Determination of the length of degree in the equator to the poles

The shape is reflected by the variation of gravity to latitude

International gravity formula

The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (1930) makes the following
formula:

Where

= Gravity in Equator
Q = latitude

and = constant

Gg = 978.090 (1 + 00052884 - 0.0000059) gal

Our Earth, though solid, always moves, and earthquakes occur when the pressure
caused by the movement is too great to be resisted by the tectonic plate. The process of
releasing energy in the form of elastic waves called seismic waves or earthquakes that reach the
surface of the earth and cause vibration and damage to objects or buildings on the surface of
the earth. But the amount of damage depends on the magnitude and duration of vibration that
reaches the surface of the earth.
 Intercept time method, delay time method, wave front method, Method Subtitution Depth
Intercept time method

Known as Reciprocal method was first developed by AB Edge and TH Laby which is known as
ABC method.

then by Hawkins (1961) called with the concept of time ie the time required depth by seismic
waves propagating from the surface to the refractor field, this time related to the thickness (Z) of
the media over the refractor. Time depth (TD) obtained from adding up the time of the firing point
A and point B and compares shot with a TAB

Delay time method

In a biased interpretation of shallow understanding of the time delay (delay time) and total
time (total time)

. Wave Front method

This method is done by merkontruksi wave fronts.

. Depth Subtitution Method

This method is for information interpretation lowest layer is lost due to the effects of the
complexity of weathered rock and also their topographic wave interference (noise).
 5.
Seismic refraction method (Bias)
Excellence
Observations refraction requires source and
receiver locations is small, so relatively cheap in
the data retrieval
Refraction relatively simple processing done
except filtering process to amplify the signal
that is read first defecation.
Because of the data and the location is small
enough, then the development of a model for
interpretation is not too hard to do as other
geophysical methods.
Weakness
In regional measurements, seismic refraction
requires a wider offset.
Seismic refraction works only if the wave
velocity increases as a function of depth.
Seismic refraction typically interpreted in the
form of layers. Each layer has a dip and
topography.
Seismic refraction only use the arrival time as
a function of distance (offset)
The model will be designed to produce a
sweet time observed.
Methods Seismic Reflection (Reflection)
Weakness
Due to the location of the source and receiver are
wide enough to give the image of the subsurface is
better, then the cost becomes more expensive
acquisitions.
Memerluakn reflection seismic processing computers
are more expensive, and system data base that is
much more reliable.
Since the number of recorded data, knowledge of the
database must be strong, it needs also some
assumptions about complex models and interpretation
requires considerable personal expert.
Excellence
Seismic reflection measurements using a smaller
offset
Seismic reflection can work however a change of
pace as a function of depth
Seismic reflection is able to look at more complex
structures
Seismic reflection recording and use all the recorded
wave field.
Subsurface can be imaged directly from the measured
data