Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
(MANIK BAGH)
SESSION: 2016-2017
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DECLARATION
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express my special thanks to
our school CHOITHRAM SCHOOL, principal
sir Mr. RAJESH AWASTHI, to the
management team of our school who gave
me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic
BERNAULLIS PRINCIPLE, which also
helped me in doing a lot of research and
I came to know about so many new
things.
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INDEX
1. PRESSURE
2. Pascals Law
3. Hydraulics
4. Continuity Equation
5. Bernoullis Equation
6. Derivation of Bernoullis Equation
7. Venturi Tube
8. Atomizer
9. Torricelli and his Orifice
10. Derivation of Torricellis Equation
11. Streamlines
14. Conclusion
15. Bibliography
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PRESSURE
1. Pressure is defined as force per unit
area.
2. Standard unit is Pascal, which is N/m2
3. For liquid pressure, the medium is
considered as a continuous distribution
of matter.
4. For gas pressure, it is calculated as the
average pressure of molecular collisions
on the container.
5. Pressure acts perpendicular on the
surface.
6. Pressure is a scalar quantity pressure
has no particular direction (i.e. acts in
every direction).
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Pascals Law
Pf = P0 + gh
1. When there is an increase in
pressure at any point in a confined
fluid, there is an equal increase at
every point in the container.
2. In a fluid, all points at the same depth
must be at the same pressure.
3. Consider a fluid in equilibrium.
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Hydraulics
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Continuity Equation
1. A1v1 = A2v2
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Bernoullis Equation
P+1/2v*v+gh=constant
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Derivation of Bernoullis
Equation
Restrictions
Incompressible
Constant density
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Etotal = 1/2mv2 + mgh
W = F/A*A*d = PV
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Venturi Tube
1. A2 < A1 ; V2 > V1
2. According to Bernoullis Law,
pressure at A2 is lower.
3. Choked flow: Because pressure
cannot be negative, total flow
rate will be limited. This is
useful in controlling fluid
velocity.
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Atomizer
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Torricelli and his Orifice
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Derivation of Torricellis
Equation
1. We use the Bernoulli Equation:
2. In the original diagram A1 [top] is
much larger than A2 [the opening].
Since A1V1 = A2V2 and A1 >> A2, V1 0
3. Since both the top and the opening
are open to atmospheric pressure,
P1 = P2 = 0 (in gauge pressure).
/2 v22 = pg(h1-h2)
1
V22 = 2g(h1-h2)
V2 = (2g(h1-h2))
Q = Av2 = A (2g(h1-h2))
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Streamlines
1 A streamline is a path traced out by a
massless particle as it moves with the
flow.
2. Velocity is zero at the surface.
1. As you move away from the surface, the
velocity uniformly approaches the free
stream value (fluid molecules nearby the
surface are dragged due to viscosity).
2. The layer at which the velocity reaches
the free stream value is called boundary
layer. It does not necessarily match the
shape of the object boundary layer can
be detached, creating turbulence (wing
stall in aerodynamic terms).
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Aerodynamic Lift
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Misconceptions of Lift
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Conclusion
Bernoulli's law states that if a non-viscous fluid is
flowing along a pipe of varying cross section, then
the pressure is lower at constrictions where the
velocity is higher, and the pressure is higher where
the pipe opens out and the fluid stagnate. Many
people find this situation paradoxical when they
first encounter it (higher velocity, lower pressure).
Venturimeter, atomiser and filter pump Bernoullis
principle is used in venturimeter to find the rate
of flow of a liquid. It is used in a carburettor to
mix air and petrol vapour in an internal combustion
engine. Bernoullis principle is used in an atomiser
and filter pump. Wings of Aeroplane Wings of an
aeroplane are made tapering. The upper surface is
made convex and the lower surface is made
concave. Due to this shape of the wing, the air
currents at the top have a large velocity than at
the bottom. Consequently the pressure above the
surface of the wing is less as compared to the
lower surface of the wing. This difference of
pressure is helpful in giving a vertical lift to the
plane.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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