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J.
D D C
TWHr&r5W'n nfpn?
pi* JW* *T 1970 f
JilEtoHi u Kill
B
Reproduced by the
CLEARINGHOUSE
for Federal Scientific & Technical
sf
information Springfield Va. 22151
D Y N A T E C H
Progress through Rexciirch
Report No. 261
PRESSURE LOSS CALCULATION
PROCEDURES FOR HIGH SPEED GAS FLOW
IN DUCTS
Prepared by
J. R. Turner
T. R. Yoos
Approved by
L. C Hoagland
Nobs-84282
Submitted to
U. S. NAVY
Bureau of Ships
Washington 25, D. C.
DYNATECH CORPORATION
639 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge 39, Massachusetts
BUR-1
Page
PREFACE 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 3
Page
P PROCEDURES 33 .
D DESIGN CHARTS 65
LIST OF PROCEDURES
Page
P-6 Diffuser s
P-7 Bends
Page
Page
Page
p
D-14 Loss Coefficient. C vs 1 - o2 81
p p
o ol
D-15 Bend Angle Loss Factor 83
/
PREFACE
(2) Some notes on the data sources and methods that were employed
in the preparation of the design charts and the procedures. Our
survey of the data available in the literature on compressibility
(high speed) effects in duct flows showed that there are many
areas where data is incomplete or inconclusive, and in fact
sometimes conflicting. This is also true to a lesser extent of
the available data on incompressible duct flows from \. '^'is
sources. This situation resulted in the necessity, in pre" ring
the final charts and procedures which are our recommendations
for calculation, of applying our judgement in choosing data sources;
of generalizing from incomplete data; and of calculating from theo-
retical analysis, to extend existing data or methods (e. g., the
analysis for abrupt area decrease in Section 3.2.2).
James R. Turner
Project Manager
Approved by:
L. C. Hoagh;nd
-3-
1.0 INTRODUCTION
M=X.
c - -
where
V = fluid velocitv
c = local speed of sound = T/g k RT
Only subsonic duct velocities (i. e., M <i. 0) have been considered.
For Mach Uumber M <0.2, compressibility effects are small, and
incompressible calculation methods can be applied with sufficient
accuracy.
6-
where
p = total pressure (impact probe pressure)
p = static pressure (pressure at a wall pressure tap)
p = fluid density
V = fluid velocity
7-
2 g0
That is, the difference in total pressure between two stations in the
duct is equal to the difference in static pressure, so that the flow
losses are described equally well by either total pressure change or
static pressure change. This, however, is not true for a compres-
sible (i. e., high speed) flow.
sx-'iV^Pi V (2.6)
so that,
Po2
1 -
Poi
C =
Po 1 TT ~i21i" k/k -2'8)
T
T
_ = i +*Z1M2 (2.9)
where
T = total temperature (temperature of stream
decelerated to zero velocity)
Since density is constant ber.wan any two sections, the velocity will
change only by virtue of u; a roa change. In a compressible.flow,
however, velocity changes (und thus changes inMach Number) car. '
occur in a constant area due:, because of changes in density resulting
from pressure losses, 'hu.s, the continuity relation must be applied
along with the loss relations to determine Mach Number changes ac-
companying ducting component losses. For compressible flow, the
continuity relation may be conveniently expressed as
mT/T~"
1__ = 0.532 F(M) (2.11)
PoA
where the constant 0. 532 applies for a gas of k = 1. 4 and molecular
weight of 29. The function of Mach Number, F (M), is
11
M
(2.12)
F(M)
[O^W]
k-1 2l k + 1 2
/^ > 1
Thus, for a given duct component, with fixed area ratio, the exit
Mach Number, M. may be found if inlet conditions p . and M. are
known, and the ratio p /P is known from loss coefficient data
(see Section 2.2).
The term
Po*'
is denoted the "mass flow parameter"; for a given gas this parameter
depends on the Mach Number only. A similar parameter employing
static pressure,
m
F7
pA
can also be determined as a function of Mach Number. These param-
eters are plotted vs. Mach Number in a later section, co give a simple
12-
p
oi % ' ^02%
A.14
and A, and flow at to:aI temperature T0 . If we assume that there
are no losses, p . =p/ 2 *P0- Let us first hold the upstream total
pressure, p ., constant and continuously reduce the downstream static
pressure, p. From Equation 2. i
P02 n k-lM2Nk-1A
pr= (i + M2) (2.14)
rnT/T
0.532 F(M2) (2.15)
PoA2
and Equation 2.12,
M (2.16)
F(M)
k + l/2(k-l)
2
^(V^" )
Sketch 1 shows the variation of F (M) with Mach Number. As M is
increased, F(M) increases to
a maximum value at M =.1.0, and then decreases. Thus, for our ex-
ample, as the pressure p is decreased, M will increase and the mass
flow rate will increase until a Mach Number M2 =1.0 is reached, at
which condition the flow will be a maximum. This occurs at a value of
r^/pN= 0. 528, for a gas with k =1. 4. It can be shown that the iMach
Number cannot pass through M =1-0 to supersonic values in the min-
imum area A* Thus, as the pressure p is further reduced, the
value of M remains at unity, and the mass flow rate remains constant.
'This maximum value of flow rate is the "choked11 flow rate. Thy
"See Reference 2, Chapter 4 for a rigorous explanation of this limitation.
14-
yn
AO 0<SZ8
Sketch 2 %
Note that when the choked flow condition (M =1.0) is attained, the
inier Mach Number, M., also has a definite value which is fixed by
the area ratio A^/A.. From Equation 2.13, at M -1.0, FCM -1.0)
.1.0 andpo2=pol=po
Po2
FCM.) - ^ -r- F(M2 ) (2.17)
1 p
ol Al
Therefore,
FC^).^ (2.18)
Thus, for this duct component, there is a limiting value of inlet Mach
Number, M., which cannot be exceeded due to the "choking" phenome-
non.
If we now assume that there is a total pressure loss in the above nozzle,
and the inie
then P02/P0| < 1-0 t Mach Number at the choked condition
is given by
Po2 ^2
F (M1) p A
(2.19)
ol i
-15-
Reference to Sketch 1 will show that the limiting inlet Mach Number
will now be lower than for the nozzle without losses, since F (M.)
is smaller by the ratio p /P i Thus, the limiting inlet Mach
Number due to choking for a duct component is influenced (1) by
area change and (2) by losses; either of these Influences may cause
a choked condition at the exit, with an inlet Mach Number less than
unity. For example, a straight constant-area duct with frictional
losses will choke at an inlet Mach Number less than unity, with the
choking value of inlet Mach Number depending on the duct length,
diameter, and wall roughness; a constant-area bend likewise will
choke at an inlet Mach Number less than unity because of losses in
the bend.
o-
Sketch 3
16-
If we now allow a long inlet duct in which losses are not negligible,
then p 2 < P-, Since M^ cannot exceed unity (and F(M2) cannot
exceed unity), the maximum mass flow parameter becomes
L-^L = o. 532
A
Po2
rt9
Since p is less than p , the duct area required to admit the spec-
\
ified flow becomes larger than for the short inlet duct, because of
the duct losses. The limiting inlet Mach Number will i>w m-nllor than
unity.
17-
The procedures for straight ducts are based on the calculation methods
developed by Shapiro, and others. These are developed in detail in
Reference 2, and area standard method for compressible flow calcu-
lation to include the effects of friction. The riecessary compressible
flow parameters for this calculation are plotted in Figure D-7.
Duct friction factors are taken from Moody, Reference 4, and charts
are reproduced from zhi& reference as Figures D-3 and D-4. Keenan
and Neumann, Reference 5, show that there is no significant effect
of compressibility on friction factor for subsonic flows, so that the
friction factors of Moody may be applied without Mach Number correc-
tion.
The experimental data of Hall and Or me indicate that the total pressure
loss and Mach Number change take place in a mixing length of 4 diame-
ters downstream of the sudden area change. In the calculation proced-
ure, the total pressure loss attributed to the area change is therefore
taken to include the loss of 4 diameters of downstream duct. In the
calculation of losses in other ducting components in which the loss is
attributable to a separation and subsequent mixing of the flow (e. g.
sudden contractions, screens, sharp-edged entrances, etc.), the total
pressure loss and Mach Number change attributed to that component
have likewise been taken to include 4 downstream duct diameters, on
the basis of the experimental evidence of Hall and Cnne (and others,
e. g., Reference 13), unless some data to the contrary has been avail-
able for that component.
Sketch i
-22-
3.2.3 Diffusers
RECTANGULAR
DIFFUSER
CIRCUMSCRIBED
CONICAL DIFFUSER
-24-
5. For most commonly used area ratios, (up to about 6:1) an abrupt
area increase results in less total pressure loss than a diffuser with
wall angle, 2 e^ greater tlian 40- 50.
^ 3. 3 Bends
Loss data for bends are shown in design chart Dri2, in the form of a
low speed (incompressible) flow loss coefficient, and a Mach Number
-27-
correction for high speed flow. The low speed loss coefficients have
been adapted from the correlation of Henry, Reference 8. Mach Num-
ber corrections have been computed from the data Of Young, Reference
16, and Higginbotham, Reference 17.
No data has been found in r,: iciuLure for Mach Number effects in
high speed flows in constant area bends with turning vanes. Reference
18 reports the results of a study of a vaned bend of rectangular cross-
section with an area increase of approximately 50% (diffusing bend),
for Mach Numbers from 0.15 to 0. 40. These results show that the
loss coefficient for such a bend is as low as 15% of the loss in a con-
stant area bend without vanes, with the loss coefficient increasing
with Mach Number, about 30 to 40% greater at M = 0. 5 than the in-
compressible loss. This percentage increase in loss coefficient with
Mach Number is approximately the same as the percentage increase
for a bend without vanes. This data, and the data of Henry, Reference 8,
28-
For bends with simple "splitters""(i.e., vanes which are not of airfoil
shape), it is recommended that the incompressible loss coefficients
from BuShips Design Data Sheet, Reference 1, be applied in conjunc-
tion with the Mach Number correction curves for bends without vanes.
There is no specific data to support this procedure, except the indi-
cations from Reference 18 that percentage changes in loss coefficient
with Mach Number are of the same order, regardless of whether the bend
has vanes or not.
<Po/Po*)
calc
<Po/Po*).
The result of the indicated calculation (i. e., the "output" of the
box) is always shown on the right-hand side of the equation.
calc
Re
-Hex
Re D-6 "
calc
30 Re ^ P6
This diagram indicates ihr.: the upper path is followed if L/D <30
and the lower path if L, D > 30.
_ 2 Examples
M st component
^o2
p
- ol-'2nd component
mlfT m
fi k
l
PROCEDURE P-l
>-/.
O'lb
3f
PROCEDURE P-l
O-Zo.
O-lb
Known:
Mass Flow m = 12.8 lb/sec
Total Temperature T = 540 R
o
Duct Diameter D == 1 ft
Total Pressure p = 14.7 psi
o
Static Pressure P* 14.2 psi
PROCKrXJRE P-2. I
>'Z
R* N
*f
D~3
^f/*">
Po
-35-
A
D
CALC
w^*- rLJ,?!-**,
-4f=4/'. a-7
4r
(
P.
CALC
Bss.
P"!
^
WSS^WI IWwWW'!
zmsammmmm
PROCEDURE P-2. I
es i
5:30
2.04-
PRCCEDURIi: P-2.2
O-*
D-3
D
(DUCT \ ^
\MAT%J
[i
,
W"-*'M)Mw*TWit',.
V.x'f
. -37-
JST)
A
i
ft _J_
D-7
C-ALC
{^M_
A A.
( //a A,
rvtHmNMnmn
PR()CKIXJREP-2.2
]
CALC #> O.75
-38-
ST)
H
CAi-C
4f + 0.03.
{*rt
inifn\ o-i t
M,
J^*J
>
7?
1l r.. mt^
39-
^J
d PROCIilXJKU P-3.1
T
<T
J. E rXJCT INLET LHNGril WITH
BELLMOUTH ENTRANCE
(i)
i *.!-..n ---n,^
0-2 , J.2-/0
1 CALC
0-3 , 5/0-4
sV.
\ D-/ D-7
0.2O
/
N
fe^ '
40-
PROCErXJRE P-3.1
O.7/S
O.ZOS
^f^ifi'xiarvmammmtmmm^,.
H-i
'M-A-w
0-3 r g
PROClilTUHIvI .J.2
Het -
D-S t
O'Z i
t.Si'tO* .0, C^ALC
CALC o-f;
0.224- 0.255"
42-
PUOCblXJKIil .i.2
0.6/S
r^ CALC
0.255- h
i3-
40
<D
Ma
0-9 .
A.
PROCEDURE P-4.1
0-9
0-9
Po4
PROCEDURE P-4.2
0 d;
0./9
0.072
PROCEDURE P 4. 1
PROCEDURE?-4. 2
AD
6
\
M,
1
O-io
\ P
1 P..
PROCEDURE P-5.1
D~iO ** K/ll
* lVi
D-JO p
Ar"
bDURE P-5. 2
+
40
0 0
O'to
(D
0.2S
0.997
PROCEDURE P-5.1
\O.S25 \
O-JO
* 0.2S
0J D-IO
PROCEDURE?-5. 2
(b
-47-
PROCEHURK P 6 I
DIFFUStRS (INTAKE)
CALC
pk,A,
O-i* CALC ^ A,
P; A,
<b
48-
PROCEfJURE P-6.1
FFUSKRS (INTAKE)
D-/4 CALC _
O.OI35 0.956
*<
<b
D-//*
CALC
K*CA
K,
^ 0-1*. YTT
>
p.,A'
PRClilXJRI-ft.2
l)IPFUSKRS(i:XIIAUSO
CAL.C P*Ax
Pmt r\
t>Cfim
O-i* CALC
A- <
CALC
M,
'mtt
Po**
P., A. / ?****
--7f--
M,
)
)
\ ChMfARe 4. PLOT
o.tej
o./5"
0-/A.
t
80-
PRCIilXJREI-6.2
IXFFUSKRSd-XIIAUSl)
C^C 2.94-3
.0934 2.9GO
0.0*04
CALC
M.
>-/. O.IS-2
O.I9S'
~ 7'f^ - -
M,
-51-
PROCEHURE P-7. i
BENDS (INTAKE)
k-J
D-IA CALC . Aa
A/ A
CALC
*
TnVTT D~/a~
p<*
* 1
/
W\
M2
F>*LA
A.
D/4"
/
52-
PROCEDURE P-7.1
BENDS (INTAKE)
l^-J
ossr/l
COMPARE $ RLOT
W r *
-53-
PRCErKJR!iP-7.2
kr,-I
0-/4- 1- Po*
CALC J P*z
Po, Po,
M,
1
CAL.C
7
JY -^) ,/
<flU >.yr _r
- h
5A..
Kz* ^ P..
M.
0-/5 R
O-SL
6.2-/O
O-lZo.
.27
OM-C.
0.209
O-izb I.OZ
/.07
ASSUME 0.2s 0)
O-la- 0.-22/
o.zsy
COMPARE PLOT
-r r
r5A-
PKOCKDUKI- I'-7.2
m-:Ni)S(iixiiAUso
ko-4
275* -
239
M,
la.
!
O.Z24.
CALC
-^-f--e
i0.2i5/
A;,
PKOCEIUKIil'-K. 1
PROClilXJKli V-H.2
(INTAKK) S 3
<b d)
Pml
O-ta.
(BXIIAUSI")
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P.,
M>
CALC f---
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H
I'KOCHIlJIUi !. I
rU(:EIXJKliP-S.2
0
CALC
^COMPARB I PtOT
0.42 8 >-/*. 0.3S3
0.503 0.39S
-56-
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(b
d)
0.98
CALC
0.266 0.3O7
fiXIIAUSO
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1
CALC
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M
PROClilXJKEP-9. I
CALC
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R9C to CALC
C*LC
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= CALC
3.6 -/O P-6 I.OZ8
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piiudiixmi- i'-i
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p -82- O
r^ 1 i ;
..
...'.1/
' i
1
1 ... L .
' i i'.
/ r
// _j
r
i
rrrr
. . j . . . 1 . ; . '
_'__
.i '. '... y^ i
%
7 r-
LA^'J/. V:
1 -: A / ... , //'//
::: .i: : : ; . . _: .
z
0
W/^y/.y.7
--
r-
1 !
s
. i. .: I .
i ' : -
l
.._ \. ....: 1 ,
...... - ; -
0 A'A
; i,: :
r , .: --; ir- ; .; ^
.., :-:: [' '--i'
/ _/ .
z
/ // -"~: f
, .. .
i
: ;
^ . ., . ft
A:: '.'. '.\ ; :;h: [i .!:i: :.:
/ 0-:::
4
.i . .1 .,
rry
.', i .
\::'-
. ;
:.
;':' l:;;'
<
:K
''M /!^^>^ H '-.T.- :.-
t
v.l.-;
---
:: :
T --
-;.:-:
'.''
...
. ..;.,...;;:;::
.. _. . f . .
\ "'
;:ii:;;i!ii\
.~i :"
-ijii- r
::. .. ::. . -r. . r. .. ' , ' .-n
:.. :i;
.:!,: : - .." ' ti
::;.
s/ /
// ::: ;;:!
^ / : /// it: '.'.' 1
;-]::;-a-ri-nj
. , ._ r
//l ::'.': ; ;;: .'.'
"ill! .'::y.: : r. k-
i.i:: ' * .'..'.'.['.'..' :'.':'
//y /
::|:': i:..: -::..";' : : ;:. ;;i.
;;,:":
' " '. v ;.:!:;:
-' i t
.,..j... ... .. ..
;
i :.:
.
r
.. i-
: ! ,, . .
/ ;,:.;: ... i
V\X _ i
tin -i-M- '?i ... i
-111!
;:: iin
i
.... : i ;
i;
Uli lilt ! !'
'III
1 :-H r
i .;!.'
rri -.. *. i
... j .
r
1 : f
::::_::_::
'.rri II.:-; :"
%
;
[ ,..(
".!::: iikii:^ frr
1 r r
;:r:
'T rilt ;T ; '
>
.::!.;::: .;;
::^ : ...
i..,
1- .
i . .
... ^ ':::i.
. .l;i;: : ; ;:. 1 : ; : .
. -. i
.
1 JJ
l
;.i 11
t -
. ;;;; !!' ",,,, . ! . ^ i - . v . i -.
I!::- Tny
r.r "-*. .!iT ;
]. : ::!' : :
:
;; :
t; :
-rrr^-
' "
-rr,-: TV
1 : ; .r* i-:.. .i9 -- -: -i li-~ ; : : fi; '.':
'i.
-J
'
j :if::-;M :ri:p. r" tu -i'.-ii.j - : I : : '. : . , .
...-
- i^^S-
1 .. | ... .I'...'. 11 1 r ! .-"
'.'.'. ,.., y.','.
i.. ' i ''j :'
-_J.... i
W.[\:
>^"
.. ' / '
r~T . . . ,
;._;j' J;;1;
. j ...
! i; t.
::::;:i,<J '
J ; '
?
i
; : i . i ;
1 .. .. ..:!: :x: -'"I- .
r
' i .::: 1
t ...
. :
: : i
:: I '.; :\-\ 'i-^i;';;, v;
. j
: " : 1.' ' .
i ' ': 1 :'
.;: 1.:;: r
1
.i: ,-.; i- - :'r li- ;::'-: ' , : : :
--|vH-:::f
*
83-
. '-1
':rl-t:i
i -
i :.
! '. r
r.'-:
^
' ' : : . ,"
i ;
V)
The power loss penalty associated with the duct pressure losses has
been calculated from a linearized analysis described in Section 5.2.
The pressure losses are so large, however, that the linearized
analysis should be regarded as giving only approximate estimates
of the power penalties.
~T-
-.:, f
85-
<
X
\^\-
.f_yj
^J-
t 10
o
86-
09 CO
w
u
'S
s! w
W1
< Q
S <0 H
U
Hi O
flj
CO
H'
o
O o o o o 0 o
Q o o o o o o
0) (to <0 CM
eg g 5
CO
(dH) SS01 HSAVOd aNieHnx
CO
D O
J
CrJ
:
I GO CO
W
0
>
8 1
o, ttJ
N w
w "v H
M
CO
S
CO ^ ^
Q
H
V* U
D
Q
o
5 00 V N
TABLE 5. i
CALCULATED PRESSURE AND POWER LOSSES
FOR VARIOUS DUCT DIAMETERS
1
Components
Entering
[Mach
Total
Pressure Geometry
1 Entering
! Mach
T Total
i Pressure Geon
Number Ratio | Number Rstio
r
' INTAKE i
Entrance 0.102 1.00 0.237 1.00
Exu
i 0.178 i 0.400
' Straight duct ' 0.177 0.991 L/D23.3 l
0.370 , 0.935 L/D
! Bend, 90 0.175 0.995 | R/D0.75 | 0.360 0.974 R D
.
! Straight duct 0.174 0.997 L/D12 0.347 0.967 L/D
Bend, 180 | 0.173 0.998 R/D-2.66 | 0.345 0.993 R/D
/
TABLES! (Cont'd)
) ENTERING MACH NUMBER FOR EACH SYSTEM COMPONENT
i
0.237 1.00 0.460 0.993
0.989 1 0.949
i
R/D-l.O j i 0.990 RD-1.5 0.988 R.D-2.0
L/D.20.4 0.240 0.980 L/D-32.5 0.507 0.820 L D-44.7
R 0-1.33 . 0.246 0.996 RD-2.0 0.7U0 0.976 R 0.2.67 j
0.248 0.987 A 25 0.750 0939 Aj. Al -4.0
2'V'- i
2 e -10 1 26-11 j
i
L/D.7.9
i
0.947 j 0.700
i
1
:
:
1
I 0.400 { 0.68S i
i 0.875 j 0.728
* i !
i 1 -
89-
M, 0.460
4TL
L 1.47
inax/D)r
1.42
M\
4TL
max/D)2 ' i'47-0.03 1.44
Mj 0. 465
P0/P0^ 1.41
P
o2/Pol)ent. 0.993
90
M. -0.460
-0.8 Cpo-0.40; l-(Po2/Pol)-.05l
'A
Pol/
-0. 949
screen
Bend, 90 ; P-7.1 (Note use of same entering Mach Number for close-
coupled components)
m 15 0A
D
75 Re 2.1 x 10
T - 540
o
Cp - 0.092
o
A.ill.2.0
D .75
Kg =1.07
M1 - 0.460
V1
K KBCpo 0.0985
p
o2 . 0.0125
l-_2f-
Pol
0.9875
Pol/ bend
91-
%
\
\
Mach Number (after close-coupled component) ; P-la '&/.
p , Civ" atxrt*' to****" p *
-^i - (Q. 9875) (0.949) (0.993) 0.931 - *
Po1 Po1
total
r^ . 'I . m
vv 0.373 0.401
PolA "02 0.931
Po2A
M2 - 0.507
s D 91n. -0.75 ft
L - 33.5 ft L/D-44.7
Re
-2-^106 47-0.0181
/D 0.0005/. 75 0.00067
4?" L/D - 0.809
Mo0.7 -i 1 1.09
> h 2
/
Po3
p
= 0.820
o2
92.
Band. 90 ; P-7.1
R _ 2.0 2.67
D 0.75
M3 -0.7
Re - 2.1 x 106
Cpo -0.074; K.- 1.29 (Note: probably choices) K^-1.0
K4KCp0 -0.0955
1--21 .0.0237
P
o3
mYf0 mT/T"
0.401 L-2 0.501
Po2' Po4A
M4 -0.75
Diffuser ; P-6.1
tan G s 0 0972
(37857712) = - . =5.57, 26-11.1'
93-
WD:
a4 4.0
*D:
2e- li.r
M4 -0.75
Cp0 -0.112
KCp^ 0.224
KD 2.0 (Note: no data - may choke)
^05.
1- 0.061
Po4
M. -0.75
4
' 0 - 0.501
p A
o4 4 .
m
r7 x Po4A4 . 0.501
0.1335
Po4A4 P
o55 (0.939) (4.0)
Mg 0.121
')
'*/
*A
*o.
Pf eoure Ratio tor Incako Duct "*/
[2 Exhaust Duct
m 16 lb/sec
T0 - 1500oR
P5 - 14.7 psla
D 9 1n.
A 0.442 ft2
-T^j; 0.662
M5 - 0.688
L 38.25
21.3
D * 0.75
Re l.l x ID6
T0 - 1500 0R
95-
- 0.00067
D
4T -0.0182
L -51
0
4r - 0.928
D
47 rnax
L
M, -0.688; (47n2l) -0.225;
D l4
M, -0.49C 1.36
?
0.810
o4
-5. .i.o
D
M4 - 0.490
Re - 1.1 x lO6
Co - 0.177
o
Assume M3 0. 470
B - 1.086
K-R
V KaCo
B^o =0.192
A" '04
H
TJ 0.025 0.975
o3 o3
' 0.379
Po3'
min
! . 0. 389
p
o4^
M4 0.487
L 21 ft
^.21.3
Re i.i x 106
i- - 0.00067
D
4f 0.0182
L 21
28
D 0.75
47 il 0.510
D
M3 0.470
4?_max_ u L35
P,o j mL40
D p
'3 o /3
Po Po3 0.933
M,2 0.429 -V-
P
* 1.50 -Si.
o l2 Po2
-97.
= 5. 33
Cp 0.045
o
Re - 1.10 x 10
Assume M 0.425
KB 1.02
K. 1.63
^KCPo-0-0748
1- -21. 0.0094
P
ol
_Po2
0.991
Pol
JLJ2 n o, 351
p
olA
m"l/T
0.355
Po2
M2 0. 430
M- 0.688
nTt/T" m 16 lbs/sec
_I_JL . o. 583
Po5A5 T0 - 1500OR
A 0. 442 ft2
(16)( 1500) ._ .
5 ' = i7.5 psia
'o ' (0. 422) (O" 583) (144)
240
Pol " Psia
00
- -
s
H "k C. T, /T.
m.a .w...|
x 1 + ^j ljTcpT03(i--iLU--^f-S?L-i
l T
o3 "c \ ol
k-i/k
(^w % To3'1
m
c T
P oi /Mk"i/k -1
PolJ
Assume tur'ine nozzles choked
8W
Ip - '
^-fl- ^I C T
mf
' ""I Z' P^ V1A
1G0-
Multiply by p
k-l/k
8Wx mf k1 4
-Fp Ji* -nr-hT
= u cp-Jr
1 + - To3 r-p C T
Linearizing,
m T p
a 4
i/k
8W m P
x L f \ _ k-1 P4 / 4 \ . i
8 =+ 703 7
"^r r^r^p ^ ;P v ^
p oiy r
p^
Multiply by p ., - -
+ C T
p^- = ^ T571 "T P o3 -F r^
101-
Linearizing,
m
f\ ^ k-i^ u Y'^Mo
AIP =c /AP0
ma Tip
\ Ko |
Numericnl Example
I 286 77R
= (1.014) (0.70) (0.24) (0.286) (2060) (-^iy) -~-
= 83.1 HP/lb/sec .
Inlet;
A HP = m_ a
& T p
m =15 lb/sec
CT = 83.1 I-P/lb/sec
iOZ-
P
'th\: * atm-Pol . U.7-i0.3. . oz
p p
o/i atm 14.7
Exhaust:
Ap
AH -m.a C
~T-p~
m = 16 lb/sec
CT = 83.1 IP/lb/sec
M4 = 0.425
NOMENCLATURE
-2
A Cross-sectional aiezX ft
D Diameter of duct, ft
L Duct length, ft
L Duct length
b to attain M =1.0, in a constant area duct, ft
max
M Mach Number
T Temperature, R
V Velocity, ft/sec
NOMENCLATURE (Conf d)
p Pressure, psf
Greek
n .Viscosity, lb mass/sec-ft
3
p Density, lb mass/ft
Superscripts
State at M =1.0
105
NOMENCLATURE (Concl'd)
Subscripts
> .
-106-
Calculation
n compressor efficiency
i.UJLiOGRAPHY
3. .Keenan, J.H., and Kaye, J. Gas Tables, John Wiley and Sons, j
New York, 1948
Bibliography (Cont'd)
Bibliography (Concl'd)
6 3 9 M A S S A C H U S E T T S A V E N U E
CAMBRIDGE 39. M A S S A C H U S E T T S
617 - UN S-8QSO