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Gio trnh Tnh ton kt cu hn (Lu hnh ni b)
M un: TNH TON KT CU HN

M s: M 30
Thi gian thc hin : 90 h (L thuyt: 30 h; Thc hnh: 60 h)
MC TIU M-UN:
M un ny nhm trang b cho ngi hc kin thc v tnh ton ,xc nh ng sut v
bin dng sinh ra khi hn cc kt cu,bit c cc bin dng sinh ra khi hn,ng thi
bit tnh ton,thit k cc kt cu hn n gin.
MC TIU THC HIN:
Hc xong m-un ny ngi hc s c kh nng:
- Nhn bit chnh xc cc loi vt liu ch to kt cu hn.
- Gii thch r cng dng ca tng loi vt liu ch to kt cu hn.
- Tnh ton ng vt liu hn, vt liu ch to kt cu hn khi gia cng cc kt
- cu hn.
- Tnh ton nghim bn cho cc mi hn n gin nh: Mi hn gip mi, mi
- hn gc, mi hn hn hp ph hp vi ti trng ca kt cu hn.
- Trnh by y cc bc tnh ng sut v bin dng khi hn.
- Vn dng linh hot kin thc tnh ton kt cu hn vo thc t sn xut.
- Thc hin c cc nguyn tc an ton v v sinh phn xng.
NI DUNG CHNH
- Vt liu ch to kt cu hn
- Tnh bn ca mi hn
- Tnh ng sut v bin dng khi hn
- Tnh ton kt cu dm tr
- Tnh ton kt cu dn, tm v
- Kim tra kt thc m un
YU CU NH GI HON THNH M-UN
*)V kin thc:
c nh gi qua kim tra vit, kim tra vn p t cc yu cu sau:
- Lit k y cc loi vt liu ch to kt cu hn.
- Tnh ton chch xc vt liu ch to kt cu hn.
- Trnh by r cc cng thc tnh ton bn, ng sut v bin dng khi hn.
- Gii ng cc bi ton nghim bn v tnh ng sut bin dng khi hn ca cc kt cu
hn n gin.
*)V k nng:
c nh gi qua bi kim tra thc hnh, qua qu trnh thc hin, qua kim tra cht
lng sn phm t cc yu cu sau.
- Nhn bit ng cc loi vt liu ch to cc kt cu hn.
- Tra bng, tnh ton vt liu hn chnh xc.
- Kim tra nh gi ng cng vic tnh ton cc kt cu hn.
- B tr ni lm vic gn gng khoa hc, an ton.
*)V thi :
c nh gi trong qu trnh hc tp, bng quan st c bng kim thang im t cc
yu cu sau:
- C thc t gic, tnh k lut cao, tinh thn trch nhim trong cng vic, c tinh thn
hp tc gip ln nhau. Cn thn t m, chnh xc trong cng vic.
1
BI 1: VT LIU CH TO KT CU HN
M BI: M-30-01
Mc tiu:
Sau khi hc xong bi hc ny ngi hc s c kh nng:
Nhn bit cc loi thp nh hnh U, I, V..., thp tm, v cc loi vt liu khc
nh nhm, hp kim nhm, ng hp kim ng, thp hp kim thng dng
ch to kt cu hn.
Gii thch ng cng dng ca tng loi vt liu khi ch to kt cu hn.
Tnh ton vt liu gia cng kt cu hn chnh xc, t hiu sut s dng vt liu
cao.
Thc hin tt cng tc an ton v v sinh phn xng
Vt liu ch to kt cu hn l yu t quan trng quyt nh n cht lng cng trnh

v l mt yu t nh hng rt ln n cc qu trnh cng ngh,tnh kinh t ca cng
trnh. Do vy vic la chn ch to kt cu hp l s mang li tnh hiu qu kinh t, k
thut to ln. l tiu ch rt quan trng.
I. NI DUNG CHNH :
1) Cc loi vt liu thng dng ch to kt cu hn
Vt liu dng ch to kt cu hn gm c:
Cc loi thp cc bon thp:
y l loi vt liu c s dng rt nhiu ch to cc loi kt cu hn, do loi
vt liu ny rt d hn v mi hn d t c cht lng theo yu cu m khng
cn phi c nhng bin php cng ngh phc tp no. Trong thc t thp cc bon
thp s dng ch to kt cu hn c chia ra lm 2 nhm chnh l thp nh
hnh v thp tm.
Thp hp kim thp : y l loi thp c tnh hn tt ch ng sau thp cc bon
thp, do c tnh hn tt cho nn cc loi thp hp kim thp cng rt hay c s
dng ch to cc kt cu hn c yu cu bn cao hoc lm vic trong cc
iu kin c bit. Thp hp kim thp thng c dng ch to kt cu hn
gm cc loi nh thp Manggan; thp Cr Si Mn; Cr-Mn-Mlipen. Thp hp
kim thp gm cc loi thp hnh hoc thp tm, c ch to theo tiu chun.
Cc loi thp khng r: c s dng ch to cc lai kt cu hn lm vic
trong nhng iu kin c bit nh: nhit cao, lm vic trong iu kin tip
xc vi ha cht, hoc cc thit b bo qun, ch bin thc phm, thit b dng
c y t... Phn ln cc loi thit b thuc cc loi ny thuc dng tm, hin nay
do nhu cu s dng cc loi kt cu c ch to t thp khng r ang rt ln
cho nn rt nhiu cc cng ngh gia cng kt cu thp khng r hin i xut
hin trong thc t. Cc loi thp khng r c s dng nhiu hin nay l: Cr-
Ni,Cr-Ni-Bo, Ni-Mo-Cr, v mt s loi thp chu n mn ha hc, chu nhit,
bn nhit.
Nhm v hp kim nhm: Nhm v hp kim nhm cng c s dng nhiu
ch to kt cu hn c bit l hp kim nhm c dng ch to cc kt cu
yu cu c trng lng nh,hoc cc kt cu yu cu chng r. Thng thng
hp kim nhm hay c dng nht l: Duy-ra dng cho cc kt cu i hi c
bn nhit cao, cn hp kim nhm magi dng cho cc loi kt cu nh: v tu
2
loi nh c tc cao, cc kt cu xy dng, cc thng cha thc phm,cha
thc n, cha nc...Nhm v hp kim nhm thng c ch to dng tm.
2) Thp nh hnh.
Thp ch L (thp gc): y l loi thp hnh c s dng rt nhiu ch to
cc loi kt cu hn. Thp ch L thng c dng ch to cc loi khung
,dn hoc lin kt khc trong cc kt cu . t thp gc ta c th ch to ra cc
loi thp nh hnh khc nhau bng cch ghp cc thanh thp gc li vi nhau.
V d: ghp 2 thanh thp gc li vi nhau ta s c loi kt cu ch [ hoc ch T
.nu ghp 4 thanh thp gc ta s c kt cu ch I. Do vy y l loi thp c
phm vi s dng rt ln trong thc t. Thp hnh ch L c 2 loi l : L cnh u
v L cnh lch
- Thp ch L cnh u: gm c 67 loi c quy nh trong TCVN 1656-
75.loi nh nht c kch thc L20 x 3,ngha l mi cnh c kch thc l
20 mm ,chiu dy c kch thc l 3 mm, loi ln nht c kch thc l
L250 x 20. y l loi thp c s dng ch to kt cu rt nhiu do
tnh cht cng ngh ca n rt cao. Trong qu trnh gia cng ngi th
khng cn ch n cc cnh ca thanh thp (do cnh ca cc thanh u
bng nhau. y chnh l c tnh rt u vit ca loi thp gc ny.
- Thp ch L cnh khng u: Gm c 47 loi c quy nh trong tiu
chun TCVN 1657-75 ,loi nh nht l L25 x16 x3, c ngha l cnh th
nht 25 mm, cnh th hai 16 mm, chiu dy 3 mm. Loi ln nht c kch
thc L250 x160 x20. y l loi thp gc m hin nay ng dng khng
ln do tnh cng ngh ca thp khng cao v trong qu trnh gia cng
ngi th cn phi ch n cc cnh ca thanh thp (do cc cnh khng
u nhau). Do vy s nh hng n nng sut lao ng. V vy khi thit
k cn ch n c im ny la chn thp gc cho hp l.
Thp ch I: y l loi thp c s dng rt nhiu ch to kt cu chu un,
nn. Theo TCVN 1655-75 th thp ch I c 23 loi. Chiu cao loi nh nht l
100 mm ,loi ln nht l 600 mm. Ngoi ra cn c thm mt s loi thp c bit
k hiu c thm ch a pha di. Thp ch I l loi thp rt kh lin kt vi
nhau to ra mt loi thp mi.
Thp ch [: Theo TCVN 1654-75 thp ch [ c 22 loi. Chiu cao loi nh nht
l 50 mm, ln nht l 400 mm ( y l chiu cao ca tit din). V d [ 22 ch loi
ny c chiu cao l h = 220 mm, chiu di ca thp ch [ t 4 13 m. Ngoi ra
cn mt s loi c bit th k hiu c thm ch a pha di. V d : thp [ 22a.
Trong thc t cn c nhiu loi thp hnh khc nhau nh thp ng, thp trn, .....
3) Thp tm.
L loi thp c s dng rng ri v c tnh vn nng cao, c th ch to ra cc loi
thp c hnh dng, kch thc bt k. Thp tm c dng nhiu trong cc loi kt
cu nh :v tu thy, v cc bnh cha cht lng, bnh cha kh, cc loi bn cha,
b cha, cc loi ng dn cht lng, cht kh. Ngoi ra thp tm cn c s dng
ch to cc loi chi tit my....Trong thc t thp tm c quy cch nh sau:
Thp tm ph thng: c chiu dy s = 40 60 mm, chiu rng 160 1050 mm,
chiu di t 600 12000 mm
Thp tm dy: c chiu dy s = 60 160 mm, chiu rng 600 3000 mm, chiu
di t 4000 6000 mm
Thp tm mng: c chiu dy s = 0.2 4 mm, chiu rng 600 1400 mm.
3
BI 2: TNH BN MI HN
M BI: M-30-02
Mc tiu:
Tnh ton c bn ko,nn ca mi hn.
Xc nh c kch thc ca mi hn khi bit ti trng t ln kt cu.
bn mi hn l mt tiu ch rt quan trng trong qu trnh gia cng kt cu hn, bn

mi hn m bo ngha l kt cu hn s tha mn iu kin lm vic vi ti trng c
quy nh. V vy yu cu ca cng tc thit k, kim tra, nh gi bn mi hn l mt
cng vic quan trng ca ngi th hn trnh cao.
I. NI DUNG CHNH :
II.
1) Tnh ton mi hn gip mi.
1.1. Mi hn gip mi chu ko, nn
Mi hn gip mi l loi mi hn c ng dng rt nhiu trong kt cu hn, do mi hn
c nhiu u im nh: tn t kim loi c bn, t ng sut tp trung, cng ngh thc hin d
dng hn. Do mi hn chu ko v chu nn th bn ging nhau nn ta ch cn tnh ton,
kim tra iu kin bn cho trng hp
chu ko l . kim tra iu kin
bn ko ta xt mt mi ghp hn gip
mi nh sau:
Ta c chiu rng ca tm ni l B cng
chnh l chiu di cn hn, chiu dy
ca chi tit hn l S, lc ko l N.
Nh vy theo l thuyt bn ta c:
mi ghp hn m bo bn th
biu thc sau phi c tha mn:
max = FN [ ]k
h
(2-1)
Trong :
max : L ng sut sinh ra khi kt cu chu lc tc dng
N : L lc tc dng
Fh : L din tch mt ct ca mi hn, n c xc nh nh sau:
Fh = B x S
Nh vy ta c:
max = N [ ]
B .S k
(2-2)
T cng thc trn ta suy ra cc bi ton c bn sau:
Bi ton 1: Kim tra iu kin bn ko theo cng , ta dng cng thc trn
Bi ton 2: Xc nh ti trng, lc ny ta dng cng thc:
4
N B . S .[ ] k (2-3)
Bi ton 3: Tnh ton cc kch thc mi hn theo cng thc sau:

N .[ ]k
B.S N .[ ]k B S
(2-4)
V:
N .[ ]k (2-5)
B .S N .[ ]k S B
Trong trng hp nu kch thc ca kt
cu khng thay i, nhng mun tng kh
nng chu ti trng ca kt cu th chng ta
thit k cc mi hn xin nh hnh v sau
vi:
N: l lc tc dng
B: l chiu rng tm ni
: l gc vt nghing ca cc chi tit
hn
Nh vy iu kin bn ca mi hn lc
ny s l:
max = FN [ ]k
h
= S.NB [ ]k
sin
max = NB.sin.S [ ]k (2-6)

M l gc lun nh hn 900 nn ng sut tc dng lc ny b gim xung, do vy m
iu kin bn tng ln.
1.2. Mi hn gip mi chu un.

iu kin bn c xc nh nh sau:
= M
W
[ ]h
Trong :
l ng sut sinh ra do un
M l m men un:
M = P.l
2
W l m men chng un c xc nh nh sau:
W =B [ ]h
2
.S
6
Thay vo biu thc tnh bn ta c:
= 6.P.l
B2 .S
[ ]h (2-7)
2) Tnh ton mi hn gc.

2.1.Mi hn gc chu ko, nn
5
Khi kim tra bn cho mi hn gc ta thc hin qu trnh kim tra mi hn theo cc
dng sau
a- Tnh mi hn i xng ngang:
xt mi hn ngang chu lc nh hnh v ta c biu thc xc nh bn nh sau:
= N
2.h.B
[ ]h (2-8)
Trong :
N l lc tc dng
h l chiu cao ca mi hn
B l chiu di ng hn.
Do chiu cao mi hn :
h = k.cos450 = 0,7.k v k = S
(trong trng hp cc tm c chiu dy
khng bng nhau th k c chn theo
tm c chiu dy nh hn) cho nn:
= N
1, 4.S .B
[ ]h (2-9)
b- Tnh mi hn i xng dc:

i vi mi hn i xng dc khi chu
lc th iu kin bn c xc nh nh sau:
= N
2.h.L
[ ]h (2-10)
Trong :
L l chiu di ng hn
h l chiu cao mi hn
Trong trng hp mi hn khng i xng th iu kin c xc nh theo cng thc

sau:
= N
h.( L1 + L2 )
[ ]h (2-11)
2.2.Mi hn gc chu un
Khi mi hn gc chu un, iu kin bn c
xc nh theo cng thc sau:
(2-12)
= M
h.L.B
[ ]h
Trong :
6
M l m men un
H l chiu cao mi hn
L l chiu di mi hn c 2 pha
B l chiu cao ca tm hn
Khi mi hn chu un v ko hoc nn th iu kin bn c xc nh nh sau:
M N
= [ ]h (2-13)
W h.L
Trong :
M l m men un
N l lc ko
W l m men chng un
h l chiu cao mi hn
L l tng chiu di ng hn
-Trong trng hp mi hn tng hp chu un nh hnh v th iu kin bn s l:
= M
h.l n2
[ ]h
h.l d .l n +
6
Khi tnh ton ta chn trc ln , cnh ca mi hn k
xc nh mi hn ld
Khi mi hn va chu un va chu ko hoc nn th

iu kin bn s l:
N M
= + 2
[ ]h
h.L h.l
h.ln .ld + n
6
7
BI 3: TNH NG SUT V BIN DNG KHI HN
M BI: MD-30-03
Mc tiu:
Trnh by c cc khi nim v ng sut khi hn,gii thch c cc
nguyn nhn gy ra ng sut khi hn.
Tnh c cc bin dng dc,bin dng ngang ca mi hn.
Xc nh c cc bin php lm gim ng sut,bin dng sinh ra khi hn.
Trong qu trnh hn, do nhit gia cc vng kim loi chnh lch nhau rt cao do vy
thng sinh ra ng sut v bin dng cc ng sut v bin dng ny lm kt cu hn gim
kh nng lm vic hoc khng iu kin lm vic v vy trong qu trnh hn ngi
th phi bit c nhng nguyn nh6n sinh ra ng sut v bin dng c th hn ch
hoc trit tiu chng .
I. NI DUNG CHNH :
1. Cc khi nim v ng sut v bin dng khi hn
a- Ni ng sut khi hn :
L ng sut tn ti trong mi hn sau khi kt thc hn.
Do ni ng sut tn t m khng c tc dng ca ngoi lc cho nn chng ta phi
tng ng cn bng. V mun m bo s cn bng th phi tun theo cc iu kin
cn bng tnh hc, ngha l.
mz = 0 mx = 0 my = 0 (3-1)
b- Phn loi ng sut
Cc loi ni ng sut c chia ra lm 3 nhm nh sau
*Nhm 1:
Cc ng sut ph thuc nguyn nhn sinh ra n
- ng sut nhit: sinh ra do s nung nng khng u trn ton b chi tit
- ng sut d: l ng sut cn li trong vt th sau khi loi b nguyn nhn sinh ra
n. y l loi ng sut thng gp nht
- ng sut do chuyn bin pha: do s bin dng khng u ca chi tit
*Nhm 2:
ng sut sinh ra do s cn bng gia cc kch thc th tch khc nhau ca cc phn
t khi lin kt to thnh vt th. Bao gm 3 loi l t chc t vi, t chc th i v t
chc siu t vi.
*Nhm 3:
ng sut theo cc hng trong khng gian, bao gm cc loi l ng sut mt chiu
(ng sut n), ng sut hai chiu (ng sut mt), ng sut ba chiu (ng sut khi).
c- Cc bin dng khi hn :
Trong qu trnh hn do chi tit b nung nng v lm ngui khng u cho nn s
pht sinh cc bin dng l bin dng co dc ca mi hn v bin dng co ngang ca
mi hn.
- Bin dng co dc ca mi hn : l s thay i kch thc chiu di mi hn sau
khi hn
- Bin dng co ngang ca mi hn: l s gim kch thc ca kim loi mi hn
v vng ln cn theo phng vung gc vi trc ng hn, bin dng co ngang s
to nn s cong, vnh ca kt cu hn hay cn gi l bin dng gc.
8
2. Tnh ng sut v bin dng khi hn p.
a-Tnh ni lc tc dng:
Xt tm kim loi nh hnh v:
Khi hn p vo mp tm th theo
l thuyt hn, trn mt ct ngang
ca chi tit hn do tc ng ca
nhit khi hn s c 2 vng:
Vng nh hng nhit : l
vng c nhit t
5500C13500C.
Ti vng ny, di tc dng ca
nhit s c s thay i thnh
phn ha hc, ng thi l s thay
i v kch thc ht. hai thay i ny dn n s thay i ln v cht lng kim loi.
Nh vy c tnh mi hn ch thay i trong vng nh hng nhit. ti vng ny c chia
lm 2 vng:
Vng th nht : Phn kim loi mi hn v ln cn , phn ny trong qu trnh hn kim loi
thng tn ti trng thi mt pha lng v hai pha lng +rn. Vng ny c gi l vng
b1 tc l vng c s thay i ln nht v thnh phn ha hc.
Vng th hai c nhit t 5500C n gn nhit nng chy ca kim loi. Vng ny
c gi l vng b2 , l vng trong qu trnh hn, kim loi t n trng thi bin dng
do,do vy s thay i v thnh phn ha hc l rt nh, ch yu l s thay i v kch
thc ht.
Vng cn li (vng phn khng): l vng khng bi nh hng nhit.
Nh vy trong vng nh hng nhit s xut hin bin dng:
l = . T. l (3-2)
Trong :
: l h s gin n
T: nhit
l : Chiu di
N.l (3-3)
l =
E.F
Thc nghim chng t rng vi mi loi vt liu th c mt gii hn ring v gii hn ny
c dng xc nh ni lc v bin dng khi hn. Gii hn ny c gi l ng sut ti
hn (k hiu l T)
Cc ng sut ti hn u c xc nh bng thc nghim v l mt trong nhng thng s
cho sn tnh ton, thng thng c trong cc s tay tnh ton thit k.
Do trong vng ng sut tc dng c xut hin bin dng cho nn ni lc tc dng trn mt
ct ngang ca chi tit hn c xc nh trong vng ny, biu thc xc nh nh sau:
P = T. Fc (3-4)
Trong :
P: Ni lc tc dng
T: ng sut ti hn
Fc: Din tch ca vng nh hng nhit
Fc = S(b1+b2) = S.bn
9
Nh vy vn t ra l chng ta phi xc nh c cc kch thc b1, b2. Vic xc nh
cc kch thc ny rt kh khn bi n cn ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh: ch hn,
chiu dy vt liu hn, nhit dung ring
V vy vic tnh ton chnh xc l rt kh khn, cho nn mc chnh xc v , ta c
cng thc sau:
0,484.q
b1 = (3-5)
S0 .Vh .C. .T
Trong :
Q: l nng lng ca h quang hn v q = 0,24.Uh.Ih. (cal/s) (3-6)
= 0,75 1,0
S0:l chiu dy tnh ton ca chi tit hn (cm)
Vh :l vn tc hn (cm/s)
C: nhit dung ring (cal/g.0C)
: trng lng ring ca kim loi (g/cm3)
T: nhit kho st (T=5500C)
b2 = k2.(h b1) (3-7)

Trong :
k2: H s xc nh theo th ng ng tnh ng vi mi loi vt liu. i vi
thp cacbon thp k = 0,224
h: Chiu rng tm hn
Thay b1, b2 vo biu thc Fc = S(b1+b2)
Vy ni lc tc dng:
P = T. Fc hon ton xc nh c.
b-Tnh ng sut phn khng v lc phn khng:

ng sut phn khng v lc phn khng l hai yu t chng li lc tc dng.
-Lc phn khng Pk
Pk = P = T. Fc (3-8)
- ng sut phn khng 2
Pk T .Fc P P
2 = = = = (3-9)
Fk F Fc S.h Sbn S.(h bn )
c-Tnh m men un:
Mu = Mk-Mp (3-10)
Nu M > 0 Kt cu hn vng xung

Nu M > 0 Kt cu hn cong xung
Mk = Pk.y1
Mp = P.y2
d-Tnh ng sut un:
Mu
u = (3-11)
W u
S.h2
Vi Wu =
6
10
d-Tnh vng:
M .l 2
f = (3-12)
8 EJ
S.h3
Vi J=
12
3. Tnh ng sut v bin dng khi hn gip mi.
a- Tnh ni lc tc dng:
Ni lc tc dng l ni lc sinh ra trong vng ng sut tc dng, ni lc tc dng ph
thuc vo din tch ca vng c nhit nng chy n 5500 C, vng ny cn gi l vng
ng sut tc dng , ni lc tc dng c tnh nh sau:
P = T .Fc (3-13)
Trong :
T l ng sut sinh ra khi hn v theo cc gi thuyt trong l thuyt kt cu thng
c chn bng gii hn chy
Fc l vng ng sut tc dng khi hn, vng ny c xc nh nh sau:
Fc = b0.S
(3-14)
11
Trong
S l chiu dy ca chi tit hn :
b0 l chiu rng ca vng ng sut tc dng c xc nh nh sau
b0 = (b1 + b2).2
b1 l vng mi hn v ln cn bao gm vng nng chy , vng chy do
b2 l vng kim loi trng thi n hi
0,484.q
b1 = (3-15)
S 0 .v.c. .550 0 C
Trong :
q l nng lng hu ch ca ngun nhit
q = 0,24.Uh..Ih. calo/s
=0,65 khi hn h quang tay.
=0,9 khi hn t ng
v :l vn tc hn cm/s
S :l chiu dy tnh ton ca kt cu hn
c :l nhit dung ca kim loi calo/g 0C
y : l khi lng ring ca kim loi g/cm3
Vic xc nh b2 ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh nng lng ring q0 chiu rng
tm hn h0 v cc thng s khc b2 c th c xc nh nh sau
b2 = K2 .(h b1)
Trong :
K2 l h s ph thuc vo vt liu ch to chi tit
h l chiu rng ton b phn ng sut tnh ton
i vi hn h quang tay th h =250mm
i vi hn t ng th h =300 350mm
Thay b1 , b2 vo cc biu thc trn ta tnh
c ni lc tc dng P
Trong trng hp nu hn hai tm c
chiu rng khng bng nhau th ta tnh
ton nh sau:
P= T.Fc = T. (bna + bnc).S (3-17)

Trong bna bnc
b- Tnh ni lc phn khng v ng sut phn khng khi hn hai tm c kch thc
khc nhau
- Ni lc phn khng hai tm hn c tnh nh sau:
Pa = 2. a . s
Pc = 2. c . s
Trong :
Pa ,Pc l lc phn khng ca tm hn 1 v tm hn 2
a v c l chiu rng ca vng phn khng 1 v vng phn khng 2
S l chiu dy ca cc tm
ng sut phn khng c tnh nh sau
Theo nguyn l cn bng lc th
P = P a + Pc
12
Thay cc gi tr ca chng vo ta c
T. b0.S = 2 .(a+c). S
T ta c :
T .(bna + bnc ) T .b0
2 = = (3-18)
a+c h b0
c- Tnh m men un
Cc lc Pa v Pc s to ra m men un khi quay quanh tm ca vng ng sut tc dng , v
m men quay ny c xc nh nh sau:
a + bo
Ma = Pa
2
c + bo
Mc = Pc
2
V cc m men ny c chiu ngc nhau cho nn :
a + bo c + bo a + bo c + bo
M = Ma - Mc = Pa - Pc
= 2 .a.s 2 .c.s
2 2 2 2
Thay gi tr ca ng sut phn khng vo ta c
T .b0 .S P.h.(a c)
M = (a + b0 + c) M = (3-19)
2(h b0 ) 2(h b0 )
T cng thc trn ta nhn thy rng, nu c=0 tc l hn vo mp tm, khi m men un
M c gi tr ln nht, khi c=a tc l hn hai tm c kch thc bng nhau th m men un
M=0. Nh vy khi hn gip mi nhng tm hn c kch thc bng nhau th bin dng s
nh nht, khi hn nhng tm hn c kch thc khc nhau th bin dng s xy ra.
d- Tnh ng sut un
Di tc dng ca m men un M, s sinh ra ng sut un, ng sut un ny c xc
nh nh sau:
M M 6.P.h.(a c)
u = = =
W S .h 2
2(h b0 ).s.h 2
6
Vy ta c:
3. T .b0 (a c)
u = (3-20)
h(h b0 )
e- Tnh vng :
vng ln nht c xc nh theo cng thc sau.
M .l 2
f max =
8EJ
Trong :
M l m men un ln nht
l l chiu di ca chi tit hn
E l m un n hi
J l m men qun tnh c xc nh nh sau.
13
S .h 3
J =
12
Thay vo biu thc tnh vng ta c.
12 .M .l 2 3 .M .l 2
f max = =
8 ES .h 3 2 .E .S .h 3
3 .M .l 2
Vy ta c: f max = ( cm ) (3-21)
2 .E .S .h 3
4. Tnh ng sut v bin dng khi hn kt cu thp ch T.

Kt cu thp ch T gm 2 tm, mt tm v mt tm vch hn vi nhau bng hai mi
hn gc nh hnh v.
Vng ng sut tc dng sinh ra trong mi hn gc ch T c xc nh nh sau:

Fc = (2b1+2b21+S2).S1+(b1+b22). S2+ K2
Ni lc tc dng dc trc P v ng sut phn khng c xc nh nh sau:
P=T.Fc (3-22)
P
2 = (3-23)
F Fc
Cc lc tc dng c biu din nh hnh v. nu bin dng do un ngang rt nh, khng
ng k, lc ny ta c:
P = 2P1 +P2
Trong :
P1 l ni lc phn khng ca tm , c xc nh nh sau:
S
P1 = 2 . h 1 b n 1 2 . S 1
2
14
P2 l ni lc phn khng ca tm vch v c xc nh nh sau:
P2 = 2 .(h 2 b n 2 ). S 2
M men un M ca cc ni lc tc dng ln kt cu l:
M= P2.y2-2P1.y1
Trong :
y1, y2 l khong cch t cc im t lc phn khng 2P1, P2 n trng tm ca vng
ng sut tc dng. ng thi im cng l im t ca lc tc dng P.
Nu kt cu hn t do trong qu trnh hn th di tc dng ca m men un M, kt
cu s b un v s sinh ra ng sut c xc nh nh sau:
M
=
W
Do nh hng ca m men un m cc lin kt b cong sau khi hn to ra vng v
vng c xc nh nh sau:
M .l 2
f max = (3-25)
8 EJ
5. Cc bin php gim ng sut v bin dng khi hn

a-Cc bin php v kt cu v cng ngh
Trong qu trnh gia cng cc kt cu hn ch cc bin dng xy ra khi thit k cc
kt cu hn cn ch mt s vn sau :
S dng vt liu c bn nn dng vt liu c tnh hn tt , c do cao
Khng nn b tr cc ng hn giao nhau , c gng gim ti a cc mi hn gc v
thay th bng cc mi hn gip mi .
Khi lp ghp kt cu cn trnh nhng mi hn nh to thnh mi ghp cng , s
dng g sao cho khi hn kim loi c th t do co gin .
Khi hn cn ch mt s vn sau :
i vi cc tm c ch to t cc tm nh , trc ht phi hn cc mi hn ngang
to thnh cc di hn ring bit sau hn cc di ny vi nhau to thnh tm ln
Khi hn cc kt cu dm cn hn cc mi hn ni cc tm , tm vch sau mi
bt u hn cc mi hn gc lin kt gia cc tm v tm vch
Khi hn cc kt cu thng cha b hnh tr cn hn cc ng hn dc ca cc tm
vng , sau hn cc vng li vi nhau
Khi hn nhiu lp nhiu ng , th cc hng sau c hng ngc vi cc lp hn
trc .
b-Cc bin php kh bin dng
Trong cc trng hp cc ng hn c b tr i xng nhau th cng hn c hai
phi ng thi , nh vy bin dng sinh ra c hai pha s c chiu ngc nhau , kt
qu l chng s b trit tiu hoc s b gim xung cn rt nh . Nu khi hn mt s
kt cu c th to ra c bin dng ngc th c gng lp ghp khi hn to thnh
cc bin dng ngc , thng thng hn cc kt cu tm d thc hin phng php
ny .
c-Kp cht chi tit khi hn .
Chi tit c kp cht bng cc loi g c cng vng trong qu trnh
hn bin dng sinh ra s b khng ch cng bc , s dng phng php ny trong
qu trnh gia cng cn tnh n s gia tng ni ng sut .
d-Cc phng php ni ng sut .
Phng php to luc p ln mi hn : y l phng php m sau khi hn xong
ngi ta dng cc bin php tc dng ln mi hn cc lc p d ln trit tiu cc
15
ng sut tn ti trong mi hn , cng c th thc hin bng cch dng my cn
cn mi hn sau khi hn .
e-Nung nng trc khi hn v trong qu trnh hn:
y l bin php nhm mc ch lm cho nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh hn c
phn b tng i ng u cho nn ng sut sinh ra s gim mc ti thiu , cc
phng php ny c ng dng khi hn nhng vt liu c tnh hn km . Ngun
nhit c s dng thng thng dng dng in cao tn , dng nhit ca cc ngn
la kh t v mt s ngun nhit khc .
g-Nung sau khi hn :
y l phng php loi b ng sut tn ti trong mi hn sau khi hn , c th dng
cc phng php ram thp nhit khong 600-6500 C sau gi nhit trong
khong thi gian t 2 3 pht cho 1mm chiu dy chi tit hn. Phng php ny ch
ng dng cho cc chi tit c kch thc nh.
h-Nn, sa:
Nn sa kt cu sau khi hn l mt phng php thng dng, qu trnh nn sa c
th thc hin bng cch nn c kh hoc nn nhit. Nn c kh c thc hin trn
cc my ba, my p, my cn...Qu trnh ny c th thc hin c cc trng thi
nng hoc ngui. Nn nhit l phng php dng nhit to ra cc ng sut sinh ra
trong qu trnh hn, kt qu l cc ng sut ny t cn bng nhau, qu trnh nn nhit
i hi ngi th, ngi cn b k thut phi am hiu cc qu trnh bin dng do
nhit, c kinh nghim thc t la chn c cc im nung hp l.
16
BI 4: TNH TON KT CU DM, TR
M BI: M-30-04
Mc tiu:
Trnh by y khi nim v dm tr, phn loi dm tr.
Trnh by r cc cng thc lin quan n vic tnh ton kt cu dm tr n
gin, thng dng.
Gii thch cc ng sut v bin dng khi hn cc loi dm tr n gin.
Tnh ton chnh xc vt liu gia cng cc kt cu dm tr.
Thc hin tt cng tc an ton v v sinh phn xng
-Dm l mt loi kt cu c s dng rt rng ri trong cc nghnh k thut xy dng

cu, ch to my, ch tao t, ng tu thy, thit b nng h ...Phn ln cc kt cu dm
thp u c ch to bng phng php hn
-Tr l mt kt cu chu ti nn l ch yu, kt cu c s dng rt nhiu trong cc ngnh
cng nghip xt dng, c kh ch to my,cng nghip ch to t, cng nghip ch to
tu thy v cc ngnh cng nghip khc
I. NI DUNG CHNH :
1. Khi nim v dm, tr.
Khi nim:
-Dm l mt phn t ca kt cu hn , lm vic ch yu chu un , dm c lin kt to
thnh cc kt cu khung, b .
Trong thc t dm c s dng nhiu trong cc kt cu cu , kt cu khung nh bng
thp, khung sn tu thy, t, cu trc ...
-Tr l mt kt cu chu ti trng nn l ch yu, thng c ch to lm cc ct
chng khung nh, cc phn t ca khung thn my, ca toa xe,cc loi tr cu, cc loi
ct in..v..v. lc t ln tr c th l ng tm hoc lch tm
Phn loi:
-Trong thc t dm c rt nhiu loi, ty theo tng iu kin c th m c th s dng
cc loi dm c mt ct ngang khc nhau, tuy nhin kt cu dm lm vic trong iu kin
chu un l chnh cho nn cc dng mt ct ngang ca dm bao gm 4 loi chnh nh sau
-Dm c mt ct ngang hnh ch I
-Dm c mt ct ngang hnh ch nht
-Dm c mt ct ngang hnh ch U
-Cc loi dm khc gm c dm c mt ct ngang hnh ch T, hnh vung...
-Kt cu tr thp c ch to bng phng php hn trong cc ngnh k thut, thng

c cc dng sau y:
Loi tr c mt ct ngang hnh ch
2. Tnh ton dm, tr.

*Tnh ton thit k dm
17
a- Tnh chn chiu cao ca dm.
Do dm lm vic ch chu un cho nn cng ca dm phi c tha mn,
mun cng ca dm c m bo th chiu cao ca dm phi c xc nh
tha mn c cc iu kin ca n. Trong thc t chiu cao tnh ton ca dm c
th c tnh theo cng thc thc nghim sau :
M
i vi dm ch I: h = 1,3 1,4 (4-1)
Sv.[ ] k
M
i vi dm hnh hp: h= (4-2)
Sv.[ ] k
Trong :
M :l m men un tnh ton ca dm
Sv :l chiu dy ca tm vch. Khi thit k dm th tr s ca Sv l cha bit,
v vy ban u ta chn Sv mt gi tr no . Vi cc kt cu xy dng th Sv
c chn trong mt gii hn hp nh sau:
Sv = 5 10 khi chu ti trng nh.
Sv = 10 18 khi chu ti trng nng.
b- Tnh ton cc thng s khc ca dm:

-Tnh m men chng un:
-M m men chng un ca dm c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
M
Wy = (4-3) Trong M c xc nh.
[ ] k
-Tnh m men qun tnh ca tit din, moomen qun tnh c tnh nh sau:
h
J y = Wy. (4-4)
2
Trong
Wy tnh
h l chiu cao dm c tnh theo cng thc thc nghim trn.
-Tnh m men qun tnh ca tm vch ng c chiu cao hv , chiu dy Sv.
M men qun tnh ca tm vch ng c xc nh nh sau:
S v .h v3
Jv = (4-5)
12
Trong :
hv c ly gn ng theo cng thc sau: hv = 0,95.h
-Tnh m men qun tnh ca 2 tm .

M men qun tnh ca 2 tm c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Jd = JY Jv (p dng t: JY = Jd+ Jv)
Nhng theo l thuyt bn ta li c:
h1
2
Jd = 2 J 0 + Fd (4-5)
2
Trong :
J0 :l m men qun tnh ca tm ly i vi trc ring ca n. Thng th
tr s ny rt nh cho nn khi tnh ton ta c th b qua
18
h1 :l khong cch gia hai tm , thng c chn nh sau:
h1 = (0,95 0,98).h
T biu thc trn ta c tit din ca mt tm l:
2 .J d
Fd = (4-6)
h12
-Tnh ng sut do un:
Di tc dng ca m men un M s gy ra mt ng sut un v c xc nh nh
sau:
M .h
= [ ] k (4-7)
2 .J Y
-Tnh ng sut ct:
Di tc dng ca lc ct Q trn mt ct ngang s xut hin ng sut ct, ng sut
ct ny c xc nh nh sau:
Q .S
= [ ] (4-8)
J .S v
Trong :
Q: l lc ct ngang ln nht ca dm
S: l m men tnh ca mt ct ngang ly i vi trng tm ca dm
Sv: l chiu dy ca tm vch.
-Tnh ng sut tng ng.
ng sut tng ng c xc nh khi gi tr ca M v Q cng cc i ti mt
mt ct, chng c xc nh cnh trn ca tm vch, cng thc tnh nh sau:
td = ( 12 + 3. 12 [ ]k (4-9)
Trong :
M .hv
1 =
2. J
Q.S
1 =
J .S v
Vi S l m men tnh ca tit din ngang ly i vi trc trung tm ca tit din
dm.
Trong mt s trng hp td nh hn ng sut gy ra do un, do vy trong mi trng

hp th: td 1,05.[]k
Tit din c coi l hp l khi:
max = (0,95 1,05) .[]k (4-10)
c- Tnh ton thit k cc mi hn dm.

Phn ln cc phn t ca dm lin kt vi nhau bng cc ng hn gc gia cc
tm v cc tm vch. Khi dm lm vic thng xut hin c hai loi ng sut
php tuyn v ng sut tip tuyn, ng sut ct dc theo mi hn gia tm vch v
tm l nguy him nht, ng sut ny c xc nh nh sau:
Q .S
= (4-11)
J .S v
19
Cc mi hn c cnh l K th:
Q.S (4-12)
=
J .2 .0,7 .K
Trng hp ti trng di ng trn mt dm th:
n.P (4-13)
k =
z .2 .0 ,7 .K
Trong :
P: l tr s ti trng tp trung
n: l tr s ph thuc vo c trng gia cng cnh tm ng
z: l chiu di mi hn tnh ton trn p lc truyn t tm sang tm
ng.
Sau khi xc nh c T v Tk ta tin hnh xc nh ng sut tng hp theo cng
thc sau:
(4-14)
th = 2 + k2 [ ] h .
*Trong thc t khi yu cu s dng dm c chiu di ln ta phi tin hnh ni dm,
khi ni dm cn lu cc mi ni cc tm phi lch nhau nh hnh v:
(Hnh v ni dm)
bn ca mi hn ni dm c xc nh nh sau:
M (4-15)
= [ ] h
W
Nu > []h th ta phi hn thm vo ch ni tm p ph lm cho m men qun
tnh tng v m men chng un s tng, lc ny ta c:
M
= [ ]h (4-16)
W'
Trong :
W l m men chng un ca tit din khi c tm m.
Khi tnh ton thit k ta nn hn ch dng tm m v n l ngun gc sinh ra
ng sut tp trung.
*Tnh ton thit k tr

a- Tnh ton thit k mt ct ngang ca tr
bn v n nh ca tr khi chu nn ng tm c xc nh theo cng thc sau
y:
N
= [ ]n = [ ]k . (4-17)
F
Trong :
N: l lc nn dc trc
F : l din tch mt ct ngang ca tr
20
: l h s un dc, h s ny lun nh hn 1
Khi tnh ton thit k ta dng h s m bo tnh n nh ca phn t chu nn
do b un dc.
Nu gi l t s gia chiu di t do L ca phn t vi bn tnh qun tnh r ca tit din
L
ngang ca phn t cong, n l mt h s v: = (4-18)
r
Trong :
r l bn knh qun tnh c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
J
r= (4-19)
F
cng thc trn: J l m men qun tnh ca tit din ngang ca tr (F)
Khi xc nh chiu di ca tr cn lu mt iu l, chiu di ny cn ph thuc vo
dng lin kt ca tr.
Sau khi xc nh c ta c th tra bng xc nh c , da vo tnh F theo
cng thc (4- 1). Nhng mt khc ta cng thy rng mun chn c th phi cn c
vo F. V vy khi gii bi ton ny ta phi s dng bi ton gn ng lin tc.
u tin ta chn trc mt gi tr 1 = 0,5 0,8 ty thuc vo tng loi kt cu ,sau khi
chn c 1 ta thay vo cng thc kim tra iu kin bn xc nh F1 theo cng thc
sau y:
N (4-20)
F1 =
[ ]k 1
Sau khi xc nh c F1 ta thit k mt ct ngang hp l trn c s ca F1 v s c mt
ct ngang mi F2 F1 ( F2 lun c chn ln hn F1)
T F2 ta tnh m men qun tnh nh nht thay vo cng thc (4-3) nhm xc nh bn
knh nh nht nh sau:
J min
rmin = (4-21)
F2
T rmin ta c:
L
max = (4-22)
rmin
Vi gi tr ca max c xc nh trn ta tin hnh tra bng xc nh h s , h s
ny ta gi l 2.
Thay 2 kim tra li iu kin bn theo cng thc:
N (4-23)
= [ ]k
F2 . 2
Nu sai lch trong ccong thc trn nm trong phm vi 5% th tha mn iu kin bn,
cc kch thc tnh ton v mt ct thit k m bo hp l.
Trong trng hp kt qu tnh ton vt ra khi gii hn cho php trn th phi tnh ton
li t u.
Nh vy khi tnh ton thit k mt kt cu tr , chng ta phi thc hin cc bc sau:
- Chn trc mt gi tr 1, thng thng gi tr 1 ny nm trong phm vi t 0,5
0,8. trong mt s trng hp ngi ta c th cho trc gi tr ny.
- Tnh F1 theo cng thc (4-20).
21
- Thit k mt ct hp l , trn c s ca F1 t xc nh F2 ca mt ct va thit
k.
- Tnh m men qun tnh Jx v Jy sau chn m men qun tnh no c gi tr nh
hn tnh bn knh qun tnh cc tiu.
- Tnh bn knh qun tnh cc tiu theo cng thc (4-21)
- Tnh cong ln nht max theo cng thc (4-22)
- Tra bng v xc nh 2
- Kim tra li iu kin bn theo cng thc (4-23)
- So snh kt qu tnh ton vi cc iu kin cho php rt ra kt lun.
- Tnh ton li nu khng tha mn cc yu cu.
b- Tnh ton thit k cc mi hn lin kt cc phn t ca tr

Trong qu trnh chu tc dng ca lc ,nu lc tc dng t ng tm th lc ngang
Q = 0, tuy nhin trong thc t th tr no khki b nn cng cong i mt t v lc tc
dng cng khng hon ton t ng tm. V vy lc ngang Q 0. theo thc nghim
th lc ngang c xc nh nh sau: (4-24)
Q = 0,2. F (KN )
Trong F l din tch mt ct ngang ca tr c th nguyn l cm2. Cng thc trn
ch p dng khi vt liu ch to l thp cc bon thp, hp kim nhm.
Trng hp vt liu s dng ch to tr l cc loi thp hp kim th cng thc tnh
ton l:
Q = 0,4. F (KN ) (4-25)
Vi nhng kt cu m khi lm vic xut hin c lc dc v lc ngang th ta c cng
thc xc nh:
e
Q = P. (4-26)
l
Trong :
e: l khong cch t im t lc n tm ca mt ct ngang
l: l chiu cao ca tr
ng sut sinh ra ti cc mi hn di tc dng ca lc ngang c xc nh nh sau:

Q.S
= (4-27)
J .2.0,7.K
Trong :
Q l lc ct ngang
J l m men qun tnh ca ton tit din ly i vi trc Y
K l chiu cao mi hn
S l m men tnh ly i vi trc ng
cong Vt liu s dng

phn t
() CT3, CT4 CT5 Thp hp kim Hp kim nhm
10 0,99 0,98 0,98 0,973

20 0,97 0,96 0,95 0,946
30 0,95 0,93 0,92 0,890
40 0,92 0,89 0,89 0,770
22
50 0,89 0,85 0,84 0,664
60 0,86 0,80 0,78 0,542
70 0,81 0,74 0,71 0,458
80 0,75 0,67 0,63 0,387
90 0,69 0,59 0,54 0,322
100 0,60 0,50 0,46 0,280
110 0,52 0,43 0,39 0,243
120 0,45 0,37 0,33 0,213
130 0,40 0,32 0,29 0,183
140 0,36 0,28 0,25 0,162
150 0,32 0,26 0,23 0,152
160 0,29 0,25 0,21
170 0,26 0,21 0,19
180 0,23 0,19 0,17
190 0,21 0,17 0,15
200 0,19 0,15 0,13
23
BI 5: TNH TON KT CU DN, TM V
M BI: M-30-05
Mc tiu:
Trnh by y khi nim v dn, kt cu tm v.
Trnh by r cc cng thc lin quan n vic tnh ton kt cu dn, tm v
M t cc ng sut bin dng khi hn tm v v bin php chng ng sut
v bin dng .
Tnh ton chnh xc vt liu gia cng cc kt cu dn, tm v
Vn dng kin thc tnh ton vo thc t sn xut linh hot.
Thc hin tt cng tc an ton v v sinh phn xng.
Dn l mt kt cu c s dng rt nhiu trong cc ngnh k thut, c bit trong

cng nghip xy dng, giao thng, ch to thit b nng h, cc cng trnh in, cng
trnh vin thng v.v.
Cc kt cu tm c s dng rt rng ri trong k thut, l cc thng cha, b
cha, ni hi, v tu thy, cc loi thit b trong ha cht.v.v. Cc loi kt cu ny cn
c mi hn m bo bn, kn.
I. NI DUNG CHNH :
1. Khi nim v kt cu dn, tm v.
a. Khi nim chung :
-Dn l mt h thng cc thanh lin kt vi nhau cc u mt bng cc khp bn l,
bt bin v hnh dng khi chu tc dng ca ti trng. H thng c xem l bt bin v
hnh dng hnh hc l h thng m khi chu ti trng th cc im ca n c chuyn v,
song khi b ti trng th cc im ca n tr v v tr ban u, ngha l h thng lm
vic trng thi n hi.
Cc dn lin kt bng hn khng phi l dn bn l nhng thc nghim chng t rng
s phn b ng lc trong cc thanh ca dn hn khng khc nhau nhiu so vi cc dn
bn l-bu lng. V vy cc dn hn c xem nh l mt h thng bn l v vic tnh
ton thit k c thc hin nh h thng dn lin kt bng bu lng- bn l
Cu trc dn gm cc phn t nh sau: Thanh bin trn, thanh bin di, thanh chng,
thanh ging, lin kt gia cc phn t vi nhau c gi l nt dn.
Kt cu dn c th hin nh hnh v sau:
-Kt cu tm l nhng kt cu c to thnh bng vic lin kt cc tm kim loi vi

nhau to thnh nhng dng thng cha, b cha, v tu thy, my bay, xe t, toa tu,
cc loi bnh cha kh, cha cc loi cht lng, cc loi ng dn.v.v.Cc loi yu cu
ny thng c yu cu v kn, bn ca mi hn cao m bo an ton khi vn hnh
s dng. Cc lin kt hn trong kt cu tm thng l nhng lin kt hn gip mi, lin
kt hn gc. Cc tm kim loi trc khi hn thng c to hnh ph hp vi c
im lm vic ca kt cu. Cc mi hn sau khi hn thng c kim tra cht ch
theo quy nh c tiu chun ha.
24
b. Phn loi :
Phn loi Dn:
Dn c phn loi theo cng dng, theo kt cu t hp ca n, trong k thut dn
c xem l hp l nht l dn tha mn c cc iu kin nh: kt cu hp l nht,
trng lng nh nht, ch to d dng nht. Kt cu dn c chia ra cc loi nh sau:
Dn ko nh: bao gm :Dn ko nh dn dng Dn ko nh cng nghip.
Dn ko nh dn dng:
Dn ko nh cng nghip
Dn cu trc
Phn loi kt cu tm:

Trong thc t hu ht cc loi kt cu tm u c nhng yu cu khc nhau v kn v
bn ty theo nhng iu kin lm vic. Do vy cng ngh gia cng cng c nhng yu cu
tng ng tha mn c cc iu kin k thut.
Do nhng c im trn m hu ht cc loi kt cu u c phn chia lm hai nhm sau
a- Nhm 1
Gm cc loi thng cha, v cc loi kt cu khc dng cha cc cht lng v cht
kh khng nguy him v n, khng c c v c p sut nh trong phm vi P 5 N/cm2
nhit khong T 1000C . Cc loi kt cu ny thng lm vic trong nhng iu
kin bnh thng.
b- Nhm 2
Gm cc loi kt cu nh v tu thy, bnh cha oxy, bnh cha kh chy, ni hi chu
p lc cao.v.v. Cc loi kt cu ny trong qu trnh lm vic lun lun trng thi nguy
him yu cu c h s an ton rt cao v vy khi lm vic phi tun theo nhng ch dn
c bit.
25
2. Tnh ton kt cu dn, tm v.
2.1:Tnh ton, thit k Dn
a- Tnh ti trng v ng lc trong cc thanh ca dn
Tnh ti trng
Cc ti trng t ln dn bao gm cc lc tp trung, lc phn b v cc m men un...
Tnh cc phn lc ti cc gi
Dng cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc tnh cc phn lc ti cc gi
M A =0 M B =0 (5-1)
Tnh m men un ln nht
n
Mmax= M t (5-2)
t =1
Tnh ni lc trong cc thanh ca dn

xc nh c ni lc trong cc thanh ca dn ta dng phng php mt ct nhng
trc cn xc nh xem dn thuc loi no, i xng hay khng i xng, nu i
xng ta ch cn xt mt na dn, na cn li ly i xng tng ng cho tng phn t.
Nu dn khng i xng th ta phi tnh ton cho ton b dn.
Dng mt ct ct dn, lp phng trnh cn bng cho phn dn b ct nh sau:
M i = 0 : Tng m men cu cc lc ly i vi im i ca mt ct i-il
im giao nhau ca cc phn t ti nt b ct
M i ' = 0 : Tng m men cu cc lc ly i vi im i ca mt ct i-il
im giao nhau ca cc phn t ti nt b ct
M A = 0 : Tng m men ca cc lc ly vi gi
Khi thnh lp cc phng trnh cn bng cng c th xt iu kin cn bng cho bt k
phn dn no
S lng mt ct ph thuc vo cc phn t ca dn, tt c cc phn t u phi ct
xc nh ni lc.
Nu sau khi ct m vn cn phn t cha xc nh c ni lc th ta phi s dng
thm phng trnh cn bng sau:
MY = 0 (5-3)
Gii cc phng trnh cn bng thnh lp xc nh ni lc trong cc phn t ca

dn.
b- Xc nh tit din ngang ca cc thanh ca dn

Tnh tit din ca thanh bin b nn
Thanh bin chu nn phi ca din tch mt ct ngang c xc nh theo cng thc
sau:
N (5-4)
FYC =
[ ] k .
Trong :
FYC :L din tch yu cu ca mt ct ngang
N l ni lc tnh ton
l h s un dc, h s ny c c chn trc
Sau khi xc nh c FYC ta tin hnh xc nh mt ct hp l, tnh li F, kim tra
bn theo cng thc sau:
26
N (5-5)
= [ ] k
F .
Nu cc thanh c hn vi nhau th cnh mi hn c xc nh nh sau:
K= (0.4 90.6 ).S
ng sut sinh ra trong mi hn c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
Q.S
= (5-6)
J .2.0.7.K
Trong :
Q: l lc ngang ca thanh
S: l m men tnh ca thanh bin ly i vi tm ca tit din
J l m men qun tnh ca thanh bin ly i vi trng tm ca mt ct
ngang
K l cnh ca mi hn
i vi nhng dn chu ti trong ln th thanh bin c th thay i kch thc mt
ct theo tng khung , mi khung c chiu di khng qu 8 m.
Tnh tit din ca thanh bin chu ko.

Thanh bin chu ko thng c ch to cng mt loi vt liu nh thanh bin chu
nn, c tnh theo cng thc sau:
N
FYC = (5-7)
[ ] k
Tnh tit din ca thanh ging v thanh tr:

Cc loi thanh ging, thanh tr ca dn thng c chn hnh dng ging nh cc
thanh bin
N (5-8)
Vi cc thanh bin b ko th : FYC =
[ ] k
N
Vi cc thanh bin chu nn th: FYC = (5-9)
[ ] k .
Trong : = 0,4 0,7.
vic tnh ton thit k c n gin, ta chn thanh ging, thanh tr c tit
din nh nhau
Khi tnh ton bn th ta ch cn kim tra bn cho cc thanh chu nn cn cc
thanh chu ko thng l tha mn bn. Cc mi hn thng chn cng kch
thc v chn bng k = (0,4 0,6 ).S
c- Tnh ton v thit k nt dn

Tnh nt :
Nt l nt va lm nhim v lin kt cc phn t ca dn va lm nhim v lin
kt gia dn vi cc kt cu khc
Nt gm c cc chi tit nh sau:
Tm : kch thc ca tm lin kt c vi cc kt cu khc , trn mt
tm c khoan cc l lp ghp bu lng vi cc kt cu khc, cc l ny c th l
hnh trn hoc hnh elip ty theo yu cu.
Ngoi ra cn c tm vch dc, tm vch ngang lin kt cc thanh tr, thanh bin,
thanh ging:
Kt cu ca nt nh hnh v:
-Tnh kch thc ca tm
27
Kch thc ca tm phi ln lp ghp vi cc kt cu m dn lin kt.
Thng
Thng kch thc ca tm ly bng kch thc ,mt ct ngang ca tr lin kt
-Tnh kch thc ca tm vch dc
Tm vch dc c chiu di bng chiu di ca tm , chiu cao ca tm vch dc
c xc nh ty thuc vo chiu di ca ng hn cc thanh tr, thanh ging,
chiu di mi hn c xc nh thoe cng thc sau:
N
L= (5-10)
0.7.K .[ ] h
-Tm vch ngang: tm cch ngang bao gm 2 tm c t vung gc vi tm vch
dc nh hnh v, chiu rng ca tm vch ngang ph thuc vo cc kch thc lp
ghp ca tm vch dc v tm , chiu cao ca tm vch ngang bng chiu cao ca
tm vch dc.
Tnh nt nh:
Nt nh l nt trn cng ca dn,nt nh ch c cc dn ko nh cng nghip
hoc dn ko nh dn dng, nt lm nhim v lin kt cc thanh bin trn, thanh
chng v trong mt s trng hp c lin kt vi thanh ging. Nt nh thng ch
c mt tm hnh ng gic trong c hai cnh di v ba cnh ngn, hai cnh di
lin kt vi cc thanh bin, chiu di ca cc cnh ny ph thuc vo chiu di
ng hn tnh ton gia thanh bin trn vi nt nh v gc nh ca dn. Chiu
cao ca nt nh ph thuc vo chiu cao ca nt nh ph thuc vo chiu di
ng hn lin kt gia thanh tr v nt nh. Chiu di cc ng hn ny c
tnh ton nh cng thc trn.(5-10)
Tnh cc nt trung gian:

Nt trung gian l nt lin kt gia cc thanh tr, thanh ging v thanh bin. Nt
trung gian thng ch c hai kch thc l chiu di v chiu rng, cc kch thc
ny ph thuc vo chiu di cc ng hn lin kt gia cc thanh bin v cc thanh
tr, thanh ging, chiu di cc ng hn ny cng c tnh theo cng thc (5-10)
d- Ni cc thanh bin
Trong qu trnh gia cng, do yu cu thit k nhiu khi chiu di vt liu ch to
thanh bin khng ln, do vy cn phi ni cc thanh bin. Trong nhng trng
hp cc thanh bin c th c ni gip mi thng hoc gip mi xin. Trong
nhng trng hp chu lc c th s dng cc tm m pha trong hoc pha ngoi.
Vic tnh ton kim tra cc mi hn c thc hin ging nh nhng phn trc.
2.2:Tnh ton kt cu tm
a- Kt cu thng cha hnh tr ng.
Thng cha hnh tr ng c cu to gm c ba phn chnh l thn thng, np thng,
y thng. y l loi kt cu n gin nht trong cc loi kt cu tm, vic tnh ton
cng c thc hin cho ba phn gii thiu trn.
Vt liu ch to l cc loi thp cc bon thp, thp hp kim thp.
Tnh ton phn thn thng.
Do thn thng l hnh tr ng , cho nn thng c thit k nh sau. Thn tr
thng c ch to bng nhiu on ng c ni ghp li vi nhau bng cc ng
28
hn gip mi, cc on ng cng c to thnh t cc tm thp cun trn v lin kt
bng ng hn gip mi dc. Cc on ng pha di thng c chiu dy ln hn
cc on ng pha trn . Nh vy kt cu tr ng cc mi hn lin kt gm c cc
mi hn dc v cc mi hn ngang , theo l thuyt th cc mi hn dc s chu lc ch
yu. Chiu dy ca v quyt nh bn ca chng.
Qu trnh tnh ton c thc hin nh sau:
- Tnh p lc bn trong ca thng.
p lc trong ca thng c xc nh theo cng thc sau.
P = .y (5-11)
Trong :
:l trng lng n v th tch ca cht lng
y :l su ca lp xt so vi mt phng nm ngang
Theo l thuyt v ng sut vnh ta c th dng cng thc sau y xc nh b dy
cn thit cho mt on ng bt k:
P.R
Sy/c = (5-12)
[ ] h
Trong :
R l bn knh ca hnh tr
P l p lc tnh theo cng thc trn v thng tnh cho im cch mp di
ca tm 300 mm cho ph hp vi iu kin k thut.
Nu trn mt on ng no yu cu khoan l lp ng dn th ti ch khoan l s
b yu i, do vy ti ch ny ta c th kim nghim theo cng thc sau y:
P.R hd
= []h (5-13)
S hd d
Trong cng thc trn ta c;
P: l p lc trong thng cha .
R: l bn knh ca hnh tr .
h : l chiu cao on ng.
d : l ng knh l khoan .
Phn ln cc l khoan khng gy ra nguy him, tuy nhin khi tnh ton trn nu ng
sut tnh ton vt qu ng sut cho php th cn phi v thm ch l khoan mt
ming , nhm lm cho tit din chu lc tng ln, lm cho ng sut tnh ton gim
xung .
Tnh ton y thng .

y thng thng c thit k l y phng hoc y li ty theo tng trng thi lm
vic ca kt cu.
-y phng : y l loi y thng dng thng c s dng nhiu, y c t trn
nn xi mng hoc trn nn ct cho nn y khng chu lc lm vic . loi y ny c
ch to bng thp tm c chiu dy t 48 mm v ph thuc vo ng knh ca thng
. Trong mt s trng hp, thng cha c dung tch ln, phn ngoi bin ca y ni
lp ghp vi vch ng ngi ta b tr nhng tm c chiu dy ln hn phn gia ca
y . Mi lin kt gia y v phn tr c tm quan trng c bit trong kt cu, ngay
ti ch ni s xut hin m men un , tr s ca m men ph thuc vo chiu dy ca
tm vch ng v chiu di phn nh ra khi vch ca tm y. Tuy nhin phm vi nh
29
hng ca m men ny khng ln , mt khc lin kt gia phn tr v y c thc
hin bng hai mi hn lin tc trong v ngoi cho nn tha mn iu kin bn. V vy
cc mi hn ny chng ta khng cn kim tra iu kin bn .
- y dng cu : y l loi y c s dng trong mt s trng hp c bit m
dng y phng khng hp l nh thp cha nc, hoc cc thng cha chu p sut
cao.v.v. y dng cu kh ch to , do vy trong nhng trng hp cn thit mi s
dng trnh lng ph .
Khi tnh ton y cu, ng sut y cu c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
P.R0
d = (5-14)
S0
Trong :
P: l p sut ti im xt trn y , c tnh nh trn
S0: l chiu dy ca y
R0: l bn knh trong ca y, theo l thuyt bn th R0 2R
Tnh ton np thng

Np thng thng c cu to gm khung pha trong, pha ngoi l cc tm thp lin kt
hn vi nhau. Mt s thng c tr cha khung c th ta ln c, khung gm cc
thanh bin trn v cc thanh bin di lin kt vi nhau to thnh hnh tam gic hoc
hnh thang . Thanh bin trn lin kt vi v, cc thanh bin di ta ln tr. Thng
thng chiu dy ca tm thp lm v np S= 23mm, cc thanh ca khung l thp ch
[ hoc ch L. Cc tm thp lm np khi tnh ton bn coi nh b ngm c chu vi, ly
gn ng l hnh ch nht c cc cnh l a v b, ng sut sinh ra trong tm s l:
6.q.a 2
= . (5-15)
s2
Trong :
q :l t trng ca np, trng lng ca ngi v thit b trn np
S: l chiu dy ca tm thp (cm)
: l h s iu chnh ( = 0.192 khi a=b ; = 0.407 khi a b )
b- Tnh cc kt cu bnh cha cht lng , cht kh p sut cao

Cc loi bnh cha cht lng cht kh c p sut cao , trong qu trnh lm vic lun
lun phi tun theo mt quy trnh nghim ngt, bi v cc loi bnh ny thng rt d
xy ra chy n gy ra hu qu nghim trng cho ngi v trang thit b. Do vy khi tnh
ton cn phi m bo h s an ton cao
Tnh chiu dy ca bnh
Chiu dy ca bnh c th c xc nh theo cng thc sau;
P.Dt
S= +C (5-16)
200..[ ] k P
Trong :
S : l chiu dy bnh
P: l p sut lm vic ca bnh
Dt: l ng knh trong ca bnh
: l h s bn ca mi hn , thng chn t 0,71
C : l tr s b sung chiu dy , thng chn C=1,7
(Do n mn, chiu dy nh mc tn c bn , do cng ngh ch to)
Tnh chiu dy y bnh
Chiu dy y bnh c xc nh theo cng thc sau;
30
P.Dt D
Sd = . t +C (5-17)
400.Z .[ ] k P 2.ht
Trong :
P; Dt; C; []k : c chn nh trong cng thc 6-6
Z : l h s lm yu y thng chn Z 1
ht: l chiu cao ca y bnh
Cc bnh lm vic trong iu kin d gy ra chy n
i vi cc loi bnh ny khi tnh ton thit k , cng c thc hin ging nh
trn.Nhng chng ta cn phi nhn thm h s an ton , bi v ty theo l thuyt khi n
p sut s tng t 10-12 ln so vi p sut lm vic. Do vy khi tnh ton ta phi tnh
tng p sut lm vic 12 ln .
31
BI TP NG DNG:
1.Cho mi ghp hn nh hnh v, bit rng lc ko N = 260 KN, []h = 28 KN/cm2, vt
liu c chiu dy S = 8 mm. Hy xc nh chiu di ng hn kt cu m bo iu
kin bn.
2.Cho mi ghp hn chu lc nh hnh v. Hy xc nh bn ca mi hn nu vt

liu ch to kt cu l thp cc bon thp c []k = 28 KN/cm2 , N = 450 KN, S = 8 mm, B
= 300 mm.
3.Cho kt cu hn chu lc nh hnh v. Hy kim tra iu kin bn ca mi hn , nu

lc tc dng P = 120 KN, B = 260 mm, chiu di mi hn L = 400 mm, vt liu c
[]k = 28 KN/cm2.
32
4.Cho dm chu lc nh hnh v. Hy xc nh kch thc mt ct ngang ca dm bit

h
rng: b = , []k = 25 KN/m2.
2
5.Cho tm thp c kch thc 1500 350 8. Tm thp c hn p vo phn mp , vt

liu c []T = 24 KN/cm2 , C = 0,16 cal/g0C, E = 2,1.104 KN/cm2, lp p c c= 2 mm.
Kt cu hn b bin dng nh th no? Tnh vng ca kt cu.
6.Cho kt cu hn gip mi nh hnh v . Hy xc nh vng ca kt cu sau khi hn

bit rng vt liu ch to l thp cc bon thp c []T = 25 KN/cm2, E = 2,1.104 KN/cm2.
Cc kch thc cho trn hnh v.( ha = 300 mm, hc = 250 mm, S = 6 mm, l = 1500 mm, C
= 0,16 cal/g0C, d = 10 g/A.h, = 7,85 g/cm3). Mi hn gip mi c b rng l 8 mm,
chiu cao mi hn l 1,5 mm, khe h gia 2 tm ghp l 2 mm.
7.Mt kt cu hn c dng nh hnh v. Hy tnh ng

sut v bin dng khi hn kt cu , bit rng: , l =
1000 mm, C = 0,16 cal/g0C, d = 11 g/A.h, = 7,85
g/cm3), E = 2,1.104 KN/cm2, []T = 24 KN/cm2.
33
8. Cho mt dm chu ti trng nh hnh v. Hy thit k mt ct ngang ca dm m

bo iu kin bn, yu cu mt ct ngang c dng ch I, bit rng []k = 26 KN/cm2,
l = 8 m.
9. Cho mt dm ch I chu lc nh hnh v sau. Hy tnh ton, thit k dm nu vt liu

ch to dm l thp c []k = 25 KN/cm2, P = 140 KN.
10. Dm chu ti trng nh hnh v.Hy tnh ton thit k dm bit rng vt liu dm c
[]k = 26 KN/cm2.
34
11. Cho mt tr chu tc dng ca ti trng nn ng tm, P = 940 KN, l=8m, []k = 24
KN/cm2, yu cu thit k mt ct ngang ch I, vt liu ch to l thp hp kim thp.
12. Kt cu chu ti trng nh hnh v. Hy tnh ton thit k dn lm vic bo m

an ton bit rng vt liu c []k = 28 KN/cm2, d = 2,5 m, l = 10 m.
14. Cho mt dn chu ti trng nh hnh v. Bit vt liu ch to dn l thp cacbon

thp c
[]k = 24 KN/cm2, P=20 KN, d=1,5 m, l=1,5 m.
Tnh ton thit k dn trn( thanh bin trn, thanh bin di, thanh ging).
35
15. Tnh ton cc kch thc c bn ca bnh sinh khi c dung tch 40 lt, sn lng
kh 2000 lt/gi, p sut lm vic 1,5 t, vt liu c []k = 20 KN/cm2.
-Kim tra bn ca bnh dp la tt ngc . Bit rng ng knh ca bnh
dt = 60 mm
36
TI LIU THAM KHO
- Kt cu thp-Cu kin c bn (PGS-TS Phm Quang Hi, Nguyn Quang Vin.)
- Sc bn vt liu Bi c Tin.
- Cm nang hn Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut .
- Gio trnh cng ngh hn - Nguyn Thc H, Bi Vn Hnh - NXBGD- 2002
- Cng ngh hn in nng chy -Ng L Thng (tp1- c s l thuyt) NXBGD-
2004.
- Chng trnh dy ngh hn B lao ng thng binh v x hi
- Thc hnh k thut Hn G Trn Vn Nin, Trn Th San
- K thut hn - Trng Cng t
- Cng ngh hn Nguyn Vn Sim
- Thc hnh hn h quang Nh xut bn i hc quc gia H ni
- Thc hnh hn TIG, MIG-MAG
37
MC LC
Mc tiu m un............................................................................. Trang 1
Bi 1: Vt liu ch to kt cu hn ............................................................ 2
Bi 2: Tnh bn mi hn ....................................................................... 4
1.Tnh ton mi hn gip mi...........................................................
2.Tnh ton mi hn gc...................................................................
Bi 3: Tnh ng sut v bin dng khi hn............................................... 9
1.Cc khi nim v ng sut v bin dng khi hn ..........................
2.Tnh ng sut v bin dng khi hn p........................................
3.Tnh ng sut v bin dng khi hn gip mi ...............................
4.Tnh ng sut v bin dng khi hn gc ch T .............................
Bi 4: Tnh ton kt cu dm-tr............................................................. 18
1.Khi nim v dm tr ..................................................................
2.Tnh ton dm tr ........................................................................
Bi 5: Tnh ton kt cu dn-tm v ....................................................... 25
1.Khi nim v kt cu dn tm v ................................................
2.Tnh ton kt cu dn tm v ......................................................
Bi tp ng dng...................................................................................... 32
Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................... 36
38

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Gio trnh Tnh ton kt cu hn (Lu hnh ni b)

M un: TNH TON KT CU HN

Vt liu ch to kt cu hn l yu t quan trng quyt nh n cht lng cng trnh

bn mi hn l mt tiu ch rt quan trng trong qu trnh gia cng kt cu hn, bn

Bi ton 2: Xc nh ti trng, lc ny ta dng cng thc:

Bi ton 3: Tnh ton cc kch thc mi hn theo cng thc sau:

max = NB.sin.S [ ]k (2-6)

1.2. Mi hn gip mi chu un.

2) Tnh ton mi hn gc.

b- Tnh mi hn i xng dc:

Trong trng hp mi hn khng i xng th iu kin c xc nh theo cng thc

Khi mi hn chu un v ko hoc nn th iu kin bn c xc nh nh sau:

-Trong trng hp mi hn tng hp chu un nh hnh v th iu kin bn s l:

Khi mi hn va chu un va chu ko hoc nn th

b2 = k2.(h b1) (3-7)

b-Tnh ng sut phn khng v lc phn khng:

Nu M > 0 Kt cu hn vng xung

3. Tnh ng sut v bin dng khi hn gip mi.

P= T.Fc = T. (bna + bnc).S (3-17)

4. Tnh ng sut v bin dng khi hn kt cu thp ch T.

Vng ng sut tc dng sinh ra trong mi hn gc ch T c xc nh nh sau:

5. Cc bin php gim ng sut v bin dng khi hn

-Dm l mt loi kt cu c s dng rt rng ri trong cc nghnh k thut xy dng

-Kt cu tr thp c ch to bng phng php hn trong cc ngnh k thut, thng

Loi tr c mt ct ngang hnh ch

Loi tr c mt ct ngang hnh ch

2. Tnh ton dm, tr.

b- Tnh ton cc thng s khc ca dm:

-Tnh m men qun tnh ca 2 tm .

Trong mt s trng hp td nh hn ng sut gy ra do un, do vy trong mi trng

c- Tnh ton thit k cc mi hn dm.

*Tnh ton thit k tr

b- Tnh ton thit k cc mi hn lin kt cc phn t ca tr

ng sut sinh ra ti cc mi hn di tc dng ca lc ngang c xc nh nh sau:

cong Vt liu s dng

10 0,99 0,98 0,98 0,973

Dn l mt kt cu c s dng rt nhiu trong cc ngnh k thut, c bit trong

-Kt cu tm l nhng kt cu c to thnh bng vic lin kt cc tm kim loi vi

Phn loi kt cu tm:

Tnh ni lc trong cc thanh ca dn

Gii cc phng trnh cn bng thnh lp xc nh ni lc trong cc phn t ca

b- Xc nh tit din ngang ca cc thanh ca dn

Tnh tit din ca thanh bin chu ko.

Tnh tit din ca thanh ging v thanh tr:

c- Tnh ton v thit k nt dn

Tnh cc nt trung gian:

Tnh ton y thng .

Tnh ton np thng

b- Tnh cc kt cu bnh cha cht lng , cht kh p sut cao

2.Cho mi ghp hn chu lc nh hnh v. Hy xc nh bn ca mi hn nu vt

3.Cho kt cu hn chu lc nh hnh v. Hy kim tra iu kin bn ca mi hn , nu

4.Cho dm chu lc nh hnh v. Hy xc nh kch thc mt ct ngang ca dm bit

5.Cho tm thp c kch thc 1500 350 8. Tm thp c hn p vo phn mp , vt

6.Cho kt cu hn gip mi nh hnh v . Hy xc nh vng ca kt cu sau khi hn

7.Mt kt cu hn c dng nh hnh v. Hy tnh ng

8. Cho mt dm chu ti trng nh hnh v. Hy thit k mt ct ngang ca dm m

9. Cho mt dm ch I chu lc nh hnh v sau. Hy tnh ton, thit k dm nu vt liu

12. Kt cu chu ti trng nh hnh v. Hy tnh ton thit k dn lm vic bo m

14. Cho mt dn chu ti trng nh hnh v. Bit vt liu ch to dn l thp cacbon

TI LIU THAM KHO

- Kt cu thp-Cu kin c bn (PGS-TS Phm Quang Hi, Nguyn Quang Vin.)

- Cm nang hn Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut .

- Gio trnh cng ngh hn - Nguyn Thc H, Bi Vn Hnh - NXBGD- 2002