International Journal of Science and Advanced Technology (ISSN 2221-8386)
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Biocides Effects of the Three Vegetable
Powders (Khaya, Eucalyptus, and
Azadirachta) Against Caryedon Serratus
(O.L) Larva and Full Grown Weevils
Alpha CISSE*
Searcher Student
Agronomics sciences
University of Thies (ED 2DS)
Alpha.cisse@univ-thies.sn
Cheikh Abdou Khadre Mback DIA
Searcher Student
Department of animal Biology
Faculty of Sciences and Technics
University Cheikh Anta DIOP of Dakar
Cheikhabdoukhadrembacke.dia@ucad.edu.sn
Abstract The results got from bio-trial on the larva
and non-sexed full-grown weevils with different
treatments (comparison between vegetable powders of
three plants in the presence of 2 witnesses) have showed
a weak mortality in the course of the first initial contact
hours with larva and weevils. During the time, the
chemical referential product, Percal 1% of the
recommended dose of (0,5g / 120g of seeds) shows an
efficiency more and more important compared with
vegetable powders of Khaya, Eucalyptus, and
Azadirachta. With larva the average mortalities with the
strongest doses are respectively for AzD3 (40g), (28 13.
11%), KhD3 (40g), (24. 20 1.16 %) and EcD3 (40g), (23
15.01%). With non-sexed full-grown weevils, the
mortality is much more important with EcD3 (29
12.06%) when the ones of Khaya and Eucalyptus are in
order near enough of 24% and 25% respectively. Those
results show the good performance of vegetable powders
of Neem (Azadirachta) at the time of bio-trials on larva
and the one of Eucalyptus on the non-sexed full-grown.
With larva the reduction of lethal times can follow the
increase of the dose when we consider a type of vegetable
powder. This established fact isnt confirmed for all that
with different types of vegetable powder in larva. With
weevils, for one or many types of vegetable powders, the
increase of the dose doesnt lead to any reduction of
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Volume 6 No 8 August 2016
Aboubacry KANE
Assistate professor
Department of vegetal Biology
Faculty of Sciences and Technics
University Cheikh Anta DIOP of Dakar
Abou@refer.sn
Saliou Ndiaye
Assistate professor
ENSA Thies
Saliou.ndiaye@univ-thies.sn
Mback SEMBENE
Titular professor
Department of animal Biology
Faculty of Sciences and Technics
University Cheikh Anta DIOP of Dakar
mbacke.sembene@ird.fr
lethal times. The logarithmic equations and coefficients
R are respectively taken for the mortality of treated
larva from Khaya (y = 4.2852ln(x)+20.219, R = 0.6696),
Azadirachta (y = 8.3451ln(x)+16.621, R = 0.8985),
Eucalyptus (y =12.998ln(x)+9.6563, R= 0.9179). For the
weevils we have respectively with Khaya (y =
1.5783ln(x)+22.578, R = 0.8521), Azadirachta (y =
7.686ln(x)+17.828, R = 0.7293), Eucalyptus (y =
12.379ln(x)+12.188, R = 0.9608).
Key words: Plants, vegetable powders (Khaya, Eucalyptus,
Azadirachta), biocide effects, Lethal times (LT50),
mortality, larva, weevils (Caryedon serratus).
I. INTRODUCTION
The groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea Linn.) and black-
eyed bean (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) count among
the vegetables productions that help to bring the most
widely to the cover of nutritional needs (in particular
protein) of West African populations. The economic
difficulties that knew at the moment Sahelian rural
population imposes the exploration of all possible
ways to obtain at the least cost an efficient protection
of food stocks. Thats the way that sometimes very
International Journal of Science and Advanced Technology (ISSN 2221-8386)
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old practices know at present a renewed interest and
are tested in rural area so as to offer a pest control
rationalized which isnt based on the use of pesticides,
not very adapted to current economic realities [1]. The
protection of the black-eyed bean, in particular, has
been the subject of important number of publications
aiming to prove the efficiency of techniques including
to the adjunction to seed of diverse vegetables
powders, of ash, of sand, oil, or to the stocking in
watertight area [2] and [3]. On the other hand, not
much researches of this type have been led on the
groundnut protection. Thats without doubt due to the
fact the production is stocked in rural area in the form
of nuts, and is so relatively protected of destructive
attacks. Thus, the infestation by the groundnut
weevils, C. serratus, which is from a distance the
main insect pest of the groundnut stocked in nuts,
causes very important losses in West-African rural
area, as in certain area of Central Africa. The first
eggs-laying of this Coleopterons insect appear on
pods in the drying process, from the first week after
the crop; then the larval development appears entirely
inside the seed, and the cocoon of nymphosis is often
spun in the pod, so the first generation and often to the
next, go easily unnoticed. The next generations see on
the other hand a quick growth of populations, and the
infestation becomes very visible, with important
production of frass, agglomeration of pods by larva
spinning their cocoons, with presence of full-grown
ones. In Sahelian area, thats around of the month of
April, is about six months after the harvest that the
damages, mainly caused to the 4th generation of
weevils become really important. For fighting against
the destructive of stocks C. serratus, the peasants used
crushing leaves of certain plants as Azadirachta
indica (Juss), Hyptis spp, Cassia spp, Boscia
senegalensis (Pers), because these ones have the
capacity to produce various and toxical effects or anti
appetence [4]. On C. serratus the use of these type
products derived of plants causes a certain delay in
comparison with certain weevils like Callosobruchus
chinensis L.[5], Callosobruchus analis F. [6],
Callosobruchus maculatus F. [7], ; [8],; [9],; [10],;
[11],; [12],).
The research of alternatives imposes everything in
doing state of different protection methods of stocks
practiced in alternatives or combined with the
pesticides. In this optic, the use of indigenous plants
equipped with insecticides and repulsive activities,
offers a certain profit in a respect of the environment
(Larew & Lock, 1990[13] ; Gomez & al, 1997[14]).
In this effect, we try to evaluate in this present survey
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Volume 6 No 8 August 2016
a biological fight with the support of plants in semi
controlled area and real against Caryedon serratus
(O.L), destructive of groundnut stocks and impact of
used products on the germination ability.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Animal material
The specimens come from us collected pods in the
locality of Nioro in the south of the region of Kaolack
during the month period from January to May where
the weevils populations are more plentiful. They are
kept in laboratory in plastic bags at ambient
temperature for at least two months. The outside
formed cocoons are isolated in Petri dishes. The full-
grown which emerge from these cocoons are put in
breeding.
B. Vegetable material
We have chosen to test the biocide effect of three
plants on C. serratus. Its question of Khaya
senegalensis, Eucalyptus Camaldulensis and
Azadirachta indica. The reasons which justify this
choice are based in one hand on the outcomes of a
survey done in rural area which have revealed that
peasants use the crushed of these plants to protect
their crop and in another hand on the fact that they are
very frequent in Senegal and easily accessible.
C. Biological trials
All the biocides products of Khaya senegalensis,
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis and Azadirachta indica
obtained previously from different plants have helped
for biological tests. The goal of the biological
attempts consists on assessing the biocide effect by
contact of formulation powders from each of plants on
the different larva and full-grown stages of C. serratus
all known as the groundnut weevils. For each bowl a
weight of 120g of groundnuts has enabled us to
substratum for a controlled infestation. For the larva
each bowl has received 15 larva and 25 non-sexed
full-grown weevils. In accordance with the
mechanism of randomization we have three vegetable
powders formulations and two witnesses. For three
plants with five treatments and three repetitions we
get (3x5x3) giving 45 experimental units. In sum we
have infested 675 larva and 1125 non-sexed full-
grown weevils. For the mortality, the number of dead
insects is counted 3 h, 9 h, 1day, 2 days, 3 days, 4
days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days and 8 days after the end
of the experience. The only studied parameter here is
the mortality rate of larva and full-grown. The
counting of dead weevils are realized every 24 hours
International Journal of Science and Advanced Technology (ISSN 2221-8386)
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for a period of six days, the observed mortalities are
expressed after correction by the Abbott formula.
D. Vegetable powders doses testing
For each plant, three doses (Powder weight / Seed
weight) are tested D1 1/5 (24g /120g), D2 1/4 (30g
/120g) and D3 1/3 (40g /120g). Two control groups
are realized: a white witness or non-treated (TN) and a
chemical reference witness (DR). With the white
witness (D0) or (TN), the weevils havent been
subjected to any treatment. But within of the chemical
reference witness (DR), the weevils are treated with
the Percal 1% which is specific against the weevils
within the stocking. Within of the SENCHIM store,
the RDP 1% (Recommended Dose of Percal 1%) :
4.166 kg of Percal 1% protect 1Tof groundnut stocks
against the weevils. Thats what makes that increasing
to 120g, DR = 0.5g P 1% /120g of seeds in term of
protection against the Caryedon serratus weevils.
The chosen plantspowder doses are inspired by
works of [15] who, with the obtained powder of
Callistemon viminalis (Myrtaceae) dry leaves mixed
to 40 g of bean seeds contained in Petri dishes, with
respective doses of 1, 2, 4 and 8 g/40 g of seeds. After
having manually shaken the mixture, a group of 20
non-sexed full-grown insects aged of two days and
more (after their emergence from seeds) has been
introduced in each Petri dish. In the witness group, the
seeds havent been subjected to any treatment. All the
attempts have been realized in four repetitions and the
counting of dead insects has been done every 24 hours
for four days. For our survey the bowls replace the
petri dishes and the counting of insects and larva is
done every 24h for 8 days.
E. Treatment and Data statistical analysis
The analysis of the variance (ANOVA) with the test
SNK (Student Newman Keuls) is used to compare and
classify the averages of outcomes from tests of
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Volume 6 No 8 August 2016
mortality of vegetable powders treatments with
insecticide effects against larva and young full-grown
Caryedon serratus with the support of S.A.S 9.1, [16]
Software. Formula [17] has been used to correct the
mortality of control before the application of
ANOVA. First, the data have been altered to eliminate
the heterocedasticity of the variance (stabilize the
distribution of the variance). Because, the averages
are proportional with the standard deviations, so the
logarithmic transformation with 10 based has been
used [18] : TD = log (D +1) where D indicates the
values of gross data and TD of altered data. For the
random drawing of samples, the Microsoft Software
2007 has been used. The chars have been realized
with the support in need of Microsoft Excel,
Microsoft Power Point and Adobe Photoshop
software.
III. RESULTS
A. Biocide effects and the follow up population of
remaining larva compared of plants for the
dose (D1)
The observation of outcomes shows that the biocide
effects in the course of 3h of contact with larva for
the different vegetable powders with the dose D1
(24g) hasnt any incidence on the mortality of larva
compared with the two witnesses. We can note with
AzD1 from the first days of contact a progressive fall
of the population of larva going from (73.33% to
6.66%). So AzD1 causing a fall of the remaining
population of larva similar to this one occasioned by
the witness DR for the first days. But from 7 th day to
8th day of contact the fall of remaining population of
larva for KhD1 (6.66% to 0%), EcD1 (0%)
predominates more and more on this one occasioned
by AzD1 (13.33% to 6,66%). However, we can
remark with the white witness (D0) the remaining
population is important (20%) although this one
registered (0%) with DR, the chemical reference dose
is voidable.
International Journal of Science and Advanced Technology (ISSN 2221-8386) Volume 6 No 8 August 2016
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Chart.1: Biocide effect and follow up population of remaining larva compared of plants for the dose (D1)

B. Biocide effect and follow up population of
remaining larva compared of plants for the dose
(D2)
The obtained outcomes show that the use of the plants
with the dose D2 (30g) on the remaining population of
C. serratus larva doesnt induce any mortality after
3h. Beyond of this hour the population of remaining
larva continues falling down. We can note from the
first to eighth day for the Khaya treatments, KhD2
(80% to 6.66%) Eucalyptus, EcD2 (73.33% to 6.66%)
and Azadirachta, AzD2 (66.66% to 6.66%) but isnt
cancelled compared with the witness DR (66.66% to
0%), of chemical reference. The white witness, D0
comparatively offers a very slow diminution
population of residual larva and is close to an average
of 20% to eighth day.

Chart2: Biocide effect and follow up population of remaining larva compared of plants for the dose (D2)
C. Biocide effect and follow up population of identical after three hours of application compared
remaining larva compared of plants for the dose with the witnesses. For an application of 9h we note a
(D3) remaining population of larva caused by the different
The obtained outcomes from contact tests of vegetable treatments KhD3 (80 %) and EcD3 (80 %) though
powders Khaya, Eucalyptus and Azadirachta show these ones of AzD3 and DR register (73.33%) in term
with the dose D3 (40g), the fall of larva population is of remaining population. From the first to eighth day,

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International Journal of Science and Advanced Technology (ISSN 2221-8386) Volume 6 No 8 August 2016
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the diminution of the larval population caused by the AzD3 (60% to 0%) although the witness DR registers
different vegetable powders accentuates, so we pass (60% to 0%). D0 registers the remaining larva the
with KhD3 (73.33% to 6%), EcD3 (60% to 0%), most important population (20%).

Chart 3 : Biocide effect and follow up population of remaining larva compared of plants for the dose (D3)
D. Biocide effect and follow up population of
remaining weevils compared of plants for the
dose (D1)
The observation of outcomes allows to remark from
the first hours a weak tendency concerning the fall
population caused by the application of vegetable
powders comparatively to the white witness D0 and to
the chemical reference witness DR. We can notice
from the fourth to eighth day of tests that the
treatments KhD1 (44% to 12%), AzD1 (64% to 4%)
and EcD1 (44% to 0%) lead more and more weak
remaining populations competing with these ones
occasioned by the chemical treatment DR (56% to
0%). Otherwise the remaining obtained population
with the white witness D0 (76% to 36%) remains
important in connection with the whole treatments.

Chart 4: Biocide effect and follow up population of remaining weevils compared of plants for the dose
(D1)

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E. Biocide effect and follow up population of
remaining weevils compared of plants for the dose
(D2)
The obtained outcomes show that the use of vegetable
powders with the dose D2 (30g) on the residual
population of C. serratus weevils doesnt induce any
mortality after 3h. From 9h of application, the
remaining weevils population continues to fall down
weakly KhD2 (88%), EcD2 and AzD2 are equal
(92%). We can note from the second to eighth day for
the treatments rates of, Khaya KhD2 (68% to 8%),
Eucalyptus EcD2 (76% to 12%) and Azadirachta
AzD2 (68% to 4%) but these arent cancelling to
eighth day compared with the chemical reference
witness DR (68% to 0%). The white witness, D0
offers a very slow diminution of remaining weevils
population and capitalizes an average of 36% in the
eighth day.

Chart 5: Biocide effect and follow up population of remaining weevils compared of plants for the dose
(D2)
F. Biocide effect and follow up population of (88 %) so EcD3 and AzD3 lead rates being close to
remaining weevils compared of plants for the dose this one of the witness DR (80%). The competition
(D3) accentuates until the third day for the different
The obtained outcomes from the contact tests of treatments comparatively to this one of the chemical
vegetable powders Khaya, Eucalyptus and reference witness DR. From the fourth to eighth day
Azadirachta show with the dose D3 (40g), any fall of so we can note with KhD3 (40% to 8%), EcD3 (52%
weevils population hasnt noticed after three hours of to 0%), AzD3 (28% to 0%) though the witness DR
application compared with the two witnesses. For an registers (36% to 0%). D0 registers the remaining
application of 9h we note a remained weevils weevils population the most important (36%) in
population caused by the different treatments KhD3 relation with the whole treatments.

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Chart 6 : Biocide effect and follow up population of remaining weevils compared of plants for the dose
(D3)

G. Larval average mortality induced by the Khaya
senegalensis powder
The statistical analysis of outcomes during the
experience reveals that the effect induced by the
Khaya senegalensis product on the average mortality
of larva varies according to the doses in presence of
the chemical reference witness DR (0.05g) and the
white witness (D0). The direct contact tests of khaya
powder with the doses D2 (30g) and D3 (40g) dont
show any significant difference and lead to respective
larval mortality rates of (24 11.89%) and (24
10.43%) in average. The obtained outcomes on the
larval mortality domain with doses D0 (0g), (21.47
9.09%) and D1 (24g), (22 10.15%) are not
significantly different. The application of the
chemical reference dose DR (0,05g) causes for it only
a larval mortality rate of (30 19.46%) significantly
different in comparison with all the other doses for the
larval Khaya senegalensis test. The logarithmic
equation of the tendency curve and the coefficient R
induced by the larva protection with Khaya are solved
by (y = 4.2852ln(x) +20.219, R = 0.6696).

Chart7: Larval average mortality induced Khaya senegalensis powder

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International Journal of Science and Advanced Technology (ISSN 2221-8386)
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H. Weevil average mortality induced by the
Khaya senegalensis powder
The outcomes contact tests with the biocide product
Khaya senegalensis on the weevils average mortality
according to the doses give us the witness D0 (0g),
(22.47 0.09 %) ; KhD1 (24g), (24.08 1.04 %) ;
KhD2 (30g), (24.15 0.88 %) ; KhD3 (40g), (24.20
1.16 %). The chemical reference dose DR (0.05g)
registers an average mortality percentage of (25
1.53%). The statistical analysis allows us to detect the
Chart 8 : Weevil average mortality induced Khaya senegalensis powder
I. Larval average mortality induced by the
Eucalyptus camaldulensis powder
The analysis of outcomes from contact tests with the
biocide product Eucalyptus camaldulensis shows us
that D0 (0g), (10.37 0.09 %) and EcD1 (24g),
(17,66 0.08%) dont present any significant
difference, the same that EcD2 (25 1.4%) and
EcD3 (23 12.06%) on the average mortality of
larva. For the tests we can note that the doses (D0,
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significant differences at level of 5% for the
Newman-Keuls test between D0 and KhD1, KhD2,
KhD3, DR. The same DR is significantly different of
KhD1, KhD2 and KhD3. The analysis reveals also
that D1, D2 and D3 dont present any significant
difference at level of 5%. The logarithmic equation of
tendency curve and the coefficient R induced by the
weevils protection with Khaya are solved by (y =
1.783ln(x) +22.578, R = 0.8521).
D1) and (D2, D3) are significantly different. The dose
DR (0.05g) (33.4 14.18%) of chemical reference
presents a significant difference on the larval average
of mortality in comparison with all the other used
doses. The logarithmic equation of the tendency curve
and the coefficient R induced by the protection of
larva with Eucalyptus are solved by (y = 12.998ln(x)
+9.6563, R= 0.9179).
International Journal of Science and Advanced Technology (ISSN 2221-8386) Volume 6 No 8 August 2016
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Chart 9 : Larval average mortality induced Eucalyptus camaldulensis powder

J. Weevil average mortality induced by the
Eucalyptus camaldulensis powder
The obtained outcomes of the average weevil
mortality tests induced by the Eucalyptus
camaldulensis powder allow us to notice significant
differences between the white witness D0 (0g) which
registers a mortality rate of (11 8.94 %) and all
other used doses. EcD1 (24g) leading an average
mortality of (21 8.84 %), EcD2 (30g) registering (28
9.20 %), EcD3 (40g), (29 1.06 %) and DR (0,5g),
the chemical reference dose inducing an average
mortality of (30 15.70 %). If we can notice that the
outcomes from statistical analysis show that EcD2,
EcD3 and DR dont present any significant difference,
we can also detect in addition a significant difference
between EcD1 and (EcD2, EcD3 and DR). The
logarithmic equation of tendency curve and the
coefficient R induced by the weevils protection with
Eucalyptus are solved by (y = 12.379 ln(x) +12.188,
R = 0.9608).

Chart 10 : Weevils average mortality induced Eucalyptus camaldulensis powder

K. Larval average mortality induced by the The outcome analysis of contact tests de contact
Azadirachta indica powder using the Azadirachta indica powder on the average
mortality of larva shows us at the level of 5% that the

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white witness D0 (0g), (17 9.28 %) and
AzD1(24g), (19 8.75 %) dont present any
significant difference, so do the doses AzD2 (30g), (
27 11.48 %) ; AzD3(40g), (28 15.01%) and DR
(0.05g), (29 12.31%) havent any significant
difference between them. Unlike the used doses (D0,
D1) are significantly different to these ones of (D2,
D3 and DR). The logarithmic equation of tendency
curve and the coefficient R induced by the larva
protection with Azadirachta are solved by (y =
8.3451ln(x) +16.621, R = 0.8985).

Chart. 11 : Larval average mortality induced Azadirachta indica powder

L. Weevils average mortality induced by the
Azadirachta indica powder
The outcome observation of the statistical analysis on
the average weevils mortality induced by Azadirachta
indica, reveals that at the level of 5% the doses D0
(0g), (19 7.4 %) and AzD1 (24g), (21 6.57 %) are
not significant difference; AzD2 (30g), (24 12.58
%) and AzD3 (40g), (25 10.60 %) also dont present
significant difference. In another hand (D0, D1) and
(D2, D3) present a significant difference. DR (0,05g),
(34 19.28 %), the chemical reference dose presents
a significant difference in relation to all other used
doses during the experience. The logarithmic equation
of the tendency curve and the coefficient R induced
by the weevils protection with Azadirachta are solved
with (y = 7.686ln(x) +17.828, R = 0.7293).

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Chart 12 : Weevils average mortality induced Azadirachta indica powder

M. Lethal Times LT50 (days) compared of vegetable powders with biocide effects on larva for a vegetable
powder type (Khaya, Eucalyptus, Azadirachta) according to the doses D1, D2 and D3.
Table 1 : LT50 compared for a vegetable powder type on larva
LT50
Vegetable powders/ Witnesses Doses (g)
C. serratus Larva
D0 (0g) 7. 5a 0.86
KhD1 (24g) 4. 25c 0. 65
KhD2 (30g) 4. 45b 0. 67
Khaya senegalensis
KhD3 (40g) 4. 45b 0. 67
DR (0.5g) 2. 50h 0. 50
D0 (0g) 7. 5a 0.86
EcD1 (24g) 4. 01d 0. 64
EcD2 (30g) 3. 50e 0. 62
Eucalyptus camaldulensis EcD3 (40g) 3. 75e 0. 62
DR (0.5g) 2. 50h 0. 50
D0 (0g) 7. 5a 0. 86
AzD1 (24g) 3. 50f 0. 60
Azadirachta AzD2 (30g) 3. 25g 0. 58
indica AzD3 (40g) 3. 25g 0. 58
DR (0.5g) 2. 50h 0. 50

Remark: For The same product the averages difference according to the Student-Newman-Keels
concerning the same minuscule letter dont present test at the level of 5%.

N. Lethal Times LT50 (days) compared of vegetable powders with biocide effects on weevils for a vegetable
powder type (Khaya, Eucalyptus, Azadirachta) according to the doses D1, D2 and D3.

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Table2: LT50 compared for a vegetable powder type on weevils

LT50
Veegtable powders / Witnesses Doses (g)
C. serratus Weevils
D0 (0g) 7. 25a 0. 83
KhD1 (24g) 3. 50c 0. 60
KhD2 (30g) 3. 25c 0. 58
Khaya senegalensis
KhD3 (40g) 4. 01c 0. 63
DR (0.5g) 3. 03c 0. 57
D0 (0g) 7. 25a 0. 83
EcD1 (24g) 3. 50c 0. 60
EcD2 (30g) 5. 25b 0. 72
Eucalyptus camaldulensis EcD3 (40g) 3. 55c 0. 60
DR (0.5g) 3. 03c 0. 50
D0 (0g) 7. 25a 0. 83
AzD1 (24g) 3. 50c 0. 64
Azadirachta AzD2 (30g) 3. 33c 0. 59
indica AzD3 (40g) 3. 25c 0. 58
DR (0.5g) 3. 03c 0. 50

Remark: For the same product the averages difference according to the Student-Newman-
concerning the same minuscule letter dont present Keulstest at the level of 5%.

O. Lethal Times LT50 (days) compared between vegetable powders with biocide effects on larva for the plants
(Khaya, Eucalyptus, Azadirachta) in considering the same level of Dose.
Table 3 : LT50 compared for different types of vegetable powders on larva

LT50
Vegetable powders/ Witnesses Same level Doses (g)
C. serratus Larva
D0 (0g) 7. 5a 0.86
KhD1 (24g) 4. 25c 0. 65
Khaya EcD1 (24g) 4. 01d 0. 64
Azadirachta AzD1 (24g) 3. 50f 0. 60
Eucalyptus DR (0.5g) 2. 50h 0. 50
D0 (0g) 7. 5a 0.86
Khaya KhD2 (30g) 4. 45b 0. 67
Azadirachta EcD2 (30g) 3. 50e 0. 62
Eucalyptus AzD2 (30g) 3. 25g 0. 58
DR (0.5g) 2. 50h 0. 50
D0 (0g) 7. 5a 0.86
Khaya KhD3 (40g) 4. 45b 0. 67
Azadirachta EcD3 (40g) 3. 75e 0. 62
Eucalyptus AzD3 (40g) 3. 25g 0. 58
DR (0.5g) 2. 50h 0.50

Remark: For the same product the averages difference according to the Student-Newman-
concerning the same minuscule letter dont present Keulstest at the level of 5%.

P. Lethal Times LT50 (days) compared between vegetable powders with biocide effects on weevils for the
plants (Khaya, Eucalyptus, Azadirachta) considering the same level of Dose.

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International Journal of Science and Advanced Technology (ISSN 2221-8386) Volume 6 No 8 August 2016
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Table 4: LT50 compared for different types of vegetable powders on weevils

LT50
Vegetable powders/ Witnesses Same level Doses (g)
C. serratus Weevils
D0 (0g) 7. 25a 0. 83
KhD1 (24g) 3. 50c 0. 60
Khaya EcD1 (24g) 3. 50c 0. 60
Azadirachta AzD1 (24g) 3. 50c 0. 64
Eucalyptus DR (0.5g) 3. 03c 0. 50
D0 (0g) 7. 25a 0. 83
Khaya KhD2 (30g) 3. 25c 0. 58
Azadirachta EcD2 (30g) 5. 25b 0.72
Eucalyptus AzD2 (30g) 3. 33c 0. 59
DR (0.5g) 3. 03c 0.50
D0 (0g) 7. 25a 0. 83
Khaya KhD3 (40g) 4. 01c 0. 63
Azadirachta EcD3 (40g) 3. 55c 0. 60
Eucalyptus AzD3 (40g) 3. 25c 0. 58
DR (0.5g) 3. 03c 0.50

Remark: For the same product the averages difference according to the Student-Newman-
concerning the same minuscule letter dont present Keulstest at the level of 5%.

IV. DISCUSSION respective doses of 10g/kg and 20g/kg of Neem s

The observations done on the mortality of larva and
non-sexed full-grown weevils during the experiences
have showed a certain efficiency of used plants in that
concerns the medium percentage of mortality and the
diminution of the population. In general, the larva
have shown much more sensibility in term of the
diminution of remaining population during contact
tests. This sensibility could explain to it non-protected
development stage in direct contact with the
insecticide product. The dead of weevils which
sometimes increases with dose of products could be
explained by the increase quantity of active principles
[19] . Obviously, the Neem product (Azadirachta
indica) is well reacted in comparison with the two
witnesses DR (0.5g) and D0 (0g) during the
experiences, the lethality would be caused by the
azadirachtine, triterpenode toxic for many insects(
[20]; [21]; [22]), and other composites like the
nimbine, the salanine, the meliandriol [23] which, all
reacting like an anti-appetent, a repulsive and an
insecticide for the insects [24]. With the dose AzD3
(40g), according the conditions (31. 73 1C ; 55.30
3% HR) we have registered after three days a
remaining population of 48% therefore a weevils
mortality of 52% , these outcomes are superior to
those ones got in three days with the black-eyed beans
by [25]. To know that 25% and 31% for the
leaves powder. Unlike with the same doses using the
Neem seeds the outcomes are close to more and more
and we note respective mortalities of 45% and 52% in
the ambient conditions of laboratory (T 25 0.96C
; HR 74 2%). That what will be far of obtained
outcomes by [9] which have registered a mortality
rate of C. maculatus of 47% and 73% respectively to
the dose of 10g/kg and 20g/kg for the neem leaves
and of 85% for two doses for the neem seeds to the
same period in the fixed conditions of (32 3C ; 45
5% HR) . This difference of outcomes would
explain because of this one observed within the
experimental conditions to ambient temperature with
relatively a high humidity rate as in our case,
insecticide powders lose their efficiency [23].
Futhermore, the quantity of Azadirachtine can vary
considerably in the organs of the plant according the
climatic conditions, the composition of soil, the
genotype, age and the period of tree crop [26] ; [27].
In comparison with powder of Khaya, Eucalyptus, the
mortality of the larva and weevils population doesnt
present a significant difference at the beginning of the
experience but this one weakly notices in some days
of experiences. Their toxicity is expressed in different
ways: ovicidal, larvicidal, adulticidal, anti-nutritional
and inhalatory activities [28]; [29]. The essential
formulations of certain plants are used for their

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International Journal of Science and Advanced Technology (ISSN 2221-8386)
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contact and inhalatory activities which dont often
offer the same degree of efficiency according the
aimed target. Quoting, as an example, [30] who have
got the leaves powder of C.ambrosioides in 24 h a
total mortality of S. granarius (L.) and S. zeamais
full-grown to a dose of 6.4 % (P/P). All these
information have contributed to make understand that
the insecticide effects of dependent plants of their
chemical composition and of the level of sensibility of
tested insects [31]; [32]. According to [1], each plant
is a particular case that we should observe and analyze
because the chemical composition essential oil plants
varies according to plant specimens, according to
geographical, climatic, yearly or seasonal factors. It
could also varied from a population to another and,
inside of a same population, from an individual to
another.
[33] have proved the toxicity of Eucalyptus globulus
on the eggs of A. obtectus with a difference of
significantly sensibility correlated to age. Its beyond
the three days that the sensibility is the strongest,
probably because of a more great permeability of the
chorion or the vitelline membrane so making easier
the diffusion of des vapors. The essential oils of
Myrtaceaes are known efficient. We can link this
efficiency to their volatility indication. Because,
essential oils of Eucalyptus evaporate quickly and
their effect is quicker [15]; [25]. With our powder
formulations we register with the doses, respective
larval average mortalities EcD1 (24g) (17.66
0.08%) and EcD2 (30g) (25 11.4%), EcD3 (23.98
13.11%) for an exhibition times of eight days (31.73
1C; 55.30 3% HR). Our outcomes are much
differentiated with those ones got by [29] who have
used V. unguiculata seeds containing of larva in
stages L2 and L4 exposed to essential oil of O.
basilicum, to the dose 5 l/l. For this author the
mortality rates got are of 95 % from the L2 and the
order of 12 % for the L4. Otherwise the average
mortalities of non-sexed full-grown weevils are
respectively EcD1 (24g), (20.78 8.84 %); EcD2
(30g), (28 9.20 %); EcD3 (40g), (29 12.06 %). In
the other hand our outcomes weak enough got by
Eucalyptus powders, seem to be reinforced by these
ones got on full-grown weevils by [34];[35] who have
shown their sensibility to the essential oils of some
Myrtaceaes, such the Eucalyptus, to changing doses
from 5 to 10 l/l. Better as for [15], reports that
essential oils of Callistemon viminalis (Myrtaceae)
leaves is revealed to be strongly repulsive and toxic as
on the seeds as on the filter paper towards of A.
obtectus full-grown. Unlike, the powder and the
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Volume 6 No 8 August 2016
acetonical extract havent shown any insecticide
activity to tested doses opposite to this weevil; thats
what leads us to think that the active principle will be
probably one of or the volatile constituent got in the
essential oil. However for our case the whole
treatments is under powder form, remains to know if
the increase of the used dose has well played it role
during the bio-trials. Against all attempt EcD2 leads a
larval mortality of (25.08%) superior to EcD3
(23.98%) otherwise the mortalities in some cases are
they related to the composites of plants, to the
quantities of applied substances. The obtained
outcomes show a persistent difference of the
biological activity of vegetable powders of the three
plants in non-controlled conditions close to these
ones observed generally in the beginning of stocking
in the Sahelian areas of the leguminous plants
preservation like the groundnuts. The persistent
difference perhaps attributed to the chemical
composition of three vegetable powders like that has
been suggested by [36] who have studied persistence
of the three essential oils, Annona senegalensis,
Hyptis spicigera and Lippia rugosa towards four
destructives of stocked foodstuffs such the weevils.
These authors estimate that the substances the most
volatile, rich in hydrogenated composites, are less
persistent than these ones which contain of the
oxygenated composites.
Actually, the speed of oxygenation of hydrogenated
composites will be quicker, that what induced the loss
of their biological activity [19]. Our outcomes seem to
confirm this hypothesis for Khaya and Eucalyptus
powders all the more reason with this one of
Azadirachta indica, rich in oxygenated composites for
example of the azadirachtine which remains
persistent. However we can relativize considering of
the exhibition times enough short only of eight days.
The statistical analysis of the outcomes during bio-
trials on larva reveals that the lethal times LT50 vary
according to the plant and the dose, present a
significant difference for the Student-Newman-Keuls
test at the level of 5% with the witnesses DR (0,05g)
and D0 (0g). The LT50 of vegetable powder doses D2
(30g), D3 (40g) dont present any significant
difference at the level of 5%. Otherwise, the LT50 in
exhibition days causing 50% of larval mortality about
(7,5 larva) give with KhD1 (24g), (4.25 0.65) ;
EcD1 (30g), (4. 01 0, 64) ; AzD1 (24g) (3. 50 0.
60) presenting respectively a significant difference
with KhD2 (30g), (4, 45 0.67) et KhD3 (40g), (4,
45 0. 67) ; EcD2 (30g) (3, 50 0. 62) and EcD3
(40g) (3. 75 0. 62) ; AzD2 (30g) (3. 25 0. 58) and
International Journal of Science and Advanced Technology (ISSN 2221-8386)
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AzD3 (40g) (3. 25 0. 58) at the level of 5%. Face to
this logic and that is concerning the larva, we can note
that for a vegetable powder type the increase of the
superior dose to this one of D2 (30g powder/120g
seeds) hasnt any effect on the lethal times LT50
reduction of exhibition days. This fact on the lethal
times TL50 for the larva isnt the same in considering
different types of vegetable powders for the same
application dose. We note with the larva differences at
the level of 5% for the LT50 respective of KhD1
(24g) (4. 25 0. 65) , EcD1 (30g) (4. 01 0. 64) and
AzD1 (40g) (3.50 0.60) ; KhD2 (24g) (4. 45 0.
67), EcD2 (30g) (3, 75 0. 62) and AzD2 (40g) (3.25
0.58) ; KhD3 (24g) (4. 45 0. 67) ; EcD3 (30g)
(3.75 0. 62) and AzD3 (40g) (3. 25 0. 58).
Considering the bio-trials on the non-sexed full-grown
weevils, according to the same relative temperature
and humidity conditions (31. 73 1C ; 55.30 3%
HR),the lethal times LT50 observed for the vegetable
powder treatments (Azadirachta, Khaya, Eucalyptus)
dont present any significant difference at the level of
5%. Except for D0 (0g) (7. 25 0. 83) and contrary to
all exceptions EcD2 (30g) (5. 25 0. 72).
Contrarily to outcomes which emphasize a persistence
relatively long, [36] have observed a total loss of
insecticide activity of tested essential oils, with the
exception of this one of L. rugosa, after 24 hours. We
agree however to underline that our survey like this
one of [36] has been realized in the non- airtight
mechanisms and with enough reduced exhibition
times. We can suppose that the volatility doesnt
explain to it only the loss of biological activity that we
have also observed in airtight conditions. Because of
their chemical composite, the vegetable powders
could naturally deteriorate with variable speeds in the
course of the time. This deterioration could be
accentuated under the influence of certain
environment factors like the temperature and the light
[37]; [38]; [39]. In addition the action way of used
bio-pesticide plants composites with (Khaya,
Azadirachta, and Eucalyptus) is still unknown though
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