SUN SEAKER

Content
Chapter No. Name Page No.
1 Introduction
1.1 Basic Idea
1.2 List of components used.
1.3 Block diagram
1.4 Circuit diagram

2 Description of components used

2.1 Regulated power supply
2.11 Introduction
2.12 Circuit Diagram
2.13 Block Diagram
2.14 Description of components used in power supply
2.15 Working

3 Sensors
3.1 Overview of sensor
3.2 Types of sensors
3.3 LDR sensors
3.4 Lm358 Comparator

4 Conventionl Sources of Energy

4.1 Solar Energy
4.2 Wind Power
4.3 HydroPower
4.4 Biomass
4.5 Biofuel
4.6 Geothermal Energy
4.7 Tidal Energy

5 Solar Panel
5.1 Electrical Specifications
5.2 Working Principle

6
Motors
6.1
Types of Motors
6.2
H-Bridge using L293D

7
Mechanical Specifications
7.1
Base for mounting Panel
7.2
Panel Mounting Plate
7.3
Pillar Rod

8
Result, Modification and Future Scope
Reference
Appendix- Data Sheets
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BASIC IDEA

Aim of Our Project Is To design a solar Sun Seeker that will be able to track
sun position for attaining maximum efficiency from sunlight and for many
commercial and energy generation applications. Our projects also consist of
Light tracking system using LDR Sensors to track the sun position, that is
why , this project could be named as a solar tracker also. The Solar panel
mounted on the top would be allowed to convert directly falling solar energy
into electricity and this electric generation would be shown on a light
emitting diode and a small motor.

Figure: A number of solar panels arranged in a grid for power generation

applications
 A solar tracker / Sun Seaker is a generic term used to describe devices
that orient various payloads toward the sun. Payloads can be photovoltaic
panels, reflectors, lenses or other optical devices.

In flat-panel photovoltaic (PV) applications trackers are used to minimize

the angle of incidence between the incoming light and a photovoltaic panel.
This increases the amount of energy produced from a fixed amount of
installed power generating capacity. In standard photovoltaic applications, it
is estimated that trackers are used in at least 85% of commercial installations
greater than 1MW from 2009 to 2012.[1][2]

In concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) and concentrated solar thermal

(CSP) applications trackers are used to enable the optical components in the
CPV and CSP systems. The optics in concentrated solar applications accept
the direct component of sunlight light and therefore must be oriented
appropriately to collect energy. Tracking systems are found in all
concentrator applications because such systems do not produce energy
unless oriented closely toward the sun.

Design to Be Made and Working

The aim of our project is to design a Sola that could be Tracking System
that could track the position of sun by detecting the position from where
maximum light efficiency is attained with the help of LDR (Light Dependent
Resistor) Sensors. These LDR sensors are mounted on the top of the panel
plate. Interfacings of these sensors are done with a comparator circuit that
helps in setting the sensitivity of the circuit. Also, there is a timing circuit
involved using IC 555 Timer that helps rotating the panel in both the
directions in a 180 degree angle and a DC Geared motor mounting in a
pillar rod.
H-Bridge IC L293D is used for driving the motor to amplify the current in the
motor upto 1 amperes.

1.2 LIST OF COMPNENTS USED

S.NO Name Quantity Colour Pins

1 Op-amp LM358 (IC) 1 Black 8

2 LDR 1 - 2

3 Solar Panel 1 2 watts, 12 volts 2

4 BASE CONTAINER 1 Aluminium -

5 Pillar Rod 1 Mild Steel -

6 Not gate ( 7404) 1 Black 14

7 Motor Driver L293D 1 Black 16

( H-Bridge)
8 Trimmer 1 Blue 3
Variable Resistance
10 k ohm
9 Designed PCB 1 -

10 Led ( Red) 1 RED -

11 Nut-Bolt Pair 1 -

12 Jumper Wire -
( Single Stand Wire)
13 IC Base ( 8,14,16,40 pin) 3 Black -

14 Battery ( 9v) + Connector 1 -

15 Step down transformer ( 9-0-9) 1 -

16. Bridge diode ( 1 amp ) 1 Black 4

17. Voltage regulator 7805 1 Black 3

18. Ribbon wires

19. General purpose PCB 1

20. DC Geared Motor 1 Black 2

21. DIPTRACE PCB SOFTWARE

22. KEIL COMPILER

23. Panel Mounting Plate Black 2

TOOLS USED FOR MAKING PROJECTS

Software for PCB design and simulation :- DIPRACE

Software for schematic designing :- Eagle

Multimeter

Solder Set
1.3 Circuit diagram:

a) Metal Detecting sensor at P1.0

1.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SUN SEEKER:
220 volt AC
Use of 220v AC is
optional if we are using
Battery operated device

5 volt regulated power

supply Using
Voltage regulator
Filter capacitor Or
Battery

VOLTAGE LDR SENSOR

COMPARATOR For measuring
LM358 sensitivity of light
For comparing intensity of
light

555 TIMER

Feedback
7404 NOT GATE
(for reversing the
direction of movement of
panel)

H-BRIDGE L293D
 DC GEARED
MOTOR
AND SOLAR
CHAPTER-2 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
PANEL

The project consists of following parts:

5 V regulated power supply

LDR Sensors
Comparator IC LM358
555 Timer IC
H-BRIDGE L293D
MOTORS
SOLAR PANEL
2.1 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY:
2.1.1 INTRODUCTION
Regulated DC power supplies provide accurate DC voltage, which are
derived
from AC mains. These DC supplies are cheaper in nature than the DC
sources
from battery. Such supplies provide constant voltage irrespective of
load
variations for which they are designed. DC power supplies are used
extensively
in various electronics laboratories, industries and communication
departments to feed DC voltage to the electronic modules, R and D
sections, institutions and colleges to impart practical training etc.
Present range of electronic equipment produced in the country makes
use of transistors and integrated circuits. These ICs are designed to
work on fixed regulated DC voltages. Therefore, such supplies have
become the part and parcel of such equipment and are:
1. Preset Power supplies (single or dual supply type)
2. Variable power supplies
1.)Preset Power Supplies (Single or Dual supply type):
These power supplies are generally customs made and preset for fixed
voltages like 5V/10V/15 Volts etc. These supply units are normally
mounted on/ integrated into the electronic equipment. As such these
power supplies are not
fitted with any cabinets. These power supplies are used in computers.
2.)Variable Power Supplies :
Variable power supplies are supplies in which the voltage can be varied
continuously with the knob as per requirement. They are generally
available in the range of 5 to 30 volts in 0.5 to 10 amps capacities.
These supplies are generally used in research institutions, colleges,
practical training centers and electronic industries, etc.
 Fig2.1) 5V regulated power supply

2.12 Circuit diagram for the 5volt

regulated power supply:

2.13

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF REGULATED POWER SUPPLY:

2.14 DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPONENTS
USED

I. A.C. Power supply

There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high
voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics
circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series
of blocks, each of which performs a particular function.
This AC mains voltage is the one that is coming to our houses for
commercial purposes. AC power supply is generally 220V or 230V .
All generators are AC. As the rotor passes through the magnetic field,
the voltage rises until it reaches the strongest part of the magnetic
field and then falls to zero as the field weakens, only to reverse
electrical polarity as the rotor passes through an area of the opposite
magnetic polarity..
The brushes in AC generators don't suffer that abrasive effects of
constantly hitting the little edges of the contact areas on a
commutator because slip-rings are smooth, and they don't spark
because they never reverse polartiy or open a circuit under load. As a
result, they require a bit less maintainance.
AC Generators don't require as much additional circuitry to regulate
the voltage fluctuations since AC voltage fluctuates by definition. DC
power is very unlean and requires a lot of filtering if you want to use it
in electronics.
AC is more efficient to transmit over long distances.
That is why we use this AC voltage to be converted to constant DC
voltage to drive our various electronic circuits.

II. Transformer
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little
loss of power.
Fig 2.2: Transformer
Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains
electricity is AC.

Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce

voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the
dangerously high mains voltage (230V in UK) to a safer low voltage.

The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the
secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils, instead
they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core
of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol
represent the core.

Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to
the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up.

The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turns ratio,
determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large
number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high
voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output)
coil to give a low output voltage.

Vp Np power out = power in

turns ratio = = and
Vs Ns Vs Is = Vp Ip
Vp = primary (input) voltage Vs = secondary (output) voltage
Np = number of turns on primary Ns = number of turns on secondary
coil coil
Ip = primary (input) current Is = secondary (output) current

III. Rectifier
INTRODUCTION:
There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to convert
AC to DC. The bridge rectifier is the most important and it produces full-
wave varying DC. A full-wave rectifier can also be made from just two
diodes if a centre-tap transformer is used, but this method is rarely used now
that diodes are cheaper. A single diode can be used as a rectifier but it only
uses the positive (+) parts of the AC wave to produce half-wave varying
DC.

TYPES OF RECTIFIERS:
There are two types of rectifier, namely half wave and full wave. Each type
can either be uncontrolled, half-controlled or fully controlled. An
uncontrolled rectifier uses diodes, while a full-controlled rectifier uses
thyristor or popularly known as Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR). A half
controlled is a mix of diodes and thyristors. The thyristors need to be turned
on using a special triggering circuit

Half-Wave Rectifier:
In practice, the half-wave rectifier is used most often in low-power
applications because the average current in the supply will not be zero. This
may cause problems in transformer performance. While practical
applications of half wave rectifier are limited, the analysis is important
because it will enable us to understand more complicated circuits such as
full wave-and three-phase rectifiers.

Full-Wave Rectifier:
Like half-wave, the objective of a full-wave rectifier is to produce a voltage
or current which is purely DC or has some specified dc component. While
the purpose of the fullwave rectifier is basically the same as that of the half-
wave rectifiers have some fundamental advantages. The average current in
the ac source is zero in the full-wave rectifier, thus avoiding problems
associated with nonzero average source currents. The average (dc) output
voltage is higher than half-wave. The output of the full-wave is inherently
less ripple that the half-wave rectifier

Bridge rectifier
A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also
available in special packages containing the four diodes required. It is called
a full-wave rectifier because it uses the entire AC wave (both positive and
negative sections). 1.4V is used up in the bridge rectifier because each diode
uses 0.7V when conducting and there are always two diodes conducting, as
shown in the diagram below. Bridge rectifiers are rated by the maximum
current they can pass and the maximum reverse voltage they can withstand
(this must be at least three times the supply RMS voltage so the rectifier can
withstand the peak voltages). Please see the Diodes page for more details,
including pictures of bridge rectifiers.

Bridge rectifier Output: full-wave varying DC

Alternate pairs of diodes conduct, (using all the AC wave)
changing over
the connections so the alternating
directions of
AC are converted to the one direction
of DC.

Single diode rectifier

A single diode can be used as a rectifier but this produces half-wave varying
DC which has gaps when the AC is negative. It is hard to smooth this
sufficiently well to supply electronic circuits unless they require a very small
current so the smoothing capacitor does not significantly discharge during
the gaps. Please see the Diodes page for some examples of rectifier diodes.
 Output: half-wave varying DC
Single diode rectifier
(using only half the AC wave)

IV. Smoothing:
Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor (HERE
1000uF) connected across the DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying
current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is
falling. The diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line) and the
smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the
varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output.

Note that smoothing significantly increases the average DC voltage to

almost the peak value (1.4 RMS value). For example 6V RMS AC is
rectified to full wave DC of about 4.6V RMS (1.4V is lost in the bridge
rectifier), with smoothing this increases to almost the peak value giving
1.4 4.6 = 6.4V smooth DC.
Smoothing is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage falling a little as it
discharges, giving a small ripple voltage. For many circuits a ripple which
is 10% of the supply voltage is satisfactory and the equation below gives the
required value for the smoothing capacitor. A larger capacitor will give less
ripple. The capacitor value must be doubled when smoothing half-wave DC.

5 Io
Smoothing capacitor for 10% ripple, C =
Vs f

C = smoothing capacitance in farads (F)

Io = output current from the supply in amps (A)
Vs = supply voltage in volts (V), this is the peak value of the unsmoothed
DC
f = frequency of the AC supply in hertz (Hz), 50Hz in the UK

TYPES OF CAPACITORS USED:

There are a very large variety of different types of Capacitors available in

the market place and each one has its own set of characteristics and
applications from small delicate trimming capacitors up to large power metal
can type capacitors used in high voltage power correction and smoothing
circuits. Like resistors, there are also variable types of capacitors which
allow us to vary their capacitance value for use in radio or "frequency
tuning" type circuits. Either way, capacitors play an important part in
electronic circuits so here are a few of the more "Common" types of
capacitors available.

1) Ceramic Capacitors
Ceramic Capacitors or Disc Capacitors as they are generally called, are
made by coating two sides of a small porcelain or ceramic disc with silver
and are then stacked together to make a capacitor. For very low capacitance
values a single ceramic disc of about 3-6mm is used. Ceramic capacitors
have a high dielectric constant (High-K) and are available so that relatively
high capacitances can be obtained in a small physical size. They exhibit
large non-linear changes in capacitance against temperature and as a result
are used as de-coupling or by-pass capacitors as they are also non-polarized
devices. Ceramic capacitors have values ranging from a few picofarads to
one or two microfarads but their voltage ratings are generally quite low.

Ceramic types of capacitors generally have a 3-digit code printed onto their
body to identify their capacitance value. For example, 103 would indicate 10
x 103pF which is equivalent to 10,000 pF or 0.01F. Likewise, 104 would
indicate 10 x 104pF which is equivalent to 100,000 pF or 0.1F and so on.
Letter codes are sometimes used to indicate their tolerance value such as: J =
5%, K = 10% or M = 20% etc.

FIG.

2) Electrolytic Capacitors
Electrolytic Capacitors are generally used when very large capacitance
values are required. Here instead of using a very thin metallic film layer for
one of the electrodes, a semi-liquid electrolyte solution in the form of a jelly
or paste is used which serves as the second electrode (usually the cathode).
The dielectric is a very thin layer of oxide which is grown electro-
chemically in production with the thickness of the film being less than ten
microns. This insulating layer is so thin that it is possible to make large
value capacitors of a small size. The majority of electrolytic types of
capacitors are Polarized, that is the voltage applied to the capacitor
terminals must be of the correct polarity as an incorrect polarization will
break down the insulating oxide layer and permanent damage may result.

Electrolytic Capacitors are generally used in DC power supply circuits to

help reduce the ripple voltage or for coupling and decoupling applications.
Electrolytic's generally come in two basic forms; Aluminum Electrolytic
and Tantalum Electrolytic capacitors.
Electrolytic Capacitor

a) Aluminium Electrolytic Capacitors

There are basically two types of Aluminium Electrolytic Capacitor, the

plain foil type and the etched foil type. The thickness of the aluminium
oxide film and high breakdown voltage give these capacitors very high
capacitance values for their size. The etched foil type differs from the plain
foil type in that the aluminium oxide on the anode and cathode foils has been
chemically etched to increase its surface area and permittivity. This gives a
smaller sized capacitor than a plain foil type of equivalent value but has the
disadvantage of not being able to withstand high AC currents compared to
the plain type. Also their tolerance range is quite large up to 20%. Etched
foil electrolytic's are best used in coupling, DC blocking and by-pass circuits
while plain foil types are better suited as smoothing capacitors in power
supplies. Typical values of capacitance range from 1uF to 47000uF.
Aluminium Electrolytic's are "polarized" devices so reversing the applied
voltage on the leads will cause the insulating layer within the capacitor to be
destroyed along with the capacitor, "so be aware".

b) Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitors

Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitors or Tantalum Beads, are available in

both wet (foil) and dry (solid) electrolytic types with the dry or solid
tantalum being the most common. Solid tantalums use manganese dioxide as
their second terminal and are physically smaller than the equivalent
aluminium capacitors. The dielectric properties of tantalum oxide is also
much better than those of aluminium oxide giving a lower leakage currents
and better capacitance stability which makes them suitable for timing
applications. Also tantalum capacitors although polarized, can tolerate being
connected to a reverse voltage much more easily than the Aluminium types
but are rated at much lower working voltages. Typical values of capacitance
range from 47nF to 470uF.

Aluminium & Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitor

 V. VOLTAGE REGULATERS:

Regulator
Voltage regulator ICs
are available with
fixed (typically 5, 12
and 15V) or variable
output voltages. They Voltage regulator
are also rated by the Photograph Rapid Electronics
maximum current
they can pass.
Negative voltage
regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators
include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload
protection') and overheating ('thermal protection').

Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs have 3 leads and look like power
transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right. They
include a hole for attaching a heatsink if necessary.

Please see the Electronics in Meccano website for more information about voltage
regulator ICs.

An assortment of 78XX ICs

The 78xx (also sometimes known as LM78xx) series of devices is a family

of self-contained fixed linear voltage regulator integrated circuits. The 78xx
family is a very popular choice for many electronic circuits which require a
regulated power supply, due to their ease of use and relative cheapness.
When specifying individual ICs within this family, the xx is replaced with a
two-digit number, which indicates the output voltage the particular device is
designed to provide (for example, the 7805 has a 5 volt output, while the
7812 produces 12 volts). The 78xx line are positive voltage regulators,
meaning that they are designed to produce a voltage that is positive relative
to a common ground. There is a related line of 79xx devices which are
complementary negative voltage regulators. 78xx and 79xx ICs can be used
in combination to provide both positive and negative supply voltages in the
same circuit, if necessary.

78xx ICs have three terminals and are most commonly found in the TO220
form factor, although smaller surface-mount and larger TO3 packages are
also available from some manufacturers. These devices typically support an
input voltage which can be anywhere from a couple of volts over the
intended output voltage, up to a maximum of 35 or 40 volts, and can
typically provide up to around 1 or 1.5 amps of current (though smaller or
larger packages may have a lower or higher current rating).

2.15 WORKING OF POWER SUPPLY:

 Transformer only:

The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and special AC
motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a rectifier
and a smoothing capacitor.

Transformer + Rectifier

The varying DC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors. It
is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a smoothing
capacitor.
 Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing

The smooth DC output has a small ripple. It is suitable for most electronic
circuits.

Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator

The regulated DC output is very smooth with no ripple. It is suitable for all
electronic circuits.

BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM:

 8225

Fig 3.1: Interfacing block diagram of Prepaid energy meter

3.1 SENSORS
3.1 Overview of Sensor ?
A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a
signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, a
mercury thermometer converts the measured temperature into expansion and
contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube. A
thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read
by a voltmeter. For accuracy, all sensors need to be calibrated against known
standards.

3.2 Types of Sensor:

1. Acoustic, sound, vibration

2 .Automotive, transportation

3 .Chemical

4 .Electric current, electric potential, magnetic, radio

5 .Environment, weather

6 .Flow

7 .onising radiation, subatomic particles

8 .Navigation instruments

9.Position,angle, displacement, distance, speed, acceleration

10 .Optical, light, imaging

11. Pressure,force,density,level

12. Thermal, heat, temperature

13. Proximity, presence

14 .Sensor technology

3.3 LDR SENSORS

Light sensors are used to measure the intensity of light. Mostly available
sensors are Cadmium Sulphide LDR sensor, IR senor like photodiode,
photo transistor, TSOP1738. For beginners LDR is easy to handle. So as
a beginner better start with LED+LDR combination or IR LED +
photodiode. LDR is economical than other sensors and easy to handle.
LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR):
LDR is basically a resistor whose resistance varies with intensity of light.
More intensity less its resistance (i.e, in black it offers high resistance
and in white it offers less resistance). This is the basic sensor which
beginners should start with, which is having cost less than Rs.6.Figure
below show some of the pictures of LDR which i obtained from some site.

Fig.1 shows LDR's with greater surface area, Fig.2 shows the LDR's
which are available about Rs.5, which is commonly used. Greater surface
area, better the sensing will be. The sensing material is made of
Cadmium Sulphide.
Resistance: 400ohm to 400Kohm
Normal resistance variation: 1Kohm to 10Kohm (in the robots which I
used for line following for identifying black and white strips)
Sensitivity: about 3msec(Sensitivity is defined as the time taken for
output to change when input changes, i got this reading by verifying with
ADC interfaced with parallel port, sensitivity of LDR's is in milliseconds.
This is the best sensitivity obtained to me).
Voltage ratings: I used it on 3V, 5V and 12V
Practical application in Line follower Robots:
 LED's are used with LDR which will act as a source of light for LDR
because we are placing the LDR below the robot where light is not
present. If we want to identify Black and White strips we add a light
source with LDR and the white strip reflects light while black won't
reflect light.
Detailed description of this topic is given the the chapter of line follower
robot.

Above figure shows how LED is placed with LDR. Here LDR is covered
because we want light reflections from ground only, not from sides of
LED. Also cover the LED so that the light will move pointed, so that
reflection will directly go to LDR. When you attach LED and LDR to the
body of the robot, use tape to paste the sensors. Remember if you robot
body is of aluminum, and then some short circuit or current flow can
occurs through the body. So apply tape perfectly so that no short circuit
problems occur. Remember that LDR is a resistor and have no polarity
while all other sensors have.

3.6 IC 555:

The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) implementing a variety of timer and
multivibrator applications. Depending on the manufacturer, it includes over 20 transistors
2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package
(DIP-8)
Also available are ultra-low power versions of the 555 such as the 7555 and TLC555. [4]
The 7555 requires slightly different wiring using fewer external components and less
power.

The 555 has three operating modes:

Monostable mode: in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot".

Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bouncefree
switches, touch switches, Frequency Divider,Capacitance
Measurement, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) etc
Astable - Free Running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator.
Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks,
tone generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation, etc.
Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if
the DIS pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include
bouncefree latched switches, etc.

(a) Monostable mode

In the monostable mode, the 555 timer acts as a one-shot pulse generator.
The pulse begins when the 555 timer receives a trigger signal. The width of
the pulse is determined by the time constant of an RC network, which
consists of a capacitor (C) and a resisto (R). The pulse ends when the charge
on the C equals 2/3 of the supply voltage. The pulse width can be lengthened
or shortened to the need of the specific application by adjusting the values of
R and C.]

The pulse width of time t is given by

which is the time it takes to charge C to 2/3 of the supply voltage. See RC
circuit for an explanation

Nr. Name Purpose

1 GND Ground, low level (0V)
2 TR A short pulse high low on the trigger starts the timer
3 Q During a timing interval, the output stays at +VCC
4 R A timing interval can be interrupted by applying a reset pulse to low (0V)
5 CV Control voltage allows access to the internal voltage divider (2/3 VCC)
6 THR The threshold at which the interval ends (it ends if U.thr 2/3 VCC)
Connected to a capacitor whose discharge time will influence the timing
7 DIS
interval
8 V+, VCC The positive supply voltage which must be between 3 and 15 V

Fig 3.5: Schematic of a 555 in monostable mode

 (b) ASTABLE MODE:

Fig 3.6: Standard 555 Astable Circuit

In astable mode, the 555 timer outputs a continuous stream of rectangular

pulses having a specified frequency. A resistor (call it R1) is connected
between Vcc and the discharge pin (pin 7) and another (R2) is connected
between the discharge pin (pin 7) and the trigger (pin 2) and threshold (pin
6) pins that share a common node. Hence the capacitor is charged through
R1 and R2, and discharged only through R2, since pin 7 has low impedance
to ground during output low intervals of the cycle, therefore discharging the
capacitor. The use of R2 is mandatory, since without it the high current
spikes from the capacitor may damage the internal discharge transistor.

In the astable mode, the frequency of the pulse stream depends on the values
of R1, R2 and C:

The high time from each pulse is given by

and the low time from each pulse is given by

 where R1 and R2 are the values of the resistors in ohms and C is the value of
the capacitor in farads.

3.7 LM358 (Voltage Comparator)

The LM358 consist of two independent high gain , internally
frequency compensated operational amplifier designed specially to
operate from single power supply over a wide range of voltage.
operation from dual power supply is Also possible. Low power
supply current drain is independent of magnitude power supply
voltage.

3.7.1 PRINCIPAL OF COMPARTOR:-

1. if voltage at negative pin is higher than that of positive pin

then output will be zero.
2. if voltage at positive pin is higher than that of negative pin
then output will be the applied voltage.
3.7.2 LM358 ( OP-AMP AS ACOMPARATOR)

The Figure shows an inverting comparator with positive

feedback .the input voltage ( Vin )triggers the output
voltage(Vo) .every time it exceeds certain voltage level
called the upper threshold voltage(Vat) & lower threshold
voltage (Vin) .
In figure(a) these threshold voltage are obtained by using the
voltage divider R1-R2, where the voltage across R1 is feedback
to the (+) input .the voltage across R1 is a variable reference
threshold voltage that depends on the value and polarity of the
output voltage(Vo).when V0=+Vsat, the voltage across R1 is
called upper threshold voltage, (Vut).the input voltage (Vin)
must be slightly more positive than (Vut ) in order to cause the
output (Vo) to switch from +Vsat to V sat. As long as Vin
<Vut, Vo is at +Vsat.using the voltage divider rule,
Vut = R1/R1+R2 (+Vsat)
On the other hand, when Vo = -Vsat the voltage across R1 is
referred to as the lower threshold voltage, Vut. VIN must be
slightly more negative that Vut in order to cause it V0 to switch
from Vsat to +Vsat. In other words, for Vin values >Vut, Vo is
at Vsat. Vut is given by the following equation:-
Vut=R1/R1+R2 (-Vsat)

3.7.3 COMPARATOR CHARACTERISTIES

The important characteristics of comparator are :-

1. speed of operation
2. accuracy
3. compatibility of output
the output of comparator must switch rapidly b/w saturation level
and also respond instantly to any change of condition at its input.
this imply that the band-width of op-amp comparator must be
rather wide , infect the wide the band width the higher is speed of
operation .the speed of operation of comparator is improved with
positive feedback.
The accuracy of comparator depend on its voltage gain, common
mode rejection ratio, input offset and thermal drift. High voltage
gain requires a small difference voltage to cause the comparator
out put voltage to switch b/w saturation level. On other hand a high
CMRR help to reject the common mode input voltage such as
noise at input terminals. Finally to minimize offset problem ,the
input offset voltage current must be negligible also the change in
these offset due to temperature variation should be very slight
.since the comparator is a form of analog to digital conversion its
output must swing b/w the two logic level suitable for certain
logic family such as transistor transistor logic.(TTL)
CHAPTER-4 RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY
Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such
as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which
are renewable (naturally replenished). In 2006, about 18% of global final
energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from
traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3%
from hydroelectricity. New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind,
solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted for another 2.4% and are growing
very rapidly.[1] The share of renewables in electricity generation is around
18%, with 15% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3.4%
from new renewable.

Wind power is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a

worldwide installed capacity of 157,900 megawatts (MW) in 2009,[2][3] and is
widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United States.[4] The annual
manufacturing output of the photovoltaics industry reached 6,900 MW in
2008,[5] and photovoltaic (PV) power stations are popular
in Germany and Spain.[6] Solar thermal power stations operate in the USA
and Spain, and the largest of these is the 354 MW SEGS power plant in
the Mojave Desert.[7] The world's largest geothermal power installation
is The Geysers in California, with a rated capacity of 750 MW.[8] Brazil has
one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving
production of ethanol fuel from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18%
of the country's automotive fuel.[9] Ethanol fuel is also widely available in
the USA.

While most renewable energy projects and production is large-scale,

renewable technologies are also suited to small off-grid applications,
sometimes in rural and remote areas, where energy is often crucial in human
development.[10] Kenya has the world's highest household solar ownership
rate with roughly 30,000 small (20100 watt) solar power systems sold per
year.

TYPES OF SOURCE OF ENERGY

1 . Mainstream forms of renewable energy

a) Wind power
b) Hydropower
c) Solar energy
d) Biomass
e) Biofuel
f) Tidal Energy
g) Geothermal Energy

(a) WIND POWER : Airflows can be used to run wind turbines.

Modern wind turbines range from around 600 kW to 5 MW of rated
power, although turbines with rated output of 1.53 MW have become
the most common for commercial use; the power output of a turbine is
a function of the cube of the wind speed, so as wind speed increases,
power output increases dramatically.[14] Areas where winds are
stronger and more constant, such as offshore and high altitude sites,
are preferred locations for wind farms. Typical capacity factors are 20-
40%, with values at the upper end of the range in particularly
favourable sites.[15][16]

Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed

to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times
current electricity demand. This could require large amounts of land to
be used for wind turbines, particularly in areas of higher wind
resources. Offshore resources experience mean wind speeds of ~90%
greater than that of land, so offshore resources could contribute
substantially more energy.[17] This number could also increase with
higher altitude ground-based or airborne wind turbines.
 Wind power is renewable and produces no greenhouse gases during
operation, such as carbon dioxide and methane.

Fig: Scout_moor_gearbox,_rotor_shaft_and_brake_assembly.jpg

( b ) HYDROPOWER: Energy in water can be harnessed and used. Since

water is about 800 times denser than air, even a slow flowing stream
 of water, or moderate sea swell, can yield considerable amounts of
energy. There are many forms of water energy:

Hydroelectric energy is a term usually reserved for large-scale

hydroelectric dams. Examples are the Grand Coulee Dam in Washington
State and the Akosombo Dam in Ghana.

Micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power installations that typically

produce up to 100 kW of power. They are often used in water rich areas
as a remote-area power supply (RAPS). There are many of these
installations around the world, including several delivering around 50 kW
in the Solomon Islands.
 Damless hydro systems derive kinetic energy from rivers and oceans
without using a dam.

Ocean energy describes all the technologies to harness energy from

the ocean and the sea. This includes marine current power, ocean thermal
energy conversion, and tidal power.

( C ) SOLAR ENERGY: Solar energy is the energy derived from

the sun through the form of solar radiation. Solar powered electrical
generation relies on photovoltaics and heat engines.
A partial list of other solar applications includes space heating and cooling
through solar architecture, daylighting, solar hot water, solar cooking, and
high temperature process heat for industrial purposes.

Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active

solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy.
Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar
thermal collectors to harness the energy.
Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting
materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and
designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

(D) BIOMASS: Biomass, a renewable energy source, is biological

material derived from living, or recently living organisms, [1] such as wood,
waste, (hydrogen) gas, and alcohol fuels. Biomass is commonly plant matter
grown to generate electricity or produce heat. In this sense, living
biomass can also be included, as plants can also generate electricity while
still alive. [2] The most conventional way on how biomass is used however,
still relies on direct incineration. Forest residues for example (such as dead
trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings, wood chips and garbage are
often used herefore. However, biomass also includes plant or animal matter
used for production of fibers or chemicals. Biomass may also
include biodegradable wastes that can be burnt as fuel. It excludes organic
materials such as fossil fuels which have been transformed by geological
processes into substances such as coal or petroleum.

Industrial biomass can be grown from numerous types of plants,

including miscanthus, switchgrass, hemp, corn, poplar, willow, sorghum, su
garcane[3], and a variety of tree species, ranging from eucalyptus to oil
palm(palm oil). The particular plant used is usually not important to the end
products, but it does affect the processing of the raw material.

Although fossil fuels have their origin in ancient biomass, they are not
considered biomass by the generally accepted definition because they
contain carbon that has been "out" of the carbon cycle for a very long time.
Their combustion therefore disturbs the carbon dioxide content in the
atmosphere.
Plastics from biomass, like some recently developed to dissolve in seawater,
are made the same way as petroleum-based plastics. These plastics are
actually cheaper to manufacture and meet or exceed most performance
standards, but they lack the same water resistance or longevity as
conventional plastics.

Biomass (plant material) is a renewable energy source because the energy it

contains comes from the sun. Through the process of photosynthesis, plants
capture the sun's energy. When the plants are burned, they release the sun's
energy they contain. In this way, biomass functions as a sort of natural
battery for storing solar energy. As long as biomass is produced sustainably,
with only as much used as is grown, the battery will last indefinitely.[21]

In general there are two main approaches to using plants for energy
production: growing plants specifically for energy use, and using the
residues from plants that are used for other things. The best approaches vary
from region to region according to climate, soils and geography.

( E ) BIOFUEL:

Liquid biofuel is usually either bioalcohol such as bioethanol or an oil such

as biodiesel.

Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar components of plant

materials and it is made mostly from sugar and starch crops. With advanced
technology being developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses,
are also used as feedstocks for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a
fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive
to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is widely used
in the USA and in Brazil.

Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, animal fats or recycled greases.

Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually
used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide,
and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced
from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in
Europe.

Biofuels provided 1.8% of the world's transport fuel in 2008.

Biofuels are a wide range of fuels which are in some way derived
from biomass. The term covers solid biomass, liquid fuels and
various biogases.[1] Biofuels are gaining increased public and scientific
attention, driven by factors such as oil price spikes and the need for
increased energy security.
Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar components of plant
materials and it is made mostly from sugar and starch crops. With advanced
technology being developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses,
are also used as feedstocks for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a
fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive
to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is widely used
in the USA and in Brazil.

Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, animal fats or recycled greases.

Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually
used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide,
and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced
from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in
Europe.

Biofuels provided 1.8% of the world's transport fuel in 2008. Investment

into biofuels production capacity exceeded $4 billion worldwide in 2007 and
is growing.

( F ) GEOTHERMAL ENERGY:

Geothermal energy is energy obtained by tapping the heat of the earth itself,
both from kilometers deep into the Earth's crust in some places of the globe
or from some meters in geothermal heat pump in all the places of the planet.
It is expensive to build a power station but operating costs are low resulting
in low energy costs for suitable sites. Ultimately, this energy derives from
heat in the Earth's core.
Three types of power plants are used to generate power from geothermal
energy: dry steam, flash, and binary. Dry steam plants take steam out of
fractures in the ground and use it to directly drive a turbine that spins a
generator. Flash plants take hot water, usually at temperatures over 200 C,
out of the ground, and allows it to boil as it rises to the surface then
separates the steam phase in steam/water separators and then runs the steam
through a turbine. In binary plants, the hot water flows through heat
exchangers, boiling an organic fluid that spins the turbine. The condensed
steam and remaining geothermal fluid from all three types of plants are
injected back into the hot rock to pick up more heat.

The geothermal energy from the core of the Earth is closer to the surface in
some areas than in others. Where hot underground steam or water can be
tapped and brought to the surface it may be used to generate electricity.
Such geothermal power sources exist in certain geologically unstable parts
of the world such as Chile, Iceland, New Zealand, United States, the
Philippines and Italy. The two most prominent areas for this in the United
States are in the Yellowstone basin and in
northern California. Iceland produced 170 MW geothermal power and
heated 86% of all houses in the year 2000 through geothermal energy. Some
8000 MW of capacity is operational in total.

There is also the potential to generate geothermal energy from hot dry rocks.
Holes at least 3 km deep are drilled into the earth. Some of these holes pump
water into the earth, while other holes pump hot water out. The heat resource
consists of hot underground radiogenic granite rocks, which heat up when
there is enough sediment between the rock and the earths surface. Several
companies in Australia are exploring this technology.
Fig: GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP

A geothermal heat pump or ground source heat pump (GSHP) is a central

heating and/or cooling system that pumps heat to or from the ground. It uses
the earth as a heat source (in the winter) or a heat sink (in the summer). This
design takes advantage of the moderate temperatures in the ground to boost
efficiency and reduce the operational costs of heating and cooling systems,
and may be combined with solar heating to form a geosolar system with
even greater efficiency. Geothermal heat pumps are also known by a variety
of other names, including geoexchange, earth-coupled, earth
energy or water-source heat pumps. The engineering and scientific
communities prefer the terms "geoexchange" or "ground source heat pumps"
because geothermal power traditionally refers to heat originating from deep
in the Earth's mantle.[1] Ground source heat pumps harvest a combination of
geothermal power and heat from the sun when heating, but work against
these heat sources when used for air conditioning.[2]

Like a refrigerator or air conditioner, these systems use a heat pump to force
the transfer of heat. Heat pumps can transfer heat from a cool space to a
warm space, against the natural direction of flow, or they can enhance the
natural flow of heat from a warm area to a cool one. The core of the heat
pump is a loop of refrigerant pumped through a vapor-compression
refrigeration cycle that moves heat. Heat pumps are always more efficient at
heating than pure electric heaters, even when extracting heat from cold
winter air. But unlike an air-source heat pump, which transfers heat to or
from the outside air, a ground source heat pump exchanges heat with the
ground. This is much more energy-efficient because underground
temperatures are more stable than air temperatures through the year.
Seasonal variations drop off with depth and disappear below seven meters
due to thermal inertia.[2] Like a cave, the shallow ground temperature is
warmer than the air above during the winter and cooler than the air in the
summer. A ground source heat pump extracts ground heat in the winter (for
heating) and transfers heat back into the ground in the summer (for cooling).
Some systems are designed to operate in one mode only, heating or cooling,
depending on climate.

The setup costs are higher than for conventional systems, but the difference
is usually returned in energy savings in 3 to 10 years. System life is
estimated at 25 years for inside components and 50+ years for the ground
loop.[3] As of 2004, there are over a million units installed worldwide
providing 12 GW of thermal capacity, with an annual growth rate of 10%.
(G) TIDAL ENERGY : Tidal power, sometimes also called tidal energy, is
a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into electricity or
other useful forms of power. The first large-scale tidal power plant
(theRance Tidal Power Station) started operation in 1966.

I OWN ALL RIGHTS B and a inC LAlthough not yet widely used, tidal
power has potential for future electricity generation. Tides are more
predictable than wind energy and solar power.

Fig: The world's first commercial axial turbine tidal stream generator
SeaGen in Strangford Lough. The strong wake shows the power in the tidal
current.

Among sources of renewable energy, tidal power has traditionally suffered

from relatively high cost and limited availability of sites with sufficiently
high tidal ranges or flow velocities, thus constricting its total availability.
However, many recent technological developments and improvements, both
in design (e.g. dynamic tidal power, tidal lagoons) and turbine technology
(e.g. new axial turbines, crossflow turbines), are suggesting that the total
availability of tidal power may be much higher than previously assumed,
and that economic and environmental costs may be brought down to
competitive levels.

Historically, tide mills have been used, both in Europe and on the Atlantic
coast of North America. The earliest occurrences date from the Middle Ages,
or even from Roman times.
CHAPTER-5 SOLAR CELL / PANEL
5.1 INTRODUCTION

A solar panel (photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel) is a packaged,

connected assembly of solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells. The
solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to
generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications.
A solar cell is a device that converts the energy of sunlight directly
into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Sometimes the term solar cell is
reserved for devices intended specifically to capture energy from sunlight
such as solar panels and solar cells, while the term photovoltaic cell is used
when the light source is unspecified. Assemblies of cells are used to
make solar panels, solar modules, or photovoltaic arrays. Photovoltaics is
the field of technology and research related to the application of solar cells
in producing electricity for practical use. The energy generated this way is
an example of solar energy (also known as solar power).
Applications and implementation

Solar cells are often electrically connected and encapsulated as a module.

Photovoltaic modules often have a sheet of glass on the front (sun up) side,
allowing light to pass while protecting the semiconductor wafers from the
elements (rain, hail, etc.). Solar cells are also usually connected in series in
modules, creating an additive voltage. Connecting cells in parallel will yield
a higher current. Modules are then interconnected, in series or parallel, or
both, to create an array with the desired peak DC voltage and current.
The power output of a solar array is measured in watts or kilowatts. In order
to calculate the typical energy needs of the application, a measurement
in watt-hours, kilowatt-hours or kilowatt-hours per day is often used. A
common rule of thumb is that average power is equal to 20% of peak power,
so that each peak kilowatt of solar array output power corresponds to energy
production of 4.8 kWh per day (24 hours x 1 kW x 20% = 4.8 kWh)

To make practical use of the solar-generated energy, the electricity is most

often fed into the electricity grid using inverters (grid-connected
photovoltaic systems); in stand-alone systems, batteries are used to store the
energy that is not needed immediately.

Solar cells can also be applied to other electronics devices to make it self-
power sustainable in the sun. There are solar cell phone chargers, solar bike
light and solar camping lanterns that people can adopt for daily use

Simple explanation

1. Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed by

semiconducting materials, such as silicon.
2. Electrons (negatively charged) are knocked loose from their atoms,
allowing them to flow through the material to produce electricity. Due
to the special composition of solar cells, the electrons are only
allowed to move in a single direction.
3. An array of solar cells converts solar energy into a usable amount
of direct current (DC) electricity.
Photogeneration of charge carriers

When a photon hits a piece of silicon, one of three things can happen:

1. the photon can pass straight through the silicon this (generally)
happens for lower energy photons,
2. the photon can reflect off the surface,
3. the photon can be absorbed by the silicon, if the photon energy is
higher than the silicon band gap value. This generates an electron-
hole pair and sometimes heat, depending on the band structure.

When a photon is absorbed, its energy is given to an electron in the crystal

lattice. Usually this electron is in the valence band, and is tightly bound in
covalent bonds between neighboring atoms, and hence unable to move far.
The energy given to it by the photon "excites" it into the conduction band,
where it is free to move around within the semiconductor. The covalent bond
that the electron was previously a part of now has one fewer electron this
is known as a hole. The presence of a missing covalent bond allows the
bonded electrons of neighboring atoms to move into the "hole," leaving
another hole behind, and in this way a hole can move through the lattice.
Thus, it can be said that photons absorbed in the semiconductor create
mobile electron-hole pairs.

A photon need only have greater energy than that of the band gap in order to
excite an electron from the valence band into the conduction band. However,
the solar frequency spectrum approximates a black body spectrum at ~6000
K, and as such, much of the solar radiation reaching the Earth is composed
of photons with energies greater than the band gap of silicon. These higher
energy photons will be absorbed by the solar cell, but the difference in
energy between these photons and the silicon band gap is converted into heat
(via lattice vibrations called phonons) rather than into usable electrical
energy.

Charge carrier separation

There are two main modes for charge carrier separation in a solar cell:

1. drift of carriers, driven by an electrostatic field established across the

device
2. Diffusion of carriers from zones of high carrier concentration to zones
of low carrier concentration (following a gradient of electrochemical
potential).

In the widely used p-n junction solar cells, the dominant mode of charge
carrier separation is by drift. However, in non-p-n-junction solar cells
(typical of the third generation solar cell research such as dye and polymer
solar cells), a general electrostatic field has been confirmed to be absent, and
the dominant mode of separation is via charge carrier diffusion.

The p-n junction

The most commonly known solar cell is configured as a large-area p-n

junction made from silicon. As a simplification, one can imagine bringing a
layer of n-type silicon into direct contact with a layer of p-type silicon. In
practice, p-n junctions of silicon solar cells are not made in this way, but
rather by diffusing an n-type dopant into one side of a p-type wafer (or vice
versa).
If a piece of p-type silicon is placed in intimate contact with a piece of n-
type silicon, then a diffusion of electrons occurs from the region of high
electron concentration (the n-type side of the junction) into the region of low
electron concentration (p-type side of the junction). When the electrons
diffuse across the p-n junction, they recombine with holes on the p-type side.
The diffusion of carriers does not happen indefinitely, however, because
charges build up on either side of the junction and create an electric field.
The electric field creates a diode that promotes charge flow, known as drift
current, that opposes and eventually balances out the diffusion of electron
and holes. This region where electrons and holes have diffused across the
junction is called the depletion region because it no longer contains any
mobile charge carriers. It is also known as the space charge region.

Connection to an external load

Ohmic metal-semiconductor contacts are made to both the n-type and p-type
sides of the solar cell, and the electrodes connected to an external load.
Electrons that are created on the n-type side, or have been "collected" by the
junction and swept onto the n-type side, may travel through the wire, power
the load, and continue through the wire until they reach the p-type
semiconductor-metal contact. Here, they recombine with a hole that was
either created as an electron-hole pair on the p-type side of the solar cell, or
a hole that was swept across the junction from the n-type side after being
created there.

The voltage measured is equal to the difference in the quasi Fermi levels of
the minority carriers, i.e. electrons in the p-type portion and holes in the n-
type portion.
 Equivalent circuit of a solar cell

The equivalent circuit of a solar cell

The schematic symbol of a solar cell

To understand the electronic behavior of a solar cell, it is useful to create a model which
is electrically equivalent, and is based on discrete electrical components whose behavior
is well known. An ideal solar cell may be modeled by a current source in parallel with
a diode; in practice no solar cell is ideal, so a shunt resistance and a series resistance
component are added to the model. The resulting equivalent circuit of a solar cell is
shown on the left. Also shown, on the right, is the schematic representation of a solar cell
for use in circuit diagrams.

SOLAR PANEL SPECIFICATIONS:

Power = 2 watts
Voltage = 12 V maximum
CHAPTER-6
RESULT, MODIFICATION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 Result

After complete designing and manufacturing the project Solar Sun Seeker
we have finally designed a mechanism on which we have further made
number of experiments.
We found that complete system was properly working and solar cell
interfaced is properly working, and many operations on this panel can be
monitored very easily without any difficulty.

7.2 Modification:
This could be further implemented as a major part of renewable resources
management industry.
Further, the mechanical design installed in this system could be used in
mechanical industries and household for cooling purposes without using any
kind of exhaustible source of energy.

7. 3 Future scope:

Various future scope of this Solar Sun Seeker is:-

1. This project serves the purpose of explaining the student of
technical institute and college various energy generation concepts
and mechanisms.
2. Used as a major part of renewable resources management
industry.