Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1. Introduction

The air that we breathe is made up of numerous gases [1]. Humidity describes how
much water vapor is in air. Temperature describes how much heat is in air. Moisture and
temperature interact and one controls the other [2]. As temperature changes so does
the amount of evaporation and moisture or humidity in the air. Thus, temperature,
evaporation and moisture are interrelated. Humidity increases as temperatures cools
down [3].
There are methods to determine humidity and temperature. The heat of the air can
be measured as degree Celsius or Fahrenheit. Moisture of the air can be measured in
several ways, but relative humidity is the most common [4]. Relative humidity is a
measure of the amount of moisture in the air relative to the total amount of moisture
the air can hold. Warmer air can hold more moisture than colder air [5].
Different instrument is used to measure humidity and temperature. A thermometer
for measuring the air temperature and hygrometer is used to determine the humidity.
A psychrometer is an example of a hygrometer, it uses two thermometers to measure
relative humidity [6]. Liquid-in-glass also called bulb thermometers, they are made of a
glass tube with a round chamber at one end that houses the liquid used to measure the
temperature [7].
Clean air is essential to all living things. The air around us fills our lungs with oxygen
and allows us to live. Weather factors such as temperature and humidity may modify the
effects of air pollution [8]. Warm air rises in the atmosphere because it is less dense [9].

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1.1. Background of the Study

When the air pollution exceeds acceptable limits, it causes serious problems to
human health and into the environment in general [10]. Exposure to extreme
temperatures or humidity levels increases the risk of mortality [11]. Specifically, if air
quality is changed itself by a variation of temperature and humidity in an accommodation
space, discomfort to residents is affected as well [12].
Air pollution is said that it affects our climate by trapping the earth heat in the
atmosphere that lead to warmer temperature [13]. Also, extreme measures can also
worsen diseases such as cardiovascular, respiratory, and cerebrovascular and diabetes
related diseases [14].
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified outdoor air
pollution as a cancer-causing agent (carcinogen). The IARC is part of the World Health
Organization, and is one of the primary sources for information on cancer-causing
substances for the American Cancer Society and other organizations. In its evaluation,
the IARC concluded that outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer and is also linked to an
increased risk for bladder cancer The most recent data from the Global Burden of Disease
Project indicate that in 2010, 3.2 million deaths worldwide resulted from air pollution,
including 223,000 from lung cancer [15].
Air pollution can also affect in natural resources and surroundings that could
damage crops and trees in a variety of ways. The ground-level ozone can lead to
reductions in agricultural crop and commercial forest yields, reduced growth and
survivability of tree seedlings, and increased plant susceptibility to disease, pests and
other environmental stresses [16]. Acid rains are yet another negative example that air
pollution has on our environment. Acid rains destroy habitats of many animals, pollute
water by affecting their acidity, and in general do great damage to many ecosystems
which indirectly affects mankind and raised the issue of sustainability [17]. It also
damages buildings and structures because it dissolves the stone or corrodes the metal
that is exposed to the weather [18]. Given with these kinds of problems it is vital to
implement efficient guidelines to reduce pollution.

2
 With this research of such problems associated with air quality determination, the
proponents will develop a device that will measure the air temperature and the humidity
level. The data measured may be used to assess the air quality we breathe and to
determine critical level of measured data.

1.2. Design Objectives and Constraints

1.2.1. General Objective

To develop a device that can determine the condition of the air by acquiring by
measuring the temperature and humidity.

1.2.2. Specific Objectives

The device should provide accurate results.
The monitoring device must be reliable in terms of data transmission.
The project must be effective.

1.2.3. Metrics Description and Scale Measurements

Table 1.2.3.1 Metrics Description and Scale Measurement

Objectives Definition Metrics Scale
1%RH - 2%RH Excellent
Measured by RH 3%RH - 4%RH Good
comparing the Percentage 4%RH - 5%RH Fair
measured value of 6%RH above Poor
Accuracy
the project to an 0.5 - 1 Excellent
actual hygrometer Degree 1.5 - 2 Good
or psychrometer. Celsius 2.5 - 3 Fair
4 above Poor
96% -100% Excellent
The ability of the
Reliability 90% - 95% Good
Reliability project to transmit
percentage 85% - 89% Fair
data properly
84% below Poor
Measured by 5 Excellent
Average
whether the user 4 4.99 Very Good
rating of
Effectivity consider the 3 4.99 Good
user in the
project effective or 2 3.99 Fair
survey
not. 1 1.99 Poor

Table 1.2.3.1 shows the metrics for each specific objective. The first objective
is accuracy which is to compare the results of the project to an actual device. The

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 basis can be found on chapter 2 which is the table of sensor used on devices that
measure humidity and temperature [19] [20]. The goal is to have an accurate result
of 3%RH and 2 or better. The second objective is reliability which will be
measured by computing the percentage using the formula of the downtime. The
results should fall 88% or better [21] [22]. The third objective is effectivity which will
be conducted using a survey evaluating the said project [23]. The goal is to have a
very good rating.

1.2.4. Constraints
The device could measure the current condition of the air.
Transmit the current condition to a server.
Can transmit data continuously.

1.3. Scope and Delimitation

1.3.1. Scope
The project will detect the time and location.
Sensors will be used for measurement.
Measurement for humidity ranges 20%-80% RH and temperature ranges 0 50
Degrees Celsius.
Reliability will be measured on a 1 hour interval.

1.3.2. Delimitation
The project is only meant for monitoring.
The transmission speed of sending the data to the server will be dependent on the
data service provider.
The project will be dependent on the power source.
Distance of measurement will be limited.
Measurement will only be on dry areas.

1.4. Significance of the Study

1.4.1. To the Community
The project would be beneficial for the community such as people. They will be
provided a means to monitor the humidity and temperature of the surrounding area.
The data that will be measured can be used to determine critical values that can affect
the air quality. It can also provide as an alert them if the air can be cause some diseases.
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1.4.2. To the Future Researchers
This research would be helpful to the future researchers, particularly to those who
will have a further study about air quality. They can use this as a reference to their study.
This will aid them in such a way that in the future they will be able to develop devices
that can measure other factors that can affect the condition and quality of the air.
1.4.3. To the Academe
The project would be able to help Asia Pacific College School of Engineering in
providing possible topics for research such as further development of the project. It can
also be applied it to have an interpretation of the condition and quality of the air.

1.5. Conceptual Framework

Input Process Output

Humidity and air Measures the Display the measured

temperature from the humidity and value and send the data to
air. temperature of the air. the server.
Detect current time
and location.
Process the data to
be send to the server.

Figure 1.5.1 Conceptual Framework

The Figure 1.5.1 illustrates the conceptual framework of the design project. After the

input from sensor has been read by the device, it will measure the humidity and

temperature. It will also detect the current time and location. Then the data gathered will

be ready to be sent to the server. After the measurement, has been completed the data

will be ready to send to the server and it will display for the data for the user.

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1.6. Definition of Terms

Accuracy/Accurate The percentage difference between the measurements

obtained from an actual hygrometer/psychrometer in
comparison with the measurements of the project.

Humidity The amount of water vapor in the air, usually as

expressed as a percentage ofthe maximum amount that the air
could hold at the giventemperature

Reliability The percentage calculated from the the outage of transmission

of data minus 1.

Temperature It is a measure of how hot or cold the air is. It is the most
commonly measured weather parameter. More specifically,
temperature describes the kinetic energy, or energy of motion,
of the gases that make up air.

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 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

2.1. Local Literature

2.1.1. El Nio/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) El Nio Phenomenon [24]

Monjeto, M. (2016) in this article summarize the climate of the Philippines
during El Nio. It was characterized by relatively high temperature, high humidity and
abundant rainfall. It was similar in many respects to the climate of the countries of
Central America. Temperature, humidity, and rainfall, which are discussed
hereunder, are the most important elements of the country's weather and climate.
TEMPERATURE
Based on the average of all weather stations in the Philippines, excluding
Baguio, the mean annual temperature is 26. The coolest months fall in January with
a mean temperature of 25.5 while the warmest month occurs in May with a mean
temperature of 28.3. Latitude was an insignificant factor in the variation of
temperature while altitude shows greater contrast in temperature. Thus, the mean
annual temperature of Baguio with an elevation of 1,500 meters was 18.3.
Temperature in the Philippines is very noticeable because of the climate
change. Monitoring of temperature is the performance, gathering of data and
analysis of routine measurements aimed at detecting changes in the environment or
health of populations.

HUMIDITY
The average monthly relative humidity varies between 71% in March and 85%
in September. The combination of warm temperature and high relative and absolute
humidity give rise to high sensible temperature throughout the archipelago. It was
especially uncomfortable during March to May, when temperature and humidity
attain their maximum levels.

7
 In Humidity in the Philippines is also high in average, and in getting a good
evidence requires good data. The relative humidity varies naturally as well as in
response to human influences, and, in turn, climate is only one of many determinants
of population health. Therefore, assessing the health impacts of climate change
poses challenges. Further, the process of climate change is detectable only over
decades, and the resultant health impacts will be similarly slow to emerge.

RAINFALL
The mean annual rainfall of the Philippines varies from 965 to 4,064
millimeters annually. Baguio City, eastern Samar, and eastern Surigao receive the
greatest amount of rainfall while the southern portion of Cotabato receives the least
amount of rain. At General Santos City in Cotabato, the average annual rainfall was
only 978 millimeters.
2.1.2. Philippine temperature hits dangerous levels [29]
In this news, the temperatures across the country continued to soar as the
actual heat index observed by the state weather bureau reached dangerous levels.
According to the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA), the heat index in Cabanatuan City reached 52.3 degrees
Celsius surpassing an earlier record of 51 degree Celsius.
The heat index, or human discomfort index, gives the apparent temperature
or what humans perceive or feel as the temperature affecting their body, according
to the state weather bureau. A heat index between 41 to 54 degrees is considered
dangerous and likely to cause cramps, exhaustion and even heat stroke after
continuous activity. Despite soaring temperatures, the weather bureau said localized
thunderstorms may still occur in some parts of the country.
2.2 Foreign Literature

2.2.1. What Causes Humidity? [1]

The air that we breathe is made up of numerous gases, including water vapor. The
term humidity generally refers to the amount of this water vapor in the atmosphere.
Each atmospheric gas has its own vapor pressure, a measure of the number of

8
 molecules present at a given temperature. The vapor pressure of water thus
measures the amount of water vapor in the air. The saturation vapor pressure is the
vapor pressure when liquid water begins to condense.
In this article, shows that the temperature and humidity affect the air quality we
breathe due to the numerous gases and the amount of the water vapor in the
atmosphere. This can cause saturation of the vapor pressure that can cause most
number of molecules present in a given temperature.
2.2.2. The Relationship Between Moisture & Temperature [2]
Moisture and temperature interact, and one controls the other. As
temperature changes, so does the amount of evaporation and moisture, or
humidity, in the air. Thus, temperature, evaporation and moisture are interrelated
environmental phenomena. Humidity increases as temperatures cool and air
approaches its dew points. The dew point is the temperature at which the
atmosphere becomes saturated, and knowing it is critical to being able to measure
humidity.
2.2.3. How Temperature & Humidity are Related [3]
Humidity is water vapor contained in air. At higher temperatures, air can
hold more water vapor than the same amount of air at lower temperatures. For
example, if a sealed parcel of air experiences a rise in temperature with no addition
of water vapor, the relative humidity of the parcel of air decreases because the
warmer air is capable of holding more water.
The relationship of relative humidity and temperature is relative humidity
is a ratio of actual amount of water vapor in the air compared to the maximum
water vapor the air is able to hold at that temperature. It is expressed as average
or percentage. Relative humidity does not tell how much water vapor is actually in
the air. But it tells how close the air is to being saturated. So, air is said to be
saturated or full if relative humidity is 100%. Relative humidity (RH) is inversely
related to the air temperature if temperature is increases, the RH decreases and
vice versa.

9
2.2.4. What is relative humidity and how does it affect how I feel outside? [4]
Humidity is something we hear about daily in weather reports. Humidity is
to blame for that muggy, steam-room feeling you experience on certain summer
days. Humidity can be measured in several ways, but relative humidity is the most
common. In order to understand relative humidity, it is helpful to first understand
absolute humidity.

The relative humidity and high temperature will feel outside or outdoor due
to the heat of the sun which probably a high temperature that can cause a water
vapor. And if the water vapor cannot hold, that can cause a rain.
2.2.5. What is Relative Humidity?
Relative humidity is a measure of the amount of moisture in the air relative
to the total amount of moisture the air can hold. For instance, if the relative
humidity was 50%, then the air is only half saturated with moisture. Warmer air can
hold more moisture than colder air.
2.2.6. Hygrometer
Measuring humidity is an essential part of weather forecasting and it's also
very helpful for gardeners with glasshouses and people who run saunas. We can do
it simply and efficiently with cunning instruments called hygrometers.
Hygrometer is a tool used to measure the moisture of the air or water vapor
in the atmosphere. Relative humidity or dew point the two
measurements used commonly in weather reports, they would more than likely
also have to collect other data, like temperature or atmospheric pressure.
2.2.7. How does a Thermometer Measure Air Temperature? [7]
Liquid-in-glass also called bulb thermometers, they are made of a glass tube
with a round chamber at one end that houses the liquid used to measure the
temperature.
Most of the linear thermometers were developed with the use of mercury as
a liquid inside the thermometer. Since that the mercury is forbidden to use in public
because it dangerous to the health thats why they use alcohol. In the LIG

10
 thermometer the thermally sensitive element is a liquid contained in a
graduated glass envelope. The principle used to measure temperature is the
apparent thermal expansion of the liquid.
2.2.8. How Do Temperature Inversions Influence Air Pollution? [9]
Surface inversions are responsible for producing smog, trapping the
pollutants produced by vehicles, fires and industrial activities. Furthermore, the
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides present in these trapped pollutants are
converted into harmful ozone by sunlight, which results in reduced air quality. The
stratospheres inversion traps pollutants within the stable layer, something that
typically occurs when greenhouse gases are injected high into the atmosphere by
volcanic eruptions. Without the vertical mixing provided by convection, these gases
remain suspended within the inversion layer resulted in a long-term impact on the
global climate.
Air pollution is something that have the effect of global climate change
because of the air pollutants that effect on our ozone layer. Because of the
pollution of air the temperature will be high so the water vapor happens and if the
water before cannot hold they can cause rain which is the Acid rain. It can cause to
all the living and non-living things.
2.2.9. World Health Organization: Outdoor Air Pollution Causes Cancer [15]
The IARC has previously classified many components of outdoor air pollution
as carcinogens, including diesel engine exhaust, solvents, metals, and dust. But this
is the first time it has classified outdoor air pollution as a carcinogen. Particulate
matter is a combination of extremely small solid particles and liquid droplets that
are found in the air. The IARC evaluation showed an increasing risk of lung cancer
with increasing levels of exposure to outdoor air pollution and particulate matter.
Air pollution is already known to increase risks for other diseases, especially
respiratory and heart diseases. Studies show that levels of exposure to air pollution
have increased significantly in some parts of the world, mostly in rapidly
industrializing countries with large populations. The data from the Global Burden

11
 of Disease Project indicate that in 2010, 3.2 million deaths worldwide resulted from
air pollution, including 223,000 from lung cancer.
2.2.10. Health & Environmental Effects of Air Pollution [16]
In this article, air pollution has been a problem to people. This is because it
has negative effects on our health and environment. These are the different negative
effects of air pollution.

Health Effects

Air pollution can harm us when it accumulates in the air in high enough
concentrations. People exposed to high enough levels of certain air pollutants may
experience:
Irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat
Wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and breathing difficulties
Worsening of existing lung and heart problems, such as asthma
Increased risk of heart attack

Environmental Effects

Acid rain is precipitation containing harmful amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids.
These acids are formed primarily by nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides released into
the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned.
Effects on wildlife. Toxic pollutants in the air, or deposited on soils or surface waters,
can impact wildlife in several ways. Like humans, animals can experience health
problems if they are exposed to sufficient concentrations of air toxics over time.
Crop and forest damage. Air pollution can damage crops and trees in a variety of
ways. Ground-level ozone can lead to reductions in agricultural crop and commercial
forest yields, reduced growth and survivability of tree seedlings, and increased plant
susceptibility to disease, pests and other environmental stresses
Global climate change. The earth's atmosphere contains a delicate balance of
naturally occurring gases that trap some of the sun's heat near the earth's surface.
This "greenhouse effect" keeps the earth's temperature stable.

12
2.2.11. How does air pollution affect our environment? [17]
Air pollution presents big environmental threat in many parts of the world. It
includes variety of different harmful chemicals and gases released from our vehicles
and our industrial facilities that make our air dirty. It also has a negative impact on
climate change, harmful emissions are not only polluting air we breathe but are also
giving greenhouse effect much more impact, therefore, increasing average
temperature on our planet.
Acid rains are yet another negative example that air pollution has on our
environment. It destroys habitats of many animals, pollute water by affecting their
acidity, and in general do great damage to many ecosystems.
2.2.12. How Does Acid Rain Affect Buildings & Statues? [18]
Nguyen (2017) states that acid rains can ruin buildings and statues by
stripping away the material and corroding metal that makes up these structures.
The main cause of acid rain air pollution in our environment.
Acid rain damages buildings and structures because it dissolves the stone or
corrodes the metal that is exposed to the weather. Before people became aware
of the problems that acid rain caused, they often used metals, limestone and
marble as building materials exposed to rain and fog. Some of these materials
contain calcium carbonate or calcium-based compounds, which can be dissolved
by acid rain.

13
2.2.13. Temperature Sensors [19]
Temperature sensors are widely used to sense the temperature in an
environment. They all function in a similar way, but have slightly different features.
This figure below shows the different features of various sensors used in a digital
temperature meters.

Figure 2.2.13.1 Temperature sensors comparison of numbers

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2.2.14. Humidity Sensor [20]
Humidity measurement determines the amount of water vapor present in a
gas that can be a mixture, such as air, or a pure gas, such as nitrogen or argon.
Various terms used to indicate moisture levels are indicated on the table below.
Table 2.2.14.1 Humidity Terms

Most commonly used units for humidity measurement are Relative

Humidity (RH), Dew/Frost point and Parts Per Million (PPM). Relative Humidity is a
function of temperature, and thus it is a relative measurement. Dew/Frost point is
a function of the pressure of the gas but is independent of temperature and is
therefore defined as absolute humidity measurement. PPM is also an absolute
measurement.
Dew points and frost points are often used when the dryness of the gas is
important. Dew point is also used as an indicator of water vapor in high
temperature processes, such as industrial drying.

15
 Mixing ratios, volume percent, and specific humidity are usually used when
water vapor is either an impurity or a defined component of a process gas mixture
used in manufacturing.
Humidity Sensing Principles and Classifications
According to the measurement units, humidity sensors are divided into two
types: Relative humidity sensors and absolute humidity sensors. Most humidity
sensors are relative humidity sensors and use different sensing principles.
Table 2.2.14.2. Parameters of Different types of Humidity Sensors

Sensors based on capacitive effect

Humidity sensors relying on this principle consists of a hygroscopic dielectric
material sandwiched between a pair of electrodes forming a small capacitor. Most
capacitive sensors use a plastic or polymer as the dielectric material, with a typical
dielectric constant ranging from 2 to 15. In absence of moisture, the dielectric
constant of the hygroscopic dielectric material and the sensor geometry determine
the value of capacitance.

16
 Sensors based on Resistive effect
Resistive type humidity sensors pick up changes in the resistance value of the
sensor element in response to the change in the humidity. A thick film conductor of
precious metals like gold, ruthenium oxide is printed and calcinated in the shape of
the comb to form an electrode. Then a polymeric film is applied on the electrode; the
film acts as a humidity sensing film due to the existence of movable ions. Change in
impedance occurs due to the change in the number of movable ions.
2.2.15. Reliability and Prediction Basics [21]
The Reliability, R(t), is defined as the probability that the component or
system experiences no failures during the time interval zero to t1 given that the
component or system was repaired to a like new condition or was functioning at
t0.
The Unreliability, F(t), of a component or system at a given time is simply
the number of components failed to time t divided by the total number of samples
tested. The following relationship holds true since a component or system must
either experience its first failure in the time interval zero to t or remain operating
over this period.
R(t) + F(t) = 1 thus Unreliability F(t) = 1 R(t) and Reliability R(t) = 1 F(t)
2.2.16. Calculation of uptime and downtime [22]
The way we calculate uptime is to take the number of seconds that your
monitor was down (in a certain time frame), and divide this by the total number of
seconds your monitor was being monitored during that time frame. As a result, we
get the downtime percentage, which is then being subtracted from 100% to get the
uptime percentage.
(Number of seconds was down during monitoring)
Downtime % = 100%
(Total number of seconds being monitored)

Uptime % = Downtime % 100%

17
2.2.17. Getting weighted averages with the Likert question [23]
The Likert scale is named for its creator, American scientist Rensis Likert,
who felt that surveys yielding only yes-or-no answers were limited in their
usefulness. His innovation was to make a statement instead of asking a question,
and then ask respondents to rate the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with
the basic statement. The Likert and Likert-like survey questions are neatly ordered
with numerical responses, it's easy to average them by adding the numeric value
of each response, and then dividing by the number of respondents.

Figure 2.2.17.1 Likert Question

Figure 2.2.17.2 Averaging the Results

18
 This was the used as the equation:

(Number of votes Weighting for column1) + (Number of votes Weighting for column2) +
(Number of votes Weighting for column3) +
( Number of votes Weighting for column4) + (Number of votes Weighting for column5)
Total Number of Votes

2.3 Local Studies

2.3.1. Effect of temperature, relative humidity and rainfall on dengue fever and
leptospirosis infections in Manila, the Philippines [25]
In this study, they investigated correlation of temporal patterns of reported
numbers of laboratory-confirmed cases of both dengue fever and leptospirosis with
meteorological conditions (temperature, relative humidity, rainfall) in Manila. They
also used time-series analysis combined with spectral analysis and the least squares
method.
There was a peak of the 1-year cycle in temperature during May, followed by
a maximum rainfall, relative humidity and number of the laboratory-confirmed
dengue and leptospirosis cases. This result suggests that dengue and leptospirosis
epidemics are correlated not only with rainfall but also relative humidity and
temperature in the Philippines.
Quantifying the correlation of dengue fever and leptospirosis infections with
meteorological conditions may was proven useful in predicting dengue fever and
leptospirosis epidemics.
2.3.2. Effect of humidity and temperature on conidial germination and appressorium
development of two Philippine isolates of the mango anthracnose pathogen
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [26]
In this study, A comparison of rates of germination and appressorium
formation by an isolate of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on mango leaves, fruit
surfaces and cellophane membranes showed that behavior was broadly similar on all

19
 three substrates. Frequency of appressorium formation was slightly higher on
cellophane membranes, and both hyaline and melanized appressoria were formed.
The most stimulatory temperature for production of appressoria differed in isolates
I-2 and I-4 (25 and 20C, respectively). At 30C more appressoria became melanized
than at lower temperatures, but the frequency of formation of penetration pegs was
highest at 25C.
Effects of Temperature
Initial experiments using isolate I-2 were carried out on immature mango leaves, fruit
surfaces and cellophane membranes in the Philippines. Leaves and fruit were
removed after 12, 18, 28 and 36 hours incubation at 20, 25 or 30C, and surface strips
were prepared. Cellulose membranes were removed from the dishes at 3 h intervals
over a 30 hours incubation period, and assessed for conidial germination,
appressorial formation and initiation of infection hyphae. Random counts were
made for at least 100 conidia during each evaluation period at each temperature.
Effects of Humidity
The effect of periods of low humidity preceding a 24-hour period of high
humidity was also investigated. Boxes with low humidity were prepared with the
following percentages of glycerol in dH O: 39% RH, 870% glycerol; 62% RH, 713%
glycerol; 86% RH, 410% glycerol, according to the protocol. Three membranes were
removed from each humidity box weekly for 4 weeks, transferred to Petri dishes
containing a moistened paper towel (approximately 100% RH), and incubated at
25C. Conidial germination, appressorial formation and infection hyphae initiation
was then assessed.
2.3.3. Correlation of Climatic Factors and Dengue Incidence in Metro Manila, Philippines
This study investigates temperature and rainfall as climatic factors affecting
dengue incidence in Metro Manila from 1996 to 2005. Monthly dengue incidence and
climatic data for Metro Manila were collected over a 10-year period. Climatic factors
temperature and rainfall were linked with dengue incidence through regression
analysis.

20
 The complexity of issues arising from the human environment linkages
affecting the Philippine was an increasing concern, particularly in the climate and
disease link. Considerable progress is required to facilitate in understanding on how
changes in climate can influence the spread and development of infectious diseases.
To do this effectively, future research must reflect the other important weather
factors, like relative humidity, pressure, and wind movements, that can likewise
influence the complex link of climate and diseases [28].
2.3.4. Climate Change, Dengue and the Economy Ascertaining the Link Between Dengue
and Climatic Conditions
This paper examines the climate-change related factors that affect the
incidence of dengue in the Philippines. Dengue, one of the most public health
problems in Southeast Asia. The disease has been a burden on the public especially
the poor who are less able to access funds for treatment and more heavily affected
by the loss in income due to illness.
The scientific literature has been identified characteristics that impact the
breeding of mosquitos such as temperature, rainfall, humidity, and water
characteristics Interestingly, these environmental factors that enhance the breeding
speed of this Aedes aegypti mosquito, the transmitter of the dengue virus, are in fact
inter-related and bound together by the thread of weather and climate. In fact,
climate change which is defined to be the long-term change in atmospheric
temperature. Both climate change-related factors that lead to changes in weather
cycles and water quality could, therefore, contribute to the changes in the population
of dengue causing mosquitos [ 27].
The results of the study are consistent with the findings of studies regarding
dengue in other parts of the world, and contribute to the growing awareness about
the health impacts of climate change. This study should provide Philippine policy
makers some guidance in addressing the dengue problem as regional climate
changes.

21
2.4 Foreign Studies

2.4.1. Season and humidity dependence of the effects of air pollution on COPD
hospitalizations in Hong Kong.
Clean air is essential to all living things. The air around us fills our lungs with
oxygen and allows us to live. Weather factors such as temperature and humidity may
modify the effects of air pollution.
Living in the clean air environment is essential because it is for our body and
lungs are healthy. Air pollution is invisible in our day to day life. Car exhausts and dust
mite allergens are so small that they cannot be seen with the naked eye.
Furthermore, many of the negative health effects of air pollution are accumulative,
so that our health deteriorates gradually, often unnoticed from day to day.
2.4.2. Method and apparatus for determining an air quality level [11]
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for determining
an air quality by detecting an air quality in an accommodation space.

In recent days, as the office buildings as well as residences are enclosed at a

higher airtight level, efficiency and energy saving in air conditioning are increased.
On the other hand, accumulation of carbon dioxide and various odors is enhanced,
and such problems were caused that human health is reversely affected and
discomfort was increased by reduction of air quality in an accommodation space.
Specifically, if air quality was changed itself by a variation
of temperature and humidity in an accommodation space, discomfort to residents is
affected as well. Particularly, in the case that an odor is present, an air quality
regulator is required to be operated inconsideration of
both temperature and humidity, because it may be felt uncomfortable, when only
the humidity is changed, even if it is comfortable in certain conditions
of temperature and humidity.

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2.4.3. Effect of Temperature, Humidity and other Physical Parameters on Air Pollution in
and Around Belagavi, Karnataka, India
When the air pollution exceeds acceptable limits, it causes serious problems
to human health and into the environment in general.
Air pollution is the serious problem of the country. Because it is harming to
the human health, air pollution can cause a variety of environmental effects. Such as
acid rain which is precipitation containing harmful amounts of nitric and sulfuric
acids. These acids are formed primarily by nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides released
into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned.
2.4.4. Climate Change, Humidity, and Mortality in the United States [12]
This study estimates the effects of temperature and humidity on mortality
rates in the United to provide insight into the potential health impacts of climate
change.
The expected net effect of climate change on mortality is ambiguous.
Exposure to extreme temperatures or extreme humidity levels increases the risk of
mortality mostly through impacts on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. As
such, mortality rates were likely to increase during summer months but decrease
during winter months. In simple terms, this study determines the net effect of these
climatic changes on mortality.
2.4.5. Temperature-Related Death and Illness. The Impacts of Climate Change on Human
Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment [14]
Temperature extremes most directly affect health by compromising the
bodys ability to regulate its internal temperature. Loss of internal temperature
control can result in a cascade of illnesses, including heat cramps, heat
exhaustion, heatstroke, and hyperthermia in the presence of extreme heat,
and hypothermia and frostbite in the presence of extreme cold. It can also
worsen chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease,
cerebrovascular disease, and diabetes-related conditions.

23
 In this study, it only shows that temperature extremes can directly affect a
person health. Extreme temperatures are typically defined by some measure, for
example, an ambient temperature, heat index (a combination of temperature and
humidity), or wind chill. The impact on human health of a given temperature event
can depend on where and when it occurs.
2.5 Relevance to Present Study

The local and foreign literature discussed the basic concepts about humidity and
temperature. These concepts will be the proponents basis in creating the said project. There
is also some calculation included that will be used to know if the project objective has been
achieved.

Humidity and temperature can be used as a measurement of the condition of the air.
It can be used to know the state of air pollution that likely cause diseases like lung cancer.
These measurements can also affect our environment. Thus, interpretation of the data will
not be included in the project.

The data required will be obtained by measuring the humidity and temperature. Only
the measurement will be used to know the condition of the air. These data can be measured
using different sensors.

Knowledge about the Relative Humidity will aid the proponents in evaluating the
output of the project. This can be served as a calculation to know the accuracy of the
measured humidity. For temperature, it can be compared to an actual measuring instrument
to acquire the accuracy. This is because unlike the humidity that can be calculated the air
temperature can only obtain by measuring means only.

In one of the local studies, critical values of humidity and temperature and humidity
can likely cause dengue and leptospirosis. These diseases are caused by having dangerous
humidity and temperature after rainfall. Also, there is a study that these measurements can
also affect the growth of plants.

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