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Oscar Tascn
Research, Development and Innovation Department
COTECMAR, Cartagena, Colombia
Background
The 2D impact phenomenon has been studied through the application added
mass theory, boundary valued problems and CFD applications. Wagner (1932),
applied added mass theory to obtain the lift force in a wedge section. He also
evaluated the pressure distribution assuming potential flow and applying energy
conservation.
Tveitnes (2001) also studied the impact applying added mass theory. He also
calculated the lift force, and concluded that the hydrodynamic force experienced
by a wedge section under symmetric entry and constant velocity entry
Vorus (1996), studied the 2D impact with symmetric entry for a section with
variable dead rise angle, solving the problem as a boundary value problem,
assuming potential flow. Based on Vorus (1996), Xu et al. (1998) analyzed the 2D
impact with asymmetric entry, calculating the pressure, force and roll moment in
the section. Seif et al. (2005) simulated the impact using CFD tools for circular
and wedge sections, considering symmetric and asymmetric entry over calm
water with vertical velocity.
Region 2
wall
Region 1
Velocity inlet
The magnitude of the global residual of each differential equation was limited to 10-8 and the
maximum numbers of inner iterations in each time step were limited to 30 as stop criteria.
Error (%)
1,2 12 2,1
5 97750 4.965 0.177
Error (%)
Cfz max
Cfz
5,04
8 1,9
0,8
5,00
4 1,7
0,4
4,96 Cfz max
% Error
0 1,5
4,92 0,0 2,5E-03 2,0E-03 1,5E-03 1,0E-03 5,0E-04 0,0E+00
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000
paso de tiempo (s)
N de celdas
Figure 2. Peak Cfz vs time step Figure 3. Cfz Peak vs time step
fz
C fz = (1)
Vertical force Coefficient 1
w 2 B
2
mx
Roll moment Coefficient C mx = (2)
1
w 2 B 2
2
p
Cp =
Pressure coefficient 1 (3)
w 2
2
wt
=
Time coefficient 1 (4)
B
2
300
200
100
0
-1200 -700 -200 300 800
Cfz
Cfz
6
CRT-1 3
4
2
2 1
0 0
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
8
7
Actual CFD
Xu
6
5 CRT-3
Cfz
0
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8
Figure 5. Cfz vs
1.0 0.4
0.2
Cmx
0.5
Cmx
0.0 0.0
-0.5 -0.2
-1.0 -0.4
2.0
A ctual CFD
1.5
Xu
1.0
Cmx
0.5
0.0
-0.5
CRT-3
-1.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Figure 6. Cmx vs
Cfz
3
4
2
2 1
0
0
0,0 0, 1 0, 2 0,3 0, 4 0,5 0, 6 0,7
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
7
v/w=0.0
6 CRT-3
v/w=-1.0
5
v/w=1.0
4
Cfz
0
0,0 0, 1 0,2 0, 3 0,4 0, 5 0,6 0, 7
Figure 7. Cfz vs , asymmetric entry with horizontal velocity.
Cmx
Cmx
0
0
-1
-1
-2
-2
CRT-1 CRT-2
-3 -3
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
3.5
v/w=0.0
2.5 v/w=-1.0
v/w=1.0
1.5
Cmx
0.5
-0.5
-1.5
CRT-3
-2.5
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
3
2
1
0
0 10 20 30 40
1 ()
Figure 9. v/w vs , critical for the flow separation of the keel for symmetric entry.
80
70
60
50
2()
40
30
actual CFD (v/w=0.00)
20 actual CFD (v/w=0.25)
actual CFD (v/w=0.50)
Xu (v/w=0.00)
10 Judge (v/w=0.00)
Judge (v/w=0.25)
Judge (v/w=0.50)
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
1()
Figure 10. 2 vs 1, critical for the flow separation of the keel for asymmetric entry.
Tveitnes, T. Application of Added Mass theory in planing [Ph.D. Thesis]. Glasgow: University of Glasgow.
Department of Naval Architecture and ocean engineering, 2001, 339p.
Seif, M., Mousaviraad, S., Saddathosseini, S. and Bertram, V. Numerical Modeling of 2-D Water Impact
in One degree of Freedom. Sntesis Tecnolgica. No. 2, Vol. 2, November 2005, p. 79-83.
Vorus, W. S. A flat cylinder theory for vessel impact and steady planing resistance. Journal of Ship
Research. No. 2, Vol. 40, June 1996, p. 89-106.
Xu, L., Troesch, A., and Vorus, W. Asymmetric Vessel Impact and Planing Hydrodynamics. Journal of Ship
Research, No. 3, Vol. 42, September 1998, p. 187-198.
Judge C. and Troesch A. Asymmetry and Horizontal velocity During water impact, [on- line]. Available at:
http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~greg/ABST.pdf/judge.pdf/judgeWWWFB2.pdf, 2000.
The effect of the horizontal velocity was also analyzed for sections
with variable dead rise angle, determining the influence of this
parameter in the force and roll moment.
The critical condition for flow separation from the keel was
evaluated. The results attained are similar, but the values are higher
than the results reached by Xu L. (1998) and Judge (2000).