Manajemen rantai suplai

(supply chain management/SCM)

Saut Gurning
3 Nopember 2010
 Supply Chain
(Russel and Taylor 2006)

All facilities, functions, activities, associated

with flow and transformation of goods and
services from raw materials to customer, as
well as the associated information flows
An integrated group of processes to source,
make, and deliver products
 Supply Chain Illustration
Copyright 2006 John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
 Amazon.com

Copyright 2006 John Wiley &

Sons, Inc.
 Proses Logistik
Proses yang dilakukan oleh sebuah entitas
dalam rantai suplai dan hanya untuk proses
internal biasa disebut sebagai proses logistik
Jadi sifatnya:
Internal
Input-output
Produsen ke konsumen secara sederhana
Rantai proses lebih sederhana
Logistics Operations

Transportation
Scheduling
Production

Purchase
Demand
 Proses rantai suplai

Copyright 2006 John Wiley &

Sons, Inc.
 Proses-proses rantai suplai
Procurement and purchasing
(penyediaan/pembelian)
Inventory/warehousing/storaging
(penumpukkan/penyimpanan/pergudangan)
Distribution (distribusi/penyaluran)
Manufacturing (pengolahan)
Transportation (transportasi)
Transferring (pemindahan): informasi, dana
 Supply
Chain for
Denim
Jeans

Copyright 2006 John Wiley &

Sons, Inc.
 Supply
Chain for
Denim
Jeans
(cont.)

Copyright 2006 John Wiley &

Sons, Inc.
Komponen rantai suplai

Rantai suplai hulu (Upstream Supply Chain)

Organisasi suplier tingkat pertama hingga ketiga.
Rantai suplai internal (Internal Supply Chain)
Segala proses yang dilakukan sebuah organisasi untuk merubah
produk-produk input menjadi output (hasil) dalam bentuk produk
Rantai suplai hilir (Downstream Supply Chain)
Segala proses untuk mengirimkan produk hingga kepada
konsumen akhir

11
 Terminologi penting
Entitas hulu (upstream)
Entitas hilir (downstream)
Tingkatan penyuplai (tiers of suppliers)
Nodes and links
Penyedia jasa (service providers)
Logistic providers
Third/fourth parties of logistics (3 P/L or 4 P/L)
End to end SCM providers
 FOR AN EXAMPLE OF : A WHEAT SUPPLY CHAIN
FROM AUSTRALIA TO INDONESIA

Sub
Farmers Handlers Processors Distributors Wholesalers Wholesalers Retailers Consumers

Farm Scale AWB Limited Millers For Export Industrial

Animal Feeds Markets Global Supply Chain Networking Consumers
Southern-Belt Grain Pool
Domestic Big Industry
Wheat Area
Millers For Markets
Agra-Corp National and Local Wholesalers and
Human Foods
High Rain Fall Agents Retailers Chains Small Medium
Special Area Premium Enterprise
Grain
Processors For
Marketers
Beverage Food Retail Services and Small Shops
Brooks Grain Household
Freight
ABB Processors For Forwarders Third Party Suppliers
Ethanol / Bio- End Consumer
Mortons Fuel
Storage and
Handling
Aus-Wheat
 Automotive Supply Chain
Supply Chain = Value Chain

Retail Ore in
OEM Tier # 1 Tier # N
Customer Ground

Objectives: Highest Quality

Lowest Cost
Shortest Lead Time

Source:
is.ba.ttu.edu/faculty/ch10.ppt
 Komponen-komponen rantai suplai
lcm.csa.iisc.ernet.in/scm/Garg03.ppt

15
 Supply chain = Integrated freight systems

Interface integration can be:

Physical (e.g., infrastructure)
Organisational (e.g., business processes)
Environmental (e.g., regulatory environment)

Source: Magala (2009)

 Functional Integration of Supply Chains
Maritime Land Distribution
Distribution
Shipping Custom
Agent Agent Rail / Trucking Trucking

Shipping Line Stevedore Freight Depot

Forwarder
Economies of scale

Megacarrier
Level of functional integration

Source: Robinson (2002)

Integrated freight systems

Source: Magala (2009)

 Cross-Docking
Suppliers

Receiving
DC Sorting
Shipping

Customers
 Bullwhip Effect
Occurs when slight demand variability is magnified as information moves
back upstream

Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 10-20

 The Lean Supply Chain

Best Quality - Lowest Cost - Shortest Lead Time

Through Shortening the Production Flow By Eliminating Waste

Just in Time
The right part Built in Quality
at the right time
in the right amount Line Stop
- Manual
Preconditions - Automate
Continuous Flow Error Proofing
Pull System Visual Control
Takt Time Flexible, Capable,
Level Production Highly Motivated
People

Operational Stability
Standardized Work Robust Products & Processes
Total Productive Maintenance Supplier Involvement
 Complexity of the Supply Chain
(Rodrigues 2002)
National Supply Chain Simple Complex Multinational Supply Chain

National

Factory Representative
Distribution center High-throughput
DC
 Kinerja rantai suplai

Lead time and costs (waktu dan biaya pengiriman)

* Total waktu sejak sebuah produk dipesan hingga
diterima
Delivery time and costs
Inventory turnover
Inventory days
Fill rate
Delay time and costs
 Transportation
Rail
low-value, high-density, bulk
products, raw materials,
intermodal containers
not as economical for small
loads, slower, less flexible than
trucking
Trucking
main mode of freight transport
in inland area
small loads, point-to-point
service, flexible
More reliable, less damage
than rails; more expensive than
rails for long distance

Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Transportation (cont.)
Air
most expensive and fastest, mode of
freight transport
lightweight, small packages <500 lbs
high-value, perishable and critical goods
less theft
Package Delivery
small packages
fast and reliable
increased with e-Business
primary shipping mode for Internet
companies

Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Transportation (cont.)
Water
low-cost shipping mode
primary means of international shipping
River waterways
slowest shipping mode
Intermodal
combines several modes of shipping-truck,
water and rail
key component is containers
Pipeline
transport oil and products in liquid form
high capital cost, economical use
long life and low operating cost

Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 10-26

 Modal Profile of Freight Transportation
(Adopted from Rodrigues 2002 and FHA 1998)
Mode Value Volume Service Distance
Truck Moderate to high Loads of less than 12 tonnes On-time performance above Driver can go 500 miles per
90%. day. 2/3 of tonnage carried
over less than 100 miles.
Rail Moderate to low Multiple car loads. No weight 4 to 7 days delivery time. 60 Average haul length between
restrictions. to 85% on-time performance. 600 and 800 miles.
Intermodal Moderate to high No weight restrictions. 3 days for cross country. On- Average haul between 700
time performance between and 1,500 miles.
truck and rail.
Air High Small. Most loads less than 4 Normally overnight or second More than 1,300 miles.
tonnes. day.
Inland Water Moderate to low Bulk shipments. Varies according to segment. Between 250 and 1,600
Competitive with rail. miles.
Coastal Water Moderate to low Containers, general freight Function of distance. Between 500 and 2,000
and bulk shipments. Between 2 to 5 days. miles.
International High to low Mainly containers and bulk 7 to 10 days trans-Atlantic More than 2,600 miles.
Water shipments up to 500,000 and trans-Pacific routes.
tonnes.
Pipeline Low Bulk shipment of liquids and According to demand. 0 to 20 825 miles average distance
gazes. mph. for crude oil.