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Nagammal Campus,
S.P.G.C.Nagar, Virudhunagar 626 001.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERING
LABORATORY MANUAL
BRANCH :
YEAR :
....................................
10.Test on Cement
11.Test on Bricks
CONTENTS
Page
Sl.No Date Experiments Marks Sign
No
Date:
Aim:
To draw stress-strain curve for the given steel specimen by conducting axial tension test and hence to
find the following:
1. Yield stress
2. Ultimate stress
3. Nominal breaking stress
4. Actual breaking stress
5. Percentage Elongation in length
6. Percentage Reduction in area
Procedure:
1. Measure the length (L) and diameter (d) of the given specimen.
2. Mark the centre of the specimen using dot punch.
3. Mark two points P and Q at a distance of 150 mm on either side of the centre mark so that
the distance between P and Q will be equal to 300 mm.
4. Mark two points A and B at a distance of 2.5 times the rod diameter on either side of the
centre mark so that the distance between A & B will be equal to 5 times the rod diameter
and is known as initial gauge length of the rod (li).
5. Insert the specimen in the middle crosshead and top crosshead grips of the machine so
that the two points A and B coincide with grips.
6. Apply the load gradually and continue the application of load. After sometime, there
will be a slight pause in the increase of load. The load at this point is noted as yield load (Py).
7. Apply load continuously till the specimen fails and note down the ultimate load (P u)
and breaking load (Pb) from the digital indicator.
8. Remove the specimen from the machine and join the two pieces of the specimen.
9. Measure the distance between the two points A and B. This distance is known as final
gauge length (lf) of the specimen.
10. Measure the diameter of the rod at neck (dn).
11. Determine the yield stress, ultimate stress, and nominal breaking stress, actual
breaking stress, percentage elongation in length, percentage reduction in area and Young's
modulus using the following formulae given below.
12. Draw the Stress strain curve for the specimen by taking stress along Y-Axis and Strain
along X-Axis.
Observation:
e. % Elongation in length = Final gauge length (Lf ) Initial Gauge Length (li ) x
100
Initial gauge length (li )
Initial Area ( Ai )
Ai = Initial Area = d 2 / 4 An = Area at neck = d n22 / 4
g. E = Young's modulus = PL / Ad
Result:
Tension test for the given specimen was conducted and the results are as follows:
1. Yield stress, y =
2. Ultimate stress, u =
3. Nominal breaking stress, bn =
4. Actual breaking stress, ba =
5. Percentage elongation in length =
6. Percentage reduction in area =
7. Stress-strain curve has been plotted.
2. COMPRESSION TEST ON WOODEN CUBE
Date:
Aim:
To determine the compressive strength while loading the specimen with grains parallel to and
perpendicular to applied load.
Apparatus:
1. Universal testing machine or compression testing machine or Amslers wood testing machine
2. Scale
Procedure:
2. Place the specimen centrally between the bearing plates keeping the grains parallel to load
4. Apply the load continuously on the specimen by making the movable head of the testing machine to
travel at a constant speed.
5. Record the load when the specimen gets fractured. At this point the pointer returns back to zero.
1. Place the specimen centrally between bearing plates with the grains perpendicular to load.
2. Repeat the procedure given in A and note the maximum crushing strength.
Observation:
Calculation:
Result:
Aim:
To determine the maximum shear strength of the given bar by conducting double- shear test.
Procedure:
2. Fit the specimen in the double-shear device and place the whole assembly in the UTM.
3. Apply the load till the specimen fails by double-shear.
4. Note down the load at which the specimen fails (P).
5. Calculate the maximum shear strength of the given specimen by using the following formula
given below.
Observation:
Calculation:
Result:
Date:
Aim:
To draw Torque Vs Angle of twist curve for a given specimen by conducting Torsion test
and hence to find the stiffness.
Apparatus required:
Torsion testing machine, specimen, vernier caliper, scale
Procedure:
1. Note the dimensions of the specimen.
2. Align the chucks in position by rotating the handle.
3. Fix the specimen in the chuck
4. Make the main scale to coincide with zero by rotating the handle.
5. By rotating the handle now apply the torque or twisting moment.
6. Note the angle of twist and the corresponding torque applied.
7. Draw a graph between torque and angle of twist.
Observation:
Diameter of the rod =
Length of the rod =
Calculation:
1. Stiffness, K = T/
where, T = Torque applied in kgm
= Angle of twist in radians.
Tabulation:
Sl.N
o Angle of twist Stiffness
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Result:
The Torque Vs Angle of twist curve has been plotted.
Date:
Aim:
To determine the Impact resistance of the given specimen by conducting Izod impact test.
Procedure:
1. Measure the length (l), breadth (b), & depth (d) of the given specimen.
2. Measure the position of notch (groove) from one end (lg), depth of groove (dg) and top
width of groove (wg) in the given specimen
3. Lift the pendulum and keep it in the position meant for Izod test.
4. Adjust the pointer to coincide with initial position (maximum value) in the Izod scale.
5. Release the pendulum using the lever and note down the initial reading in the Izod scale.
6. Repeat the steps 3 and 4.
7. Place the specimen vertically upwards such that the shorter distance between one end of the
specimen and groove will be the protruding length and also the groove in the specimen
should face the striking end of the hammer.
8. Release the pendulum again using the lever and note down the final reading in the Izod
scale.
9. Find the impact resistance of the given material by using the following relation.
Observation:
Calculation:
Impact resistance = (Final Izod scale reading - Initial Izod scale reading)
Result:
Date:
Aim:
To determine the Impact resistance of the given specimen by conducting Charpy
impact test.
4. Adjust the pointer to coincide with initial position (i.e. maximum value) in the Charpy scale
5. Release the pendulum using the lever and note down the initial reading in the charpy scale
6. Repeat the steps 3 and 4.
7. Place the specimen centrally over the supports such that the groove is opposite to the
striking face
8. Release the pendulum again using the lever and note down the final reading in the Charpy
scale
9. Find the impact resistance of the given specimen by using the following relation.
Observation:
Calculation:
Impact resistance = (Final Charpy scale reading - Initial Charpy scale reading).
Result:
Date:
Aim:
To determine the Rockwell hardness number for the given specimen.
Procedure:
2. Know the major load, type of indentor and scale to be used for the given test specimen
from the following table:
Sl.
Material type Major load Indentor Scale
No.
4. Select the major load from the knob available on the right side of the machine.
5. Raise the anvil using the rotating wheel till the specimen touches the indentor and then
slowly turn the wheel till the small pointer on the dial reaches the red mark position.
Now the specimen is subjected to a minor load of 10 kg.
6. Push the loading handle in the forward direction to apply the major load to the
specimen and allow the load to act on the specimen for 15 seconds.
7. Release the major load by pushing the loading handle in the backward direction
and keep the minor 10 kg load still on the specimen.
8. Read the Rockwell hardness number either from 'C' or 'B' scales, as the case
may be, directly on the dial and record it.
9. Release the minor load of 10 kg by rotating the hand wheel and lowering the screw
bar.
10. Repeat the experiment to obtain at least 3 different sets of observations for the
given specimen by giving a gap of at least 3 mm between any two adjacent
indentations and 1.5 mm from the edge.
11. Find the average value, which will be the Rockwell hardness number for the given
specimen.
Observation:
Rockwell hardness
Sl. Major
Material Indentor Scale number
No. Load
(RH or RHB)
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
3
Average
Result:
Aim:
Procedure:
1. Identify the material of the given test specimen.
2. Know the value of P/D2 and diameter of the indentor (D) to be used for the given test
specimen from the following table:
4. Select the major load from the knob available on the right side of the machine.
5. Fix the indentor and place the given specimen on the anvil of the machine.
6. Raise the anvil using the rotating wheel till the specimen touches the indentor and then
slowly turn the wheel till the small pointer on the dial reaches the red mark position.
Now the specimen is subjected to a minor load of 10 kg.
7. Apply the major load to the specimen by pushing the loading-handle in the forward
direction and allow the load to act on the specimen for 15 seconds.
8. Release the major load by pushing the loading-handle in the backward direction.
9. Release the minor load of 10 kg by rotating the hand wheel and lowering the screw bar.
11. Calculate the Brinell hardness number for the given specimen using the following
formula.
12. Repeat the experiment to obtain at least 3 different sets of observations for the given
specimen by giving a gap of at least 3mm between any two adjacent indentations and
1.5mm from the edge.
13. Find the average value, which will be the Brinell hardness number for the given
specimen.
Observation:
Brinell
Major Diameter of
P/D2 Dia. of hardness
Sl. load steel ball
Material value in Indentation number
No. (P) in indentor (D)
kg/mm2 (d) in mm (BHN) in
kg in mm
kg/mm2
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
Average
Calculation:
Result:
The Brinell hardness number for the given specimen = ________ kg/mm2
9. DEFLECTION TEST ON METAL BEAM
Date:
Aim:
To determine the Youngs modulus of the given beam by conducting Flexure test.
1. Flexure table
2. Test specimen
3. Dial gauge with stand
4. Set of weights with load-hanger
5. Vernier caliper and scale.
Procedure:
1. Measure the length (L), breadth (B) and depth (D) of the given beam specimen.
2. Place the beam specimen simply over two knife edge supports of bending table apparatus
and measure centre to centre distance between the supports. This distance is known as span
of the beam (l).
3. Place the load-hanger at any distance, preferably less than l/2 from the right support.
4. Measure the distance between load-hanger and the right support. Take this value as 'b'.
5. Place the dial gauge at a distance 'x' from the left support, where the maximum deflection
will occur.
7. Apply --- kg load on the load-hanger and note down the dial gauge reading in divisions.
Increase the load at the rate of ---- kg and note down the corresponding dial gauge readings
in divisions.
8. Find the actual deflection () by multiplying the dial gauge reading with least count of the
dial gauge.
11. Find the youngs modulus of the given beam material for each load W, by using the formula
given below.
12. Find the average value of Youngs modulus, which will be the Youngs modulus of the
given beam material.
13. From the Load-Deflection curve the Youngs modulus can be determined graphically.
Observation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Average =
Result:
Date:
Aim:
To determine the Modulus of rigidity and Stiffness of the given helical spring under
compression.
Procedure:
1. Measure the outer diameter (D) and diameter of the spring coil (d) for the given
compression spring.
2. Count the number of turns i.e. coils (n) in the given compression spring.
3. Place the compression spring at the centre of the bottom beam of the spring testing machine.
4. Rise the bottom beam by rotating right side wheel till the spring top touches the middle
cross beam.
5. Note down the initial reading from the scale fitted in the machine.
6. Apply a load of 25kg and note down the scale reading. Increase the load at the rate of 25kg
up to a maximum of 100kg and note down the corresponding scale reading.
7. Find the actual deflection of the spring for each load by deducting the initial scale reading
from the corresponding scale reading.
8. Calculate the Modulus of Rigidity for each load applied by using the following formula
given below.
9. Determine the stiffness for each load applied by using the following formula: Stiffness, K =
P /.
10. Find the values of modulus of rigidity and spring constant of the given spring by taking
average values.
64PR3n
Modulus of rigidity, N =
d4
where,
P = load in N
R = Mean radius of the spring in mm
n = Number of turns in the spring
d = Diameter of the spring coil in mm
= Deflection of the spring in mm
D = Outer diameter of the spring in mm
Observation:
Applied Load
Modulus of
Scale reading in
Sl. in Actual deflection Stiffness
Rigidity in
No. in mm in N/mm
N/mm2
Kg N cm mm
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Average
Result:
From Graph
Date:
Aim:
3. Rice plate
Procedure:
2. Place is on a standard I.S. 90 micron sieve breaking down any air set lumps in the
cement sample with finger.
3. Continuously sieve the sample by holding the sieve in both hands. Sieve with a gentle
wrist motion for a period of 15 minutes. Rotating the sieve continuously throughout the
sieving, involving no danger of spalling the cement.
Average = Percentage =
Result:
Aim:
To determine the Specific gravity of given cement sample.
Apparatus:
1. Specific gravity bottle
2. Kerosene free from water
3. Weighing balance
Procedure:
2. Fill the bottle with distilled water and weigh the bottle (W2).
3. Dry the Specific gravity bottle and fill it with kerosene and weigh (W3).
4.Pour some of the kerosene out and introduce a weighed quantity of cement (W5) (say
about 60 grams) into the bottle. Roll the bottle gently in the inclined position until no
further air bubble rise to the surface. Fill the bottle to the top with kerosene and weigh it
(W4).
Observation:
((W2W1)- (W3W4))
Result:
Date:
Aim:
Apparatus:
Procedure:
1. Take 400 gms of cement and prepare a paste with a weighed quantity of water (say
24 %)
2. Fill the paste in the mould within 3 to 5 minutes.
3. Shake the mould to expel air.
4. A standard plunger 10 mm dia, and 50 mm long is attached and brought down to touch
the surface of the paste in the test block and quickly release it to sink in to the paste by
its own weight.
5. Note down the depth of penetration of the plunger.
6. Conduct the second trial (25% of water) and find out the depth of penetration.
7. Conduct number of trials till the plunger penetrates for a depth of 33 - 35 mm from top.
8. The particular percentage of water which allows the plunger to penetrate to a depth of 33
35 mm is known as the percentage of water required to produce cement paste of
standard consistency. (P)
Observation:
Tabulation:
Result:
Date:
Aim:
To determine the Standard consistency, Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement sample.
Apparatus:
Procedure:
1. Prepare a neat cement paste with 0.85 times the water required to give a Standard
consistency.
2. Note down the time at which the water is added.
3. Fill the Vicats mould with the cement paste within 3 5 minutes.
4. Smooth the surface of the paste, making it level with the top of the mould.
5. Lower the needle gently in to the surface of the paste and quickly released allowing it.
6. Repeat the procedure until the needle fails to pierce the block for about 5 -7 mm
measured from the bottom and note down the time in stop watch.
7. The difference between the two timings will give the Initial Setting time.
8. The cement is considered finally set when upon applying the Final Setting needle
gently to the surface of the test block; the needle makes an impression while the
attachment fails to do so.
9. The period elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement and the time at
which the needle makes an impression on the surface of the test block shall be the Final
Setting time.
Observation:
Type of cement =
Tabulation:
Height not
SI.No Time in Min. Initial reading Final reading
penetrated in mm
Inference: Setting time of cement:
Result:
Date:
Aim:
To determine the Compressive strength of the given cement.
Apparatus:
Procedure:
1. Find out the Standard consistency of the given cement by using Vicat apparatus.
2. Take 600 g of standard sand (Ennore sand) and 200 gms cement in ratio 1:3.
3. Mix them in a non-porous enamel tray for one minute.
4. Then add water of quantity [(P/4) +3] % of combined weight of sand and cement.(where
P-percentage water required for Standard consistency)
5. Mix well to get a uniform colour.
6. Time of mixing should not be less than 3 minutes not more than 4 minutes.
7. Then fill the mould of size 7.06 cm.
8. Compact the mortar by using vibration machine.
9. Keep the compacted cube in the mould at a temperature of 272C for 24 hours.
10. After 24 hours, the cubes are removed from the mould and immersed in clean fresh
water.
Observation:
= gms.
Size of the mould
= gms.
Weight of cement
Calculation:
Result:
Date:
Aim:
Apparatus:
Specimens:
Three numbers of whole bricks from sample collected should be taken .The dimensions should be
measured to the nearest 1mm
Sampling: Remove unevenness observed the bed faces to provide two smooth parallel faces by
grinding .Immerse in water at room temperature for 24 hours .Remove the specimen and drain out
any surplus moisture at room temperature. Fill the frog and all voids in the bed faces flush with
cement mortar (1 cement,1 clean coarse sand of grade 3mm and down). Store it under the damp jute
bags for 24 hours filled by immersion in clean water for 3 days .Remove and wipe out any traces of
moisture.
Procedure:
(I) Place the specimen with flat face s horizontal and mortar filled face facing upwards between
plates of the testing machine.
(II) Apply load axially at a uniform rate of 14 ( ) per minute till failure occurs
and note maximum load at failure.
(III) The load at failure is maximum load at which the specimen fails to produce any further
increase in the indicator reading on the testing machine.
IS SPECFICATIONS:
Specification of Common Clay Building Bricks Dimensions: The standard size of clay bricks shall
be as follows
190 90 90
190 90 40
Calculation:
Range Calculation:
Contact area =
Result:
Classification: The common burnt clay shall be classified on the basis of average compressive
strength as given in table.
Average compressive strength
Class Designation
Not less than ( ) Less than ( )
350 35 40
300 30 35
250 25 30
200 20 25
175 17.5 20
150 15 17.5
150 15 17.5
125 12.5 15
100 10 12.5
75 7.5 10
35 3.5 5
16.WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON BRICKS
Date:
Aim:
Apparatus:
1.A sensitive balance capable of weighing within 0.1% of the mass of the specimen and ventilated
oven.
Specimen:
Three numbers of whole bricks from samples collected for testing should be taken.
Procedure:
(I) Dry the specimen in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 105 C to 115C till it attains
(II) Cool the specimen to room temperature and obtain its weight ( ) specimen too warm to
(III) Immerse completely dried specimen in clean water at a temperature of 27+2C for 24 hours.
(IV) Remove the specimen and wipe out any traces of water with damp cloth and weigh the
Calculations:
Water absorption, % by mass, after 24 hours immersion in cold water in given by the formula,
Result:
Specification:
When tested as above, the average water absorption shall not be more than 20% by weight up to
ROUGH CALCULATIONS
ROUGH CALCULATIONS
ROUGH CALCULATIONS