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S.P.G.Chidambara Nadar C.

Nagammal Campus,
S.P.G.C.Nagar, Virudhunagar 626 001.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL

CE6411- STRENGTH OF MATERIAL LABORATORY


S.P.G.Chidambara Nadar C.Nagammal Campus,
S.P.G.C.Nagar, Virudhunagar 626 001.
NAME :

REGISTER NO : ____________________________ROLL NO: __________________

BRANCH :

YEAR :

Bonafide Record of work done in the................................................................................

Of Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, during the year

....................................

STAFF IN-CHARGE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Submitted for the Practical Examination held on ___________________________


at Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER


LIST OF EXPERIMENTS - SM LABORATORY

1. Tension test on mild steel rod

2. Compression test on wood

3. Double shear test on metal

4. Torsion test on mild steel rod

5. Impact test on metal specimen (Izod and Charpy)

6. Hardness test on metals (Rockwell and Brinell Hardness Tests)

7. Deflection test on metal beam

8. Compression test on helical spring

9.Deflection test on carriage spring

10.Test on Cement

11.Test on Bricks
CONTENTS
Page
Sl.No Date Experiments Marks Sign
No

1. Tension test on Mild Steel Rod

2. Compression test on wood

3. Double shear test on metal

Torsion test on mild steel rod


4.

5. Impact test on metal specimen (Izod )

6. Impact test on metal specimen (Charpy)

7. Hardness test on metals (Rockwell)

8. Hardness test on metals (Brinell)

9. Deflection test on metal beam

10. Compression test on helical spring

11. Fineness of cement

12. Specific gravity of cement

13.A Standard consistency of cement

13.B Initial and final setting time of cement

14. Compressive strength of mortar cube

15. Water Absorption test for Brick

Compression test on Brick


16.
1. TEST INVOLVING AXIAL TENSION

Date:

Aim:

To draw stress-strain curve for the given steel specimen by conducting axial tension test and hence to
find the following:
1. Yield stress
2. Ultimate stress
3. Nominal breaking stress
4. Actual breaking stress
5. Percentage Elongation in length
6. Percentage Reduction in area

Apparatus and Specimen Required:

1. Universal testing machine (UTM)


2. Mild steel specimen
3. Scale
4. Vernier caliper
5. Dot punch
6. Hammer

Procedure:

1. Measure the length (L) and diameter (d) of the given specimen.
2. Mark the centre of the specimen using dot punch.

3. Mark two points P and Q at a distance of 150 mm on either side of the centre mark so that
the distance between P and Q will be equal to 300 mm.
4. Mark two points A and B at a distance of 2.5 times the rod diameter on either side of the
centre mark so that the distance between A & B will be equal to 5 times the rod diameter
and is known as initial gauge length of the rod (li).

5. Insert the specimen in the middle crosshead and top crosshead grips of the machine so
that the two points A and B coincide with grips.
6. Apply the load gradually and continue the application of load. After sometime, there
will be a slight pause in the increase of load. The load at this point is noted as yield load (Py).

7. Apply load continuously till the specimen fails and note down the ultimate load (P u)
and breaking load (Pb) from the digital indicator.

8. Remove the specimen from the machine and join the two pieces of the specimen.

9. Measure the distance between the two points A and B. This distance is known as final
gauge length (lf) of the specimen.
10. Measure the diameter of the rod at neck (dn).

11. Determine the yield stress, ultimate stress, and nominal breaking stress, actual
breaking stress, percentage elongation in length, percentage reduction in area and Young's
modulus using the following formulae given below.
12. Draw the Stress strain curve for the specimen by taking stress along Y-Axis and Strain
along X-Axis.

Observation:

1. Material of the specimen =


2. Length of the specimen, L = mm
3. Diameter of the specimen, d = mm
4. Initial gauge length of the specimen, lI = mm
5. Final gauge length of the specimen, lf = mm
6. Diameter at neck, dn = mm
7. Yield load, Py = kN
8. Ultimate load, Pu = kN
9. Breaking load, Pb = kN
Calculation:

a. Yield stress, y = Yield load (P y) / Initial Area ( Ai )

b. Ultimate stress, u = Ultimate load ((P u) / Initial Area ( Ai )

c. Nominal breaking stress, bn = Breaking load ( Pb ) / Initial Area ( Ai )

d. Actual breaking stress, ba = Breaking load ( Pb ) / Neck Area ( An )

e. % Elongation in length = Final gauge length (Lf ) Initial Gauge Length (li ) x
100
Initial gauge length (li )

f. % Reduction in area = Initial area ( Ai ) Neck area ( An ) x 100

Initial Area ( Ai )
Ai = Initial Area = d 2 / 4 An = Area at neck = d n22 / 4

g. E = Young's modulus = PL / Ad

Result:
Tension test for the given specimen was conducted and the results are as follows:

1. Yield stress, y =
2. Ultimate stress, u =
3. Nominal breaking stress, bn =
4. Actual breaking stress, ba =
5. Percentage elongation in length =
6. Percentage reduction in area =
7. Stress-strain curve has been plotted.
2. COMPRESSION TEST ON WOODEN CUBE

Date:

Aim:

To determine the compressive strength while loading the specimen with grains parallel to and
perpendicular to applied load.

Apparatus:

1. Universal testing machine or compression testing machine or Amslers wood testing machine

2. Scale

Procedure:

A. Loading parallel to Grain:

1. Select the required load range.

2. Place the specimen centrally between the bearing plates keeping the grains parallel to load

3. Start the machine and adjust the load pointer to zero

4. Apply the load continuously on the specimen by making the movable head of the testing machine to
travel at a constant speed.

5. Record the load when the specimen gets fractured. At this point the pointer returns back to zero.

B. Loading perpendicular to Grain:

1. Place the specimen centrally between bearing plates with the grains perpendicular to load.

2. Repeat the procedure given in A and note the maximum crushing strength.
Observation:

Max.Crushing Stress (N/mm2)


Size Surface Load (N)
S.No Specimen (L X B X Area (mm2)
D) mm
Parallel Perpendi Parallel Perpendi
cular cular

Calculation:

a. Area of cross section A =

b. Ultimate shear stress When loaded (parallel to grain) = Ultimate load / A

c. Ultimate shear stress When loaded (perpendicular to grain) = Ultimate load / A

Result:

Maximum compressive strength,

a. When loaded (parallel to grain) =

b. When loaded (perpendicular to grain) =


3. DOUBLE SHEAR TEST
Date:

Aim:

To determine the maximum shear strength of the given bar by conducting double- shear test.

Apparatus and specimen required:

1. Universal testing machine (UTM)


2. Mild steel and Aluminium
3. Device for double-shear test
4. Vernier caliper / Screw gauge

Procedure:

1. Measure the diameter (d) of the given specimen.

2. Fit the specimen in the double-shear device and place the whole assembly in the UTM.
3. Apply the load till the specimen fails by double-shear.
4. Note down the load at which the specimen fails (P).

5. Calculate the maximum shear strength of the given specimen by using the following formula
given below.
Observation:

1. Material of the specimen =


2. Diameter of the specimen, d = mm
3. Load at failure, P = kN

Calculation:

Maximum shear strength = Load at failure (P) in 'N'


2 x c/s area of Bar in mm2

Result:

The maximum shear strength of the given specimen = __________ N/mm2.


4.TEST INVOLVING AXIAL TORSION

Date:

Aim:
To draw Torque Vs Angle of twist curve for a given specimen by conducting Torsion test
and hence to find the stiffness.

Apparatus required:
Torsion testing machine, specimen, vernier caliper, scale

Procedure:
1. Note the dimensions of the specimen.
2. Align the chucks in position by rotating the handle.
3. Fix the specimen in the chuck
4. Make the main scale to coincide with zero by rotating the handle.
5. By rotating the handle now apply the torque or twisting moment.
6. Note the angle of twist and the corresponding torque applied.
7. Draw a graph between torque and angle of twist.

8. The stiffness of the rod is given by the following formula.

Observation:
Diameter of the rod =
Length of the rod =

Calculation:

1. Stiffness, K = T/
where, T = Torque applied in kgm
= Angle of twist in radians.
Tabulation:

Sl.N
o Angle of twist Stiffness

Torque in kgm Degrees Radians kgm/radians

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Result:
The Torque Vs Angle of twist curve has been plotted.

The stiffness of the rod = ____


5. IZOD IMPACT TEST

Date:

Aim:
To determine the Impact resistance of the given specimen by conducting Izod impact test.

Apparatus and specimen required:


1. Impact testing machine with attachment for Izod test
2. Given specimen
3. Vernier Caliper
4. Scale

Procedure:
1. Measure the length (l), breadth (b), & depth (d) of the given specimen.
2. Measure the position of notch (groove) from one end (lg), depth of groove (dg) and top
width of groove (wg) in the given specimen
3. Lift the pendulum and keep it in the position meant for Izod test.
4. Adjust the pointer to coincide with initial position (maximum value) in the Izod scale.

5. Release the pendulum using the lever and note down the initial reading in the Izod scale.
6. Repeat the steps 3 and 4.

7. Place the specimen vertically upwards such that the shorter distance between one end of the
specimen and groove will be the protruding length and also the groove in the specimen
should face the striking end of the hammer.

8. Release the pendulum again using the lever and note down the final reading in the Izod
scale.

9. Find the impact resistance of the given material by using the following relation.
Observation:

1. Material of the specimen =


2. Type of notch (i.e. groove) =
3. Length of the specimen, l = mm

4. Breadth of the specimen, b = mm


5. Depth of the specimen, d = mm
6. Position of groove from one end, (lg) = mm
7. Depth of groove (dg) = mm
8. Width of groove (wg) = mm
9. Initial Izod scale reading = kgm
10. Final Izod scale reading = kgm

Calculation:

Impact resistance = (Final Izod scale reading - Initial Izod scale reading)

Result:

The Impact resistance of the given material is = ______________ kgm.


6. CHARPY IMPACT TEST

Date:

Aim:
To determine the Impact resistance of the given specimen by conducting Charpy
impact test.

Apparatus and specimen required:


1. Impact testing machine with attachment for Charpy test
2. Charpy specimen
3. Vernier Caliper
4. Scale
Procedure:
1. Measure the length (l), breadth (b), & depth (d) of the given specimen
2. Measure the position of notch (groove) from one end (lg), depth of groove (dg) and top
width of groove (wg) in the given specimen
3. Lift the pendulum and keep it in the position meant for charpy test

4. Adjust the pointer to coincide with initial position (i.e. maximum value) in the Charpy scale

5. Release the pendulum using the lever and note down the initial reading in the charpy scale
6. Repeat the steps 3 and 4.

7. Place the specimen centrally over the supports such that the groove is opposite to the
striking face

8. Release the pendulum again using the lever and note down the final reading in the Charpy
scale

9. Find the impact resistance of the given specimen by using the following relation.
Observation:

1. Material of the specimen =

2. Type of notch (i.e. groove) =


3. Length of the specimen, l = mm

4. Breadth of the specimen, b = mm

5. Depth of the specimen, d = mm

6. Position of groove from one end, (lg) = mm


7. Depth of groove (dg) = mm
8. Width of groove (wg) = mm
9. Initial Charpy scale reading = kgm
10. Final Charpy scale reading = kgm

Calculation:

Impact resistance = (Final Charpy scale reading - Initial Charpy scale reading).

Result:

The Impact resistance of the given specimen is ______________ kgm.


7. ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST

Date:

Aim:
To determine the Rockwell hardness number for the given specimen.

Apparatus and specimen required:


1. Rockwell hardness testing machine
2. Indentor
3. Test specimen
4. Stop watch

Procedure:

1. Identify the material of the given test specimen.

2. Know the major load, type of indentor and scale to be used for the given test specimen
from the following table:

Sl.
Material type Major load Indentor Scale
No.

1 Hardened steel 150 kg Diamond cone 1200 C

2 Mild steel 100 kg 1.58 mm dia. steel ball B

3 Aluminium 100 kg 1.58 mm dia. steel ball B

4 Brass 100 kg 1.58 mm dia. steel ball B

5 Copper 100 kg 1.58 mm dia. steel ball B


3. Fix the indentor and place the given specimen on the anvil of the machine.

4. Select the major load from the knob available on the right side of the machine.

5. Raise the anvil using the rotating wheel till the specimen touches the indentor and then
slowly turn the wheel till the small pointer on the dial reaches the red mark position.
Now the specimen is subjected to a minor load of 10 kg.

6. Push the loading handle in the forward direction to apply the major load to the
specimen and allow the load to act on the specimen for 15 seconds.

7. Release the major load by pushing the loading handle in the backward direction
and keep the minor 10 kg load still on the specimen.

8. Read the Rockwell hardness number either from 'C' or 'B' scales, as the case
may be, directly on the dial and record it.

9. Release the minor load of 10 kg by rotating the hand wheel and lowering the screw
bar.

10. Repeat the experiment to obtain at least 3 different sets of observations for the
given specimen by giving a gap of at least 3 mm between any two adjacent
indentations and 1.5 mm from the edge.

11. Find the average value, which will be the Rockwell hardness number for the given
specimen.
Observation:

Rockwell hardness
Sl. Major
Material Indentor Scale number
No. Load
(RH or RHB)

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

3
Average

Result:

The Rockwell hardness number for the given specimen

i) = RHC ______ Or RHB _______

ii) = RHC ______ Or RHB _______

iii) = RHC ______ Or RHB _______


8.BRINELL HARDNESS TEST
Date:

Aim:

To determine the Brinell hardness number for the given specimen.

Apparatus and specimen required:


1. Brinell hardness testing machine
2. Microscope
3. Indentor
4. Test specimen
5. Stop watch

Procedure:
1. Identify the material of the given test specimen.
2. Know the value of P/D2 and diameter of the indentor (D) to be used for the given test
specimen from the following table:

P/D2 value Diameter of steel


Sl. in ball (D)
Material type indentor in
No. kg/mm2
mm

1 Steel, Cast iron & Brass 30 2.5

2 Copper alloys and Aluminium 10 2.5


alloys

3 Aluminium & Copper 5 2.5

4 Lead, Tin and their alloys 1 2.5

Where, P = Major load(Kg)


3. Calculate the major load to be applied for the given test specimen by knowing the values
of P/D2 and D.

4. Select the major load from the knob available on the right side of the machine.

5. Fix the indentor and place the given specimen on the anvil of the machine.

6. Raise the anvil using the rotating wheel till the specimen touches the indentor and then
slowly turn the wheel till the small pointer on the dial reaches the red mark position.
Now the specimen is subjected to a minor load of 10 kg.

7. Apply the major load to the specimen by pushing the loading-handle in the forward
direction and allow the load to act on the specimen for 15 seconds.

8. Release the major load by pushing the loading-handle in the backward direction.

9. Release the minor load of 10 kg by rotating the hand wheel and lowering the screw bar.

10.Measure the diameter of indentation (d) using the microscope.

11. Calculate the Brinell hardness number for the given specimen using the following
formula.

12. Repeat the experiment to obtain at least 3 different sets of observations for the given
specimen by giving a gap of at least 3mm between any two adjacent indentations and
1.5mm from the edge.
13. Find the average value, which will be the Brinell hardness number for the given
specimen.
Observation:

Brinell
Major Diameter of
P/D2 Dia. of hardness
Sl. load steel ball
Material value in Indentation number
No. (P) in indentor (D)
kg/mm2 (d) in mm (BHN) in
kg in mm
kg/mm2

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

Average
Calculation:

Brinell hardness number = Load in kg


Spherical area of indentation in mm2

where, P = Major load in kg.

D = Diameter of indentor in mm.

d = Diameter of indentation in mm.

A = Spherical area of indentation in mm2.


= D (D- D2-d2) / 2

Result:
The Brinell hardness number for the given specimen = ________ kg/mm2
9. DEFLECTION TEST ON METAL BEAM

Date:

Aim:

To determine the Youngs modulus of the given beam by conducting Flexure test.

Apparatus and specimen required:

1. Flexure table
2. Test specimen
3. Dial gauge with stand
4. Set of weights with load-hanger
5. Vernier caliper and scale.

Procedure:

1. Measure the length (L), breadth (B) and depth (D) of the given beam specimen.

2. Place the beam specimen simply over two knife edge supports of bending table apparatus
and measure centre to centre distance between the supports. This distance is known as span
of the beam (l).

3. Place the load-hanger at any distance, preferably less than l/2 from the right support.

4. Measure the distance between load-hanger and the right support. Take this value as 'b'.
5. Place the dial gauge at a distance 'x' from the left support, where the maximum deflection
will occur.

6. Adjust the dial gauge to read zero.

7. Apply --- kg load on the load-hanger and note down the dial gauge reading in divisions.
Increase the load at the rate of ---- kg and note down the corresponding dial gauge readings
in divisions.

8. Find the actual deflection () by multiplying the dial gauge reading with least count of the
dial gauge.

9. Draw the load-deflection curve for the given specimen.


10. Find the stiffness of the specimen using K = W/
where
W = load in N
= Deflection in mm.

11. Find the youngs modulus of the given beam material for each load W, by using the formula
given below.

Young's Modulus E = 11/768 * (WL3 / I)


Where,
W load in N
- Deflection in mm.
I Moment of Inertia in mm4 (BD3/12)

12. Find the average value of Youngs modulus, which will be the Youngs modulus of the
given beam material.

13. From the Load-Deflection curve the Youngs modulus can be determined graphically.

Observation:

1. Material of the beam specimen = mm


2. Length of the beam, L = mm
3. Span of the beam, l = mm
4. Breadth of the beam, B = mm
5. Depth of the beam, D = mm
6. Least count (LC) of dial gauge = mm
7. The value of 'b' = mm
8. The value of 'x' = mm
Tabulation:

Deflect meter Reading at X Deflection in E - Young's


Sl.No Load at Y mm Modulus
Loading Unloading Avg

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Average =

Result:

The Youngs modulus (E) of the given beam material,

1. From analytical method = N/mm2


2. From graph = N/mm2
10. COMPRESSION TEST ON HELICAL SPRING

Date:

Aim:

To determine the Modulus of rigidity and Stiffness of the given helical spring under
compression.

Apparatus and specimen required:

1. Spring testing machine


2. Compression spring specimen
3. Vernier caliper

Procedure:

1. Measure the outer diameter (D) and diameter of the spring coil (d) for the given
compression spring.
2. Count the number of turns i.e. coils (n) in the given compression spring.

3. Place the compression spring at the centre of the bottom beam of the spring testing machine.

4. Rise the bottom beam by rotating right side wheel till the spring top touches the middle
cross beam.
5. Note down the initial reading from the scale fitted in the machine.

6. Apply a load of 25kg and note down the scale reading. Increase the load at the rate of 25kg
up to a maximum of 100kg and note down the corresponding scale reading.

7. Find the actual deflection of the spring for each load by deducting the initial scale reading
from the corresponding scale reading.

8. Calculate the Modulus of Rigidity for each load applied by using the following formula
given below.

9. Determine the stiffness for each load applied by using the following formula: Stiffness, K =
P /.

10. Find the values of modulus of rigidity and spring constant of the given spring by taking
average values.

64PR3n
Modulus of rigidity, N =
d4

where,

P = load in N
R = Mean radius of the spring in mm
n = Number of turns in the spring
d = Diameter of the spring coil in mm
= Deflection of the spring in mm
D = Outer diameter of the spring in mm

Observation:

1. Material of the spring specimen =

2. Outer diameter of the spring, D = mm

3. Diameter of the spring coil, d = mm

4. Number of coils / turns, n = Nos.

5. Initial scale reading = cm = mm


Tabulation:

Applied Load
Modulus of
Scale reading in
Sl. in Actual deflection Stiffness
Rigidity in

No. in mm in N/mm
N/mm2
Kg N cm mm

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Average

Result:

From analytical method

i) The modulus of rigidity of the given spring = ___________ N/mm2

ii) The stiffness of the given spring = ___________ N/mm

From Graph

i) The modulus of rigidity of the given spring = ___________ N/mm2


11. FINENESS OF CEMENT

Date:

Aim:

To determine the fineness of cement sample by (dry sieving).

Apparatus and specimen required:

1. I.S 90 micron sieve.

2. Weighing balance(sensitive to 0.1gm)

3. Rice plate

Procedure:

1. Weigh accurately 100gm of cement in a rice plate.

2. Place is on a standard I.S. 90 micron sieve breaking down any air set lumps in the
cement sample with finger.

3. Continuously sieve the sample by holding the sieve in both hands. Sieve with a gentle
wrist motion for a period of 15 minutes. Rotating the sieve continuously throughout the
sieving, involving no danger of spalling the cement.

4. Weigh the residue after 15minutes of sieving

5. Repeat the process for two more such samples.

Observation and Calculation:

Weight of cement taken on I.S. 90 micron sieve = 100gm

Weight of residue after 15 minutes of sieving = gm

Fineness of cement = Wt. of residue x 100


Wt.of Sample
Tabulation:

SI.NO Weight of Sample(gms) Weight of residue (gms) Fineness

Average = Percentage =

Result:

Fineness of cement by dry sieving is =


12. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT
Date:

Aim:
To determine the Specific gravity of given cement sample.

Apparatus:
1. Specific gravity bottle
2. Kerosene free from water
3. Weighing balance

Procedure:

1. Weigh the Specific gravity bottle dry (W1).

2. Fill the bottle with distilled water and weigh the bottle (W2).

3. Dry the Specific gravity bottle and fill it with kerosene and weigh (W3).

4.Pour some of the kerosene out and introduce a weighed quantity of cement (W5) (say
about 60 grams) into the bottle. Roll the bottle gently in the inclined position until no
further air bubble rise to the surface. Fill the bottle to the top with kerosene and weigh it
(W4).

5. Specific gravity of kerosene, g=0.79

Observation:

Weight of empty dry bottle ( W1) = gms

Weight of bottle + water (W2) = gms

Weight of bottle + kerosene (W3) = gms

Weight of bottle +cement + kerosene (W4) = gms

Weight of cement (W5) = gms


Calculation:

Specific gravity of cement, G = (W2W1) x 0.79

((W2W1)- (W3W4))

Result:

Specific gravity of cement sample, G =


13.A) STANDARD CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT PASTE

Date:

Aim:

To determine the Standard consistency of Cement sample.

Apparatus:

1. Vicat apparatus with Vicats plunger


2. Vicat needle and Vicat mould
3. Gauging trowel
4. Measuring jar
5. Weighing balance
6. Stop watch
7. Glass plate.

Procedure:

1. Take 400 gms of cement and prepare a paste with a weighed quantity of water (say
24 %)
2. Fill the paste in the mould within 3 to 5 minutes.
3. Shake the mould to expel air.
4. A standard plunger 10 mm dia, and 50 mm long is attached and brought down to touch
the surface of the paste in the test block and quickly release it to sink in to the paste by
its own weight.
5. Note down the depth of penetration of the plunger.
6. Conduct the second trial (25% of water) and find out the depth of penetration.
7. Conduct number of trials till the plunger penetrates for a depth of 33 - 35 mm from top.
8. The particular percentage of water which allows the plunger to penetrate to a depth of 33
35 mm is known as the percentage of water required to produce cement paste of
standard consistency. (P)
Observation:

Weight of Cement for one mould = 400 gms.

Type of cement: ...

Tabulation:

Quantity of water Penetration from


SI.NO % of weight of water
(ml) Bottom (mm) Top(mm)

Inference: Usually standard consistency p lies between 26 to 33 percent

Result:

Standard Consistency of Cement = %


13.B) INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

Date:

Aim:

To determine the Standard consistency, Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement sample.

Apparatus:

1. Vicat apparatus with Vicats plunger


2. Vicat needle and Vicat mould
3. Gauging trowel
4. Measuring jar
5. Weighing balance
6. Stop watch
7. Glass plate.

Procedure:

1. Prepare a neat cement paste with 0.85 times the water required to give a Standard
consistency.
2. Note down the time at which the water is added.
3. Fill the Vicats mould with the cement paste within 3 5 minutes.
4. Smooth the surface of the paste, making it level with the top of the mould.
5. Lower the needle gently in to the surface of the paste and quickly released allowing it.
6. Repeat the procedure until the needle fails to pierce the block for about 5 -7 mm
measured from the bottom and note down the time in stop watch.
7. The difference between the two timings will give the Initial Setting time.
8. The cement is considered finally set when upon applying the Final Setting needle
gently to the surface of the test block; the needle makes an impression while the
attachment fails to do so.

9. The period elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement and the time at
which the needle makes an impression on the surface of the test block shall be the Final
Setting time.

Observation:

Weight of Weight of the cement taken = 400gms.

Type of cement =

Weight of water taken = 0.85 x P x 400 =

Tabulation:

Height not
SI.No Time in Min. Initial reading Final reading
penetrated in mm
Inference: Setting time of cement:

Ordinary Portland Rapid hardening Low heat


SI.No
Setting Time cement cement cement

Initial setting time 30min 30min 60min


1 not less than

Final setting time 600 min 600 min 600 min


2 not less than

Result:

A. Initial Setting Time of Cement = min

B. Final Setting Time of Cement = hrs


14. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE CUBE

Date:

Aim:
To determine the Compressive strength of the given cement.

Apparatus:

1. Mould of size 7.06 cm 7.06 cm


2. Wide base plate
3. U.T.M

Procedure:

1. Find out the Standard consistency of the given cement by using Vicat apparatus.
2. Take 600 g of standard sand (Ennore sand) and 200 gms cement in ratio 1:3.
3. Mix them in a non-porous enamel tray for one minute.
4. Then add water of quantity [(P/4) +3] % of combined weight of sand and cement.(where
P-percentage water required for Standard consistency)
5. Mix well to get a uniform colour.
6. Time of mixing should not be less than 3 minutes not more than 4 minutes.
7. Then fill the mould of size 7.06 cm.
8. Compact the mortar by using vibration machine.
9. Keep the compacted cube in the mould at a temperature of 272C for 24 hours.
10. After 24 hours, the cubes are removed from the mould and immersed in clean fresh
water.
Observation:

= gms.
Size of the mould

= gms.
Weight of cement

Weight of sand = gms.

Percentage of water for standard consistency = gms.


= (P/4) +3] %
Amount of water added
=

Calculation:

Sl. Failure Load Compressive Strength


Cast On Tested On
No N N/mm2

Area of the mould =

Compressive Strength = [Load at failure/area of C.S]

Result:

Compressive strength of cement = N/mm2


15. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST ON BRICK

Date:

Aim:

To determine the compressive strength of bricks

Apparatus:

1.Compression testing machine.

2.The compression plate.

Specimens:

Three numbers of whole bricks from sample collected should be taken .The dimensions should be
measured to the nearest 1mm

Sampling: Remove unevenness observed the bed faces to provide two smooth parallel faces by
grinding .Immerse in water at room temperature for 24 hours .Remove the specimen and drain out
any surplus moisture at room temperature. Fill the frog and all voids in the bed faces flush with
cement mortar (1 cement,1 clean coarse sand of grade 3mm and down). Store it under the damp jute
bags for 24 hours filled by immersion in clean water for 3 days .Remove and wipe out any traces of
moisture.

Procedure:

(I) Place the specimen with flat face s horizontal and mortar filled face facing upwards between
plates of the testing machine.

(II) Apply load axially at a uniform rate of 14 ( ) per minute till failure occurs
and note maximum load at failure.
(III) The load at failure is maximum load at which the specimen fails to produce any further
increase in the indicator reading on the testing machine.

COMPRESSION TESTIN M/C

IS SPECFICATIONS:

Specification of Common Clay Building Bricks Dimensions: The standard size of clay bricks shall
be as follows

Length (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm)

190 90 90

190 90 40
Calculation:

The average of result shall be reported.

Range Calculation:

Maximum compressive strength =

Contact area =

Maximum expected load =

The range to be selected is

Result:

Average compressive strength of the given bricks =..

Classification: The common burnt clay shall be classified on the basis of average compressive
strength as given in table.
Average compressive strength
Class Designation
Not less than ( ) Less than ( )

350 35 40

300 30 35

250 25 30

200 20 25

175 17.5 20

150 15 17.5

150 15 17.5

125 12.5 15

100 10 12.5

75 7.5 10

35 3.5 5
16.WATER ABSORPTION TEST ON BRICKS
Date:

Aim:

To determine the percentage of water absorption of bricks

Apparatus:

1.A sensitive balance capable of weighing within 0.1% of the mass of the specimen and ventilated
oven.

Specimen:

Three numbers of whole bricks from samples collected for testing should be taken.

Procedure:

(I) Dry the specimen in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 105 C to 115C till it attains

substantially constant mass.

(II) Cool the specimen to room temperature and obtain its weight ( ) specimen too warm to

touch shall not be used for this purpose .

(III) Immerse completely dried specimen in clean water at a temperature of 27+2C for 24 hours.

(IV) Remove the specimen and wipe out any traces of water with damp cloth and weigh the

specimen after it has been removed from water ( ).


BRICKS SPECIMEN

Calculations:

Water absorption, % by mass, after 24 hours immersion in cold water in given by the formula,

The average of result shall be reported.

Result:

Water absorption of the given bricks = .%

Specification:

When tested as above, the average water absorption shall not be more than 20% by weight up to

class 125 and 15% by weight for higher class.


ROUGH CALCULATIONS

ROUGH CALCULATIONS
ROUGH CALCULATIONS

ROUGH CALCULATIONS

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