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Certificate in
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Training Course in
Course Outline
Types of Fault
The Shunt Fault Point
Sources of Short Circuit Currents
Characteristics of Short Circuit Currents
Short Circuit Studies
Types of Fault
Shunt Fault: Unintentional Connection between
phases or between phase and ground.
1. Single Line-to-Ground Fault
2. Line-to-Line Fault
3. Double Line-to-Ground Fault
4. Three Phase Fault
Types of Fault
MV Fault
LV
Characteristic of
Short Circuit Currents
R L
E sin (t+)
di
Ri + L = E sin (t + )
dt
E sin (t + ) E sin( ) R t
i = + e X
2 2 2 2
R +X R +X
I Asym = Isym AssymetryFactor
Characteristic of
Short Circuit Currents
E sin (t + ) E sin( ) R t
i = + e X
R2 + X 2 R2 + X 2
Characteristic of
Short Circuit Currents
Positive Sequence Impedance of Generator
The AC RMS component of the current following a
three-phase short circuit at no-load condition with
constant exciter voltage and neglecting the
armature resistance is given by
E E E t
I( t ) = + exp
X ds X d ' X ds d'
E E t
+ exp
X d" X d' d"
where E = AC RMS voltage before the short circuit.
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Characteristic of
Short Circuit Currents
Sequence Networks of
Power System
Since we mentioned that various power system
components behave/respond differently to the flow
of the currents sequence components, it follows
that the there will be a unique power system model
for each of the sequence component. These are
called the sequence networks.
Positive-Sequence Network
Negative-Sequence Network
Zero-Sequence Network
Sequence Networks of
Power System
F F F
+ + +
Ia1 Ia2 Ia0
Z1 Z2 Z0
Va1 Va2 Va0
+
Vf
- - -
V =V I Z V =-I Z Vao = - I ao Z o
a1 f a1 1 a2 a2 2
Sequence Components of
Electric Currents
From Symmetrical Components:
Sequence Components of
Short Circuit Currents
If the fault is balanced (Three Phase Fault)
only the Positive Sequence Current exists.
Sequence Components of
Short Circuit Currents
ZERO-SEQUENCE CURRENTS: I
c0
c
Ia0
a Ia0
b
3Io a Ib0
b
Ic0 c Zero-sequence currents
Ib0 circulates in the delta-connected
The neutral return carries transformers. There is
the in-phase zero-sequence balancing ampere turns for
currents. the zero-sequence currents.
I TPF =
V f
S TPF = V f I TPF =
[V ]f
2
Z1 Z1
Where, Z1 and Z2 are the
equivalent positive-
Z1 =
kV
2
[ ] sequence and
= Z 2 negative-sequence
Fault MVA 3 impedances of the
utility
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I SLGF =
3V f
S SLGF = V f I SLGF =
[ ]
3Vf
2
Z1 + Z2 + Z0 2Z 1 + Z 0
Z1 = Z2
2Z1 + Z0 =
[ ]
3 Vf
2
+ + +
R1 +jX1
r + R2 +jX2 R0 +jX0
Eg
-
- - -
Positive Negative Zero
Sequence Sequence Sequence
Utility Thevenin Equivalent Circuits
F1 F2 F0
jZ1
r + jZ2 jZ0
Eg
-
N1 N2 N0
Positive Negative Zero
Sequence Sequence Sequence
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Z1 Z2
+ r + + r +
Primary I1 Secondary Primary I2 Secondary
Side Side Side Side
- - - -
Positive Negative
Sequence Z1 = Z2 Sequence
Network Network
Z0 = Z1
+
r +
r
VH VX
- -
*Excluding 3-phase unit with a 3-legged core.
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Z 2 Z s 2 Z m 2 Z s 1 + 2 Z m1 Z s 0 Z m0
Note: Z012 is not symmetric.
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Z s 0 = 31 ( Z aa + Z bb + Z cc )
Z s 1 = 31 ( Z aa + aZ bb + a 2 Z cc )
Z s 2 = ( Z aa + a Z bb + aZ cc )
1
3
2
Z m 0 = 31 ( Z ab + Z bc + Z ca )
Z m 1 = ( a Z ab + Z bc + aZ ca )
1
3
2
Z m 2 = 31 ( aZ ab + Z bc + a 2 Z ca )
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Z s0 = Z s Z m0 = Z m
Z s1 = Z s 2 = 0 Z m1 = Z m 2 = 0
The sequence impedance matrix reduces to
Z 0 Z s + 2Z m 0 0
Z = 0 Zs Zm 0
1
Z 2 0 0 Z s Z m
Thus, we have
C012 = A 1Cabc A
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( Cs0 2Cm0 ) 0 0
C012 =
0 ( Cs0 + Cm0 ) 0
0 0 ( Cs0 + Cm0 )
or
C0 = Cs0 2Cm0 C1 = C2 = Cs0 + Cm0
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Thevenin Equivalent
Network Reduction Techniques
Reduced Sequence Networks
Thevenin Equivalent
Thevenin Equivalent
Recall: Fault MVA
The short circuit current at any point in the power
system is generally expressed in terms of a fault
MVA. By definition,
MVAF = 3 (kVL ) (kA)
where
kVL = nominal line-to-line voltage in kV
kA = short circuit current in kA
Note that
kVL x 1000
Vth = Volts
3
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Thevenin Equivalent
Vth
From Zth =
Isc
we get kVL x 1000 kVL
Zth = =
3(kA) x 1000 3(kA)
From the fault MVA, we get
MVA F
kA =
3(kVL )
Substitution gives
(kVL )2
Zth =
MVA F
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Thevenin Equivalent
Example: The three-phase fault MVA for a 138-kV
bus is given to be 5,975. Find the positive-
sequence representation of the system at the bus.
kVL x 1000
Vth = = 1
3
(138,000) = 79,674 V
3
(kVL )2 1382
Zth = = = 3.19
MVA F 5,975 Zth
a
r +
Vth
-
b
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Network Reduction
Combination of Branches in Series
Zeq = Z1 + Z2
Z1 Z2 = (R1 + jX1 ) + (R2 + jX2 )
= (R1 + R2 ) + j( X1 + X2 )
Combination of Branches in Parallel
Z1Z2
Z1 Zeq =
Z1 + Z2
Z2 (R1 + jX1 )(R2 + jX 2 )
=
(R1 + R2 ) + j( X1 + X2 )
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Network Reduction
Transforming Wye to Delta Z A = Za Zb + Zb Zc + Zc Za
Za
Za Zb + Zb Zc + Zc Za
ZB =
Zb
Za Zb + Zb Zc + Za Zc
ZC =
Zc
ZBZC
Za =
ZA + ZB + ZC
Z AZC
Zb =
Z A + ZB + ZC
Z AZB
Zc =
Transforming Delta to Wye ZA + ZB + ZC
Network Reduction
1. Draw the Single Line Diagram.
2. Draw the Impedance Diagram.
3. Convert all parameters to per-unit.
4. Reduce the network between the
source(s) and the fault location.
5. Calculate the fault current
Vf
If =
Z equiv
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e e
Lin 1
Line3 1 2 j0.3
Line 5 Line 4
Line4 3 4 j0.5
2 3 4
Line5 2 3 j0.6
4-bus system
Solution:
Draw the impedance diagram
E 1.0
0.1
1
0.3 0.2
0.4
2 4
0.6 0.5
3
Xc X14
Xd =
Xc + X14
-
(0.776923) (0.2) E 1.0
=
0.776923 + 0.2 If
= 0.159055
+
b) Fault @ Bus 3
Xa = X23 + X12
= 0.3 + 0.6
-
E 1.0 = 0.9
+
Xb = X14 + X34
0.1
If = 0.2 + 0.5
1
0.3 0.2 = 0.7
0.4
2 0.6
3
0.5 4 Xequiv = (Xa||Xb ) ||X13
= 0.198425
X= Xgen + Xequiv
= 0.1 + 0.198425
= 0.298425 -
E 1.0
If
1.0 +
If =
0.298425 0.298425
= 3.350923 p.u.
c) Fault @ Bus 2
Xa = X14 + X34
-
E 1.0 = 0.2 + 0.5
+
= 0.7
0.1
If
1 a
b X X13
0.3 0.2 X = a
0.4 X + X13
(0.7)( 0.4)
0.6 0.5 =
2 3 4
0.7 + 0.4
= 0.254545
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Xc = Xb + X23
= 0.254545 + 0.6 -
= 0.854545 E 1.0
X X12 c If +
d
X = c
X + X12 0.322047
(0.854545)( 0.3)
=
0.854545 + 0.3
= 0.222047
1.0
X = Xgen + Xd If =
0.322047
= 0.322047 = 3.095525 p.u.
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d) Fault @ Bus 1
X = Xgen
-
E 1.0 = 0.1
+
0.1
If 1.0
If =
0.1
1
0.3
0.4
0.2
= 10.0 p.u.
0.6 0.5
2 3 4
Network Reduction
Reduced Sequence Networks
Applying what we have learned so far:
9 There are three distinct network models
9 Every complex network can be reduced into an
equivalent circuit.
Network Reduction
Network Reduction
The Thevenin equivalent of the power system at
the fault point is called the sequence network.
Positive Negative Zero
Sequence Sequence Sequence
F1 F2 F0
r r r
Ia1 Z + r Ia2 +
r Ia0 +
r
1
r + Va1 Z2 Va2 Z0 Va0
Vth
- - - -
N1 N2 N0
r r r r r r r
Va1 = Vth Ia1Z1 Va2 = Ia2Z2 Va0 = Ia0Z0
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Methodology
Single Line-to-Ground Fault
Line-to-Line Fault
Double Line-to-Ground Fault
Three Phase Fault
Methodology
Objective: to analyze each of these types of faults
Methodology
Shunt Faults
r r
Boundary Conditions: (1) V a = Z f Ia
r r
(2) Ib = Ic = 0
F1 F2 F0
+ r + r + r
r Z1 Ia1 r Ia2 r Ia0
Va1 + r Va2 Va0 3Zf
Z2 Z0
Vth
- - - -
N1 N2 N0
Positive-Sequence Network:
F1
r
IA1 F1
j0.05 j0.15
r j0.05
Open r +
j0.4
IA1L j0.6 IA1 r
+
+ VA1
r r 1.0
Eg Ia1g -
- -
N1
N1
r r r r
Note: IA1L = IA1 but IA1L Ia1g
Negative-Sequence Network:
F2
r
IA2 F2
j0.05 j0.15
Open r +
r j0.05 IA2
r IA2L r
Ia2g j0.4 j0.6 VA2
-
N2
N2
r r r r
Note: IA2L = IA2 but IA2L Ia2g
Zero-Sequence Network:
F0
r
IA 0 F0
j0.05 j0.35
r Open r +
Ia0g r j0.05 IA 0
IA 0L r
j0.2 j0.044 VA 0
N0 N0
r r r
Note: IA0L IA0 and Ia0g = 0
N1 N2 N0
Sequence Fault Currents
r r r 1.0
IA 0 = IA1 = IA2 =
j(0.6 + 0.6 + 0.044)
= j0.804 p.u.
r r 2
r r
rIBL = rIA 0L + arIA1L + a2 rIA2L = j0.714 p.u.
ICL = IA 0L + a IA1L + a IA2L = j0.714 p.u.
Sequence Currents in the Generator: Using the 30o
phase shift,
r r
Ia1g = IA1L 30o = 0.804 120o p.u.
= 0.402 j0.696 p.u.
r r
Ia2g = IA2L + 30o = 0.804 60o p.u.
r = 0.402 j0.696 p.u.
Ia0g = 0
Phase Currents in the Generator
r r r r
Iag = Ia0g + Ia1g + Ia2g = j1.392 p.u.
r r 2
r r
Ibg = Ia0g + a Ia1g + a Ia2g = j1.392 p.u.
r r r 2
r
Icg = Ia0g + a Ia1g + a Ia2g = 0
Three-line Diagram:
13.8 kV
(Base kV)2
Base Impedance =
Base MVA
= 190.44 at 138 kV
= 47.61 at 69 kV
For transmission lines L1 and L2:
Actual Impedance
Zpu =
Base Impedance
Conversion of the Impedances to the new Bases:
2
kVold MVAnew
Z pu ( new ) = Z pu ( old ) x
kVnew MVAold
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ZH = 0.5(41.8+73.7-23.73) = 45.9%
ZX = 0.5(41.8-73.7+23.73) = -4.09%
ZY = 0.5(-41.8+73.7+23.73) = 27.82%
Z1=j0.055+ZX//ZY) -j0.127
13.8 N1
= j0.302 j0.594
F1 j0.226
F1 r
Ia1 j0.055 69
r
Ia1 Z + j0.459 j0.278 j6.03
1 r
+ Va1 j0.377
+
1.0 2.47 1.0
-j0.041
- - 14.2
N1 14.2
N1 N2 N0
r
Sequence Fault Currents: Let Vth = 1.090o p.u.
r r r 1.090o
Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2 =
j2(0.302) + j0.433
= 0.965 p.u.
r r r r
Iag = Ia0g + Ia1g + Ia2g = 0.061 p.u.
r r r r
Ibg = Ia0g + a2 Ia1g + a Ia2g = 0.061 p.u.
r r r 2
r
Icg = Ia0g + a Ia1g + a Ia2g = 0
Phase Currents at the 138-kV side
r r
IA1 = IA2 = 0.93 p.u.
r 0.594
IA 0 = (0.613) = 0.410 p.u.
0.594 + 0.295
r r r r
IA = IA 0 + IA1 + IA2 = 2.27 p.u.
r r 2
r r r
IB = IA 0 + a IA1 + a IA2 = 0.521 p.u. = IC
0.061
0.423 0.317 0.317 1,425
2.896 354 265 265 b
2,423 H2 Y1 Y2
Fault 0
c
H1 H3 Y3
Note: The X side a
is not shown. 884 A 0.061
1,425
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Three-line Diagram
a
for transformer T1: 0
b
Y2 0
0.521
218 Y1
B 0
c
H2 Y3
B
47.4 X2
2.27 0.317
1,120 47.4
950 265
C X1 H3
A X3 C
H1
514 0.317
1,025
265
0.521 A
218 2.474
2,070
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Line-to-Line Fault
Assuming the fault is in phases b and c,
a
b
c r r r
r r r Ia Ib Ic
Va Vb Vc
Zf
Ground
r
Boundary Conditions: (1) Ira = 0 r
(2) Ib = Ic
r r r
(3) Vb Vc = IbZf
which means r
Ia0 = 0
r r 2
r r
Ia1 = Ia2 = 13 (a a )Ib = j 1
3
Ib
N1 N2 N0
The sequence fault currents
r
Ia0 = 0 r
r r Vth
Ia1 = Ia2 =
Z1 + Z2 + Zf
13.8 kV
N1 N0 N2
r
Sequence Fault Currents: Let Vth = 1.00o p.u.
r
Ia0 = 0
r r 1.00o
Ia1 = Ia2 = = j1.658 p.u.
j2(0.302)
r r r r
Iag = Ia0g + Ia1g + Ia2g = 0.06 p.u.
r r r r
Ibg = Ia0g + a2 Ia1g + a Ia2g = 0.06 p.u.
r r r 2
r
Icg = Ia0g + a Ia1g + a Ia2g = 0.121 p.u.
Phase Currents at the 138-kV side
r r
IA1 = IA2 = j1.597 p.u.
r
IA 0 =0
r r r r
IA = IA 0 + IA1 + IA2 = 0
r r 2
r r
IB = IA 0 + a IA1 + a IA2 = 2.766 p.u.
r r 2
r r
IC = IA 0 + a IA1 + a IA2 = 2.766
0
0.060
2.872 0.105 0.105 1,412
0 87.6
2,403 87.6 b
H2 Y1 Y2
Fault 0.121
2,825
c
H1 H3 Y3
Note: The X side a
is not shown. 0.060
1,412
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Three-line Diagram
a
for transformer T1: 0
b
Y2 0
2.766
1,157 Y1
B 0
c
H2 Y3
B
1,158 X2
1,158 2.767
0 2,315
C X1 H3
A X3 C
H1
2.767
2,315
2.766 A
1,157 0
we get
r r 2
r 2
r
Ib Ic = (a a)Ia1 + (a a )Ia2
From boundary conditions (2) and (3), we get
r r r r
Vb Vc = Z f ( Ib Ic )
Substitution gives
2
r 2
r
(a a)Va1 + (a a )Va2
r r
= Z f [(a2 a)Ia1 + (a a2 )Ia2 ]
Simplifying, we get
r r r r
Va1 Z f Ia1 = Va2 Z f Ia2
Zf Zf Zf+3Zg
+ F1r F2 r F0 r
r Z1 Ia1 + Ia2 + IA 0
Va1 + r r r
Va2 Z2 Va0 Z0
Vth
- - - -
N1 N2 N0
Let Z0 T = Z0 + Zf + 3Zg
Z2 T = Z2 + Zf
Z1T = Z1 + Zf
13.8 kV
r 0.433 r
Ia2 = Ia1 = 1.23 p.u.
0.433 + 0.302
r r r
Ia0 = Ia1 Ia2 = 0.857 p.u.
Phase Fault Currents
r
IaF = 0
r r 2
r r
IbF = Ia0 + a Ia1 + a Ia2
= 0.857 + 2.087 120o 1.23120o
= 1.285 j2.872 = 3.146 114.1o p.u.
r r r r
IcF = Ia0 + a Ia1 + a Ia2 = 3.146114.1o p.u.
2
r
Iag = 0.027 j0.061 = 0.066 65.9o p.u.
r
Ibg = 0.027 j 0.061 = 0.066 114.1o p.u.
r
Icg = j0.076 + j0.045 = j0.121 p.u.
Fault j2825
c
H1 H3 Y3
Note: The X side a
is not shown. 632-
j1413
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L2 L3
4
T: X=0.08
G1: X1=0.40 X2=0.40 X0=0.15
G2: X1=0.50 X2=0.50 X0=0.25
L1: X1=0.40 X2=0.40 X0=0.80
Positive-Sequence Network:
F1 r
Ia1
The network cannot be 4
simplified using series-
j0.3 j0.2
parallel combination. We
j0.08
have to use delta-wye
transformation. 2 j0.4 3
j0.4 j0.5
r + +r
EG1 EG2
- -
N1
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0.2 Xa
0.3 Xb
Xc
0.4
0.2(0.3)
Xa = = 0.067 p.u.
0.2 + 0.3 + 0.4
0.3(0.4)
Xb = = 0.133 p.u.
0.2 + 0.3 + 0.4
0.2(0.4)
Xc = = 0.088 p.u.
0.2 + 0.3 + 0.4
Equivalent Circuit:
XL = 0.4+0.08+Xb = 0.6133 F1 r
Ia1
XR = 0.5+Xc = 0.5888 4
Xa
X1 = Xa+XL//XR Xc
j0.08
= 0.3671 r Xb r
Iy
F1 j0.4 Ix 2 3 j0.5
r + +r
r EG1 EG2
jX1 IA1 - -
+
Vth N1
-
N1 Note: X1=X2
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Zero-Sequence Network:
F0 r
0.4 Xa
0.6 Ia0
Xb 4
Xc
0.8 j0.6 j0.4
j0.08
Xa = 0.133
j0.8
Xb = 0.267 2 3
j0.2 j0.25
Xc = 0.178
N0
Equivalent Circuit:
XL = 0.08+Xb = 0.3467 F0 r
Ia1
XR = 0.25+Xc = 0.4278 4
Xa
X1 = Xa+XL//XR Xc
j0.08
= 0.3248 r Xb r
Iy
Ix 2 3
j0.25
N0
r 0.3248 r
Ia2 = Ia1 = j0.8703 p.u.
0.3248 + 0.3671
r r r
Ia0 = Ia1 Ia2 = j0.9835 p.u.
Phase Fault Currents
r
IaF = 0
r r 2
r r
IbF = Ia0 + a Ia1 + a Ia2
= 2.3591 + j1.4753 p.u.
r r r 2
r
IcF = Ia0 + a Ia1 + a Ia2
= 2.3591 + j1.4753 p.u.
2 X1=X2=0.3 X0=0.6 4
r (2) r (4) r (4) r (4)
Va0 = 0.0435 p.u. Va0 = Va1 = Va2
r (2) = 0.3195 p.u.
Va1 = 0.5641 p.u.
r (2)
Va2 = 0.2046 p.u.
r 0.0435 0.3195
Ia0 = = j0.46 p.u.
j0.60
r 0.5641 0.3195
Ia1 = = j0.8156 p.u.
j0.30
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r 0.2046 0.3195
Ia2 = = j0.3828 p.u.
j0.30
3 X1=X2=0.2 X0=0.4 4
r (3) r (4) r (4) r (4)
Va0 = 0.1101 p.u. Va0 = Va1 = Va2
r (3) = 0.3195 p.u.
Va1 = 0.5271 p.u.
r (3)
Va2 = 0.2220 p.u.
r 0.1101 0.3195
Ia0 = = j0.5235 p.u.
j0.40
r 0.5271 0.3195
Ia1 = = j1.0383 p.u.
j0.20
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Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis 129
r 0.2220 0.3195
Ia2 = = j0.4874 p.u.
j0.20
Sequence Networks
F1 F2 F0
r r r
Ia1 + Ia2 + Ia0 +
j0.4 r r r
+ Va1 j0.4 Va2 j0.2 Va0
1.0
- - - -
N1 N2 N0
Line-to-line fault
r
Ia0 = 0
r r 1.0
Ia1 = Ia2 = = j1.25 p.u.
j2(0.4)
IF = Ib = 3Ia1 = 2.165 p.u.
Double line-to-ground fault
r 1.0
Ia1 = = j1.875 p.u.
j[0.4 + 0.4 // 0.2]
r 0.2
Ia2 = ( j1.875) = j0.625 p.u.
0.4 + 0.2
r r r
Ia0 = Ia1 Ia2 = j1.25 p.u.
r r r r
Ib = Ia0 + a Ia1 + a Ia2 = 2.864139.1o p.u.
2
IF = Ib = 2.864 p.u.
Three-phase fault
r r
Ia0 = Ia2 = 0
r 1.0
Ia1 = = j2.5 p.u.
j0.4
IF = Ia1 = 2.5 p.u.
N1 N2 N0
Because of the open-circuit in the zero-sequence
network, r r r
Ia0 = Ia1 = Ia2 = 0
r r r
Va1 = 1.0 Va2 = 0 Va0 = 1.0
r r r r
Vc = Va0 + aVa1 + a Va2 = 1.1124142.05o p.u.
2
Comments:
a
b
c
+ + + Ia Ib Ic
Va Vb Vc
- - -
Ig
Three-Phase Fault
a
b
c r r r
r r r Ia Zf Ib Zf Ic Zf
Va Vb Vc r
Zg Ig
Ground
N1 N2 N0
Sequence currents
r
r Vth
Ia1 =
Z1 + Zf
r r
Ia0 = Ia2 = 0
13.8 kV
r
IAF = 3.316(836.7) = 2,774 A
Computer Solution
Positive-Sequence Network:
1 j0.6 2
- r
j0.2 EG
j0.2
+r +
r + 3
EG1 EG2
- - j0.2 j0.2
j0.6
1 2
Combine the sources
and re-draw. Assume
EG = 1.0 per unit. j0.24 3
Z(bus
1)
= Z1 Z2Z41Z3
and
0.2 0 0.2 0.2
Z1 = j 0 0.2 0 Z2 = j 0.2
0.2 0 0.44 0.2
Substitution gives
r
1.0 0.16 0.04 0.16 I1
r
1.0 = j 0.04 0.16 0.04 I2
r
1.0 0.16 0.04 0.40 I3
r (1)
r
V = Zbus I
Note:
(1) The equation can be used to analyze a three-
phase fault in any bus (one fault at a time).
(1)
(2) Z is called the positive-sequence bus-
bus
impedance matrix, a complex symmetric matrix.
Rake Equivalent
Consider the matrix voltage equation
r
1.0 Z11 Z12 Z13 I1
r
1.0 = Z12 Z22 Z23 I2
r
1.0 Z13 Z23 Z33 I3 -
Suppose we are asked to 1.0
find a circuit that satisfies +
the matrix equation. Z12 Z23
Z11 Z22 Z33
One possible equivalent r r Z13 r
circuit is shown. This circuit I I2 I3
1
is called a rake-equivalent.
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Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis 153
Formation of Zbus
Zbus can be built, one step at a time, by adding one
branch at a time until the entire network is formed.
The first branch to be added must be a generator
impedance. This is necessary in order to establish
the reference bus.
Subsequent additions, which may be done in any
order, fall under one of the following categories:
(1) Add a generator to a new bus;
(2) Add a generator to an old bus;
(3) Add a branch from an old bus to a new bus;
(4) Add a branch from an old bus to an old bus.
U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in
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Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis 158
Assume that r
at the current 1.0 Z11 Z12 Z1n I
r1
stage, the 1.0 Z21 Z22 Z2n I2
dimension of =
Zbus is n. r
1.0 Zn1 Zn2 Znn In
- old
1.0 Zbus
+
Z12 Z2k Zkn Let us examine
Z11 Z22 Zkk Znn each category in
r 1 r 2 r k r n the addition of a
I1 I2 Ik In new branch.
Add a generator r
to a new bus: 1.0 Z11 Z12 Z1n 0 I
r1
Let Z be the 1.0 Z21 Z Z
22 2n 0 I2
g
= Z r
impedance of 1.0 n1 Zn2 Znn 0 I
r n
the generator 1.0 0 0 0 Zg In + 1
to be added.
- The dimension is (n+1).
1.0
+
Z12 Z2k Zkn
Z11 Z22 Zkk Znn Zg
r 1 r 2 r k r n r n+1
I1 I2 Ik In In +1
-
Add a generator 1.0 r
to an old bus k: + Iw
Let Zg be the Z12 Z2k
Zg Znn
impedance of Z11 Z22 Zkk
the generator r 1 r 2 r k r n
to be added. I1 I2 Ik In
r
1.0 Zn1 Zn2 Znk Znn Znk I
rn
0 Zk1 Zk 2 Zkk Zkn Zw Iw
Add a branch -
from an old bus k 1.0
+
to a new bus:
Z12 Z2k Zkn
Z11 Z22 Zkk Zb Znn
r 1 r 2 r k r n r n+1
I1 I2 Ik In In +1
r
1.0 Zn1 Zn2 Znk Znn Znk I
rn
1.0 Zk1 Zk 2 Zkk Zkn Zw In +1
where Zw=Zkk+Zb. Krons reduction is not required.
The dimension increases to (n+1).
Add a branch
-
from an old bus j r
1.0
to an old bus k: + Iw
Z12 Z2j Zkn
Z11 Z22 Zjj Zb Zkk Znn
r 1 r 2 r r k r n
I1 I2 Ij j Ik In
r r r r
1.0 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2 + ... + Z2 j(Ij + Iw )
r r r
+ Z2k (Ik Iw ) + ... + Z2n In
r r r r
1.0 = Zn1 I1 + Zn2 I2 + ... + Znj(Ij + Iw )
r r r
+ Znk (Ik Iw ) + ... + Znn In
For the added loop, we get
r r r r r r
0 = Z j1 I1 + Z j2 I2 + ... + Z jj(Ij + Iw ) + Z jk (Ik Iw )
r r r r
+ ... + Z jn In + Zb Iw [Zk1 I1 + Zk 2 I2 + ...
r r r r r
+ Zkj(Ij + Iw ) + Zkk (Ik Iw ) + ... + Zkn In ]
r
1.0 Z11 Z12 Z1n Z1j Z1k I1
r
1.0 Z21 Z22 Z2n Z2j Z2k I2
=
r
1.0 Zn1 Zn2 Znn Znj Znk In
r
0 Zj1 Zk1 Zj2 Zk2 Zjn Zkn Zv Iw
1 0 .2 0
Xbus =
2 0 0 .2
0.2
1
X2 X X3 =
4
[0.2 -0.2]
0.2
1 0 .04 0 .04
X2 X X3 =
4
0 .04 0 .04
We get 1 2
1
1 0 .16 0 .04
Xbus = X1 X2X X3 = 4 2 0 .04 0 .16
Step 4. Finally, add the line from bus 1 to bus 3.
1 2 3
1 0.16 0.04 0.16
No Kron
Xbus = 2 0.04 0.16 0.04 reduction is
3 0.16 0.04 0.4 required.
2 0 .2 0 .2
Xbus =
1 0 .2 0 .8
L2 L3
4
T: X=0.08
G1: X1=0.40 X2=0.40 X0=0.15
G2: X1=0.50 X2=0.50 X0=0.25
L1: X1=0.40 X2=0.40 X0=0.80
L2: X1=0.30 X2=0.30 X0=0.60
L3: X1=0.20 X2=0.20 X0=0.40
Positive-sequence network 4
1 0 .4 0 .4
Xbus = 1 2 3
2 0 .4 0 .48
1 0.4 0.4 0.4
3. Add the line from X 0.4 0.48 0.48
bus =
2
bus 2 to bus 3.
3 0.4 0.48 0.88
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We get
0.1159 0.1391 0.2551
X2X 41X3 = 0.1391 0.1670 0.3061
0.2551 0.3061 0.5612
The new bus impedance matrix is
1 2 3 4
1 0.2669 0.2403 0.1664 0.1959
(1)
2 0.2403 0.2884 0.1996 0.2351
X bus =
3 0.1664 0.1996 0.2920 0.2551
4 0.1959 0.2351 0.2551 0.3671
0 0 0
X2X 41X3 = 0 0.0057 0.0623
0 0.0623 0.6853
The new bus impedance matrix is
1 2 3
1 0.15 0 0
Xbus = 2 0 0.0743 0.0177
3 0 0.0177 0.1947
1 2 3 4
1 0.15 0 0 0
(0 )
2 0 0.0717 0.0258 0.0442
X bus =
3 0 0.0258 0.1693 0.1119
4 0 0.0442 0.1119 0.3248
Positive-Sequence Zbus
(1) (1)
The positive-sequence Z11 Z12 Z1(1n)
bus-impedance matrix 1)
Z(21
1)
Z(22 Z(21n)
describes the positive- Z(bus
1)
=
sequence network.
Z(n11) Z(n12) Z(nn
1)
- N1
1.0
+
(1)
Z12 Z (1)
2k Z(kn1) Rake
(1)
Z 11 Z(22
1)
Z (1)
kk Z(nn
1)
Equivalent
1 2 k n
Negative-Sequence Zbus
(2) (2)
The negative-sequence Z11 Z12 Z1(2n)
bus-impedance matrix (2) Z(212) Z(222) Z(22n)
describes the negative- Zbus =
sequence network.
Z(n21) Z(n22) Z(nn2)
N2
Zero-Sequence Zbus
(0 ) (0 )
The zero-sequence Z11 Z12 Z1(0n)
bus-impedance matrix (0) Z(210) Z(220) Z(20n)
describes the zero- Zbus =
sequence network.
Z(n01) Z(n02) Z(nn0)
N0
(0 ) (0 ) (0 )
Z 12 Z 2k Z kn Rake
(0 )
Z 11 Z (0 )
22 Z (0 )
kk Z (0 )
nn Equivalent
1 2 k n
The voltage at 1 2 k n
any bus is
r Z jk
Vj = 1.0
Zkk r r
r Vm Vn
The current in any line is Imn =
zmn
r r
r Vm Vn
The line currents are given by Imn =
zmn
r 1 0.4663
IG1 = = j1.3344
j0.4
r 1 0.3051
IG2 = = j1.3897
j0.5
r 0.4663 0.3595
I12 = = j1.3342
j0.08
r 0.3595 0.3051
I23 = = j0.1360
j0.4
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r 0.3595 0
I24 = = j1.1984
j0.3
r 0.3051 0
I34 = = j1.5257
j0.2
r 4 r
IF I34
r
j0.3 I24 j0.2
1 j0.08 j0.4 3
r r 2
r r
j0.4 IG1 I12 I23 IG2 j0.5
+ +
1.0 1.0
- N1 -
(1)
Z11 Z(22
1)
Z(kk1) Z(nn
1)
Z(2)
11 Z (2)
22 Z (2)
kk Z (2)
nn
1 2 k
r 1
r n
Ia 1 n 2 k
Ia 2
(1) (2)
For this power system, Xbus = Xbus
1 r
= (0 ) 1 2 k
Ia 1
n
Zkk + Z(kk1) + Z(kk2) N2
Sequence Voltages
(2)
at bus j Z11 Z(222) Z(kk2) Z(nn2)
r r (0 ) 1 2 k r n
Va0 = Ia0Z jk N0
Ia 2
r r (1)
Va1 = 1 Ia1Z jk
r r (2) (0 )
Va2 = Ia2Z jk Z11 Z(220) Z(kk0) Z(nn0)
1
r
2 k n
Ia 0
(1)
Z11 Z(kk1) Z(nn
1) (2)
Z11 Z(kk2) Z(nn2) (0 )
Z11 Z(kk0) Z(nn0)
1 k r n 1 k r n 1 k r n
Ia 1 Ia 2 Ia 0
r Z(kk0) r
Ia2 = (0 )
I
(2) a1
Zkk + Zkk
r Z(kk2) r
Ia0 = (0 )
I
(2) a1
Zkk + Zkk
Sequence Voltages at bus j
r r (0 )
Va0 = Ia0Z jk
r r (1)
Va1 = 1 Ia1Z jk
r r (2)
Va2 = Ia2Z jk
Fuse N/A
Fuse N/A
Iremote
NACD =
Ilocal
Itotal = Iremote + Ilocal
3Zeq
breakers
( X R )test
2(1 + e )
1 + 2e X R
MF = Fused power
breakers &
Molded Case
( X R )test
1 + 2e
Far-from-Generator Short-Circuit
Short-circuit condition to which the magnitude of the
symmetrical ac component of the available short-circuit
current remains essentially constant