Proceedings of the Institution of
Civil Engineers
Structures & Buildings 156
February 2003 Issue 1
Pages 51^62
Paper 12662
Received 02/04/2001
Accepted 16/10/2001
Keywords: J. G. Teng
beams & girders/columns/ Department of Civil and
composite structures/concrete Structural Engineering,The
structures/slabs & plates Hong Kong Polytechnic
University,China
Behaviour and strength of FRP-strengthened RC structures: a
state-of-the-art review
J. G. Teng, J. F. Chen, S. T. Smith and L. Lam
Extensive research has been carried out in recent years
on the use of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites
in the strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC)
structures. This paper provides a concise review of
existing research on the behaviour and strength of FRP-
strengthened RC structures, with a strong focus on those
studies which contribute directly to the development of
strength models. Topics covered include flexural and
shear strengthening of beams, flexural strengthening of
slabs, and strengthening of columns subject to both
static and seismic loads. For each of the topics covered,
the methods of strengthening are first explained,
followed by a description of the common failure modes.
Available strength models are then summarised and
discussed.
1. INTRODUCTION
The use of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for
strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) structures was first
investigated as an alternative to steel plate bonding for beam
strengthening at the Swiss Federal Laboratory for Materials
1
Testing and Research (EMPA) where tests on RC beams
strengthened with CFRP plates started in 1984. The main
advantages of FRP composites are their high strength-to-
weight ratio and high corrosion resistance. The former property
leads to great ease in site handling, reducing labour cost and
interruptions to existing services, while the latter ensures
durable performance. With reductions in the cost of FRP
composites and the great need for strengthening work all over
the world, external bonding or wrapping of FRP composites for
strengthening structures, particularly RC structures, has
emerged as a very popular method in recent years. Taking
savings in labour and maintenance costs into account, FRP
bonding/wrapping has been found to be the most cost-effective
2
solution in many strengthening projects. Consequently, there
have been many studies on structural strengthening using FRP
3
composites in recent years. Most of them have been
concerned with the short-term strength of FRP-strengthened
RC structures, although limited research has also addressed
durability issues. This paper therefore provides a concise review
of existing research on the behaviour and strength of FRP-
strengthened RC structures, with a strong focus on those
studies which contribute directly to the development of
strength models. In addition to the various references cited in
Structures & Buildings 156 Issue 1
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J. F. Chen S. T. Smith L. Lam
School of Engineering and Department of Civil and Department of Civil and
Electronics, Edinburgh Structural Engineering,The Structural Engineering,The
University Hong Kong Polytechnic Hong Kong Polytechnic
University,China University,China
this paper, further details on the subject and the most advanced
strength models identified in this paper can be found in a book
3
by the authors.
2. FRP COMPOSITES FOR STRUCTURAL
STRENGTHENING
FRP composites are formed by embedding continuous fibres in
a resin matrix which binds the fibres together. Common fibres
include carbon, glass, and aramid fibres while common resins
are epoxy, polyester, and vinyl ester resins. The most widely
used FRP composites are glass-fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP)
composites, carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP)
composites, and aramid-fibre-reinforced polymer (AFRP)
composites. A useful general background on the composition
of these materials and their mechanical properties can be found
in References 2 and 4.
Two common methods of constructing FRPs have been
employed in strengthening RC structures. The first one,
generally referred to as the wet lay-up method, involves the in
situ application of epoxy resin to either woven fabric sheets or
flexible fibre sheets, to produce FRP plates/sheets bonded to
beams and slabs or FRP jackets to confine columns (i.e.
wrapping of columns). The second method is factory
prefabrication, generally by pultrusion for producing plates for
bonding to beams and slabs or by filament winding for
producing shells for column confinement. Wet lay-up is more
versatile in that flexible fibre/fabric sheets can be easily
wrapped on any curved surfaces and around columns, but
prefabrication allows better quality control. In bonding FRPs to
concrete, proper preparation of the concrete surface to ensure a
strong bond is important, particularly when debonding
between the adherends has a direct bearing on the strength of
the strengthened structure.
GFRP, CFRP and AFRP composites have all been used in
practical applications and in research, but the first two appear
to have been much more widely used in strengthening works.
CFRP composites have superior properties to GFRP composites,
5
but the latter are significantly cheaper. Table 1 for FRPs with
unidirectional fibres illustrates the wide variety of strength and
6
stiffness for FRP composites, while Table 2 gives a qualitative
comparison of different fibre composites for structural
strengthening applications.
FRP-strengthened RC structures Teng et al. 51
 when used to provide
Unidirectional advanced Fibre content: Density: Longitudinal Tensile strength:
composite materials % by weight kg/m3 tensile modulus: MPa confinement for concrete,
GPa these materials can greatly
enhance the strength and
Glass fibre/polyester 5080 16002000 2055 4001800 ductility of columns. The
GFRP laminate second implication of the
Carbon/epoxy CFRP 6575 16001900 120250 12002250 brittle behaviour of FRPs is
laminate that stress redistribution is
Aramid/epoxy AFRP 6070 10501250 40125 10001800 limited. Consequently, the
laminate
design of FRP strengthening
measures for RC structures
5
Table 1. Typical mechanical properties for GFRP, CFRP and AFRP composites should not be based on
existing methods for RC
structures without due
justification.
Criterion Fibre composite sheets made of:
3. FLEXURAL
Carbon fibres Aramid fibres Eglass fibres STRENGTHENING OF
BEAMS
Tensile strength Very good Very good Very good
Compressive strength Very good Inadequate Good 3.1. Methods of
Youngs modulus Very good Good Adequate
Long-term behaviour Very good Good Adequate strengthening
Fatigue behaviour Excellent Good Adequate Flexural strengthening of
Bulk density Good Excellent Adequate beams is generally by
Alkaline resistance Very good Good Inadequatebonding FRP plates/sheets to
Price Adequate Adequate Very good the soffit of the beam (Fig. 2),
much in the same way as
6
Table 2. Qualitative comparison between Eglass, aramid and HTcarbon fibres steel plates are bonded. Such
strengthened beams are often
referred to as plated beams
for simplicity. Tensile forces
In terms of structural use of FRP composites, one very develop in the bonded plate and these have to be transferred to
important property common to all three types of FRPs is that the concrete. Consequently, anchorage failure may occur at the
their stressstrain behaviour is linearly elastic until rupture plate ends. To prevent such anchorage failures, anchor plates
(Fig. 1). This has two major structural consequences. First, (e.g. U strips) may be used. Most research and practical
717
these materials do not possess the ductility that steels have, applications have used unstressed plates, but prestressed
1, 1820
and their brittleness may limit the ductile behaviour of RC FRP plates have also been used.
members strengthened with FRP composites. For example, an
RC beam bonded with an FRP soffit plate may fail by either 3.2. Failure modes
3
FRP rupture or crushing of concrete, both of which are brittle A number of failure modes are possible and these are shown
failure modes. In such beams, failure by concrete crushing is schematically in Fig. 3. If the ends of the plate are properly
permissible, as the FRP rupture mode is also brittle. This anchored, then failure occurs when the ultimate flexural
contrasts with normal RC beam design where steel yielding capacity of the beam is reached, by either tensile rupture of the
should be ensured to precede concrete crushing. Nevertheless, FRP plate (Fig. 3(a)) or crushing of concrete (Fig. 3(b)). The RC
beam can also fail brittlely in shear if the flexural capacity of
the strengthened beam exceeds the shear capacity of the RC
3000 beam alone (Fig. 3(c)). Numerous experimental studies have
reported brittle debonding failures in plated beams prior to
3
2500 their ultimate flexural or shear strength being reached . A
CFRP variety of debonding failure modes have been observed in
2000 7,8, 11, 13, 14
tests, and these can be broadly classified into two
Stress: MPa

types: (a) those associated with high interfacial stresses near

1500

1000
A RC beam
GFRP
500 Mild steel
Adhesive layer

0
0 05 10 15 20 25 30 Section AA
A FRP soffit plate
Strain: %

Fig. 1. Typical FRP and mild steel stressstrain curves Fig. 2. RC beam bonded with an FRP soffit plate

52 Structures & Buildings 156 Issue 1 FRP-strengthened RC structures Teng et al.

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 FRP rupture High stress zone

Crack propogation
(a) (d)
Concrete High stress zone
crushing

Crack propogation
(b) (e)
Crack
High stress zone
Shear crack
Crack propogation

(c) (f)

Fig. 3. Failure modes of FRP-plated RC beams: (a)

FRP rupture; (b) crushing of compressive concrete;
(c) shear failure; (d) concrete cover separation; (e) Fig. 5. Intermediate flexural crack-induced interfacial
plate end interfacial debonding; (f ) intermediate debonding in an FRP-plated RC beam
crack-induced interfacial debonding

the ends of the bonded plate (Figs 3(d) and (e)); and (b) those
induced by a flexural or flexural-shear crack (intermediate
crack) away from the plate ends (Fig. 3(f )). A plated beam that
has failed by separation of the concrete cover is shown in Fig.
4. A typical picture of flexural crack-induced interfacial
debonding is shown in Fig. 5. It should be noted in the test
shown in Fig. 5, debonding was forced to propagate towards
the right end of the plate by the U-jacket on the other side of
the mid-span, but in general debonding can propagate toward
either of the two plate ends.
3.3. Flexural failure strength
Many studies have shown that the existing approach for RC
beams can be followed with the FRP treated as additional
reinforcement, provided the brittle nature of the FRP is taken
3,9, 2123
into account. For either FRP rupture or concrete
crushing, the steel reinforcement generally has already yielded
at failure. If failure is by FRP rupture, the compressive concrete
cannot in general be assumed to have reached failure in
strength calculation. This means the simple equivalent stress
blocks in design codes cannot be directly used. Guidelines for
evaluating the flexural failure strength of FRP-strengthened RC
beams are given in Reference 3.
Fig. 4. Concrete cover separation in an FRP-plated RC
beam
3.4. Debonding failure strength
Debonding is an important failure mode as it prevents the full
ultimate flexural capacity of the beam from being achieved.
The most commonly reported debonding mode is the
separation of the concrete cover together with the plate which
propagates from the end of the plate, due to high interfacial
stresses at the plate end. As a result, interfacial stresses at the
platebeam interface have been researched for the last decade
for both steel and FRP plates. Simple approximate closed-form
solutions suitable for direct exploitation in design have been
2430
formulated. These solutions are based on the assumption
that the shear and normal stresses in the adhesive layer are
uniform across the adhesive layer thickness. A comparison of
the interfacial shear and normal stresses predicted by all the
above solutions in plated RC beams shows that their
30
predictions are close to each other. Higher-order solutions for
31, 32
interfacial stresses have also been obtained as well as
33
finite-element results. These studies showed that the
distributions of interfacial stresses near the plate end are much
more complicated than are predicted by simple approximate
30
solutions such as that of Smith and Teng, although the latter
does provide a useful approximation.
These interfacial stresses have been used with a concrete failure
criterion by several researchers to predict plate end debonding
23, 3436
failures. It should be noted that the first of the above
four models is for steel-plated beams, while the other three are
for FRP-plated beams. On the other hand, researchers have
attempted to predict the debonding load without explicit
37
reference to interfacial stress distributions. Oehlers
formulated semi-empirical design equations based on test
38
results of steel-plated beams. Zhang et al. and Raoof and
39
Zhang considered the behaviour of a concrete tooth formed
between two adjacent cracks deforming like a cantilever under
the action of lateral shears applied at the beamplate interface
in steel-plated RC beams. The applied load to cause debonding
in beams, necessary to induce the critical tooth shear stress,
could then be determined. Further comparison of predictions
40
from this model with test results are given in Raoof et al.
41 38
Wang and Ling modified Zhang et al.s model for
application to FRP-plated RC beams. More recently, Raoof and
42
Hassanen developed two debonding strength models for

Structures & Buildings 156 Issue 1 FRP-strengthened RC structures Teng et al. 53

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 FRP-strengthened RC beams by modifying Raoof and Zhangs
Debonded zone
model. An assessment of the performance of these and other
43, 44
models against existing test data of FRP-plated beams
45, 46
have been recently undertaken which shows that
37
Oehlers model is the best model in terms of providing safe Shear crack
and close predictions for design use for the plate end
debonding mode, despite the fact that it was developed based FRP rupture starts here Shear crack
46
on test data of steel-plated beams. Smith and Teng also (a) (b)
37
proposed a simple new model by modifying Oehlers model.
This new model is superior to all existing models in terms of
providing close and safe predictions for direct application in Fig. 6. Shear failure modes of FRP U-jacketed RC
beams: (a) shear failure due to FRP rupture; (b) shear
design. failure due to FRP debonding

The intermediate crack-induced debonding mode involves

interfacial debonding in the concrete adjacent to the adhesive-
to-concrete interface which initiates at a flexural or flexural-
shear crack and propagates towards one of the plate ends (Figs
3(f) and Fig. 5). Limited experimental data show that the
debonding failure strength of this mode can be closely
47
predicted by Chen and Tengs bond strength model with a
3, 48
simple modification.
4. SHEAR STRENGTHENING OF BEAMS
4.1. Methods of strengthening
Various methods have been used to bond FRP plates/sheets for
shear strengthening of RC beams. These include bonding FRPs
on the sides of a beam only, bonding U-jackets to cover both
sides and the soffit, and wrapping FRPs around the cross-
section if possible. Both FRP strips and continuous sheets have
been used. Because FRPs only have a high strength in the
direction of the main fibres, these fibres may be so orientated
as to best reinforce the beam. Furthermore, shear forces in a
beam may be reversed under reversed cyclic loading. Fibres
may be arranged in two different directions to satisfy the
requirement of shear strengthening in both directions. The use
of fibres in two directions can obviously be beneficial to shear
resistance even if strengthening for reversed shear forces is not
required because it can produce pseudoisotropy. In this sense,
FRP sheets with fibres in three directions (e.g. 0, 60 or 1208)
may also be used. The combination of different bonding
configurations, fibre orientations and fibre distributions can
give many different strengthening schemes. A general symbolic
classification to represent each of these schemes can be found
3
in Teng et al.
crack. In some cases, a diagonal crack may form abruptly.
Widening of the diagonal crack eventually leads to failure
involving tearing of the FRP immediately along a line
corresponding to the diagonal shear crack in the concrete.
49
Experimental data showed that almost all beams with
wrapped FRPs and some beams bonded with U-jackets failed in
this mode. However, if the FRP has a very high ultimate strain,
FRP rupture may not occur at failure; for example, this was
observed in two beams strengthened with AFRP which had an
50
ultimate strain of 225%.
49
Available experimental data showed that all beams with
FRPs bonded on sides only, and many bonded with U-jackets,
failed by debonding of the FRP from the concrete. In this
mode, once the FRP starts to peel off, the beam will fail very
quickly in a brittle process. Bond strength between FRP and
concrete thus plays the key role in this mode. Several bond
22, 5156
strength models are available. A detailed review of
47
these models is given in Chen and Teng. A practical
engineering model which captures all the features of such a
bonded joint and matches well with experimental data has
47
been developed by Chen and Teng, which may be used in
practical design. Fig. 7 shows the FRP debonding failure of a
U-jacketed RC beam.
4.3. Strength of shear-strengthened beams
In contrast to the extensive research on flexural strengthening,
only a limited number of studies exist on shear
22, 49, 50, 5771
strengthening.

4.2. Failure modes

A number of failure modes have been observed in experiments
on shear-strengthened RC beams. These include shear tension
(or diagonal tension) with FRP rupture (Fig. 6(a)), shear tension
without FRP rupture, and shear tension due to FRP debonding
(Fig. 6(b)). Most experiments have been conducted on beams
with shear-span/depth ratios for which shear or diagonal
tension controlled the shear strength. Other failure modes
(shear compression and deep beam modes) have been much
less studied.

The failure mode of shear tension or diagonal tension with FRP

rupture is similar to shear tension failure or diagonal tension
failure in normal RC beams. Vertical flexural cracks originating
Fig. 7. FRP debonding failure of a U-jacketed RC
from the tension face occur first. A crack near the support may beam
propagate towards the loading point and become an inclined

54 Structures & Buildings 156 Issue 1 FRP-strengthened RC structures Teng et al.

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 A number of design proposals have been presented for the
22, 49, 56, 72
shear capacity of shear-strengthened RC beams. In all
these proposals, the nominal shear strength of a shear-
strengthened RC beam is expressed as the sum of the
contributions from the concrete, the steel shear reinforcement
22
and the bonded FRP. Chaallal et al. treated the FRP as
conventional shear reinforcement and used the full tensile
strength of the FRP. However, many strain measurements
indicated that the FRP does not reach its full tensile capacity
when the ultimate shear strength of the strengthened beam is
50, 61, 63, 66
reached. Almost all experimental data showed that
the contribution of the FRP to the shear strength of the beam is
49
less than its ultimate tensile strength. Triantafillou proposed
the use of an effective strain at shear failure instead of the
ultimate strain of the FRP. He observed that the effective strain
is a function of the axial rigidity of the FRP sheet and
established a relationship between them by regression of
72
experimental data. Triantafillou and Antonopoulos extended
this work and proposed different effective strain expressions
for different types of FRP based on a regression analysis of a
larger database. Different coefficients were proposed for CFRP
wrapping and other strengthening schemes. However, no
distinction was made between side bonding and U-jacketing.
56 49
Khalifa et al. modified Triantafillous effective strain model
by using the effective strain-to-ultimate strain ratio as the key
parameter so that the effect of different types of FRP is
eliminated. There are two main drawbacks in these two models
(a) various failure modes (e.g. FRP rupture and debonding) are
not distinguished from each other
(b) the effective strain and the effective strain-to-ultimate
strain ratio were determined by back-calculations based on
limited experimental data, without a clear physical
interpretation.
Recognising that the strain distribution along a shear crack is
73
non-uniform and FRPs are brittle materials, Chen and Teng
proposed a rational model to explicitly include the effect of
strain non-uniformity. This new model satisfactorily explains
why the contribution of the FRP to the shear strength of a
beam is less than its ultimate strength. They also proposed a
rational shear strength model for the FRP debonding failure
74 47
mode using their bond strength model. These new models
agree well with existing test data.
5. FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF SLABS
The basic procedure of flexural strengthening of slabs using
FRP composites is to bond FRP strips or sheets to the tension
face of the slab. Research has been conducted on slabs bonded
with either FRP strips covering part of the surface or FRP
3
sheets covering the entire surface.
Very limited research has been conducted on the use of FRP
3, 75
composites for strengthening two-way slabs, but substantial
7581
work has been conducted on one-way slabs including RC
8284
cantilever slabs. In particular, the recent studies on RC
8284
cantilever slabs showed that flexural failure by FRP
rupture or concrete crushing and interfacial debonding (Fig. 8)
which initiates near the fixed end and propagates towards the
free end are the two main failure modes, provided the FRP
strips are properly anchored to the fixed support. This
debonding failure mode is in fact the same as the intermediate
Structures & Buildings 156 Issue 1 FRP-strengthened RC structures
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Fig. 8. FRP-strengthened RC cantilever slabs in the
process of debonding propagation
crack-induced debonding failure mode in soffit-plated beams
discussed earlier. These two failure modes are also the likely
ones for other one-way slabs and, for both modes, strength
models for RC beams are applicable.
Much less is known about two-way slabs. Provided debonding
is prevented, two design methods for flexural strengthening of
two-way RC slabs using FRP composites have been suggested
3
in Teng et al. . No study appears to have examined debonding
failures in FRP-strengthened two-way slabs.
6. STRENGTHENING OF COLUMNS
6.1. Methods of strengthening
Numerous studies have proven that external wrapping of FRP
composites provides a very effective solution for increasing the
8595
strength of RC columns, particularly circular columns. The
technique has also been widely used for seismic retrofit of
9699
columns, where gains in shear strength and ductility are
the main concern. Fibre sheets, strands and straps, with the
main fibres oriented in the hoop direction, have all been used.
As the fabric/fibre sheets are very thin and flexible, they can
be wrapped around circular as well as rectangular columns. For
the latter, the right-angle corners need to be rounded.
Alternatively, the rectangular section of a column can be
modified into an elliptical section by adding precast concrete
100 101
bolsters or using fast-cured cement before wrapping with
FRP. Apart from in situ wrapping of FRP in a wet lay-up
89, 99
process, prefabricated FRP shells have also been used.
6.2. Failure mode
The enhanced strength and ductility of FRP-confined columns
come from the confinement provided by the FRP to the lateral
expansion of concrete so that the concrete core is stressed
triaxially. The FRP is thus subject to tension in the hoop
direction. Eventual failure is generally by tensile rupture of the
3
FRP (Fig. 9), although failures of lap joints without a
87, 102
sufficient lap length have occasionally been reported.
Increases in the axial compressive strength and the ultimate
axial strain of the concrete core depend on several factors,
including the thickness and tensile strength of the confining
FRP, and the unconfined strength of the concrete core. The
3
ultimate strain is also dependent on the type of FRP.
Teng et al. 55
 recently compared the two
existing axial strength
models accounting for the
effect of a rectangular shape
with their own test data and
those of others and showed
that they are both
unsatisfactory. These two
models are referred to in Lam
115
and Teng as the effective
confinement area
116, 117
model and the corner
112
radius model respectively.
115
Lam and Teng also
proposed an improved
effective confinement area
Fig. 9. Failure of FRP-confined concrete specimens by FRP rupture: (a) circular model whose predictions
specimen; (b) rectangular specimen; (c) elliptical specimen
match closely the test results.
118
Teng and Lam tested a
series of circular and
6.3. Strength of FRP-confined concrete elliptical concrete specimens with and without wrapped FRP
103, 104
Fardis and Khalili first studied the strength of FRP- and proposed the first model for predicting the compressive
confined concrete cylinders and suggested that the model of strength of FRP-confined concrete in elliptical columns based
105
Richart et al., which was developed for steel-confined on these tests.
concrete, could be used for predicting the strength of FRP-
confined concrete. However, subsequent studies indicated that 6.4. Axial stressstrain behaviour of FRP-confined
FRP-confined concrete behaves differently from steel-confined concrete
concrete, so application of models for the latter to the former Provided that the effect of FRP confinement is sufficient to
106108
can lead to unsafe designs. Many studies have been lead to strength enhancement, the stressstrain curve of FRP-
conducted to evaluate the confinement effectiveness of FRP in confined concrete generally exhibits a monotonically
3 107, 114
the last few years, leading to various axial strength models. ascending bi-linear shape. If, however, the effect of FRP
An evaluation of nine existing models against test results confinement is so small that no significant strength gains can
available in the published literature is given in Lam and be expected, the stressstrain curve then features a descending
109
Teng. These nine models have been proposed by Richart et branch, without exhibiting a monotonically ascending bilinear
105 110 111 94, 95
al., , Mander et al., Karbhari and Gao (two models), shape.
112 107 113
Mirmiran et al., Samaan et al., Miyauchi et al., Saafi
108 114 109
et al., and Toutanji. Lam and Teng revealed the As the stressstrain behaviour of FRP-confined concrete differs
limitations of these existing models by comparing them with a from that of steel-confined concrete, various stressstrain
large test database assembled from the published literature, and models have been proposed specifically for the
95, 98, 104, 107, 108, 111, 113, 119
proposed a simple new strength model which best fits the former. A model proposed by Mander
110
existing experimental data and reflects the linear relationship et al. for steel-confined concrete has also been used for
98, 120
between the strength of FRP-confined concrete and lateral FRP-confined concrete. Some of the models for FRP-
confining pressure displayed by the experimental data. confined concrete feature monotonically increasing stress
strain curves only, with the axial strain at peak stress being the
107, 108, 111, 114
While strength models for FRP-confined concrete based on ultimate axial strain. The rest include the
109
tests of circular FRP-confined concrete specimens are possibility of a descending branch after the peak
95, 113, 119 121
directly applicable to the design of FRP strengthening of stress. Lam and Teng assessed the performance of
circular RC columns, they are not directly applicable to these models in predicting the ultimate axial strain and the
rectangular columns in which the concrete is not uniformly stressstrain curve using a large test database they assembled
confined by an FRP jacket. For the latter, the effectiveness of from the published literature. In addition, they proposed a new
112
FRP confinement is much reduced, and for any significant stressstrain model for FRP-confined concrete which consists
effect of FRP confinement, the right-angle corners of the of a parabolic first portion and a linear second portion with a
column need to be rounded. A larger corner radius leads to smooth transition between the two. This stressstrain model
greater effectiveness of FRP confinement, but this radius is considers only monotonically ascending stressstrain
generally limited to a small value by the presence of the behaviour which covers most of the existing test data and all
internal steel reinforcement. A more drastic measure for practical cases where a strength gain is expected. Both a best-
enhancing the effectiveness of FRP confinement of rectangular fit version and a lower-bound version of the model were
columns is to modify a rectangular section into an elliptical or presented. The lower-bound version for design use reduces to
122
even circular section. the idealised stressstrain curve in Eurocode 2 for
unconfined concrete when the amount of FRP is zero, making
A small number of studies have examined the effectiveness of it particularly attractive for applications in design (Fig. 10).
115 121
FRP confinement of non-circular sections. Lam and Teng Lam and Teng revealed that the ultimate axial strain of

56 Structures & Buildings 156 Issue 1 FRP-strengthened RC structures Teng et al.

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f cc
E2
Axial stress, c
1
f co
Unconfined concrete
(ENV 1992-1-1 122)
FRP-confined concrete
Ec
(Lam and Teng121)
co t 00035
Axial strain, c
Fig. 10. Lam and Tengs stressstrain model for FRP-
confined concrete
FRP-confined concrete varies with the type of FRP and
proposed expressions for the ultimate axial strain which take
into account the effect of FRP type.
Once the stressstrain curve is defined, the strength of columns
subject to combined bending and axial compression can be
3
easily determined. The procedure is described in Teng et al.,
where example interaction curves and momentcurvature
curves are given.
7. SEISMIC RETROFIT OF COLUMNS
The many collapses of and severe damages to buildings and
bridges in recent earthquakes (e.g. the 1994 Northridge
earthquake in the United States, and the 1995 Kobe earthquake
in Japan) have highlighted the need for the retrofit of
seismically insufficient structures. RC columns, being the key
lateral and vertical load-resisting members in RC structures, are
67, 123125
particularly vulnerable to failure in earthquakes.
When a column is subjected to seismic loading, its energy
absorption capacity, rather than its load capacity is the main
concern. Typical failure modes of RC columns under seismic
98, 120
attacks are
(a) shear failure
(b) flexural plastic hinge failure
(c) debonding of lap-spliced longitudinal reinforcement
(d) flexural-shear failure of columns with longitudinal
reinforcement cut-off
(e) footing failure.
A large number of tests have been conducted on FRP-
97, 101, 126131
retrofitted RC columns under cyclic lateral loads.
The results of these tests show that FRP jacketing with the
main fibres oriented in the hoop direction is effective in
enhancing the shear capacity of columns to shift the critical
failure mode from a brittle shear failure to a ductile flexural
failure. It also provides lateral confinement to the plastic hinge
regions to prevent longitudinal bars from buckling and lap-
splices from debonding. In addition, longitudinally bonded FRP
sheets or plates, usually combined with laterally wrapped FRP,
can increase the flexural strength to avoid failures at
longitudinal bar cutoffs. Extensive studies have been
Structures & Buildings 156 Issue 1
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100 120
conducted by Priestley and Seible, Priestley et al., Seible
98 131
et al., and Xiao et al. on the design of seismic retrofit
measures for RC columns using FRP composites. A
comprehensive summary of their design provisions is given in
3
Teng et al.
8. CONCLUSIONS
This paper has presented a concise review of existing research
on the behaviour and strength of FRP-strengthened RC
structures, with a strong focus on those studies which
contribute directly to the development of strength models.
Flexural and shear strengthening of beams, flexural
cc strengthening of slabs, and strengthening of columns subject to
both static and seismic loads, have all been covered. From this
review, it is clear that existing research has established the
effectiveness of various methods of strengthening and
identified many possible failure modes. A substantial effort has
also been made in developing rational strength models. The
knowledge gained from research is now being exploited by
national and international organisations in the development of
codes and guidelines. A recent example of such developments
132
is the report prepared by the Concrete Society in the UK,
providing design guidance for the strengthening of RC
structures using FRP composites.
9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank The Hong Kong Polytechnic
University for the financial support provided to the project
Retrofitting of RC structures using FRP composites through
the Area of Strategic Development in Advanced Buildings
Technology in a Dense Urban Environment and for
postdoctoral fellowships for the third and fourth authors.
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