12/16/2010

Overview of
P. vannamei Culture and
Broodstock Domestication in
Asia

David Kawahigashi

Origin of P. vannamei

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2010 P. vannamei Culture

Current trends in Asian shrimp culture

Rapidly increasing production throughout 2000s
Continued replacement of monodon by vannamei
Lower cost of production; increased market price
Emergence of more new diseases & increased emphasis
on prevention and biosecurity measures
Increased intensity (partial harvesting)
Growth of inland (low salinity) shrimp farming
Increasing market protectionism, trade tariffs & antibiotic
residue problems
Consolidation/Integration/Incorporation
/ g / p of operations
p
including contract farming
Increased local domestication/selection efforts
Adoption of GAP/BMPs/Certification/Traceability/
Eco-labeling with certified SPF/SPR shrimp
Search for new and domestic markets

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World Shrimp Aquaculture by Species:1990-

Species:1990-2009

Million MT

3.6 Intro. of
3.2 vannamei
Percentages indicate the share of L. vannamei

28
2.8 into Asia
1980-2002 data: FISHSTAT (2006).
2.4 2003-2008 data: GSOL estimates.

2.0
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.0
1990 1991 19921993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 20002001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20072008 2009

L. vannamei P. monodon Other Marine Shrimp M. rosenbergii

5
Sources: FAO (2006), GSOL (2008), ABCC (2008)

Production (mt) Production of all shrimp and P. vannamei in Asia est. 2009
1,300,000
1,200,000
All shrimp
1,100,000
1 000 000
1,000,000 P vannamei
P.
900,000
800,000
700,000
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
-
China Thailand Vietnam Indonesia India Malaysia Philippines Bangladesh Taiwan

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Asia

Production
2.7 m MT
82% of World Tota
of 3.4 m MT of
marine shrimp

China
Thailand
Vietnam
Indonesia
India

76% P. vannamei

Latin America
Ecuador
Mexico
Brazil
Venezuela
Central America

Production:
576,000 MT
17% of world total
of 3.4 m MT of marine shrimp

100% P. vannamei

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Costs of vannamei Production

Country Prodn. Cost Sales Price
(US$/kg) (US$/kg)
China (15 g) 2.60 3.30
Philippines (15 g) 2.90 3.89
Taiwan (15 g) 2.50 3.50
Thailand (33 g) 3.90 7.35
Thailand (20 g) 3.45 4.79
Indonesia (20 g) 3 50
3.50 4 35
4.35
Brazil (15 g) 2.50 3.12
Ecuador (15 g) 1.75 2.70
Feed costs 55%, Energy 25%, Seed 3-5%, Labour 10%. But
increasing 10-15% this year due to incg. costs

History of P. vannamei
Domestication

1970s: USA (Florida), Panama, Tahiti

1980s: Hawaii (1982), Ecuador (1988)
1990s: South and Central America, Taiwan
2000s: Asia, Europe, Africa, Pacific Islands,
Middle East

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Flow of P. vannamei stocks to Asia

Original wild
Stocks from
Latin America

IFREMER L. American
OI,
French Brood
Hawaii Polynesia programs

Broodstock US shrimp Breeding Local Pacific SPT shrimp

S
Supply
l CCos G
Grow-
Grow -outt programs I l d Sh
Island Shrimp
i f
from ponds
d
(Hawaii, USA) Companies in Asia Farms and tanks

Asian
Maturation
Systems

Origin of OI stocks of P. vannamei

Pop Origin Introduced OI
I Sinaloa, Mexico To Kona, HI 1989
II Ecuador 1992
III Hybrid of I and II Pre-batch
IV Oaxaca, Mexico Batch # 1996
V Chiapas, Mexico Batch # 1997
VI Esmeraldas, Ecuador Batch # 1997
VII Panama hybrids Batch # 1999
Before 1997: Balanced selection (50% growth + 50%
TSVr)

After 1997: Industrial Line: 30% Growth + 70% TSV

Research Line: 100%Growth

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Suppliers of SPF/SPR Broodstock

(USA)

Hawaii:
The Oceanic Institute (OI)
Shrimp Improvement Systems (Hawaii & Florida)
High Health Aquaculture Inc.
Kona Bay Marine Resources (now IAI Co.)
Molokai Sea Farms

Saipan:
Saipan Aquaculture

Majority of Broodstock Produced in-country

from Local Breeding Programs
(2009 estimated)
Total USA Asia %Local
Country Broodstock Broodstock Broodstock Broodstock
Thailand 150,000 7,000 143,000 95%
Vietnam 70,000 20,000 50,000 80%
Malaysia 25,000 5,000 20,000 80%
Indonesia 100,000 50,000 50,000 50%
China 400,000 100,000 300,000 75%
India 10,000 5,000 5000 50%
Philippines 10,000 5,000 5,000 50%
Total 765,000 192,000 573,000

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Thailand: Imported Broodstock Replaced By

Broodstock from Local Breeding Programs

Year Imported SPF Estimated % of Total

2005 70,867 100% of 450,000 mt
2006 55,205 70% of 520,000 mt
2007 41,715 52% of 530,000 mt
2008 14,221 20% of 500,000 mt
2009 5,000 (est) >5%
5% of 600,000 mt

Sources:
www.fisheries.go.th/newsupdate/N_white_shrimp.doc
http://www.fisheries.go.th/shrimp/download/vannamei.pdf

CP Thailand Breeding Program

Largest shrimp breeding program in

the world
2000+ families per year
200,000+ broodstock per year
Does not sell broodstock
Supplies CP Thailand, Malaysia,
Vietnam, China, and India

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CP Thailand PL Market Share

(2009 estimate)

Thailand: 50-60%
Malaysia: 60-80%
Vietnam: 20-30%
China: 20-30%
Indonesia: 0%

*90% of CP farms/customers use CP grow-out feeds

*PL quality is the driver to CPs integrated business

BroodstockDemandWillIncrease
(China,Thailand,Vietnam,Indonesia,India,Philippines,Malaysia)

Broodstock Requirement SPF Broodstock

Numbers
Certified
C tifi d S
Suppliers
li 480 000 (2009)
480,000
(USA and Thailand)
Certified Suppliers 280,000
(excluding CP*)
2009 Broodstock 700,000+
Requirement
From Local Pond Broodstock 500,000+
(non-SPF)

Broodstock requirement in 5 1,500,000+

years

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Burapa Mass Selection Program

Phang Nha, Thailand

Growth Improvement Due to

5 Years of Genetic Improvement
Days shrimp/kg (2007) shrimp/kg (2010)
60 100+ 75 - 85
80 85 - 90 65 - 70
90 75 - 80 55 - 65
110 60 - 70 45 - 55
120 50 - 60 40 - 45
130 45 - 50 35 - 40
160 40 - 45 32 - 33
180 25 - 30

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Pros and Cons of SPF/SPR and locally-
locally-
selected stocks
SPF/SPR
Disease-
Disease-free (only for pathogens
tested for and at time of testing)
May be genetically resistant to
specific pathogens (SPR for TSV)
Not resistant to any other
pathogens
Selected for fast growth
Most suitable for biosecure systems
Useful as stock for domestication
programmes
Usually batches are sibs and inbred
Must be out-
out-bred to maintain
genetic diversity
Appear expensive
Selection options
Mass selection
Based only on individual
performance
Requires large pool of parent
stocks
Uses natural mating
Used for standard characters
(growth/disease resistance)
Efficient for characteristics with
high heritability rates
Low cost and most common
Must evaluate all shrimp in same
environment
High risk of inbreeding
depression
Not efficient for binary
characteristics or those with low
heritabilities
Lines maintained separate and
back-crossed in masal line
12/16/2010
Locally selected
May carry disease so need to
screen (especially for IHHNV,
WSSV & TSV etc)
May not be resistant, but may
develop resistance to multiple
pathogens
Can select for fast growth
Better for non
non--biosecure systems
Shrimp selected suitable for local
environment/culture conditions
Require broad founder population
to prevent inbreeding
Appear cheap, but currently not
as valuable as SPF/R
Family/combined selection
Based on pedigree of parents
(full and half sibs)
Can be started with fewer parent
stocks
t k
Uses artificial insemination
Can be applied to any desired
character
More efficient for characters with
low heritability
More expensive (rare)
Can evaluate in different
environments
Can control inbreeding
More efficient with faster gains
Efficient for binary (multiple trait)
characteristics
Full and/or half-sib families
produced and best 5% selected
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Typical Mass Selection Program Inbreeding effects by 3rd generation

M F M F

m m m m f f f f

Inbred
Effects
(.125-.250)

Hybrid Program
M (two lines) F

Line A PL Line B

Hybrid Vigor
M F

PL

M F

Brazil
PL

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Traits selected for:

Common Unconscious Possible
Growth rate Spawning rate/Fecundity Improved FCR
(high, uniform)
Disease Early maturation Improved tail:body ratio
resistance/
survival
High stocking Spawning without Better taste, meat texture
density ablation

Zero water Adaption to local culture Tolerance to low DO levels

exchange conditions

Stress resistance Color (after cooking)

Tolerance to extreme
environments

Advantages of a Local
Breeding (Genetics) Program
Availability - year
year--round BS supply
L
Locall Selection
S l ti
Disease
Disease--free BS high biosecurity
High Quality Broodstock better than
imported broodstock
Cost Effective lower cost per unit
Traceability important for exporters
Post
Post--larvae Sales improve sales and
image

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Breeding Program Characteristics

1. Conventional no
no-nonsense
nonsense breeding program
2. Family-based (full-sibs), elastomer tagging
3. Family selection for growth and survival (Selection
Index)
4. Intense within-family selection for growth
5. Two stages of selection
6. Inbreeding management through pedigree records and
OCT-based mating plans
7. 60 x 4 = 240 families/year
8. 600 tagged animals/family

Breeding Program Outline

Establish foundation stock or lines
Mating through artificial insemination
Isolation of each spawn as an individual family
Larval rearing of each family to post-larvae
Rearing of post-larvae to 2 grams
Tagging of individuals within each family
On-Test of families in within the NBC
Family siblings exported for field trials
Family siblings for disease challenge trials
Evaluate performance data from NBC, field trials,
and disease challenge trials
Selection of top ranked families according to traits

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Batches (pure line and crosses)

Siblings for pond SPF siblings maintained at

performance evaluations Nucleus Breeding Center (NBC)

Data from
Harvested and Marketed field evaluations Top performing batches
(never return to NBC)

Top batches fast-tracked

to broodstock

Crossed w/ selected batches

Broodstock
Conditioning and
Maturation
AI

Top5familiesranked(upto200shrimpperfamily)
Top 5 families ranked (up to 200 shrimp per family)
Conditioningperiod onemonth,maturationdiet
Allbroodstocktaggedandmixedinonetank
Familiescrossedusingartificialinsemination
Toproducenextbatchof30families
Extrabroodstockcangotocommercialmaturation

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Nursery Phase

1,000 liter tanks
5000 PL12 / tank
PL12 to 2 grams
30 days of culture
one family per tank

1 6 11 16

2 7 12 17

3 8 13 18

4 9 14 19

5 10 15 20

NurseryPhase:
Postlarvae(PL12)toJuvenile(2gram)GrowoutPens

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2-3 gram Juveniles for Tagging

Pond Trials

Pond trials done in cages of 3m2 in different sites.

Survival and growth are recorded to 15 grams.
Decisions are made on which families will be used in future
generations.

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Pond Field Trial Pens

Phenotypic Data to Genetic Index

P dT i l
PondTrials
CustomSelectionProgram

Performance
GeneticNucleus
(families) DatafromBreeding Index
GenomicsData Center
5-8%
performance
f
Disease gain per year
ChallengeTest

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Conservatoriesfor
P.Vannamei

Brazil

Vietnam

42,000 broodstock / year

Batch selection program 08
150 family/year from 2010
Indoor, water recirculation
High Biosecurity
900 million PL/month
#1 producer in 2009

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Thailand

Since 2007
20,000 broodstock capacity

Malaysia Multiplication and

Breeding Program
Techno fund Grant (2 year)
20,000 broodstock / year target
2010 family selection program

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P.stylirostrisBroodstockConservatory
(proposedforNewCaledonia)
40m

20.0m pum
s p sump

u
m
p

Tanksare7metersindiameter
Greenhousedimensionsaround40metersx20meters
Transparentfilmcover

Genotyping Technology
Referenced microsatellite markers established for P. vannamei
Able to identification of individual animals in a population
Determining g relative ggenetic similarityy ((tracking
g relatedness)) between
randomly selective animals
Identification of broodstock parents of post larvae or juveniles.
Identification of siblings and half
half--siblings in a mixed
mixed--parentage spawn
Characterization and legal protection or tagging of family lines
Use as markers in Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) for genetic traits
of economic importance (growth rate, nutritional efficiency, disease
resistance etc.).
resistance, etc )
Improved breeding efficiency; reduced investment and costs

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Genotyping Technology
Application of Genetic Markers for pedigree tracking will
accelerate domestication in other shrimp species

Family A

Family B

Offspring

Recommendations for a
Commercial Breeding Program for
P. vannamei
SPF Certified P. vannamei stocks
Biosecure facility and health program
2 to 3 lines or different populations
F
Family
il or b
batch
t h genetic
ti program
Genotyping technology to determine
relatedness between lines/families

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Future Trends

Growth Rate Faster shorter cycle to target size

FCR Reduced feed cost savings
Larger Shrimp partial harvest, 30-40 g, higher price
Density 80 to 200 PL/m2 (1,000/m2 indoor culture)
Biofloc and water recirculation (zero exchange)
Biosecurity, traceability, increased food safety
Sustainability through technology
Greater social and environmental responsibility

g{t~
l
l

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