ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

FOR

PROPOSED HOUSING ESTATE

FOR

NET CONSTRUCT NIGERIA LTD

AT

DAKWO DISTRICT, PHASE III

ABUJA

PREPARED BY:

TERRESTRIAL DL JELOPMENT CONSUL TANJS

SUIIE 31 DEEAWWAL PLAZA

MICHAEL OKPARA WAY WUSEABUJA

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 APPROVAL SHEET

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

This is to certify that the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) draft

report for the proposed Housing Estate by NET CONSTRUCT NIGERIA

LIMITED located within Dakwo District Phase Ill of Abuja been reviewed

and approved by the Department of Development control Abuja

Metropolitan Management Agency,(AMMA),Abuja.

Name : Sign Date

Review Officer

Name: NETCONSTRUCT.NIG.LTD:.. Sign

Date ....

The Proprietor

Name: R.A.YAKUBU. Sign

..

Date...15/O1/2007

Terrestrial Devt. Consultants.

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 GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATION

APHA - AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION

BAT - BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY

BOD - BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

COD - CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

L FME - FEDERAL MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

[I FEPA - FEDERAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

[N AMMA - ABUJA METROPOLITAN MANAGEMENT AGENCY

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Terrestrial Development Consultants Limited. Wishes to express its profound

appreciation to the entire management of SUNNY VALE

ESTATE for commissioning us to undertake the EIA studies. We also thank the

project proponent who contributed greatly in the work process and held the sole

responsibility of coordination between the

Consultants and his company during the exercise.

We thank and appreciate sincerely, the cooperation given to us by all the staff of

AMMA who made the job lively and successful.

We look forward to more consultancy jobs.

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 LIST OF TABLES / FIGURES

Tables Page

1. Result of Soil analysis 21

2. Result of Water analyses 22

3. Air Quality Measurement 23

4. Scoring rate 27

5. scoring of environmental impact 28

6. Mitigation measures 35

FIGURE

1. EIA PROCESS AND PROCEDURES

2. Schematic of Project Life Cycle 37

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 STUDY TEAM

I DR. MUSA M.B.A TEAM LEADER (TDC)

E.T. MEDE PROJECT COORDINATOR (TDC.)

R.A. YAKUBU CHEMIST (TDC)

AISHATU SANUSI MICROBIOLOGIST (TDC)

I IBRAHIM BALA BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT (TDC.)

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

Glossary of Abbreviation i

List of Figures/Tables ii

Study Team iii

Table of Content iv

Executive Summary v

CHAPTER ONE

I Introduction 10

Preamble 10

Housing problems in Nigeria 10

The Abuja Mass Housing Initiative 12

Justification /relevance of the study 12

The Environment and human interference 13

The concept of sustainable development 16

What is Environmental Impact Assessment 18

Objectives of Environmental Impact Assessment 22

Legal framework 23

The Client 23

Justification for the project 23

Terms of reference 23

Methodology 24

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 CHAPTER TWO

The Project 30

The Project description 30

Construction process 31

Operation and Maintenance 32

Compliance with planning regulations 32

CHAPTER THREE

The Environment 34

The Site 34

Morphology 35

Climatology 35

Drainage 37

Geology and Soil 37

Vegetation 37

Character of the Environment 38

The Environment without the project 39

CHAPTER FOUR

Environmental Impact Prediction and Assessment 40

Impact on Land 43

Impact on Air 45

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Socio - Economic Impact 46

Spatial Impact 47

Traffic Impact 47

Impact on Health 48

Aesthetic Impact 48

CHAPTER FIVE

Project scoring method 49

Rating of project 49

Rating scale 49

Rating 50

CHAPTER SIX

Recommendation for Mitigation Measures 51

Contingency Plan 52

Mitigatition Measures 54

CHAPTER SEVEN

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) 57

Project Life Cycle and EMP 57

EMP Requirements 58

Conclusion 59

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Appendix 60

References 61

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The provision of adequate and affordable housing to citizenry of Nigeria has remained
an intractable problem. This situation has prompted the present administration to
embark on housing sector reforms just like in the other sectors of the economy.

In line with the Federal government reform programmes, the Federal Capital Territory
Administration (FCTA) initiated the Mass housing schemes. The scheme entails
allocation of large parcel of land to interested investors, who are to build and sale
houses to different income groups in the society.

Development projects of such magnitude are believed to have considerable impacts on

their immediate and remotest environment. This report therefore, examined in its
totality, the environmental setting prior to the projects construction, during
construction and during the operational phase. Adequate mitigation measures have
been recommended to address the negative impacts anticipated.

Equally, Environmental management plan (EMP) has been formulated to take care of
the project throughout its life cycle. Thus, if the measures proposed are considered and
implemented by the projects proponent, and monitored by the appropriate Authority,
then it is hereby assured that the proposed mass hosing scheme shall be
environmentally integrated and sustainable.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION:

1.1 PREAMBLE:

Housing represent the most basic need of human needs and has a profound impact on
the health, welfare and productivity of an individual. A city is judged by its residents not
only on how the organization of the city fits their every day needs, but also on how the
demand of housing is provided. The success or failure of a citys housing programme will
frequently result in either the development of conducive human environment or a slum.

! In Abuja the delivery of a satisfactorily residential environment at a cost affordable to

all segment of the population remains a major challenge to the city planners and
administrators.

1.2 HOUSING PROBLEM IN NIGERiA

The rate of urban growth in Nigeria is one of the highest in the world and Abuja has
perhaps the highest rate of Urbanization in Nigeria. This massive urbanization has
perpetuated enormous inadequacies in both quantity and quality of housing. In Abuja,

. more than many Nigerian cities, the vast majority of the population are tenants
crowded into one and two storey rooming housing types, with densities as high as 2000
dwellings units per hectare, and with 50 70 % of households occupying one room and
sharing inadequate or intermittent services.

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The most satisfactory housing is either self provided by upper

income groups, representing a small proportion of the total

population, or is wholly or partially subsidized by employers to

senior personnel in public service and private corporations.

In summary, some of the problems relating to the provision of

urban housing in Nigeria are;

Failure to mobilize all available financial resources for housing.

Setting of unrealistic standards of housing quality not matched

by experience desires and capabilities of the population to be served.

Failure to give adequate access to credit to the population for produce and
consumer to be served.
In accessibility to serviced land to most prospective housing builders.
Pre occupation with building technology rather than delivery of affordable
housing.

Experiences suggest that if public monopoly of the housing and land market is
eliminated and if restraints on private sector activities in the market are removed, the
private sector can usually provide more housing and serviced land more efficiently and
affordably.

It is on above premise that the current FCT administration initiated the mass housing
scheme, which was designed in line with the National vision for the provision of
affordable housing to the citizens of Nigeria.

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1.3 THE ABUJA MASS HOUSING INITIATIVE

The Federal Capital Territory Administration, in line with the national vision for the
provision of affordable housing to the citizens of Nigeria, identified the need to partner
with the private sector in the provision of houses to different sector of the society.

To this end Mass housing scheme was initiated between 999 and 2003,where large
parcel of lands were allocated to deserving and willing investors, hence the
development of AdkanS Sun city, Sunny vale Estate,CITEC Estate, Solid Homes,

Prince and Princess Estate etc. Encouraged by the success recorded in the first phase
of the programmes The FCTAI advertised for competent and willing investors to
participate in the 2nd phase of the programme on Accelerated development basis.

The preferred method of delivery of the projects is through the Developer - Finance
scheme, in which the developer sources for fund, develops the houses, provide
secondary infrastructure and recoups his investment from the sale of these houses.

1.4 JUSTIFICATION/RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY

Until two decades ago, no much attention was given to the impact of mans activities on
the environment. Universally, it has been discovered and accepted that, the
fundamental factor responsible for plans and projects failure is the non-integration of
development with the environment through the strategy of

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Environmental Impact Assessment, which ensures sustainable development.

Thus, for a gigantic and sensitive project like mass housing scheme to be
successful and sustainable, there is the need to prepare an Environmental Impact
Assessment report to serve as veritable tool for decision makers and investors.

1.5 THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN INTERFERENCE

The environment constitutes all things and beings that surrounds

and sustains human existence, thus, included within this definition

is the air, the sun, mountains, rivers, seas, moon, plants, animals r etc. These all
constitutes the total stock of both renewable and non-renewable resources for
human survival.

Simplifying further, the environment as a system consist of three

main subsystems.

These ore:

a). Physical Environment; (Geology, topography,

Climate air etc)

b). Biological Environment: (Terrestrial and aquatic

Communities, rare and endangered species,

sensitive habitats etc)

c). Socio-cultural Environment; (population, land use, development activities

goods and services, public

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health, recreation, cultural properties, custom aspiration etc.

All the above subsystems are naturally interrelated and dynamic, as elucidated by
(Shipton S. et al 2000) the environment as a system and subsystem are dynamic
in nature.

The phenomenal industrial revolution of the mid 20th century was indeed a
mixed blessing; inventions and innovations in agriculture, transportation,
communication, armament etc.

Stimulated the tempo of industrialization, and urbanization, increased mobility,

pollution, ozone depletion, global warming, urban terrorism etc. Man has
continued to advance in science and technology through continuous exploration,
exploitation and discoveries, all for the purpose of increasing knowledge,
improving standard of living and enhancing the quality of life. Thus, in his effort to
meet his numerous, but often conflicting demands for food, shelter,
reproduction, development and prosperity, mankind has put so much stress and
pressure on the natural resources of the environment to such an extent that the
natural cycle are considerably being altered.

Accordingly, the report of international Study of the effectiveness of

Environmental Assessment; 1996; human activities are altering p natural cycles
and systems on an unprecedented scale. For the

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Acknowledged and accepted that there is the need to evolve strategies that could
integrate development and environment throughout the decision making process
at all levels and in all. sectors.

1.6 THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The concept of sustainable development has generated variety of definitions,

however the most acceptable and universally applicable is the definition
forwarded by the Brunt land commission (1991) as the development process
which seeks to meet the need of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their needs.

Thus, the whole idea, behind the concept, is passing an equivalent or greater
resource endowment or capital bequest to the next generation, so that is has the
same or better opportunities to meet its needs as the present generation. In this
content, three categories of capital ore important these are;

Human-made e.g. factories, farms, infrastructure, natural (renewable)

resources and living space.
Human/social e.g. knowledge, institutions and civic and cultural traditions

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 Ecological and Environmental Economists identify the

maintenance of natural capital as a fundamental condition for achieving

sustainability.

Thus, the concept of sustainable development brings together three major policy
clusters viz: -

Ecological Integrity:- The Self-organizing capability of natural system to maintain

their structure in face of natural fluctuations imposed stress and irregular events.

b) Economic Output:-To improve standard of the living and quality of life e.g.
health, education.

c). Social Equity the fairer distribution of income and opportunities among
existing (intra-generational) and future (Inter-generational equity) population.

Explicitly put, Sustainable living requires clearer appearance of the

interdependence among; Development process,

Environmental factors, Human needs and natural resources, integration of

environmental and socio-economic factors, efficient resource utilization, waste
minimization, changes in Production process, less wasteful consumption, reducing

demographic pressures, access to health care, and environmental responsibility.

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According to Okwena,I. (1999), this concept which forms the theme of the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development tagged the Earth Summit in Rio
de Janeiro in 1992, represents a landmark shift in emphasis from protection and
preservation of natural resources to the integration of environment and development.

Among the guidelines and principles set out in agenda 21 for implementing global
sustainable development is that of Environmental Impact Assessment, which is
proclaimed in principle 17 of the agenda. It states Environmental Impact Assessment as
rational instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed activities that are likely to have a
significant adverse impact on the environment and are subject to decision of a
competent authority. If sustainable development is to be achieve through integration
of development and economic by means of Environmental Impact Assessment EIA, then
what is EIA.

WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT?

There is no absolute definition of what Environment Impact Assessment as a single

concept is; it is a compound term; embodying ideas and techniques which have
developed over years of increasing concern with dire consequences of mans

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Interference with the environment. According to Forlage (1990) Environmental
Impact Assessment is still in a state of development and consolidation. He define
environmental Impact assessment as, the name given to the whole process of
gathering information about a project, its possible and probable effect, and the
analysis of the data obtained from all sources. Therivel et at (1992), define
Environmental Impact Assessment as the process of prediction and evaluation an
action impacts on the environment, the conclusions to be used as a tool in
decision making.

According to the World Bank guidelines (1996) Environmental 1 Impact

assessment is a tool designed to assist decision -makers. Thus, it is needed to
ensure that the development options under consideration are environmentally
sound and sustainable. The However, for the purpose of this research work, the
International Association for Impact Assessments definition of EIA as The
process of identifying, prediction, evaluating, and mitigating the biophysical,
social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major
decisions being taken and commitments made (IAIA 1996) was adopted

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The current form of Environmental Impact Assessment originated from USA
(Essaghoh, 1997; 20). Two major oil disasters preceded the introduction of EIA as
a decision making tool. The first disaster occurred in 1967 when an oil tanker
Torrey Canyon broke 1 apart and spilled about 120,000 tons of oil off the coast
of England. The second disaster occurred in 1969 when and oil company suddenly
struck oil off Santa Barbara, California. In both cases, the spillages were far
unprecedented in the damage that was caused to varied life as well as the general
ecological deterioration that resulted. This prompted President Richard Nixon
of USA to initiate activities that culminated in the setting up of the National
Environmental Protection Agency in 1970 and subsequently the national Council
for Environmental Quality (CEQ).

The US Council for Environmental Quality (CEO) was charged with the task of
developing standard procedures for Environmental Statement. The control was
established by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), which required

Environmental Statements to be prepared for federally funded or F supported

projects.

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Thereafter, HA regulations were rapidly established in other countries such as
Canada, (1973) Australia (1974), West Germany (1975) and France (1976).

EPA may be considered as having universal acceptability, when it was accepted in

principle at the United Nations conference on the Human Environment in 972 at
Stockholm, where the ___ framework of modern national and international
environmental policies were laid.

In Nigeria, the new found awareness on environmental quality led to the

establishment of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) in 1988. In
1992, the EPA Decree No. 86 was promulgated solely to give legal backing for the
enforcement of the various policy provisions on the need for studies in the
environmental impact of both public and private sector projects as such projects
are being planned Umeh, L. C. et al (1997). The history of Environmental impact
assessment has been one of the remarkable progresses (sadler, B. 1996.)

1.9 OBJECTIVES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT.

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The substantive proposal of EPA, are twofold, first is to facilitate sound
integrated decision making in which environmental considerations explicit are
included. Secondly, EPA is directed

towards achieving ultimate goals of environmental protection i and sustainable

1.1.0 LEGAL FRAME WORK

With the promulgation of EIA Act of 1992 and the Nigerian Urban and Regional
Planning Act of 1992 amended 1999, it is now mandatory for the proponents of
proposed development projects that are deemed to have significant impacts on
the environment, to prepare and submit Environmental Impact Assessment
Report to Department of Development Control before Building plan approval can
be granted to commence development.

1.1.1 THE CLIENT

It is in compliance with the provisions of the above mentioned legal statutes that
NET CONSTRUCT NIGERIA LIMITED, who intends to build a Housing Estate at
DAKWO District of Phase Ill Abuja, commissioned our firm to prepare an EJ.A.
report on their behalf, so as to meet the partial requirement of Department of

: Development Control of Abuja Metropolitan Management Agency (AMMA) for

Building Plan approval.

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1.1.2 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT

The status of Abuja capital city as a centre for National and International
administration and commercial activities, the increasing demand for residential
accommodation cannot be over emphasized .Even though there are quite number
of public

and private estates in the Federal Capital Territory, these numbers are grossly
inadequate. This Project is likely to give rise to several other interrelated effects
due to its location. However, the location was considered advantageous due to
the following reasons:

1. The demand for more residential accommodation is so high today that existing
ones are not able to cope.

2. This project and similar ones around the area will accelerate the tempo of
physical development of the new Federal Capital City and beyond.

3. The project will to a large extent boost and improve the revenue base of the
FCT, by means of creating employment for the teeming population that comes to
the city in search of greener pastures.

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1.1.3 TERMS OF REFERENCE

We have been mandated by the proponents of the proposed project f undertake

a detailed study of the proposed development Vis a Vis the prevailing
environmental characteristics of the projects location, so as to indicate the
impacts that are anticipated as a result of this development in this specific
location and the totality of the project environment. Specifically, this report will:

a) Present the characteristics and condition of the existing environment in terms

of ifs physical, social economic and aesthetic dimensions; with the view to
providing the

baseline material over which a judgment can be made in respect of the potential
impacts and changes that may affect the environment as a result of this project.

b) Highlight the nature of the project in terms components, services to be

rendered, end-users, and nature of wastes and associated problems.

c) Determine the nature and magnitude of environmental changes attributable to

activities and appraise their impacts on the totality of its environment.

1.1.4 METHODOLOGY STUDY

a. Reconnaissance Survey: A reconnaissance proposed mass housing project was

carried out. Obtain primary/baseline visual impression of determine the relevant
information/data for accuracy of this report owes much to this strategy.

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 Interview: Interviews were held with a cross section of the residents in
the area who are the potential beneficiaries and/or those to be affected by
the proposed development project. In addition, interviews were held with
the management of the proposed project.

Field Data Generation Survey: A study of soil, Water (surface and

underground) and Air quality were carried out to evaluate the baseline
parameters. Such a strategy

helps in drawing appropriate mitigation measures on the identified impacts.

Traffic Survey: Traffic volume on major roads leading to the proposed site
was carried out to determine their capacity to accommodate the expected
increase in traffics volume to the site of proposed housing development.

Site Inspection / Investigation: An initial site inspection was carried out, to

acquaint the consultant with the site.

Site Investigation: This is always required in executing any engineering

structure. The investigation ranged in scope from a simple examination of
the surface soils with or without a trial pits. Also a detailed study of the
ground water conditions to considerable depth below the surface was
examined. Other information obtained from site investigation includes.

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 The general topography of the site as it effects foundation designs and
construction.

The location of buried Services such as electric power and telephone

cables, water mains etc.

Previous history and use of the site including information on any effects or
failure on existing project or structure around the proposed site. And other
information about 1 the geology of the area, such as presence of rock out
crops, flooding, landslide etc.

Baseline parameters survey was conducted taking the dimensions of the site and
observing the immediate environment, noting all the j socio-economics,
residential, commercial and industrial activities going on. This will enable the
consultants to predict the potential I impacts of the proposed project (mass
housing) on the immediate environment.

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Photographs were taken of the proposed site and other places of interests
mentioned earlier within the immediate environment.

Questionnaire was prepared and administered to a selected sample of people to

find out their perception of the impacts of the proposed mass housing on the
immediate and remotest environment. This is in view of the fact that public
opinion is a key factor in decision making during EIA review and approval. Hence
understanding and addressing public concerns help to eliminate or reduce apathy
and conflicts between the people and proponents of the project.

Water sample from the nearby stream and hand dug well were collected and
analyzed. The importance of this is to be able to monitor the surface and
underground water condition during the operational stage of the project life cycle,
so as to compare results and to examine whether there is underground or surface
water pollution as a result of this project. Soil sample1 was also collected to
determine the strength of the soil to withstand the project.

All the information and data collected were analyzed and interpreted. The results
of which were used for impact prediction. And recommendations of the best
practicable mitigation measures.

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Figure 1

THE EIA PROCESS FRAMEWORK

Process Activities Responsibility

Screening Consultant and

Decide project
the authority
environment and
economic viability

Scoping Decide the extent of EIA Consultant and

coverage spatially authority

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 Collection of
relevant/information on
the existing environment

Data Collection Assessment of projects

Analysis and impacts on the Consultation
Reporting environment

Recommended
mitigation

measure
Presentation report

Review Appraisal of EIA report Authority

and
Approval

Monitoring Appraisal of EIA report Developer

And
Authority

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 THE PROJECT

The proposed project is conceived as a comprehensive and all inclusive housing

estate. The entire estate was designed based on the principles of neighborhood
concept; whereby all the community elements and facilities are located within
short walking distances. The design had satisfied all socio - economic, aesthetic
and environmental parameters needed for such estate. It was designed , with a
good view of the surrounding, adequate light and ambient ventilation, The spatial

30
disposition of elements within the proposed estate follows strictly the
administrative unit methods, whereby the various uses and elements are
distinctly placed, bearing in mind their functionality and compatibility.

This arrangement to a large extent fit management convenience, prestige, and

corresponds to the boundaries of maintenance and control, thereby reinforcing
internal communications and safety within the complex. The design also
encourages accessibility and privacy.

2.1 THE PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The proposed project consists of the following;

I.) 89Nos. 3bedroom semi - detached duplexes.

ii.) 22Nos. 3 bedroom bungalows.

iii.) 22Nos. 4bedroom detached duplexes.

iv.) 15 No. Block of 3 bedroom flats.

The structures are designed to enhance convenience, safety and aesthetics.

Adequate provision has been made for light and ventilation.

2.2 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

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The construction of the additional structures is scheduled to commence
immediately after building plan approval has been granted by the relevant
authority. The construction processes are itemized below:

1. Site preparation: this entails clearing and grubbing as well as modeling the
topography to suit the development.

2. Excavation: This entails topsoil stripping, backfill, channeling, and dredging.

3. Foundation: this includes, base course footings, compaction, mats etc.

4. Construction: this includes, hauling, forming. Mortar mixing placing, finishing

etc.

5. Finishing: this consists of: HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air condition)
Electrical plumbing, clean up operations, painting and landscaping. It is important
to stress that sometimes some tasks are to be performed simultaneously.
Materials needed for the construction are to be procured locally, within the FCC
building materials markets which are to be transported to the site by trucks.

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2.3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

Being a residential estate, the proposed project when completed will serve as an
abode for the beneficiaries of the scheme. Therefore, there is greater need for
standby Electric generating plants to supplement the erratic power supply by
PHCN. Generally, the surrounding land uses here are similarly for mass housing
development, with much of the plots being under construction. There is no
reserved forest or identified site of archeological, traditional or cultural interest
within the boundaries of the proposed complex.

2.4 COMPLIANCE WITH PLANNING REGULATIONS

By the provisions of Urban and Regional Planning Act No. 88 of

1992, Development Control Department of AMMA, requires prospective

developers to comply with the provisions of Decree 86 of 1992 on Environment
Impact Assessment. This is stipulated in the guidelines, for Urban Development
Projects. Following these guidelines the following have also been considered:

SETBACKS:

Using the building standards, which are currently in use in FCT, adequate setbacks
have been achieved around the boundary of the property. These setbacks ore
within acceptable limits of the requirements of the Development Control
Department of

AMMA.

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PLOT COVERAGE:

j It is also believed that the percentage of the built up area which is approximately
about 40%, is adequate for this kind of land use when compared with the total
area of the plot (see architects site layout plan for analysis).

AIRSPACE:

The proposed estate is laid out in such a manner that there is adequate
ventilation, light and panoramic view of the general environment.

LANDDUSE ZONING:

This project is for HOUSING ESTATE, as such, falls within the designated use for
this area i.e. RESIDENTIAL AREA , It is therefore in conformity with the
development permit being sought.

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37
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 THE ENVIRONMENT

3.1 THE SITE (Parcel)

LOCATIONAL SETTING:

On the world map, the Federal capital territory lies between latitude 8o 25 and
90 55 North of the equator and longitude 60 45 and 70 39 East of the
Greenwich Meridian.

The site of the of the proposed project (Dakwo) lies precisely between Latitude
90 01and 90 55 North of the equator and longitude 70 24 and 70 25 East of
Greenwich Meridian. This geographically places the site on the southern western
part of the capital city.

. The site covers an area of about 101 .938 hectares. The plot was found to be
ideal for the proposed development based on the following reasons:

i.It is large enough to accommodate the proposed project.

ii. It is in closer proximity to other related residential estates development, thus,

advantages of economy to be derived are enormous.

iii. It offers satisfactory geological and soil conditions, with good subsurface
conditions for construction and landscaping.

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39
40
3.2 MORPHOLOGY

The site has a general elevation of between 204m and 202m above sea level, thus
a relative relief of slightly above 30m. The morphology of the site is dominated by
a relatively gentle undulating flat terrain, which account for 99% of the total area.

3.3 CLIMATOLOGY

The general climatic characteristics of the FCT sub region (compiled over the
years) which is applicable to the project site hove been elaborately described in
the Master Plan by the International Planning Association (IPA). The region is
characterized by a yearly bi-seasonal climatic condition i.e. wet, rainy period and
dry hot period. These two seasons are associated with the South-West monsoon;
a wind blowing from the Atlantic Ocean into the sub region from April to
November is characterized by frequent cloud formation which yields more rainfall
(maximum rainfall) and reduces the mean duration of daily sunshine. The hot dry
period associated with the North-East trade winds emanating from the Sahara
desert, penetrating the sub-region from November to April is characterized by
stronger and more frequent winds, incessant heat, low humidity and low monthly
rainfall.

The temperature of FCT is constantly high throughout the year, with the
maximum range of 28oC recorded between February and April and the minimum
range of 16o-250C recorded between November and January. The doily
temperature

41
42
43
Variation is also highest during the same period, with the temperature as high as
40cC in the afternoon and as low as l6oC at night.

The annual amount of rainfall ranges from 1000-1600mm, with the average of
1400mm per annum, with the maximum monthly rainfall of about 317mm
recorded in August and minimum of 1 mm obtained in December.

The relative humidity is rather high during rainy season, raising everywhere above
50%. During the dry season, the relative falls, especially in the afternoon, to as
low as 20% at higher elevations and 30% in the valleys, the variations of the
relative humidity affect human control. In general the months of December to
April may be regarded as comfortable months, May and June as moderately
comfortable and the other months as warm and humid months.

The major micro-climatic elements within the site is the stream courses,
vegetation cover and the rock outcrop which all have moderating influence on the
climate; providing a more comfortable environment especially during the dry hot
period.

The implication of the above information is that the vegetation cover should be
minimally tempered with in order to reduce the incidences of erosion. And there
is the need to make adequate provision for Air conditioning system to take care of
the hot dry period.

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3.4 DRAINAGE

The site of the proposed project is not drained by any major river; the site is
relatively well drained with no evidence of physical constraint to the proposed
development.

3.5 GEOLOGY AND SOIL

The geology of the site is consistent with the general description given by
previous reports (IFE & ABU), on the geology of the FCT. Thus, the unconsolidated
surficial deposits consist mainly of soporific (decomposed bedrock) and Lateritic
weathered basement rocks with some incidences of alluvial deposits at some
locations.

The alluvial deposits which are mostly located along the stream courses are
usually poor construction materials, but useful in rain fed or irrigational
agriculture. These should therefore be found useful in the design and planning of
Green areas. The vast majority deposits on the site are lateritic in nature and vary
from thin layers near the stream courses to fairly thick layers further a

field. While these lateritic deposits are useful for construction activities, it should
be borne in mind that they are also susceptible to gulling at slightest interference
by wind or rain.

3.6 VEGETATION

47
The vegetation cover of the project site and the entire environment is typical of
park savannah, characterized by scattered, average height deciduous trees, tall
grasses, interspersed with riparian vegetation along the stream courses.

The vegetation cover provides a pleasant, open but partially shaded environment
which does not present hindrance to development, as it is easier to clear.

3.7 CHARACTER OF THE ENVIRONMENT

On the average, the area is gradually being developed, with the presence of mass
housing schemes project and other private residential development etc. both
vehicular and pedestrian traffic are on the increase.

The fact that the site is relatively flat means that there is no gradient which can
easily be exploited by runoff water, however, sheet erosion can easily set in if the
available vegetation is entirely removed for constructions purposes.

The area receives an annual rainfall of about 45m, which is, distributed over nine
months of the year beginning from March and ending in November. The greater
part of this rain falls in the month of May, June and August in which torrential
downpours is being experienced.

Compared to the rainfall, the effect of the radiation received in this vicinity is less
noticeable. However, at certain times of the year, the prevailing sunshine and
even the average daily temperatures, which may be up to 78oC, could become
uncomfortable. In such circumstances, the existence of trees may, therefore,
become useful as they provided shades and reduce wind speeds over the area.

48
3.8 THE ENVIRONMENT WITHOUT THE PROJECT

It is difficult to speculate what the environment would continue to look like

without this project, since the totality of an environment is a dynamic process.
However, using trends in interpolation procedures, some likely possibilities were
identified as follows:

Considering the absence of infrastructural facilities, it is likely that even if the land
were not to be used for this project, it would have remained as cultivable land for
farming.

49
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION AND

CHARACTERIZATIONS

The proposed estate project will have both positive and negative impacts on the
environment. In this section, we evaluate the likely physical, social and economic
effects of the proposed project. The approach is necessary to determine the
socio-economic and environmental viability of the proposed projects as well as to
recommend possible preventive control measures to mitigate any negative
impact that may be identified.

The following is the checklist of the components to be examined:

a. Land/vegetation and fauna

b. Traffic
c. Water
d. Air
e. Socio-economic
f. Aesthetic

50
g. Health
h. Spatial
4.1 Impact on Land/Vegetation/Fauna

Undoubtedly, this set of components is the most seriously affected by the

proposed project, since land is the platform for all activities and development that
will take place on the site. The proposed project will have impacts on
land/vegetation/fauna in three ways.

a. Removal of topsoil, vegetation and fauna: The proposed development will

necessitate (at the initial stage) site clearance, leveling and excavation. This
will definitely affect the vegetative cover and the topsoil. In addition, during
construction, foundation will be dug (excavation). The same happens
during construction of drainage, laying of water pipes, electricity and
telephone lines. These operations will affect the environment in diverse
ways.

Site clearance will result in the removal of both vegetation cover and
topsoil, whilst excavation and construction of facilities, utilities lines will
subvert local ecosystem. The soil structure and some soil micro-organism
will be altered and destroyed respectively. However, the negative effects of
soil erosion could be controlled, by felling trees and clearing grasses where
necessary, while leveling and excavation are carried within few days.

51
 b. Ground vibration and noise pollution: At pre construction stage site
clearance, leveling and excavation will involve the use of heavy machineries
and plant like D8 Bulldozers. This will cause some level of ground vibration
and noise pollution. During construction, the sound of equipment like
concrete mixers, dumpers, Block moulders, generator plants and the
labourers could all sources of noise, however this unavoidable and is not
considered as nuisance since it is less than 68

dBs. During the operational stage, the principal source of noise pollution in the
proposed estate could be the electricity generator plant servicing the estate,
when there is power failure which is a common phenomenon in Nigeria. The
impact of the vibration and noise during the site clearance will be negligible and
short lived, since the activity will only last for 4-5days.

c. Solid Waste Generation: Apart from the initial physical changes in ground
condition through land preparation and construction activities, improper and
inefficient disposal of solid waste method often becomes a source of land
pollution. Solid waste from this type of development have been found to be
about 80% garbage which could be recycled ,16% mixed refuse and 4% papers.
Using the Onibokun (1989) waste generation standard of 0.40
0.60kg/day/square metres of commercial floor space, it is estimated that an

52
average of 10.2kg of Solid waste will be generated per day in the proposed
project.

For effective management of such solid waste form the project, it is

recommended that the management of the proposed estate should engage the
services of private contractor for collection and disposal of such waste at the
government designated site. It is hereby recommended that the management of
the proposed estate should liase with

AEPB for the selection of capable contractor to carry out the work. Refuse bins
should be provided at strategic locations within the estate for effective solid
waste management.

Table 1: SOIL SAMPLES ANALYTICAL RESULT

Parameters Soil Sample 1 (within the site

Water Holding Capacity 21%
Base saturation 38%
Porosity 4.9%
Phosphorus (mg/kg) 2.10%

53
 pH 7.72%
Color Brown
Texture Coarse
THC 3.33
Moisture Content 21%
Organic Matter (mg/kg) 0.09%
Oil$ grease (mg/kg) 3.99%
Soil type Laterite

All parameters are in mg/kg except otherwise stated

4.2 Impact on water

There are two sources of liquid wastes associated within the proposed estate
project.

a. Domestic use of water: The proposed project will generate liquid waste
from toilets and showers in the bathrooms and other domestic use of water
in the estate. Using the United Nations standard of 0.5 cubic meters per
capital per day indicate that an average of 4 cubic meters per day will be
generate through these Sources. Waste water from these sources will be
disposed of through the central sewer lines which shall be provided in the
district.

54
 b. Water pollution: Detailed site investigations have revealed that there is no
nearby stream that this project could affect negatively. However, the
project site being located within the Savannah region with annual rainfall of
200 300 centimeters will definitely generate heavy storm wafer, which
may transport both organic and inorganic substances to the nearest stream
or rivers.

Table 2: WELL WATER ANALYSIS RESULT

S/N Parameters Sample 1(5maway)

1 (A) PHYSICAL TEST
2 Phenol 0.01
3 pH 7.67
4 Temperature 33oC
5 Conductivity 0.19ms/cm
6 TSS 2.00
7 THC 0.01
8 DO 3.98

Turbidity 3.90

( B )CHEMICAL TEST

1. Chromium 0.00

2. Cadmium 0.01

3. Lead 0.00
55
4 Nitrate 0.12

( C )ORGANIC

1 BODs at 20oC 4.98

2 COD 5.11

3 Oil & Grease 0.02

( D) BIOLOGICAL

1 Total Coliforms 0.00

Source: Lab. Water Analysis

All results are in mg/I except otherwise stated.
Key: ND - Not Detected
NS - No Specification
STD - Standard
NA - Not Applicable

4.3 Impact on Air

The prevailing air condition may be disturbed during site clearance by raising dust
and particulate. This may affect the adjoining properties, however this may be
short lived, since it is not long lasting. It is hereby recommended that the site
should be wetted during site clearance.

Table 3: AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT

Location H2S CO NO2 C12 Dust HCN HCN S02

100 11.4 500 NS NS NS 600 830
Mg/m Mg/m Mg/m Mg/m Mg/m Mg/m Mg/m Mg/m
56
 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

BACKGROUND 0.00 0.001 0.00 0.00 0.001 0.00 0.00 0.00

Within the site 0.0 0.001 0.02 0.01 0.001 0.00 0.00 0.00

Source: Field Work Using Field Equipment

All results ore in rrg/m3 except otherwise stated.
NS - No Specification
4.4 Socio-Economic Impact

The proposed project will definitely have wide range socio-economic impacts. It is
the area that the project is likely to have beneficial effects. These are summarized
as follows:

Opportunities for additional Housing stocks: The proposed project will provide
a. Opportunity for getting additional housing stocks to meet the increasing
demand which will be easily available for different income groups in the FCC and
beyond. This will to a large extent satisfy the housing demand within and outside
the District.

c. Employment Opportunities: The proposed project will provide

employment opportunities to many people. These are to be employed as
Masons, laborers. Technicians, Architects, Engineers, cleaners, Artisans and
gardeners, It is estimate that
d. about one hundred and fifty persons will be employed during construction
and when the project becomes operational. These people will earn income,
which they will use to improve their living standard and other relations.
57
 They will pay taxes (PAYE) to the government and this will constitute a
source of revenue to the government.
e. c. Wide Economic spin-offs: Employees expenditure on goods and services
will have both local and broader economic multiplier effects.
f. d. Impact on the status of the locality: The proposed estate project will
have symbolic significance for Dakwo District. It will introduce
developmental elements into the area and this will enhance the status of
the neighbourhood.
g. 4.5 Spatial Impact
h. The proposed project will conform to the existing development in the area,
which is predominantly mass housing. During project construction, various
categories of workers would commute from various parts of Abuja/FCT for
short-term contracts.
i. 4.6 Traffic Impact
The proposed development is to be located along the corridor of Ring road
II, which has cleared and demarcated, the expected traffic on this road will
not exceed the road capacity. This is because survey conducted in similar
areas has shown that traffic on this type of road do not exceeded its design
capacity of 700CPU per hour even during peak hours of 7.OOam and
8.OOa.m in the morning and between

CHAPTER FIVE

58
5.0 PROJECT SCORING METHOD
5.1 Rating of Project Impacts
The assessment of the identified impacts on the immediate and the remote
environment is an important issue in the HA process. It tries to bring out clearly
the magnitude of impacts of the proposed project whether they are significant or
not. This will make it possible to recommend practicable mitigation measures on
those impacts that are significant.
For the purpose of this assessment the check list (scoring method) is adopted which
has the basic principles of leopards matrix and the advantage of flexibility and
easy understanding by both professional and non-professionals alike. Therefore,
the assessment of impact will be on the basis of listing and scoring the variables
discussed in the report so at to provide objective evaluation of the environmental
impact (see tables 4 & 5 below).
Table 4: Scoring and Rating Scale
S/No
-
Type of impact Score

Very negative impact 0

1.

2. Negative impact 1 -4
No impact or neutral 5-9
3. -

4. Average positive impact 10-14

5. Moderate positive impact 15-19

6. Outstanding positive impact 20+

5.2 Rating Scale

The following rating is used for the project to determine the level of acceptability.
Below 40% project is not acceptable or environmentally unfit, 4 1-59% project
requires critical consideration and if accepted for implementation, necessary
precautions are required. 60% and above, project is environmentally fit and is
therefore acceptable for implementation.
59
Based on the above scoring and rating scale guideline, the analysis/assessment of the
proposal is scored thus:-

Table 5: Scoring of Subject Environmental Impact

Actual score (Total

Maximum score (Total
Observed Impact Score)
S/NO Impact Expected Impact Score)
(TEIS)
(lOIS)

1. Land/Vegetation 25 15

2. Human Health 25 - 18

3. Water Quality 25 20

4. Noise Level 20 15

5. Traffic movement 20

6. Social conflict 15 13

1. Socio-economic - 15 14

8. Aesthetics 20 18

9. Air quality 25 23

10. Spatial 10 19

Total 200 160

5.3 Rating
The rating of the environmental impact is shown thus:
Maximum percentage score 100% -

Maximum score obtainable 200% -

Actual total score

TOIS/TEIS x 100/1
Workings 160/200 x 100 /1=80%

60
 CHAPTER SIX

6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION MEASURES

The assessment shows that the project will have both positive and negative
impacts. However, there are few issues if not properly handled could lead to
future negative effect.

The consultant therefore recommended as follows:

a. The major source of air pollution in the proposed project is dust during site
clearance. Therefore, the site should wet immediately after clearance.

b. Effluents should not be released into open drains and streams, but treated
properly before being discharged.

c. Solid waste should be segregated based on the criteria of recycling/reuse of

properties, non-reusable wastes should be disposed of properly in the Municipal
land fill, while materials that have no other useful properties and are toxic to the
environment should be incinerated properly.

d. The estate management should maintain proper housekeeping vigilance to

create safer environment.

e. Department of Development control and AEPB should monitor all buildings to

ascertain their conformity to Environmental standards with respect to structural
and public health requirements.

61
f. Fire extinguishers and alarm system must be installed at strategic locations
within the estate and the residents must be trained on their uses and
applications. They should also be trained on the application of other personal and
environmental safety measures.

6.1 Contingency plan

Planning is helpful in prevention of mistakes and the alleviation of consequences

of accidents. Although under normal circumstances no one wishes for an accident
to occur but it is good to plan against the occurrence of the unexpected. The
means and provision to avoid unexpected accidents and to manage them
effectively if they occur, include proper awareness and the ability to implement
an emergency plan.

6.2 Areas of Emergency

Possible sources of the fire outbreak at the project site include but not limited to
the following:

Houses.
Kitchen.
Generator house.
Vehicles

6.3 Emergency Response Procedure

62
The management of the estate will provide a well defined procedure for dealing
with an emergency thus:

Activate already installed emergency alarm.

Evacuate all people from the area of danger.
Deploy the fire extinguishers.
Take note and record source of the emergency.
Record all loses.
Take note of areas of flaws in the procedure and effect corrections against
future occurrence

6.4 Emergency plans

The emergency plan must make assumptions on the nature of the emergency. In
this case the most likely emergencies are Fire outbreak.

Therefore the project proponents must do the following:

Place appropriate fire extinguishers at strategic locations, along the vehicle

service areas.
Train all residents and the estate management staff on the deployment of
emergency appliances, so that in case of an emergency any person can
initiate the emergency response. The Principal Manager or his assistant
must be on hand to give proper directives.
Install a central emergency alarm system within the complex with switches
strategically located and within easy reach.
63
 Place warning signs and emergency exits where practicable at strategic
places and at eye level, at the station.
Projects proponents to establish effective channels of communication with
the relevant fire fighting agencies as well as

any other public or private agency from where support can be obtained in the
case of emergency.

Management must provide adequate funds for emergency for the effective
implementation of the emergency plan.

6.5 The Emergency Response

In responding to an emergency, the following must be taken into consideration:

Life saving should take priority over all other aspects of the e ri erg en c y.
Initial response must address those basic requirement measures
For:
- Saving Life
- Reducing or avoiding injuries,
- Giving immediate warnings,
- Mitigate initial consequences,
- Call for additional resources as required.

6.6 Mitigation Measures:

Activities for the development and operations of the estate hove certain risks and
hazard for instance, accidents can occur during site clearance and construction, to
the site workers in terms of physical deformation by heavy machine or
environmental health risk through pollution of air quality etc. As a result,
measures must he put in place to ensure safety of life, properly and the
environment at all activity stages. Workers including temporally staff must be
64
informed of the potentials risks of the activity at all stage. Where necessary, signs
must Be boldly written and strategically placed to constantly remind workers and
residents. Workers must be provided with safety materials such as hand gloves,
nose mask etc. when necessary. Fire hydrants and sand buckets be strategically
located and adequately provided.

Permanent workers must be well trained on fire fighting etc. if these are strictly
complied with, the safety of the site will be ensured.

Table 6: Mitigation Measure

Impact Causative Agent Mitigation option

No contingency
Dust Site clearance, foundation and
trenches for laying of
underground tanks
Solid wastes which include, Site clearance and construction
garbage, tree, shrubs, grasses, activities
rubbish, soil, construction
materials etc
Fumes, smokes and volatile Operations from the generator
hydrocarbons
Noise Site clearance, construction and
operations.
Water pollution Organic and inorganic
substances washed off and
transported by storm water to
surface water bodies.
General safety of the workers Fire incident etc.
and environment
Develop a well written contingency plan and
emergency response procedure.
Conduct activity during wet season.
Use of manual labour instead of heavy plants.
Proper arrangement for soil waste collection and
disposed by refuse contractor. Disposal must be in
accordance with AEPB regulations.
Install a brand new smokeless generator and ensure
regular maintenance to avoid smoke and fumes.
Avoid heavy and noisy plants, equipments, use
noiseless generator. Where these are inevitable, noise
level must be less than 80 dBA and exposure period
must be less than 8 hours if noise level is up to 80
dBA. Earplugs to be provided to site workers and
management to ensure full usage
Provide fire extinguisher and train all permanent staff
and security o how to use them. Provide sand basket
for emergency cases. Prepare a contingency plan and
emergency response procedure in accordance with
AEPB guidelines.

65
 CHAPTER SEVEN

7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

Environmental management plan is a document prepared by the management

through an environmental expert/professional. Which examines all the necessary
environmental issues throughout the project life cycle and provide solutions for
implementation? It involves issues on sanitation. Waste management, safety,
training etc. The EMP is most importantly a guide for the management on their
environmental responsibilities. The plan is reviewed annually or biannually
depending on the complexity of the process.

7.1 PROJECT UFECYCLE AND EMP

The project life span is supposed to be Ninety- nine years (99 years). Because the
Certificate of occupancy granted is for a period of 99 years by the FCTA. Although
there is the possibility for re-grant after the expiration of the title, ninety nine
years are therefore taken as the normal life span. Out of these tenancy years,
between one to two years will be used for acquisition of land, certification,
obtaining necessary approvals and construction, whilst the operation proper can
take up to 90- 96 years, the remaining one year is allowed for decommissioning of
the project.

66
Figure 2 Schematics of Project Life Cycle

2 3 years
Acquisition, certificate
approval and construction

Project commissioning,
project operation and
Maintenance

Re-grant for
same activity 1- 2

Decommissioning

Procedures and
Implementation

7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN REQUIREMENTS

Projects Proponent shall create a healthy working environment and encourage

individuals to protect their own health.

Protests Proponent must ensure that workers shall prevent all accidents that
might arise as a consequence of their activities.

Projects Proponent shall recognize the responsibility to protect [he environment

in order that the future well being of society is safeguarded.

67
Projects Proponent shall carryout his activities in such a way that Health, Safety
and environmental objectives ore demonstrated to be of equal importance as
other business objectives.

Projects Proponent is required to apply Health, Safety and Environmental

standards and levels of performance, which ore fully compatible with those of
AEPB and shall measure Health, Safety and Environmental performance against
the best available standards. Projects Proponent shall develop contingency
measures to minimize the consequence of any accident.

Projects Proponent shall ensure that all personnel possess the Formal
qualifications needed to Cary out the WORK or SERVICES. Formal qualifications
may include e.g. requirements for formal education, experience, and membership
of recognized institutions, vocational qualifications (e.g. heavy machinery
operation, driving licenses etc). Projects Proponent shall ensure that all persons
working in the estate are competent in the use of fire extinguishers and
competent in First

Projects Proponent shall supply AEPB on Quarterly basis their environmental

performance indicators such as incident statistics, Water and Air Quality
test/measurement etc.

Projects Proponent shall also publicize the same performance indicators to its
own personnel.

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7.3 CONCLUSION

In general, the project is worth undertaken in view of the fact that its positive
effect will outweigh its negative effects on the environment site. However, in
conclusion, AEPB should monitor the project to ensure complete adherence to
the planning and environmental matters stipulated in the approval letter both
before and during the operational stage of the project.

69