Operational Amplifiers Basics, Characteristics, Types and Applications

8/8/2017 Operational Amplifiers Basics, Characteristics, Types and Applications
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Operational Amplifiers
by Tarun Agarwal | at ELECTRONICS
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What are Operational Amplifiers?

Operational amplifiers are the basic building blocks of Analogue electronic circuits. They are linear dev
properties of a DC amplifier. We can use external resistors or capacitors to the Op Amp is many different w
them different forms of amplifies such as Inverting amplifier, Non inverting amplifier, Voltage follower,
Differential amplifier, Summing amplifier, Integrator etc. OPAMPs may be single, dual, quad etc. OPAMPs l
CA3140, TL0 71, LM311 etc have excellent performance with very low input current and voltage. The ideal O
three important terminals in addition to other terminals. The input terminals are Inverting input and Non inv
The third terminal is the output which can sink and source current and voltage. The output signal is the am
multiplied by the value of the input signal.
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Circuit Diagram
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5 Ideal characters of an Op Amp:

1. Open Loop gain
Open loop gain is the gain of the Op Amp without a positive or negative feedback. An ideal OP Amp sho
infinite open loop gain but typically it range between 20,000 and 2, 00000.
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2. Input impedance
It is the ratio of the input voltage to input current. It should be infinite without any leakage of current from t
the inputs. But there will be a few Pico ampere current leakages in most Op Amps.
3. Output impedance
The ideal Op Amp should have zero output impedance without any internal resistance. So that it can suppl
to the load connected to the output.
4. Band width
The ideal Op Amp should have an infinite frequency response so that it can amplify any frequency from D
the highest AC frequencies. But most Op Amps have limited bandwidth.
5. Offset
The output of the Op Amp should be zero when the voltage difference between the inputs is zero. But in mos
the output will not be zero when off but there will be a minute voltage from it.
OPAMP Pin Configuration:
In a typical Op Amp there will be 8 pins. These are
Pin1 Offset Null
Pin2 Inverting input INV
Pin3 Non inverting input Non-INV
Pin4 Ground- Negative supply
Pin5 Offset Null
Pin6 Output
Pin7 Positive supply
Pin8 Strobe
4 types of gain in OPAMPs:

Voltage gain Voltage in and voltage out
Current gain Current in and Current out
Transconductance Voltage in and Current out
Trans resistance Current in and voltage out
Working of an Operational Amplifier:

Here we used an operational amplifier of LM358. Usually a non-inverting input has to be given to a bias
inverting input is the real amplifier; connected this to a feedback of 60k resister from output to the input. An
10k is connected in series with a capacitor and a supply of 1V sine wave is given to the circuit, now we w
gain will be governed by R2/R1=60k/10k=6 gain, then the output is 6V. If we change the gain by 40 then the
of sine wave.
Video on Working of Operational Amplifier
Normally, it is a dual power supply amplifier, it easily configured to a single power supply by the use o
network. In this, resister R3 and R4 place a voltage of half of the supply voltage across the non-inverting
causes the output voltage to also be half of the supply voltage forming a sort of bias voltage resisters R3 an
any value from 1k to 100k but in all cases they should be equal. An additional, 1 F capacitor has been added
inverting input to reduce noise caused by the configuration. The use of coupling capacitors for input a
required for this configuration.
3 OPAMP applications:
1. Amplification
The amplified output signal from the Op Amp is the difference between the two input signals.
The diagram shown above is the Op Amp simple connection. If both the inputs are supplied with the same
Op Amp will then takes the difference between the two voltages and it will be 0. The Op Amp will multiply
gain 1,000,000 so the output voltage is 0. When 2 volts is given to one input and 1 volt in the other, then
will takes its difference and multiply with the gain. That is 1 volt x 1,000,000. But this gain is very high so to
gain, feedback from the output to the input is usually done through a resistor.
Inverting Amplifier:
The circuit shown above is an inverting amplifier with the Non inverting input connected to the ground. Two
and R2 are connected in the circuit in such a fashion that R1 feeds the input signal while R2 returns the o
Inverting input. Here when the input signal is positive the output will be negative and vice versa. The voltag
the output relative to the input depends on the ratio of the resistors R1 and R2. R1 is selected as 1K and R
the input receives 1 volt, then there will be 1 mA current through R1 and the output will have to become
order to supply 1 mA current through R2 and to maintain zero voltage at the Inverting input. Therefore the
is R2/R1. That is 10K/1K = 10
Non-inverting Amplifier:
The circuit shown above is a Non inverting amplifier. Here the Non inverting input receives the signal while t
input is connected between R2 and R1. When the input signal moves either positive or negative, the outp
phase and keeps the voltage at the inverting input same as that of Non inverting input. The voltage gain in t
be always higher than 1 so (1+R2/R1).
2. Voltage Follower
The circuit above is a voltage follower. Here it provides high input impedance, low output impedance .Wh
voltage changes, the output and the inverting input will change equally.
3. Comparator
Operational amplifier compares the voltage applied at one input to the voltage applied at the other input. An
between the voltages ever if it is small drives the op-amp into saturation. When the voltages supplied to bo
are of the same magnitude and the same polarity, then the op-amp output is 0Volts.
A comparator produces limited output voltages which can easily interface with digital logic, even though
needs to be verified.
Video on Operational Amplifier as a Comparator Circuit Diagram
Here we have an op-amp used as a comparator with the inverting and non-inverting terminals and conn
potential divider and meter to them and a voltmeter at the output and LED to the output. The basic
comparator is that when+ is more than the then the output is high (one), otherwise output is zero. When
on the negative input is the below the reference voltage, the output is high and when the negative input goe
voltage on the positive, the output goes to low.
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3 Requirements for OPAMPs:

1. Offset Nulling
Most of the OPAMP has an Offset voltage at the output even if the input voltages are same. To make the ou
voltage, the offset nulling method is used. In most Op-Amps there is a small offset because of their inher
and results from the mismatches in the input bias arrangement. So a small output voltage is available at t
some Op-amps even if the input signal is zero. This drawback can be rectified by providing a small offset vo
inputs. This is known as the Input Offset voltage. To remove or Null the Offset, most Op-Amps have two pin
the offset nulling. For this, a Pot or Preset with a typical value of 100K should be connected between the p
with its Wiper to the ground. By adjusting the preset, output can be set at Zero voltage.
2. Strobing or Phase compensation
Op-Amps may become unstable sometimes and to make them stable for the entire frequency bands a Ca
connected between its Strobe pin 8 and pin1. Usually a 47pF disc capacitor is added for phase compensa
the OpAmp will remain stable. This is most important if the OpAmp is used as a sensitive Amplifier.
3. Feedback
As you know, the Op-Amp has very high level of amplification typically around 1,000,00 times. Suppose
has 10,000 gain, then the Op-Amp will amplify the difference of voltage in its Non inverting input ( V+) a
input ( V-). So the output voltage V out is
10,000 x (V+ V- )
In the diagram, the signal is applied to the Non inverting input and in Inverting input is connected to the outp
V in and V- = Vout. Therefore Vout = 10,000 x (Vin Vout). Hence the output voltage is almost equal
voltage.
Now let us see how the Feedback works. Simply adding a resistor between the inverting input and the outpu
the gain considerably. By taking a fraction of the output voltage to the inverting input can reduce the a
considerably.
As per the earlier equation, V out = 10,000 x ( V+ V-). But here a feedback resistor is added. So Here V+ i
is R1.R1+R2 x V out. Therefore V out is 10,000 x ( Vin R1.R1+R2xVout). So V out = R1+R2.R1x Vin
Negative Feedback:
Here the output of the Op-Amp is connected to its Inverting ( ) input, thus the output is fed back to the in
reach an equilibrium. Thus the input signal at the Non Inverting (+) input will be reflected at the output. The O
the negative feedback will drive its output to level necessary and hence the voltage difference between its i
non inverting inputs will be almost zero.
Positive Feedback:
Here the output voltage is fed back to the Non inverting (+) input. The input signal is fed to the Inverting inpu
feedback design, if the Inverting input is connected to ground, then the output voltage from the Op-amp will
the magnitude and polarity of voltage at the Non inverting input. When the input voltage is positive, then t
the Op-Amp will be positive and this positive voltage will be fed to the Non inverting input resulting in a
output. If the input voltage is negative, then the condition will be reversed.
An Application of Operational Amplifiers Audio Preamplifier

Filters and pre-amplifiers:
Power amplifiers will come after the pre-amplifiers and before the speakers. Modern CD and DVD players
pre-amplifiers. They need volume control and source selectors. By using switching controls and passive vol
avoid pre-amplifiers.
Let us have a brief about Audio power amplifiers
The power amplifier is a component that can drive the loud speakers by converting the low-level signal into
The job of power amplifiers is producing relatively high voltage and high current. Commonly the range of vo
in between 20 to 30. The power amplifiers are having very low output resistance.
Specifications of Audio Power Amplifier
Maximum output power:
The output voltage is independent of load, for both small and large signals. The given voltage applied to
twice the amount of current. Hence twice the amount of power will be delivered. The power rating is the
average sine wave power such that the power can be measured by employing a sine wave whose RM
measured on long term basis.
Frequency response:
The frequency response must extend full audio band 20 Hz to 20 KHz. The tolerance to the frequency
3db. The conventional way of specifying the bandwidth is an amplifier is down by 3db from the nominal 0db
Noise:
The power amplifiers should produce low noise when the power amplifiers are using with high frequencies
parameter may be weighted or un-weighted. Un-weighted noise will be specified over 20 KHz-bandwidth. B
ears sensitivity weighted noise specification will be taken into consideration. The weighted noise measurem
attenuate the noise at higher frequencies hence weighted noise measurement is quite better than un-we
measurement.
Distortion:
Total harmonic distortion is the common distortion usually specified at different frequencies. This will be sp
power level which is given with the power amplifier driving load impedance.
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8/8/2017 Operational Amplifiers Basics, Characteristics, Types and Applications

HOME PROJECT IDEAS POPULAR PROJECTS ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS

Expert Outreach Communication Giveaways IC Infographics Projects

Start your rst Virtual Machine

What are Operational Amplifiers?

Motor Controller Circuit

5 Ideal characters of an Op Amp:

OPAMP Pin Configuration:

In a typical Op Amp there will be 8 pins. These are

Pin1 Offset Null

Pin2 Inverting input INV

Pin3 Non inverting input Non-INV

Pin4 Ground- Negative supply

Pin5 Offset Null

Pin7 Positive supply

4 types of gain in OPAMPs:

Current gain Current in and Current out

Transconductance Voltage in and Current out

Trans resistance Current in and voltage out

Working of an Operational Amplifier:

Video on Working of Operational Amplifier

Video on Operational Amplifier as a Comparator Circuit Diagram

Lower your cloud costs.

3 Requirements for OPAMPs:

2. Strobing or Phase compensation

An Application of Operational Amplifiers Audio Preamplifier

Let us have a brief about Audio power amplifiers

Specifications of Audio Power Amplifier

Maximum output power:

Measuring systems The IC 741 Op-Amp Common Mode Different Types

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CATEGORIES RECENT COMMENTS

Home Tarun Agarwal on Best Electrical Projects Ideas

Electrical Tarun Agarwal on Types of Watt-Hour Meters

Copyright 2015 All Rights Reserved.

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