Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Apparatus Required:Gunn power supply, Klystron power supply, SWR meter, Reflex klystron,
klystron mount, Isolator, Attenuator, Direct reading frequency meter, Slotted section, Tunable probe,
Matched termination, Moveable short, Detector mount, S.S. tuner, Directional coupler, E- plane tee,
H- plane tee, Magic tee, Circulator etc.
Theory:
Technical Specifications
Display : LCD (16 X 2)
Voltage Range : 0 to 10V
Current : 750 mA maximum
Stability : 0.1 % for + 10% mains variation
Ripple : 1.0 mV typical
Mode Select : Continuous wave
Internal Modulation (Square wave output)
Audio Modulation
PC data Modulation
Int. Modulating Frequency: 800 to 1200 Hz
Int. Modulating Voltage : 0 - 10 Vpp variable
Output Connector : BNC for Gunn Bias
PC-Interface : RS232
Dimension (mm) : 273 x 197 x 80
Switch Description
Klystron Power Supply, is a state-of the-art solid-state, regulated Power Supply for
operating low power Klystrons such as 2K25.
It incorporates a number of proprietary features:
1. Regulated Beam Supply and Repeller Supply voltages.
2. LED Digital metering for Beam voltage, current and Repeller voltage.
3. Compact and Reliable.
4. Modular construction for easy maintenance.
Technical Specifications
Beam Supply : Voltage: 240 - 420 VDC, Variable
Current: 50 mA
Regulation: 0.5 % for 10% I/P variation
Ripple:< 5m Vrms
Repeller Supply : -18V to -270V DC Variable
Regulation : 0.25%, for 10% I/P variation
Filament Supply : 6.3 VDC (adjustable on rear panel)
Over-Load Trip Current : 65mA
Modulation : AM (Square) FM (Saw-tooth)
Frequency Range 500-2000 HZ 50-150 Hz
Amplitude 0-110 Vpp 0-60 Vpp
External : For External Modulating Signal
Display : Digital display for
1. Beam voltage 2. Beam Current 3. Repelled voltage
Modulation Selector : CW/AM/FM/EXT
3 Digital Panel meter : 2V
Meter Selector : Beam Voltage (V)/ Current (I)/ Rep. (Repeller)
Connectors : a. 8-Pin Octal Socket
b. BNC for External Modulation
Power Supply : 230 V AC 10%, 50Hz
Dimensions (mm) : 345 x 283 x 153
2. FM O/P: For observing saw tooth signal which is used for FM.
3. Heater adjusts: After unsealing the cap we can change the heater
supply.
The model NV 103A SWR meter is a high gain low noise, tuned voltmeter
operating at fixed frequency. It is designed for making standing wave
measurement in conjunction with a suitable detector and slotted line or wave
guide section. It may be used as null detector in bridge circuit and as fixed
frequency indicator. It is calibrated to indicate directly SWR or dB when used
with square law devices such as crystal diode. It is adjusted for operation at
980Hz to 1020 Hz to avoid harmonics of the line frequency.
Technical Specifications
3. Mode select: This switch is given to select different modes of SWR meter.
Modes are:
Normal: In this mode the 1 KHz square wave detected output is given to input of SWR
meter. All the measurement of gain and SWR should be measure in this mode.
Audio: Select this mode if the input of pin modulator is a audio signal.
PC: Select this mode if the input of PIN modulator is PC data.
(This mode can be used only with Gunn based bench)
4. Crystal : It is an input impedance selector switch for low and high inputs i.e.
High 200K- Low 200.
5. SWR/dB: This switch provided to select display modes either it reads in dB power or
SWR of device.
6. Input: BNC (Female) connector for connecting signal to be measured.
7. Range Switch: A seven position attenuator minimum in 10 dB steps.
8. Gain Coarse: Control for adjustments of meter or any other convenient reading.
Gain Fine: Control for fine adjustments of meter or any other convenient reading.
9. LCD display in SWR &dB: LCD display, for measuring SWR and gain.
1. Signal Source :
The signal source should cover the desired frequency range and be amplitude
modulated at operating frequency of the SWR meter. Generally square wave
modulation is used which reduces to a minimum the effects of harmonic and
frequency modulation. In any application, it is necessary to minimize interaction
between the oscillator and the load. In these cases, an isolation device should be
used.
2. Cables or waveguides :
The cable or the wave guide used for connecting the source to a slotted match
the source impendence over the desired frequency range.
3. Slotted Section :
The slotted section should cover the desired frequency and be equipped with an
accurate scale or indicator.
4. Detector :
5. Known loads :
Various termination are required (i.e. a fixed and a movable short circuit) to
establish reference points and to aid in calibrating the test setup.
Apparatus Required:
1. Klystron tube
2. Klystron power supply
3. Klystron mount
4. Isolator
5. Frequency meter
6. Variable attenuator
7. Slotted section
8. Tunable probe
9. VSWR meter
10. Wave guide stand
11. Movable Short
12. Matched termination
Theory:
The cut-off frequency relationship shows that the physical size of the wave guide
will determine the propagation of the particular modes of specific orders
determined by values of m and n. The minimum cut-off frequency is obtained for
a rectangular wave guide having dimension a>b, for values of m=1, n=0, i.e. TE 10
mode is the dominant mode since for TMmn modes, n#0 or n#0 the lowest-order
mode possible is TE10, called the dominant mode in a rectangular wave guide for
a>b.
For dominant TE10 mode rectangular wave guide o, g and c are related
as below.
1/o = 1/g + 1/c
Procedure:
4. Switch ON the klystron power supply, CRO and cooling fan switch.
5. Switch ON the beam voltage switch and set beam voltage at 300V with help
of beam voltage knob.
c 1 1
f 2 2
g c
Where C = 3x108 meter/sec. i.e. velocity of light.
17. Verify with frequency obtained by frequency modes
18. Above experiment can be verified at different frequencies.
fo = C/o => C => 3x108 m/s (i.e., velocity of light)
Apparatus Required:
1. Klystron tube
2. Klystron power supply
3. VSWR meter
4. Klystron mount
5. Isolator
6. Frequency meter
7. Variable attenuator
8. Slotted line
9. Wave guide stand
10. Movable short/termination
11. BNC Cable
12. S-S Tuner
Theory:
Any mismatched load leads to reflected waves resulting in standing waves along
the length of the line. The ratio of maximum to minimum voltage gives the
VSWR. Hence minimum value of S is unity. If S<10 then VSWR is called low
VSWR. If S>10 then VSWR is called high VSWR. The VSWR values more
than 10 are very easily measured with this setup. It can be read off directly on the
VSWR meter calibrated. The measurement involves simply adjusting the
attenuator to give an adequate reading on the meter which is a D.C. mill volt
meter. The probe on the slotted wave guide is moved t get maximum reading on
the meter. The attenuation is now adjusted to get full scale reading. Next the
probe on the slotted line is adjusted to get minimum, reading on the meter. The
Procedure:
1. Set up equipment as shown in figure.
2. Keep variable attenuator in minimum attenuation position.
3. Keep control knobs of VSWR meter as below
Range dB = 40db / 50db
Input switch = low impedance
Meter switch = Normal
Gain (coarse fine) = Mid position approximately
4. Keep control knobs of klystron power supply as below.
Beam Voltage = OFF
Mod-Switch = AM
1. Move the probe along the slotted line to get maximum deflection in VSWR
meter.
2. Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob or variable attenuator until the
meter indicates 1.0 on normal VSWR scale.
3. Keep all control knob as it is move the probe to next minimum position.
Read the VSWR on scale.
4. Repeat the above step for change of S-S tuner probe depth and record the
corresponding SWR.
5. If the VSWR is between 3.2 and 10, change the range 0dB switch to next
higher position and read the VSWR on second VSWR scale of 3 to 10.
1. Set the depth of S-S tuner slightly more for maximum VSWR.
Observation Table:
Low VSWR
VSWR = ______
High VSWR
Beam
x1 x2 x1 x2 Avg (x1-x2) = x g=2x
Voltage
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
(v)
g = 6cm
DOEC/LAB MANUAL/5EC8 ME LAB Page 19
d1 d2 d1-d2
VSWR = g / (d1-d2)
(cm) (cm) (cm)
Result:
Precautions:
1. No loose connection is allowed
2. Switch on the supply after checking the connections by faculty.
3. Take the observations carefully.
4. Dont touch any live wire, it may be dangerous.
5. Vary Frequency meter smoothly.
6. Avoid Parallax errors.
Experiment No. 4
Object:To measure an unknown impedance using the smith chart.
Apparatus Required:
1. Klystron tube
2. Klystron power supply
3. Klystron mount
4. Isolator
5. Frequency meter
Block Diagram
Theory:
The impedance at any point on a transmission line can be written in the
form R+jx.
For comparison SWR can be calculated as
1 R
S where reflection coefficient R
1 R
Given as
Z Z0
R
Z Z0
Procedure:
1. Calculate a set of Vmin values for short or movable short as load.
2. Calculate a set of Vmin values for S-S Tuner + Matched termination as a
load.
Note: Move more steps on S-S Tuner
3. From the above 2 steps calculate d = d1~d2
4. With the same setup as in step 2 but with few numbers of turns (2 or 3).
Calculate low VSWR.
Note: High VSWR can also be calculated but it results in a complex
procedure.
5. Draw a VSWR circle on a smith chart.
Observation Table:
x1 x2 x1 x2 x1 x2
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
x = ______
g = _____
d1= , d2 =
d = d1 ~ d2 =
Z = d/g =
Precautions:
1. No loose connection is allowed
2. Switch on the supply after checking the connections by faculty.
3. Take the observations carefully.
4. Dont touch any live wire, it may be dangerous.
5. Vary Frequency meter smoothly.
6. Avoid Parallax errors.
Experiment No. 5
Object:
Study of the following characteristic of Gunn Diode
1. Output power and frequency as a function of Bias Voltage.
2. Square wave modulation through PIN diode.
Apparatus required:
1. Gunn oscillator
2. Gun Power Supply
3. PIN modulator
4. Isolator
5. Frequency meter
6. Variable attenuator
7. Detector Mount
8. Wave guide stands
m
e
Fig 6.1 Setup for the study of the Gunn Oscillator
t
e
r
10. C
a
b
l
e
s
a
n
d
a
c
c
e
s
s
o
r
DOEC/LAB MANUAL/5EC8 ME LAB Page 25
Procedure:
Observation Table:
1. Move the Gunn bias voltage Knob slowly so that panel meter of Gunn
Power Supply reads 10V.
2. Keep the Gunn Power Supply in Internal modulation mode.
3. Tune the PIN modulator bias voltage and frequency knob for maximum
detected output on the oscilloscope.
4. Coincide the bottom of square wave in oscilloscope to some reference
level and note down the micrometer reading of variable attenuator.
5. Now with the help of variable attenuator coincide the top of square wave
to same reference level and note down the micrometer reading.
6. Now Connect detector mount to SWR Meter and note down the dB
reading in SWR Meter for both the micrometer reading of the variable
attenuator.
Precautions:
1. No loose connection is allowed
2. Switch on the supply after checking the connections by faculty.
3. Take the observations carefully.
4. Dont touch any live wire, it may be dangerous.
5. Vary Frequency meter smoothly.
6. Avoid Parallax errors.
Experiment No. 6
Object:
To plot the radiation pattern & find out the gain of a waveguide Antenna.
Theory:
If a transmission line propagating energy is left open at one end, there will be
radiation from this end. In case of a rectangular wave-guide this antenna presents
a mismatch of about 2:1 and it radiates in many directions. The match will
improve if the open wave-guide is a horn shape.
The Radiation pattern of an antenna is a diagram of field strength or more often
the power intensity as a function of the aspect angle at a constant distance from
the radiating antenna. An antenna pattern is of course three dimensional but for
practical reasons it is normally presented as a two dimensional pattern in one or
several planes. An antenna pattern consists of several lobes, the main lobe, side
lobes and the back lobe. The major power is concentrated in the main lobe and it
is required to keep the power in the side lobes arid back lobe as low as possible.
The power intensity at the maximum of the main lobe compared to the power
intensity achieved from an imaginary omni-directional antenna (radiating equally
in all directions) with the same power fed to the antenna is defined as gain of the
antenna.
This is the angle between the two points on a main lobe where the power
intensity ishalf the maximum power intensity.
When measuring an antenna pattern, it is normally most interesting to plot the
pattern far from the antenna.
Far field pattern is achieved at a minimum distance of
Where
Pt is transmitted power
Pr is received Power,
G1, G2 is gain of transmitting and receiving antenna
S is the radial distance between two antennas
o is free space wave length.
If both, transmitting and receiving antenna are identical having gain G then
above equation becomes.
Block Diagram:
Procedure:
Gain Measurement:
Dielectric Antenna