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 ~. g_mOgwYmaH$

1. Jmonmi JUoe AmJaH$a (1856 - 1895)

O_ : 1856 gmbr gmVmam (H$hmS> - Q>|^y) `m Jmdr 14 Owb amoOr.
{ejU - KaMr J[a~r, `m_wio mW{_H$ {ejU H$hmS>bm KoVbo (aZm{Jarg Jobo nU dmBQ> AZw^d)
`m_wio {VWo nwT>rb {ejU O_bo Zmhr.
1875 : _{Q>H$ (AH$mobm) _m_mH$S>o
1878 : B.A.
1880 : M.A. (B{Vhmg d VdkmZ) {Q>iH$mer AmoiI
1880 : `y Bpbe Hy$bMr WmnZm ({Q>iH$ - {MniyUH$a `m`m g_doV nw`mV 1 OmZodmar amoOr)
1881 : Ho$gar d _amR>m dmno gw$ ({Q>iH$mg_doV)
dmno : 4 OmZodmar 1881 2 OmZodmar 1881
(Ho$gar) (_amR>m)
(_amR>r) (BJOr)
gnmXH$ - AmJaH$a gnmXH$ - {Q>iH$
H$mohmnya`m ~d} H$aUmV {Q>iH$mg_doV 101 {XdgmMr {ejm (gw_mao 4 _{h`mMr)
1884 - S>o$Z E`wHo$eZMr WmnZm ({Q>iH$mg_doV) nwUo `m gWo`m dVrZo \$`wgZ H$mboO
CKS>bo - 1885
1892 - H$mboO`m mMm`mMr gyo hmVr Ambr.
{Q>iH$mer _V^oX H$maU AmYr gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm H$s AmYr amOH$s` dmV`.
gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUobm AJH$_ mdm Aer AmJaH$amMr BN>m homVr.
_V^oXmV dmT> 1887 Ho$garMm amOrZm_m
1888 _`o "gwYmaH$' ZmdmMo doJio gmm{hH$ gw.
_amR>r d BJOr Xmohr ^mfoVyZ _OHy$a N>mnbm. (BJOr ^mJ JmoIbo {bhrV.)
1895 _`o AH$mbr {ZYZ X`m_wio (nwUo `oWo 17 OyZ amoOr)
B> Agob Vo ~mobUma gm` Agob Vo H$aUma "Kmofdm` / ~rXdm`
~w{m_m`dmXr g_mOgwYmaH$
{OdVnUr dV:Mr oV`mm nmhUmam g_mOgwYmaH$
`{VdmV`mda ^a
g_mOgwYmaUoda ^a
dV:`m {ZYZmZVa XhZmgmR>r nwaMwS>rV 20 . ~mYyZ R>odbo.
JW/gm{h`gnXm/boI
"Jwbm_mMo am>' hm boI. Jwbm_{JarMo e hm JW {b{hbm.
"S>m|Jar`m VwJmVrb 101 {Xdg' {Q>iH$ d AmJaH$a `m`m _rMo dUZ
B{Vhmg 1
 eog{nAa`m Hamlet Mo _amR>rV "{dH$ma {dbm{gV' Ago $nmVa
boI : qhXWmZMo am` H$moUmgmR>r? (dm`_r_mgm d dm`mMo nWH$aU)
g_mrd`mbm nmqR>~m
_dmi g_mO gwYmaUmdmXr
_`y 1895 (nwUo 17 OyZ amoOr)
Jmonmi JUoe AmJaH$am`mda "h~Q> noga Am{U OmZ Qw>AS> {_b' `m `{V`m {dMmamMm ^md hmoVm.
lonojm kmZ d kmZmnojm {dkmZ lo> Amho. - AmJaH$a
"gOoeZ Am\$ dw_Z' `m JWmMm ^md
{`mZr Om{H$Q>o KmVbr nm{hOoV.
dhmS> g_mMma_YyZ {bImU
1877 - A~yVmB \$S>Ho$ (C~O) `m`m~amo~a {ddmh bmZVa Zmd `emoXm~mB
{MniyUH$am`m {Z~YmMm n^md
_mYdXmg, aKwZmWXmg, YZHw$da~mB nwZ{ddmh M[a

2. _hm_m \w$co (1827 - 1890)

O_ : 11 E{b 1827 (nwUo) _yiJmd gmVmam {OmVrb H$QJwU
Zmd : Omo{V~m JmoqdX \w$bo (_yi AS>Zmd - Jmoho)
AmBMo Zmd : {M_Um~mB (OmVrZo j{` _mir)
Omo{V~m 1 dfmMo AgVmZm AmBMm _`y (AmOmo~m eo{Q>~m, amUmoOr / H$Um / JmoqdX )
13 `m dfu gm{dr~mB `m H$`oer {ddmh
1841 _`o H$m{Q>e {_eZar emioV Om`mg ma^
BJOr am` CbWyZ Q>mH$`m`m CoemZo bhOr ~wS>m _mJ `m An` g_mOmVrb `{VH$Sy>Z XmS>n>m d
Zo_~mOr `mMo {ejU KoVbo.
Zd`m dfu dY` m Pmbo`m JwH$`obm {dn Ho$`mMo nmhZ `m`m _Zmda \$ma _moR>m AmKmV Pmbm.
_`y B.g. 1890, 28 Zmoho~a (nwUo)
r-{df`H$ H$m`
3 AmJQ> 1848 gmbr _wbt`mgmR>r n{hbr emim gw$ Ho$br.
1863 _`o ~mbh`m {V~Y Jh WmnZ Ho$bo.
_hmam>mVrb r-{df`H$ MidirMo AJUr.
1851 _`o Xgar _wbtMr emim H$mT>br.
1864 _`o nw`mVrb JmoIb|`m ~mJoV EH$ {dYdm nwZ{ddmh KS>dyZ AmUbm.
{dYdo`m ~mbh`m {V~Y JhmVrb `edV Zmdm`m _wbmg XmH$ KoVbo (H$m{e~mB)
X{bVm`m {df`H$ H$m`}
1852 gmbr An`mgmR>r emim
1853 "_hma-_mJ B`mXr bmoH$mg "{dm {eH$dUmar _S>ir' `m ZmdmMr gWm H$mT>br.
{n`m`m nm`mMr Q>MmB hUyZ dV:`m amh`m KamVrb nm`mMm hmX Iwbm Ho$bm.
1855 mT>mgmR>r amemim ({deofV: X{bV)
24 gQ>|~a 1873 _`o nw`mV "g`emoYH$ g_mOmMr' WmnZm
eoVH$`mMo H$dmar
2 embo`kmZ+bg
 1877 YZH$dS>r `oWo XH$miJV eoVH$`m`m _wbmgmR>r H$n C^o.
1877 phQ>mo[a`m AZmW Aml_mMr WmnZm
1880 Zm. _. bmoIS>o `mZr H$mT>bo`m {_b Am{U Agmo{gEeZ `m H$m_Jmam`m n{h`m gKQ>Zobm ^ard
ghH$m` d mogmhZ
1882 hQ>a Am`moJmnwT>o gmj {Xbr.
1869 am`JS> `oWrb {edmOr _hmamOm`m g_mYrMm OrUm}ma
1888 _hm_m hr nXdr (_w~B `oWo) amd~hmXa dS>oH$a `m`m hVo.
dV: bmdbobr CnmYr Hw$idmS>r ^yfU
qhXWmZMo ~wH$S>u dm{eQ>Z - "g`mOr Jm`H$dmS>'
g`emoYH$ g_mOmMo ~rX "gdgmjr OJVnVr ZH$moM `mbm _`Wr'
g`emoYH$ g_mOm`mdVrZo _Jbm>H$m aMbr
g`emoYH$ g_mOmMo VdkmZ gmJ`mgmR>r 1 OmZo. 1877 "{XZ~Yy' n{hbo X{ZH$ gw$ Ho$bo. gnmXH$ -
H$Uamd ^mboamd
`m`mda Wm_g noZ `mMm "amBQ>>g Am\$ _Z' `m nwVH$mMm ^md hmoVm.
Zm{^H$mMm gn d IV\$moS>rMm ~S> `m`mer g~Y "ZmJa MmbUma Zmhr. O_rZ {dH$Uma Zmhr.'
JW
gnXm
1855 - "VVr` aZ' ZmQ>H$ jwm`m n[apWVrMo dUZ
1869 - ~mUmMo H$g~
1873 - Jwbm_{Jar-{ZJmoZm Jwbm_{JarVyZ _w$ H$aUm`m A_o[aH$Z bmoH$mZm AnU
1873 - An` {ZdmaUmMm Om{haZm_m
1883 - eoVH$`mMm AmgyS> - {dm{dZm _Vr Jobr
1885 - Bemam
1885 - Bgog Am\$ Q>W - g`ma
1890 - gmdO{ZH$ g`Y_ - {dd Hw$Qw>~mMm Om{haZm_m _`yZVa H$m{eV (1891 _`o)
An`mMr H${\$`V {Z~Y
{edmOr _hmamOmda nmodmS>m (1869)
1864 - gmbr JmoIbo ~mJoV n{hbm {dYdm {ddmh
1882 - hQ>a H${_eZnwT>o gmj
1868 - An`mgmR>r KaMm nm`mMm hmX Iwbm Ho$bm.
1876 Vo 1882 - nwUo ZJanm{bH$m gX`
g`emoYH$s {ddmh
_hfu qeXo `mZr \w$boMm CoI "Am X{bV CmaH$' Ho$bm.
_hm_m \w$`mMo g_H$mbrZ Qr>H$mH$ma - {dUwemr {MniyUH$a
A~mbhar - g`emoYH$ g_mO V\}$ Mmbdbo (dmn)
"H$_{e`b AS> H$mQ>{H$Q>J H$nZr' WmnZ Ho$br.
_o. bo{OQ> d J\w$a~oJ _wer `m`m_wio ~X nS>bobo `mMo {ejU nwT>o Mmby
_oOa H$S>r `mMm ej{UH$ H$m`mV gh^mJ
_m_m na_mZXmg n
Jm_Omoerg~Yr nH$

B{Vhmg 3
 _nmZ {damoYr nH$
bmoH${hVdmXr d {dUw~wdm `mMo g_H$mbrZ hmoV.
1852 nwZm bm`~arMr WmnZm
AIS> - H$m`
gXm{ed JmodS>o boIZH$m`mV _XV.
_hmamQ>mMo "_m{Q>Z `wWa qH$J \w$bo' Ago emh _hmamO hUV.

3. o $a (1810 -
AmMm` ~miemr Om^H 1846)
O_ - 1810/12 (dmX) nmo~wbo (aZm{Jar - amOmnya VmbwH$m)
Amnbo am` Jobo Am{U BJOmMo am` H$m Ambo ho AMyH$ {ZXmZ H$aUmao g_mOgwYmaH$
AmYw{ZH$ _hmam>mMo n{hbo g_mOgwYmaH$
_amR>r dmnmMo OZH$
1839 d`m`m AR>am`m dfu "~m~ ZoQ>rh E`wHo$eZ gmogm`Q>r'Mo S>o`wQ>r goHo$Q>ar 2 dfmZVa Zo{Q>h
goHo$Q>ar
A$bH$moQ> `wdamOmMo {ejH$
_w~B Bbm`mVrb n{h`m Q>oqZJ H$mboOMo gWmnH$
1846 _`o mMrZ {ebmboIm`m A`mgmgmR>r dZdodambm Jobo AgVm VmnmZo nN>mS>bo d `mVM {ZYZ.
XnU ho _amR>r ^mfoVrb n{hbo dmn 1832 _`o gw$
XnU gmm{hH$ hmoVo. _amR>r-BJOr ^mfoV N>mnbo OmB.
BJOr ^mJ Om^oH$a {bhrV _amR>r ^mfmVa ^mD$ _hmOZ H$aV.
ho dmn 8 df} Mmbbo d Vo ~X hmo`mm gw_mamg 1840 _`o ~miemr Om^Ho $a d ^mD$ _hmOZ `mZr
"{XXeZ' `m ZmdmZo _m{gH$ gw$ Ho$bo.
ej{UH$ H$m`
ey`bYr ho _amR>r ^mfoVrb nwVH$ {b{hbo. gaH$maZo `mZm "OpQ>g Am\$ nrg' hr nXdr {Xbr.
Am B{VhmgH$ma kmZodar nmR>^oXmgh gnmXZ hmo`.
lrnVr eofmr H$aU - ewrH$aU (qhX) Am g_mOgwYmaH$
gwYmadmmMo dVH$ `mgJr n{S>V
gm{h`
~mb `mH$aU ZrVr H$Wm
gma gJh qhXWmZMm B{Vhmg
g`oMo ^mfmVa BbS>Mm B{Vhmg
qhXWmZmVrb BJOr am`mMm B{Vhmg qhXWmZMm mMrZ B{Vhmg B. JWgnXm
VH$mbrZ gw{e{jVm_`o ~hnVr hUyZ _m`Vm.

4. Jmonmi har Xoe_wI (cmoH${hVdmXr) 1823 Vo 1892

O_ - 1823 (nwUo)
_yi AmS>Zmd - {go` (Xoe_wI dVZm_wio)
_`y - 1892
4 embo`kmZ+bg
 1844 gaH$mar Im`mV ^mfmH$ma hUyZ ZmoH$ar.
1852 dmB `oWo \$Q>bmg _wg\$ hUyZ ZmoH$arg.
1856 BZm_ H${ZeZda A{gQ>Q> H${_eZa hUyZ {Z`wVr
amd~hmXa d OQ>rg Am\$ nrg `m nX`m gaH$maZo {X`m
1880 gmbr _w~B Bbm`m`m {d{Y_S>imMo gX`
aVbm^ gWmMo {XdmU
^mD$ _hmOZ `m`m "^mH$a' `m gmm{hH$mV bmoH${hVdmXtZr 1848 _`o {bImU ma^ Ho$bo. g_mOmbm
{b{hbobr hr no "eVno' hUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.
dmL>_`rZ H$m`
EHy$U 36 JW {b{hbo.
amOH$maU d AWH$maU `mda "b_rkmZ', qhXWmZmg Xm[a `o`mMr H$maUo Am{U n[adma d `mnma{df`H$
{dMma.
Wm{ZH$ dam` `dWm, Adbm`Z Jhgy, nm{ZnV bT>mB, Jm_aMZm `mgmaIo JW {b{hbo. qhXWmZMm
B{Vhmg hm JW {b{hbm.
JwOamV, bH$m, amOWmZ, nm{ZnV B. JWboIZ Ho$bo.
ndramO MhmU, dm_r X`mZX gadVr `mMr M[a`o
eXm_m`mnojm ~w{m_m` drH$mado Agm `mMm AmJh hmoVm.
{d^$ Hw$Qw>~ nVrMm gm.
"Y_mMm CJ_ _mZdm`m ~wrV Pmbm' Ago _V.
"kmZ {hM eVr, ehmUnUmMo AVr gd Amho.' CXJma am>dmXmMo Am dVH$
~wrm_m`dmX
1882 _`o gaH$mar ZmoH$arVyZ {Zdmr ZVa "bmoH${hVdmXr' _m{gH$ gw$
ZVa `mM ZmdmMo _m{gH$ gw$ Ho$bo. AXbmVrMo H$a bwQ>m$gmaIo AmhoV.
ggXoMr W_ _mJUr Ho$br. ~mbHo$ g_mOgwYmaH$
{hVoNw>-JwOamVr gmm{hH$

5. amOfu emh _hmamO (1874 - 1922)

O_ - 26 OyZ 1874 (H$mohmnya)
_`y - 6 _o 1922 (_w~B)
Zmd - `edV O`{gJamd KmQ>Jo. AmB (amYm~mB)
amOo MmWo {edmOr _hmamO `mMm BJOm`m MS> N>im_wio {Znw{H$ AdWoV _`y Pmbm. 1883
`m_wio `m`m nZrZo AmZXr~mBgmho~ `mZr KmQ>Jo Kam`mVrb `edVbm XmH$ Ko`mMo R>a{dbo.
17 _mM 1884 bm XmH$ {dYmZ Pmbo.
_hmamOmZm lr. H$UmOr JmoIbo, h[anV JmoIbo, lr. {\$Q>{Pamb ho `mZm {ejU XoV AgV.
amOH$moQ> `oWrb nwT>rb {ejU nyU
1891 gmbr ~S>mom`m b_r~mBgmho~ `m`mer `mMm {ddmh Pmbm.
2 E{b 1894 am`H$ma^mamMr gyo hmVr KoVbr
ej{UH$ H$m`
1901 - phQ>mo[a`m _amR>m ~mo{S>JMr WmnZm. 1911-15 - {dm`mZm ZmXmar Xo`mMr KmofUm.
B{Vhmg 5
 H$. g_mOgwYmaH$ (H$mo>Ho$)
g_mO gwYmaH$ O_ _`y dmno
1 Omo{V~m JmoqdX \w$bo 11 E{b 1827 24 Zmoh|~a 1890 {XZ~Yy
(_yi AmS>Zmd Jmoho) (nwU)o (nwU)o A~mbhar
2 Jmonmi JUoe AmJaH$a 14 Owb 1856 17 OyZ 1895 gwYmaH$
Q>^| y (gmVmam) nwUo (gmm{hH$)
3 amOfu emh _hmamO 26 OyZ 1874 6 _o 1922 {dO` _amR>m
`edV O`qgJamd KmQ>H$o (H$mohmnya) (_w~B) OmJ$H$
4 S>m.^r_amd am_Or 14 E{b 1891 6 {S>g~| a 1956 _yH$Zm`H$
(1920)Am~S>Ho $a _h (_`Xoe) {Xr ~{hH$V ^maV
5 {d>b am_Or qeXo 23 E{b 1873 2 OmZodmar 1944 CnmgZm
6 _hmXod JmoqdX amZS>o 18 OmZodmar 1842 16 OmZodmar 1909 BXH$me
{Z\$mS> (Zm{eH$) (_m{gH$)
7 _hfu Ym|S>mo Ho$ed H$d} 18 E{b 1858 9 Zmoh|~a 1962 _mZdr g_Vm
8 bmoH${hVdmXr 18 \o$~.w 1823 9 AmQ>m~
o a 1892 bmoH${hVdmXr
Jmonmb har Xoe_wI (nwU)o {hVoN> (JwOamVr) (_m{gH$)
9 ~miemr Om^Ho $a 1812 1846 XnU (1832)
(nmo~wb}) {XXeZ
10 bmoH$_m` {Q>iH$ 1856 1920 Ho$gar (4.1.1881)
(~mi JJmYa {Q>iH$) {MIbr (aZm{Jar) _amR>m (2.1.1881)
11 AmMm` {dZmo~m ^mdo 11 gQ>~| a 1885 16 Zmoh|. 1882 _hmam> Y_
({dZm`H$ Zaha ^mdo) JmoJmXo (am`JS>) _m{gH$
12 aKwZmW Ym|S>mo H$d} 1882 1953 g_mOdmW
_w$S> (_m{gH$)
13 {dUwemmr naewam_emr 1827 1876 BXH$me
n{S>V ~mdYZ (gmVmam) (amZS>|~amo~a)
14 nOm~amd em_amd Xoe_wI 1898 1965 _hmam> Ho$gar
nmH$i (A_amdVr)
15 gmZo JwOr 1899 1950 {dmWu _m{gH$
nmS>w aJ gXm{ed gmZo nmbJS> gmm{hH$$ gmYZm

6 embo`kmZ+bg
 g_mOgwYmaH$ H$m`/ BVa _m{hVr
1. _hm_m \w$bo - 1848 _wbtMr n{hbr emim
- 1852 X{bVmgmR>r emim
- 1853 "_hmam-_mJ B`mXr bmoH$mg {dm {eH$dUmar _S>ir' gWm
- 24 gQ>~| a 1873 - "g`emoYH$ g_mO' WmnZm. 1863 - "~mbh`m
{V~Y Jh'
2. Jmo.J.AmJaH$a - 1880 `y Bpbe Hy$b WmnZoV gh^mJ
- 1884 S>o $Z E`wH$o eZ gmogm`Q>r WmnZoV gh^mJ
- 1888 gwYmaH$
- "B> Agob Vo ~mobUma gm` Agob Vo H$aUma' ~rXdm`
- h~Q> noga d OmZ Qw>AS> _rb `mMm ^md
- {OdVnmUr dV:Mr oV`mm nhmUmam g_mOgwYmaH$
3. amOfu emh - ^maVmVrb dVrJhmMm OZH$
- 1899 doXmo$ H$aU
- 1902 emgZ godVo _mJmgdJu`mZm AmajU
- eoVH$`mMm amOm, _mMm amOm
- "emhnaw r' JwimMr ~mOmanoR>
- amYmZJar YaU, An` n[afXm ^ad`m
- {edmOr g`emoYH$ g_mO d Am` g_mOmMr emIm WmnZm H$mohmnwamV.
4. S>m. ~m~mgmho~ AmmoS>H$a - 1924 ~{hH$V {hVH$maUr g^oMr WmnZm
- 1927 _hmS> MdXma V`mMm g`mJh
- 1927 _Zw_Vr XhZ
- 1930 H$mimam_ _{Xa g`mJh
- 1936 dV _Owa njmMr WmnZm
- 1946 {gmW H$mbOo d {_qbX _hm{dmb` WmnZ
- 1948 qhX H$moS> ~rb
- 1946 {nng E`wH$o eZ gmogm`Q>rMr WmnZm
- 1991 ^maVaZ (O_eVmXr dfmV)
- 14 AmQ>m~o a 1956 ~m Y_mMm drH$ma
5. _hfu Ym|.Ho$. H$d} - 1893 {dYdm {ddmh CmoOH$ _S>i
- 1899 AZmW ~m{bH$ml_ (1896)
- 1907 qhJUo _{hbm {dmb`
- 1910 {ZH$m_ H$__R>
- 1916 _{hbm {dmnrR>
- 1918 nwUo H$`m emim
- 1936 _hmam> Jm_ {ejU _S>i
- 1944 g_Vm gK
- 1945 nwUo ~mb A`mnH$ _{Xa
- 1960 ~mb _Zmoha _{Xa (gmVmam)

B{Vhmg 7
 S>. embo`kmZ
B`mm 5 dr Vo 12 drn`V`m dZbmBZa ZmoQ>g
^maVmbm hOmamo dfmMm B{Vhmg Amho.
hmamQ>mV Xgam, {Xdmir, hmoir; nOm~mV -
demIr; AmYmV - EdmH$ nw; Vm{iZmSy>V -
nm|Jb; Va Ho$aio AmoU ho Cgd gmOao Ho$bo
OmVmV.
^maVr emr gJrVmm "qhXWmZr gJrV' Am{U
"H$ZmQ>H$s gJrV' Aem XmoZ wI nVr AmhoV.
^maVmVrb wI bmoH$Z :
1) hmamQ> - H$moir Z, bmdUr
2) nOm~ - ^mJS>m
3) amOWmZ - Kwa
4) JwOamV - Ja~m
5) Amgm - {~h
6) H$ZmQ>H$ - jJmZ
7) Ho$ai - H$bdmo>rH$ir
^maVmVrb {MH$bo M r na n am Aw J mVrb
Jwhm{MmnmgyZ gw$ hmoVo.
XoemVrb ^r~oQ>H$m oWrb AwJmVrb
Jwhm{Mo {g AmhoV.
^maVr {MH$boMo gwX a ZwZo AqOR>m oWrb bomo
AmhoV. hr {Mo gwmao XrS> hOma dfmnyduMr aJdbobr
AmhoV.
hmamQ>mVrb - "dmabr', {~hmaYrb - "Yw~Zr'
m Am{Xdmgr {Mebr {g AmhoV.
H$mb}, AqOR>m, do$i oWrb boUr {g AmhoV.
"gmMr' oWrb Vyn, H$moUmH$Mo "gy { Xa', A~w oWrb
"{XbdmS>m' {Xa, {XbrMm "Hw$Vw~{Zma', AmJm
oWrb "VmOhb' d{eQ>onyU AmhoV.
amJS>, Xod{Jar, dm{ba ho {H$bo ^ AmhoV.
O{Oam d qgYwXJ ho gmJar {H$bo ojUr AmhoV.
nOm~Yrb gwdU{Xa Wmn H$boMm Cm ZwZm
Amho.
gmoimm eVH$mnmgyZ nwT>rb Mma eVH$mV earaem,
8 embo`kmZ+bg
IJmobem, nXmW{dkmZ Aem {d{dY emImV AZoH$
emoY bmJbo.
amBQ> ~YyZr {dmZmMm emoY bmdbm.
Xgm hmwmV eyda ~m~ o$H$mgmR>r {dmZmMm
WM moR>m mUmda CnmoJ Ho$bm Jobm.
AUweVrMm emoY bmJmZo drO{Z{Vr H$aUo e
Pmbo.
gJUH$mMm emoY hm {dgmm eVH$mVrb EH$ hmZ
emoY Amho.
B.g. 1450 m gwmamg N>nmB mMm emoY bmJbm.
""dV:m ~wrda {ddmg R>odm, Ho$di BVa H$moUr
gmJVmo hUyZ mda {dg~yZ amh ZH$m.'' Ago amOa
~oH$ZZo gm{JVbo.
BQ>m{bZ H$dr S>mQ>o mZo "{S>hmBZ H$moS>r' hm
H$mJW {b{hbm. - m H$mmV mUgmm ^mdZmMo
dUZ Ho$bo Amho.
{bAmoZmS>m}-X-phgr mZo "moZm{bgm' m {MmV
EH$m VUrm Mohmdarb hmmMo A{V {MU
Ho$bo Amho.
H$mo n {Z H $g, J { b{bAmo , h b o m g mam
IJmobemkmm emoYmwio Jhmbo~b A{YH$
m{hVr CnbY Pmbr.
15 m eVH$mnV Am{emVyZ wamonH$S>o OmmMm
EH$M mnmar mJ VmonV mhrV hmoVm.
- hm IwH$sMm mJ "H$mQ>p Q>Zmonb' hUOo AmVmMo
"BV~b y ' eha.
- IwH$sMm mJ hUOo O{Zrd$Z OmUmam mJ.
hg, Bag, m{Q>Z yWa mgmam {dMmadVmZr
YJw$m AmH$maH$ Amkm bmoH$mZr mZy ZoV
Aer {eH$dU {Xbr.
AR>amdo eVH$ ho H$m{VwJ hmoVo.
18 m eVH$mV Ao[aHo$o dmVw, $mgo
amH$mVr, BbS>o Ammo{JH$ H$mVrMr gwdmV
Pmbr.
 "Ao[aJmo honwgr' mm gmJar mo{howio Ao[aH$m
IS>mMm emoY bmJbm.
BbS>Yrb bmoH$mZr Ao[aHo$o dV:m dgmhVr
WmnZ Ho$m.
"BbS>m ggXoV AmMm {V{ZYr Zgmwio
Ammda H$a bmXmMm BbS>bm A{YH$ma Zmhr,
Amhr H$a XoUma Zmhr.' Ago gmJyZ dgmhVtZr
BbS>m Owbm{d Midi gw$ Ho$br.
4 Owb 1776 amoOr Ao[aH$Z dgmhVtZr Amnm
dmVmMm OmhraZmm {g Ho$bm.
dmVmMm OmhraZmm "Wmg Oo$agZ' mZr Vma
Ho$bm.
Ao[aH$Z dgmhVtMm ZoVm "OmO dmqeQ>Zm'
ZoVdmImbr BbS>Mo w Pmbo.
"OmO dmqeQ>Z mMr Ao[aHo$Mo n{hbo amQ>mj
hUyZ {ZdS> Pmbr.
B.g. 1774 o 16 dm bwB $mgMm amOm Pmbm.
Zmbm oBb mmUo Vmo amH$ma^ma H$ar.
m Q > o y , hm Q> o A a, $gmo B. {dMmad V m m
{dMmamwio $mgYrb gmm bmoH$mZm amOmm
Owbm{d Midi H$amMr oaUm {imbr.
AmmMo {VH$ ~Zbom ~pQ>bm VwJmda 14
Owb 1789 amoOr bmoH$mZr hbm Ho$bm.
$mgm amH$mVrVyZ V Pmbobr dmV, gVm
d ~YwVm hr yo AmYw{ZH$ OJmm C^maUrbm
gm^yV Pmbr AmhoV.
wamonYrb XoemMm nyd}H$S>rb Xoemer gw$ Pmbobm
mnma AR>amm eVH$mV ^a^amQ>rbm Ambm.
- mM gwmamg BbS>o {d{dY H$mam mMo
emoY bmJbo.
"OmZ Ho$' mZo Ymdm YmoQ>mMm emoY bmdbm. mwio
H$mnS> {dUmMm doJ dmT>bm.
AmH$amBQ>Zo gyVH$VmBMo nmUMH$sda MmbdmMm
moJ edr Ho$bm.
Oog dQ> mZo dmo$m B{OZmMm emoY bmdbm.
pQ>$gZ mZo dmo$da MmbUmao aodoMo B{OZ Vma
Ho$bo.
nmoVwJrO Ibmer "dmH$mo-X-Jmm' X. Am{$Ho$bm
digm KmbyZ B.g. 1498 o ^maVmV "H$m{bH$V'
~Xamda (npM {H$Zmam) nmohmoMbm.
B{Vhmg
- mZo VoWrb Pmmo[aZ amOmH$Sy>Z mnmar gdbVr
{idm.
nmoVwJrOmZr B.g. 1510 o Jmodm H$m~rO Ho$bm.
mZVa "Xrd-XU' Amnm VmmV KoVbo.
nmoV{w JOmm nmR>mno mR> S>M, BJO , $| M mnmar ^maVmV
Ambo. (PDEF)
^maVmer mnma H$amm hoVyZo H$mhr BJO mnmar
bS>Z ehamV EH$ Ambo Am{U mZr "BQ> B{S>m
H$nZr' hr mnmar H$nZr WmnZ Ho$br.
m H$nZrbm nyd}H$S>rb Xoemer, {deofV: ^maVmer
mnma H$amMr gZX BbS>m amUrH$Sy>Z B.g.
1600 o {imbr.
BQ> B{S>m H$nZrZo B.g. 1608 o OhmJra m
wKb gmQ>mH$Sy>Z ^maVmV mnma H$amMm nadmZm
{idbm. gwaV oWo H$nZrMr W dIma WmnZ
Ho$br.
nadmZJr Z KoVm BJOmZr ~Jmb mVmVrb Amnm
dImar^modVr VQ>~Xr H$amg gwdmV Ho$br. mg
~JmbMm Zdm~ - "{gamO CmbmZo haH$V KoVbr.
- md$Z BJO d {gamO Cmbm mmV B.g.
1757 o "bmgr' oWo w Pmbo. d {gamO
CmbMm nam^d Pmbm.
B.g. 1764 - ~gma w :
- BJO {d ~JmbMm VH$mbrZ Zdm~ ra H$mgr,
wKb gmQ> ehmAmb d AmooMm Zdm~ ewOm
Cmbm. BJOmMm {dO.
- m bT> m B Z o ^maVmVrb B J O r gmo M m nmm
~Jmbo KmVbm Jobm.
Cma ^maVmV erI, amOnyV, OmQ> d amo{hbo mMr
dV amo hmoVr. VgoM X{jUoV amR>o, {ZOm d
BVahr amo hmoVr.
BJOm~amo~arb wmV Xgm ~mOramd noemMm
nam^d Pmbm d amR>r gmm B.g. 1818 o gnw Q>mV
Ambr.
AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmm B{VhmgmV 1857 Mm amQ>r CR>md
hr EH$ hdmMr KQ>Zm Amho.
BJOmZr ^maVmV H$mhr gmm{OH$ gwYmaUm Ho$m.
mV gVrMr Mmb ~X Ho$br. {dYdm {ddmhmg mVm
{Xbr.
9
 BJOmm bH$amVrb ^maVr g{ZH$mZm ^oX^mdmMr
dmJUyH$ {iV hmoVr.
- g{ZH$mZr H$nmimbm JY bmdy Zo; XmT>r{em
R>ody ZoV Ago {Z H$amV Ambo hmoVo.
~Jmb mVmVrb ~amH$nya oWrb bH$ar N>mdUrV
29 mM 1857 amoOr "Jb nmS>o' m g{ZH$mZo BJO
A{YH$mmda Jmoir PmS>br. nwT>o mZm $mer XomV
Ambr.
Jb nmS>o mm hmVmmZo ^maVr {enmmZm oaUm Jmd, VmbwH$m, {Ohm, mV Aem nmVmda gaH$mar
{imbr.
oaR> N>mdUrVrb gnyU ^maVr nbQ>UM 10 o 1857
amoOr ~S> H$$Z CR>br.
g{ZH$mZr {Xbr H$m~rO Ho$br. d ^maVmMm ~mXemhm
hUyZ ~hmXwaemhm O$a mZm JmXrda ~gdbo.
ZmZmgmho~ noedo, Vmm Q>mno ,o PmerMr amUr br~mB,
AmooMr ~oJ hOaVhb, {~hmaYrb OrZXma
Hw$daqgh, mbdr AhXCbm mZr Amnmnm
XoemV CR>mdmMo ZoVd Ho$bo.
H$OmaqgJ mm ZoVdmImbr ImZXoemV {^bmZr
moR>m CR>md Ho$bm.
AmaJm~mX, H$mohmnya, gmVmam, ZmJnya BmXr {R>H$mUr
CR>md Pmbo.
1857 m CR>mdmV qhX, wgbmZ EH$OwQ>rZo bT>bo.
CR>mdmVrb ZomnH$s Hw$daqgh, mbdr AhXCbm
Am{U PmerMr amUr br~mB ho YmamVrW nS>bo.
wKb ~mXemhm ~hmXaehm mZm BJOmZr VwJmV
Q>mH$bo.
ZmZmgmho~ noedo Am{U ~oJ hOaV hb mZr
Zonmio Aml KoVbm.
Vmm Q>mono BJOmm hmVr gmnS>bo. mZm $mer
XomV Ambr.
1857 m CR>mdmZo BQ> B{S>m H$nZrMm ^maVmVrb
gmoMm eodQ> Pmbm.
BbS>Mr amUr phQ>mo[am {hZo ^maVmMm H$ma^ma
Amnm hmVr KoVbm.
- {VZo ^maVrmZm CoeyZ EH$ OmhraZmm H$mT>bm.
BJOmm AmJZmnydu H$mnS> CmoJ hm ^maVmVrb
gdmV moR>m CmoJ hmoVm.
^maVmV Vma Pmbobo H$mnS> wamonmV A{Ve bmoH${
hmoVo. wamonmV mbm moR>r mJUr hmoVr.
10
B.g. 1853 o BJO mZr ^maVmV aodomJ gw$ Ho$bm.
eoVgmam ho gaH$mam CnmMo w gmYZ hmoVo.
- nydu eoVgmam hm Ymmm d$nmV ^abm OmV
Ago. BJO mZr eoVgmam nemm d$nmV ^amMr
gVr Ho$br.
B J O m Z r ^maVmMo Am{W H $ emo f U Ho $ bo , nU
amH$ma^mamm gmorgmR>r mZr H$mhr gwYmaUmhr
AbmV AmUm.
A{YH$mmMr ZoUyH$ H$amV Ambr.
VbmR> r , nmo b rg nmQ> r b, H$bo Q> a , mmYre
mgmam A{YH$mmwio emgZmMr H$mdnr
dWm {ZmU Ho$br.
amOm am mohZ am :
- ^maVmVrb gmOgw Y maUm MidirMo Am
dVH$.
- mm ZmZo B.g. 1829 o {~{Q>e
gaH$maZo gVrMr Mmb H$mmZo ~X Ho$br.
- Amnm {dMmamm gmamgmR>r mZr "~mhmo
gmO' hr gWm WmnZ Ho$br.
- amOm ammohZ am mZm "AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMo OZH$'
Ago hUVmV.
Jmonmi har XoewI :
- "^mH$a' m gmVm{hH$mV Jmonmi har XoewI ho
"bmoH${hVdmXr' m Q>monU ZmdmZo boIZ H$aV.
- mZr {dYdm {ddmhmMm nwaH$ma Ho$bm.
- dmMZmbmMr Midi mZr hmamQ>^a gw$
Ho$br.
dmr XmZX gadVr :
- gmOmVrb AYlm, H$H$mS>, y{VnyOm mZm
{damoY H$aUmao dmr XmZX gadVr ho Wmoa
{dMmadV hmoVo.
- Amnbo {dMma gmm bmoH$mnV nmohMmdoV hUyZ
mZr "Am gmO' m gWoMr WmnZm Ho$br.
hmm OmoVramd w$bo :
- hmm OmoVramd w$bo mZr gmOgwYmaUoMo {dMma
mS>bo. mZr OmVr^oXmbm {damoY Ho$bm.
- wbtZm d X{bVmZm {ejU KoVm mdo hUyZ nwmV
emim H$mT>m.
- mW{H$ {ejU gVrMo d mo$V Agmdo, Aer
mZr gaH$maH$S>o mJUr Ho$br.
embo`kmZ+bg
 - "gemoYH$ gmO' hr gWm WmnZ H$$Z
mmao mZr dmV, gVm d ~Yw^md hr yo
OdmMm Z Ho$bm.
- Amnm {bImUmVyZ . w$bo mZr eoVH$mdarb
Ammbm dmMm $moS>br.
gm{dr~mB w$bo :
- gm{dr~mB w$bo m ^maVmVrb n{hm r
{e{jH$m hmom.
- . w$bo mm {ZYZmZVahr gm{dr~mBZr
gemoYH$ gmOmMo H$m Mmby R>odbo.
ga gX AhX ImZ :
- wpb gmOmm CVrgmR>r ga gX AhX
ImZ mZr mobmMr H$m{Jar Ho$br.
- wpb pmZr nmMm {ejU mdo Ago
AmdmhZ mZr Ho$bo. mZr A{bJT> oWo {ejU
gWm WmnZ Ho$br.
hmXod JmoqdX amZS>o :
- myVu amZS>o ho gmOgwYmaUm MidirV
AJ^mJr Agbobo {dMmadV hmoVo.
- mZr OmVr^oXmbm {damoY Ho$bm.
- r{ejU Am{U {dYdm {ddmhmMm nwaH$ma Ho$bm.
- ^maVmV Amm{JH$ JVr hmdr Agm mMm AmJh
hmoVm.
dmr {ddoH$mZX :
- dmr {ddoH$mZX mZr gd OJmbm mZdOmVrm
godoMm gXoe {Xbm.
- gmOmm godogmR>r dmr {ddoH$mZX mZr
"amH$U {eZ' m gWoMr WmnZm Ho$br.
Vmam~mB qeXo : Vmam~mB qeXo mZr "rnwf VwbZm'
m Amnm nwVH$mVyZ pmdarb Ammbm dmMm
$moS>br.
n{S>Vm am~mB : {dYdmZm {ejU XomgmR>r n{S>Vm
am~mB mZr "emaXm gXZ' hr gWm WmnZ Ho$br.
n{S>V BdaM {dmgmJa : (~Jmb) - {dYdm
{ddmhmMr Midi gw$ Ho$br.
draoeqbJ nVbw (mg mV) : "hm-gOrdZr'
ho dmn gw$ Ho$bo.
Jmo. J. AmJaH$a :
- Ho$gar dmnmMo n{hbo gnmXH$. mZr "gwYmaH$'
ho dmn gw$ Ho$bo.
B{Vhmg
- "BQ> Agob Vo ~mobUma Am{U gm Agob Vo
H$aUma' - Jmonmi JUoe AmJaH$a
ZmamU Jw. (Ho$ai) : AnVm, Om{V^oX Am{U
~mb{ddmh B. WmZm mZr Ia {damoY Ho$bm.
hfu Ym|S>mo Ho$ed H$d} : r-{ejUmMo IXo nwaH$V}.
hfu {d>b amOr qeXo : X{bVmm JVrgmR>r
{deof Z Ho$bo. mZr "{S>oS> bmgog {eZ'
Mr WmnZm Ho$br. XodXmgr Wo{d AmdmO CR>dbm.
amOfu emh hmamO :
- ~hOZ gmOmm JVrgmR>r {deof Z Ho$bo.
- H$mohmnya gWmZmV mW{H$ {ejU mo$V d
gVrMo Ho$bo. doR>{~Jma nVrda ~Xr KmVbr.
"B{S>Z Agmo{gEeZ' m gKQ>ZoZo "H$mobH$mm' oWo
A{Ib ^maVr n[afX ^adbr. m ZmVyZ amQ>r
g^oMr WmnZm Pmbr.
XmXm^mB ZmamoOr, ~rZ V~Or, {$amoOehm ohVm
B. ^maVr ZomZr {Zdm {~{Q>e A{YH$mar ga AbZ
y mm ghH$mmZo "B{S>Z ZeZb H$mJog'Mr
hUOoM ^maVr amQ>r g^oMr WmnZm Ho$br.
amQ>r g^oMo n{hbo A{YdoeZ 28 {S>g.o 1885 amoOr
w~B oWo ^abo.
Aj : mooeM ~ZOu
amQ>r g^om ma^rm H$mimV {VMo ZoVd nyUnUo
ZoVmm hUOo dmimm hmVr hmoVo.
- gaH$mabm {ZdoXZo, AO-{dZm Ho$mg Vo
Amnm mJm m H$aVrb mda mMm
{ddmg hmoVm.
gZXera mJmZo gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUmMm mJ
mZr pdH$mabm.
- Jmonmi H$U JmoIbo ho ZoVmMo AJUr hmoVo.
Ohmb VUmMo ZoVd bmbm bOnVam, ~mi JJmYa
{Q>iH$ Am{U {~[nZM nmb mZr Ho$bo.
bmoH$m {Q>iH$mZr "Ho$gar' d "amR>m' hr dmno
gw$ Ho$br.
gmdO{ZH$ JUnVr Cgd Am{U {edOVr Cgd
mm mmVyZ mZr bmoH$mo amQ>r ^mdZm
OmJV Ho$br.
amQ>r g^oMr gwdmVrMr A{YdoeZo -
1) 1885 - w~B - mooeM ~ZOu
2) 1886 - H$mobH$mm - XmXm^mB ZmamoOr
11
 3) 1887 - MoB - ~rZ V~Or
4) 1888 - Abmhm~mX - OmO wb
5) 1889 - w~B - ga {d doS>a~Z
1897 gmbr nwmV boJMr gmW ngabr hmoVr.
bmoH$m {Q>iH$mMo 1920 gmbr {ZYZ Pmbo Am{U
hmm JmYr mmH$S>o dmV MidirMo ZoVd
Ambo.
JmYtOr d{H$br dgm H$amm {Z{mmZo X{jU
Am{$Ho$V Jobo hmoVo. gmJhmm mJmZo X{jU
Am{$Ho$Vrb bmoH$mZm JmYrOtZr m {idyZ {Xbm.
. JmYr X{jU Am{$Ho$VyZ 1915 gmbr ^maVmV
naVbo.
Jm Y rOtZr W {~hmaYrb M n mamVrb
eoVH$mm ZmH$S>o bj {Xbo.
- oWrb eoVH$mZm Zri {nH$dmMr gVr
{~{Q>e iodmbo H$aV AgV.
Jw O amVYrb Io S >m {OmVrb eo V H$m Z r
Amm{d JmYrOtm ghH$mmZo gmJhmm
mJmZo bT>m Mmbdbm.
Mm H $er{dZm H$mo U mbmhr H$mamJ h mV S> m ~ mMm
A{YH$ma ambQ> m H$mmZo gaH$mabm XomV Ambm.
AVga oWo haVmi Ho$mwio S>m. gnmb Am{U
S>m. gw$rZ {H$Mby m XmoZ ZomZm gaH$maZo hnma
Ho$bo. m hnmarm {ZfoYmW AVga oWrb
Om{bZdmbm ~mJoV moR>r g^m ^abr hmoVr.
m g^o d a OZab S>maZo Amnm g mbm
Jmoir~mamMm AmXoe {Xbm.
m AmMmamMm {ZfoY hUyZ adtZmW Q>mJmoamZr
{~{Q>e gaH$maZo mZm {Xbobm "ga' hm ~hmZmMm
{H$Vm~ gaH$mabm naV Ho$bm.
VwH$VmZm gwbVmZmg "I{b$m' hUV.
OJmVrb gd wpb mbm Amnbm YwI mZV
AgV.
BJOmm {damoYmV Ibr$mbm nmqR>~m XomgmR>r
^maVmVrb wpbmZr Midi gw$ Ho$br. {Vbm
"{Ibm$V Midi' Ago hUVmV.
{~{Q>emer AghH$ma Ho$bm, Va {~{Q>e EH$ {Xdghr
amH$ma^ma Mmbdy eH$Uma ZmhrV, Ago JmYrOtMo
V hmoVo. mgmR>r amQ>r g^oZo AghH$mamMm H$mH$
Oya Ho$bm.
12
AghH$ma AmXmobZm~amo~aM JmYrOtZr AnVm ZQ>
H$aUo, qhXy-wpb Eo KS>dyZ AmUUo. Xm$~Xr
Agm {dYmH$ H$mH$ hmVr KoVbm.
Cma XoemVrb MmarMmam oWo gmJhtZr emVVmnyU
{adUyH$ H$mT>br. m {adUwH$sda nmo{bgmZr
bmR> r hbm Ho $ bm. hUy Z {MSy > Z Am X mo b H$m Z r
nmobrgMmH$sbm AmJ bmdbr. m AmJrV H$mhr nmobrg
wI w r nS>b.o AghH$ma Midirbm qhgH$ diU
bmJUo. JmYrOtZm m ZhVo, hUyZ JmYrOtZr hr
Midi Wm~dbr.
moVrbmb Zoh$, {MmaOZ Xmg BmXr ZomZr
H$mXoS>imV {ZdSy>Z Omdo d VoWo gaH$mam
XS>nemhrbm {damoY H$amdm Ago dmQ>bo.
- mgmR>r mZr "dam nj' WmnZ Ho$bm.
{~{Q>emZr ^maVmg {Xbom gwYmaUmMr Ab~OmdUr
{H$VnV Pmbr, ho nmhmgmR>r BbS>hZ EH$ g{Vr
^maVmV Ambr. ga OmZ gmZ ho m g{VrMo
Aj hmoV.o hUyZ m g{Vrbm "gmZ H${eZ'
Ago hUVmV.
m g{VrV EH$hr ^maVr {V{ZYr ZhVm, mwio
amQ>r g^oZo gmZ H${eZda ~{hH$ma Q>mH$bm.
bmhmoa oWo gmZ H${eZ{d Pmbom {ZXeZmMo
ZoVd bmbm bOnVam mZr Ho$bo.
m doir nmo{bgmZr Ho$bom bmR>rhmV OIr
Pmbo. nwT>o mVM mMm AV Pmbm.
bmbm bOnVam : bmbm bOnVam ho {ZUmV
dH$sb hmoVo. Vo "dXo mVa' d "nOm~r' m X{ZH$mVyZ
boIZ H$aV. mZr "nrnb' ZmdmMo BJOr m{gH$
gw$ Ho$bo hmoVo. mZr "J B{S>m', "hmZ AemoH$',
"N>nVr {edmOr' B. nwVHo$ {b{hbr.
bmS> H$PZZo B.g. 1905 o ~Jmb mVmMr $miUr
Ho$br.
- $miUrMm Iam hoVy qhX d wpb gmOmV y$Q>
nmSy>Z amQ>r Midi H$Hw$dV H$aUo hm hmoVm.
- wpb ~hg Agbobm nyd ~Jmb d qhX
~hg Agbobm {~hma d Amo{S>em (Amo[agm)
{iyZ ~Zbobm npM ~Jmb Ago XmoZ mV
{ZmU H$amV Ambo.
~Jmbm $miUrm {damoYmV Oo AmXmobZ Pmbo.
mbm "dJ-^J' AmXmobZ Ago hUVmV.
embo`kmZ+bg
 - m AmXmobZmMo ZoVd gwa|ZmW ~ZOu mZr Ho$bo.
dJ-^J MidirV "dXo mVa' ho AmXmobH$mMo
KmofJrV hmoVo.
XmXm^mB ZmamoOr mZr ^maVrmZm "AIS> Midi
H$am' Agm gXe o {Xbm.
amQ>r g^oZo dam, dXoer, ~{hH$ma d amQ>r
{ejU Agm AmXmobZmMm Mmagyr H$mH$ Omhra
Ho$bm.
1906 gmbr "wpb brJ' m gKQ>ZoMr WmnZm
Pmbr.
B.g. 1908 o bmoH$m {Q>iH$mZm AQ>H$ H$amV
Ambr. mZm ghm dfmMr H$mamdmgmMr {ejm XomV
Ambr.
w~B oWrb {JaUr H$mJmamZr m {ejom {damoYmV
ghm {Xdg gn Ho$bm.
{~{Q>e gaH$maZo ~JmbMr $miUr 1911 gmbr a
Ho$br.
S>m. AZr mZr MoB oWo "hmo$b {bJ'Mr hUOo
damgKmMr WmnZm Ho$br.
amQ>r g^om 1916 gmbm bIZD$ oWrb
A{YdoeZmV dammMr mJUr H$amV Ambr.
^maVrmYrb AgVmof H$mhr mUmV H$r H$aUo
gaH$mabm JaOoMo dmQy> bmJbo. hUyZ gaH$maZo 1919
gmbr gwYmaUm H$mXm Oya Ho$bm.
bmhmoa oWo 1929 gmbm amQ>r g^om m
A{YdoeZmV (Aj - n{S>V Odmhabmb Zoh$)
gnyU dmVmMm R>amd gV H$amV Ambm.
- 26 OmZodmar 1930 amoOr OZVoZo dmVmMr enW
KoVbr.
bmhmoa A{YdoeZmV g{dZ H$mXo^JmMm R>amd Oya
H$amV Ambm.
JmYrOtm ZoVdmImbr g{dZ H$mXo^J Midi
gw$ Pmbr.
12 mM 1930 amoOr hmm JmYr mZr Amnm
ghH$mmgh JwOamVYrb gm~aVr AmlmVyZ "XmS>r
mm' gw$ Ho$br.
gm~aVr Vo XmS>r AVa - 385 {H$r.
JmYrOr XmS>r oWo nmohMbo - 5 E{b 1930
gw {H$Zmmdarb rR> CMbyZ {R>mMm H$mXm
moS>bm - 6 E{b 1930
B{Vhmg
JwOamVYrb YmamgZm oWrb {R>mm gmJhmMo
ZoVd - gamo{OZr ZmSy> mZr Ho$bo.
hmVmV {VaJr P|S>m KoD$Z w~B oWrb {JaUr H$mJma
~m~y JoZy mZo naXoer H$mnS> dmhZ ZoUmm Q>H$ gmoa
AmS>do nSy>Z ~{bXmZ {Xbo.
dm gah mVmV ImZ AXb J$maImZ mm
ZoV dmImbr g{dZ H$mXo^J mMr Midi Pmbr.
gmobmnya oWrb gmJhmV ^mJ KoVbom bmnm
YZeo>r, lrH$U gmaS>m, Hw$~mZ hgoZ d OJmW
qeXo mZm $mer XomV Ambr.
g{dZ H$mXo^J MidirMo d{eQ> hUOo m
MidirV pm, eoVH$ar, Am{Xdmgr, X{bV mMmhr
g{H$ gh^mJ hmoVm.
^maVmbm amOH$s gwYmaUm XomMm AmamIS>m Vma
H$amgmR>r bS>Z oWo VrZ JmoboO n[afXm Pmm.
{Vhr JmoboO n[afXmZm S>m. ~m~mgmho~ Am~oS>H$a
CnpWV hmoVo. oWo mZr ^maVmgmR>r bmoH$emhr
ammMr mJUr Ho$br.
Xgm g^obm JmYrOr amQ>r g^oMo {V{ZYr hUyZ
hOa am{hbo. VoWo JmYrOtZr ^maVmm dmVmMr
mJUr Ho$br.
n{hm d {Vgm JmoboO n[afXobm amQ>r g^oMm
EH$hr {V{ZYr CnpWV ZhVm.
{Vg`m n[afXoV BbS>Mo YmZr ago S>moZmS>
mZr OmVr {ZdmS>m Kmo{fV Ho$bm.
OmVr {ZdmS>mZwgma X{bVmZm dV VXmagK
XomV oUma hmoVo. m{d JmYrOtZr oadS>m
H$mamJhmV AmaU CnmofU Ho$bo.
. JmYr d Am~oS>H$a mm XamZ "nwUo H$ama'
Pmbm. m H$amamZwgma dV VXma gKmEodOr
X{bVmZm H$mXoS>imV 148 amIrd OmJm mmV
Ago R>admV Ambo. m gPmomg "nwUo H$ama'
Ago hUVmV.
amQ>r g^om WmnZondy u {~{Q>e gmo{d hmamQ>mV
CmOr ZmBH$, dmgwXod ~idV $S>Ho$, H$ZmQ>H$mV
{H$mwaMr amUr Mm Am{U nOm~o am[gh Hw$H$m
mZr ge CR>md Ho$bo.
Mmo$H$a ~YyZr aS>Mr hm Ho$br.
{~hmao {~agm w S >m m m Zo V dmImbr
Am{XdmgtZr {~{Q>e gmo{d ge CR>md Ho$bm.
13
 ^maV

1. ^maVmMo WmZ d {dVma

^maVmMo WmZ Cma - nyd JmobmYmV Amho. Am{e`m IS>mV ^maV "X{jU- _` Am{e`m' ^mJmV Amho. ^maV VgoM
eoOmarb Xoe Oo {H$aWa gwbo_mZ - `m nyd}H$S>o H$mamH$moa_ {h_mb`m`m X{jU ~mOyg VgoM amIrZo `mo_m`m
npM_H$S>rb ^mJ BVa Am{e`m`r ^mJmnmgyZ doJio Pmbo AmhoV. "^maVr` CnIS'> ^mJmnmgyZ doJio Pmbo AmhoV.
`mg "^maVr` CnIS>' Ago hUVmV.
Ajdmr` aoImdmr` {dVma
- ^maVmMm Ajdmr` {dVma 80 04' 28'' Vo Cma Vo 370 06' 53'' Cma `m Xa`mZ Amho. nU ^maVmMo
A{VX{jUoH$S>rb Q>moH$ B{Xam nmBQ> (^yera) ho 970 2' 53'' Cma Ajdmda Amho.
- ^maVmMm aoImdmr` {dVma 680 07' 33'' nyd Vo 970 25' 47'' nyd aoImdmn`V Amho
- ^maVmm _`mVyZ (231/20 Cma Ajdm) OmVo. `m_wio ^maVmMm {Z_m^mJ CU H${Q>~YmV `oVmo.
- VgoM ^maVm`m _`mVyZ (C^o) OmUmao 821/2 ho aoImdm ^maVmMr _mUdoi R>a{dVo. ho aoImdm Abhm~mX/
{_Pmnyad$Z OmVo. (ZZr)
- ^maVmMr _mUdoi JrZ{dMnojm 5 Vmg 30 {_{ZQ>mZr nwT>o Amho.
- ^maVmMr gwgrm 4 XoemZm cmJVo. (nmH$, lrcH$m, mZma, ~mcmXoe)
jo\$i d {dVma
- ^maVmMo EHy$U jo\$i 32, 87, 263 Mm. {H$._r. AgyZ OJm`m jo\$im`m 2.42 Q>Ho$ jo ^maVmZo
`mnbo Amho. ^maV OJmVrb gmVdm _moR>m Xoe Amho.
- ^maVmMr ^ygr_m 15,200 {H$._r. Amho. gdm{YH$ ^ygr_m ~mbmXoembm bmJyZ AgyZ, gdmV H$_r ^ygr_m
A\$Jm{UVmZbm bmJyZ Amho. (AZwH$o 4096, 80 {H$.r.)
- ^maV-MrZ gr_maofm (Bem` ^maV) - _H$_mohZ (O_y H$mp_a, CmamIS>, {h_mMb Xoe, {g{H$_,
A$UmMb Xoe)
^maV-nmH$ gr_maofm - aS>pbn (amOWmZ, JwOamV, npM_ ~Jmb,
O_y d H$m_ra)
nmH$-A\$JmU gr_maofm S>wamS (O_y d H$mp_a)
- ^maVmMr gmJagr_oMr EHy$U bm~r 7516.6 {H$._r. Amho. nU \$V _w` ^y_rMm {dMma Ho$`mg hr bm~r
6100 {H$._r. BVH$s ^aVo. ^maVm`m JwOamV am`mbm gdm{YH$ g_w{H$Zmam bm^bm Amho.
- ^maVmMr Cma-X{jU bm~r 3214 {H$_r Amho. VgoM nyd- npM_ bm~r 2933 {H$._r. Amho. (^maV 2016)
- ^maVmMm AmH$ma gmYmaUV H$mQ>H$moZ {H$moUmgmaIm Amho.
- ^maVmVrc 6 amo AmVaamQ>r grmaofm, {H$Zman>rcm ne H$aV Zmhr.

^yJmob 203
 - ^maVr` rnH$nmMo X{jUoH$S>rb Q>moH$ H$`mHw$_mar ho Amho.
- ^maVmMo Cma Q>moH$ - XXma (O_y d H$m_ra)
- ^maVmMo nyd Q>moH$ - {H${~Yy (AUmMmb Xoe)
- ^maVmMo n{M_ Q>moH$ - Kw_a _moQ>Q>m (JwOamV)
- ^maVmMo A{VX{jUoH$S>rb Q>moH$ - B{Xam nmBQ> (AX_mZ-{ZH$momma moQo)
^maVmMo eoOmar
^maVm`m dm``og nm{H$VmZ d A\$Jm{UVmZ ho Xoe AmhoV Va Cmaog MrZ, Zonmi, ^yVmZ, nydo}g `mZ_ma d
~mbmXoe X{jUog lrbH$m, Amo`og BS>moZo{e`m Am{U ZG$`og _mbXrd hr am>o AmhoV.
^maVmMo emgH$s` {d^mJ
1956 ^mfmda mVaMZm Pmbr `mdoir ^maVmV 14 KQ>H$am`o hmoVr. AmOAIoa ^maVmV 29 KQ>H$ am`o d 7
gKam`o jo AmhoV.
gdmV eodQ>r 14 E{b 1975 gmbr {gpH$_ ho ^maVmV g_m{d>> Pmbo. `m {R>H$mUr Mmobm am`mMo am` hmoVo.
`mg KQ>H$am`mMm XOm Xo`mV Ambm Amho.
- jo\$im`m >rZo gdmV _moR>o am` - amOWmZ - bmoH$g`m`m >rZo gdmV bhmZ am` - {gpH$_
- jo\$im`m >rZo gdmV _moR>r VrZ am`o - (CVaVm H$_) amOWmZ - _`Xoe - _hmam>
- jo\$im`m >rZo gdmV bhmZ am` - Jmodm - bmoH$g`o`m >rZo gdmV _moR>o am` - Cma Xoe
 _hdmMo _wo
1. ^maV ho OJmVrb gdmV _moR>o bmoH$emhr am> Amho.
2. ^maVm`m X{jUog qhXr _hmgmJa Amho.
3. ^maVmMm am>r` mUr dmK, am>r` njr _moa, am>r` \y$b H$_i, Va am>r` dj dS>, am>r` ObMa S>m\$sZ
{ZpMV H$a`mV Ambm Amho. am>r` ZXr JJm, am>r` Ioi hmH$r, am>r` {damgV mUr hmr hm Amho.
4. ^maVmg qgYw ZXr_wio qhXWmZ ho Zmd {_imbo Amho
5. nm{e`Z bmoH$ ^maVr`mg qhX hUV.
6. ^maVr` am` KQ>ZoZwgma ^maV d B{S>`m hr Zmdo {ZpMV H$a`mV Ambr Amho.
7. ^maVmVrb AmR> am`mVyZ H$H$dm Jobo Amho. amOWmZ, JwOamV, Xoe, N>mrgJS>, PmaIS>, ndJmc,
{nwam, {Pmoam.
8. ^maVmnojm AmH$ma_mZmZo a{e`m, H$ZS>m, MrZ, `y.Eg.E., ~m{Pb, AmQ>o{b`m ho Xoe _moR>o AmhoV.
9. Zonmi, ^yV>mZ d ~mbmXoe `m`m {Vhr ~mOy`m gr_m ^maVmg bmJyZ AmhoV.
10. A\$Jm{UVmZ `m Xoemg bmJyZ O_y d H$m_raMr gr_maofm Amho.
11. ^maVmVrb npM_ {H$Zman>rbm bmJyZ 5 am`mMr gr_m Amho Va nyd {H$Zman>rbm bmJyZ 4 am`mMr
gr_m Amho.
12. {nwam ammm {Vhr ~mOyZr ~mcmXoe Amho.
13. h[a`mUm am`mMr gr_m nm{H$VmZbm bmJyZ Zmhr.
14. lrbH$m Xoe nmH$Mm gm_wdZr d _mZmaMo AmImV `m_wio doJim Pmbm Amho.
15. ^mfmdma mVaMoZwgma {Z_mU Pmbobo n{hbo am` AmY Xoe hmo`.

204 embo`kmZ+bg
 16. 1 Zmoh|~a 2000 bm N>mrgJT> ho am` _`Xoe _YyZ {Z_mU Pmbo.
17. 9 Zmoh|~a 2000 gmbr CmamIS> ho am` Cma Xoe_YyZ {Z_mU Pmbo.
18. 11 Zmoh|~a 2000 bm PmaIS> ho am` {~hma am`mVyZ {Z_mU Pmbo.
19. ^maVm`m eoOmarb _mbXrd ho gdmV bhmZ am> Va MrZ gdmV _moR>o am> Amho.
20. 2004 `m gwZm_rV B{Xam nmBQ> hm ^mJ Ob_ Pmbm.
21. JwOamV Vo AUmMb Xoe `m`mV gw_mao XmoZ VmgmMo AVa Amho. (1 Vmg 56 {_.)
22. gwdoP H$mb`m_wio (1869) ^maV-`wamon AVa 7000 {H$._r. H$_r Pmbo.
23. Bem`H$S>rb am`mZm "7 [gQ>a' Ago hUVmV. 24. ^maV d lrbH$o Mr _mUdoi gmaIr Amho.
25. 1 0
1905 nmgyZ ^maVmMr _mUdoi 82 /2 nyd aoImdmmd$Z _mZbr OmVo.
26. 2 OyZ 2014 bm AmY XoemVyZ VobJUm ho am` doJio Pmbo Amho.

2. ^maVmMr mH${VH$ aMZm

^yaMZm
ndrda gmV ^yn>o d H$mhr bhmZ ^yn>o _mZ`mV `oVmV.
H$moQ>dYr dfm>nydu ndrda EH$ gbJ ^yIS> hmoVm `mg n{O`m Ago hUV. `m`m g^modVmbr "nWmbgm' hm
Obm`e hmoVm. `mMo XmoZ ^mJmV {d^mOZ hmoD Z CmaoH$S>rb ^mJmg Jm|S>dZ^y_r Va X{jUoH$S>rb ^mJmg AJma^y_r
hUV. Xmoht`m _o Q>o{Wg g_w hmoVm. Q>o{Wg g_wmV Jmi gmMV Jobm d Vi^mJmda Xm~ nSy>Z {h_mb` ndVamJoMr
{Z{_Vr Pmbr. Va {h_mb`m`m ImobJQ> ^mJmV Jmi gmRy>Z _XmZmMr {Z{_Vr Pmbr.
gmYmaUV: ^maVr` mH${VH$ aMZoMo nmM {d^mJ nmS>`mV `oVmV.
1. CmoaH$S>rb ndVr` Xoe ({h_mb` amJm) 2. Cma ^maVr` _XmZr Xoe
3. rnH$nr` nR>mar Xoe 4. {H$Zmar _XmZr Xoe 5. ^maVr` moQ>o.
1. CmaoH$S>rb ndVr` Xoe ({h_mb` amJm)
{h_mb` ndVmMr gamgar bm~r 2500 {H$._r. Va Xr O_y H$m_ra ^mJmV 500 {H$._r. Va AUmMb Xoe
^mJmV 150 {H$._r. n`V Amho.
{h_mb`rZ amJm O_y H$m_ranmgyZ AUmMb Xoemn`V npM_-nyd {XeoV nga`m AmhoV, `m EH$_oH$mZm
g_mVa VrZ amJm AmhoV.
- {h_mb`mMo EHy$U jo\$i 5 bmI Mm {H$._r. BVHo$ Amho.
- {h_mb` hm gdmV VU VgoM dbrndV Amho. - {h_mb`mMo VrZ {d^mJ
A) {h_mr/ ~hX {h_mb` / Cma / _w` {h_mb`
- gdmV CM 6000 _r. nojm OmV {h_Zm AmT>iVmV.
- gdmV CM {eIao `mM ^mJmV AmhoV.
H$. {eIa Xoe CMr _rQ>a_`o H$. {eIa Xoe CMr _rQ>a_`o
1. _mD$Q> EdaoQ> Zonmi 8848 2. Ho$2 (JmS>{dZAmQ>rZ) ^maV 8611
3. H$mMZJJm (O) ^maV 8598 4. _H$mby Zonmi 8481
5. Ydc{Jar Zonmi 8172 6. ZJm ndV ^maV 8126
7. AnyUm Zonmi 8078 8. ZXm Xodr ^maV 7817

^yJmob 205
 ~) {h_mMb/_` {h_mb`
- `mg bKw {h_mb` Agohr hUVmV. - gamgar CMr 3000 Vo 4000 _r.
- gamgar Xr 60 {H$._r. Vo 80 {H$._r. - dj Umbr AmT>iVo.
- WS> hdoMr {R>H$mUo AmhoV (Z{ZVmb, Xm{OqbJ, {g_bm, _gwar B.)
H$) {edm{bH$ amJm
- gamgar Xr 15 Vo 20 {H$._r. - gamgar CMr 1000 Vo 1500 _rQ>a
- {h_mb`mVrb gdmV X{jUoH$S>rb ndVamJm - CU H${Q>~Yr` Am nmZPS>r dj AmT>iVmV.
- S>ohamSyZ, nmQ>brSy>Z Aer Sy>Z ehao AmT>iVmV. _` {h_mb` d {edm{bH$ Qo>H$Sm`m Xa`mZ JmimMm
gM`ZmVyZ `m _XmZmMr {Z{_Vr Pmbr `mg S>yg hUVmV.
- ga {gS>Zo ~amS> `mZr {h_mb`mMr {d^mJUr mXo{eH$ WmZmd$Z Ho$br.
2. Cma ^maVr` _XmZr Xoe
Cma ^maVr` _XmZr XoemMr bm~r 2400 {H$._r. Amho. Va Xr npM_oH$S>o 320 {H$._r. d nyd}H$S>o 240 {H$._r.
Amho. Va Imobr 1000 Vo 2000 _r. BVH$s AmhoV. `m _XmZr XoemZo 1/3 ^y^mJ `mnbm AgyZ `mV XoemMr 40%
bmoH$g`m amhVo.
`m _XmZmMo jo\$i 7 bmI Mm.{H$._r. BVHo$ AmhoV. g_wgnmQ>rnmgyZ gamgar 200 _r. CM ho _XmZ d Ow`m
JmimMo _XmZ Ago H$ma nS>VmV. ZdrZ Jmim`m Xoemg "ImXa' hUVmV. Va Ow`m Jmim`m Xoemg "^mJa' Ago
hUVmV. {h_mb`m`m nm``mer nIm`m AmH$mamMr XJS>, JmoQ>o, dmiy `mnmgyZ V`ma Pmbo`m _XmZmg ^m~a
hUVmV. Va ^m~a`m X{jUog ~marH$ _mVr`m gM`ZmV. XbXb d XmQ> OJbo AmT>iVmV. `mg VamB hUVmV.
KmJam ZXr`m _XmZr Xoembm AdY qH$dm A`mo`mMo _XmZ Ago hUVmV. Va JJm `_wZm `m`m Xa`mZMo _XmZr
Xoe amohrb IS>mMo _XmZ hUVmV. XmoZ ZmMm _Ybm Xoe XAm~ ZmdmZr AmoiIVmV.
Cma ^maVr` _XmZr XoemMo VrZ ^mJ nmS>bo OmVmV.
1. nyd _XmZr Xoe `m_`o ~nwm`m _XmZr ^mJmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
2. _` _XmZr Xoe `m_`o JJm, `_wZm Zm`m ^mJmVrb _XmZr XoemMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. "^m~a' "VamB' hm
^mJ `m _XmZmV _moR>m _mUmV {XgyZ `oVmo.
3. npM_r _XmZr Xoe qgYw, gVbO ZXr`m _XmZr XoemMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m XoemV XAm~mMr g`m
_moR>r Amho. ^maVr` _hmdmidQ>mMm ^mJ `m _XmZr XoemV _moS>Vmo.
3. rnH$nr` nR>mar Xoe
^maVr` nR>mar Xoe gmYmaUV {H$moUr AmH$mamMm Amho. nyd}g nydKmQ>, npM_og npM_ KmQ>, X{jUog
{Zb{Jar ndV Va dm``og Aadbr ndV `m`m_`o nR>mar XoemMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. jo\$i 16 bmI Mm.{H$._r.
AgyZ hm gdmV mMrZ ^mJ Amho. Z_Xm ZXr`m IMXar_wio `m nR>mar ^mJmMo XmoZ ^mJ nS>VmV.
Cma^mJmVrb nR>mar Xoe d XIZMm nR>mar Xoe
1. Cma ^mJmVrb> nR>mar Xoe - `mV Aadbr ndV, qd` ndV Am{U H$mhr nR>mamMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
- Aadbr ndV ^maVmVrb gdmV mMrZ dbrndV AgyZ ZG$`-Bem` {XeoZo hm ndV amOWmZmV Amho.
- gJ_adam`m ImUr d ndVr` XoemV AmhoV. WS> hdoMo {R>H$mU : _mCQ> A~y gdmV CM {ea : Jw
{eIa
- qd` ndV Z_Xo`m Cmaog _`Xoe am`mV `m ndV amJm AmhoV. R>moH$`mMm ndV
2. XIZMo nR>ma - Z_Xm ZXr`m X{jUoH$S>Mm ^mJ. - gmVnwS>m ndV - hr ndamJm Z_Xm d Vmnr
ZXr`m _`o Amho.
206 embo`kmZ+bg
 ~. hmam> ^yJmob

1. hmam>mMo WmZ, {dVma d gmm` m{hVr

WmnZm 1 o 1960
hmam>mMo WmZ ^maVm`m npM ` ^mJmV Amho. hmam>m`m Cmaobm `Xoe, nyd}g N>mrgJT>, AmZo`og
VobJUm, X{jUog H$ZmQ>H$-ZF$og Jmodm, dm``og XmXam ZJahdobr d JwOamV Amho.
hmam>mMr gdm{YH$ grm `Xoembm bmJyZ AgyZ gdmV H$r grm Jmomcm bmJyZ Amho.
hmam>m`m g^modVmbr 6 am`o d 1 H|$em{gV Xoe Amho.
Ajdmr` {dVma - 150 Cma 8' Cma 220 10' Cma Ajdm
aoImdm {dVma - 720 36' nyd Vo 800 9' nyd aoImdm
jo$i 30,7713 Mm. {H$. r. nyd-npM {dVma - 800 {H$. r.
X{jU-Cma {dVma - 700 {H$. r. gw{H$Zmam bm~r - 720 {H$. r.
jo$im`m ~m~VrV hmam>mMm XoemV {Vgam H$mH$ bmJVmo.
hmam>mZo ^maVr` CnIS>m`m 6.6 Q>Ho$ ^mJ, Va Xoem`m 9.36 Q>H$Ho$ ^mJ `mnbm Amho.
gw{H$Zm`m`m~m~V hmam>mMm MmWm H$mH$ bmJVmo.
hmam>m`m 7 {OmZm bmJyZ gw{H$Zmam AgyZ, gdmV OmV gw{H$Zmam aZm{Jar {Omg bm^bm Amho.
hmam>m`m WmnZodoiog 26 {Oho d 229 VmbwHo$, VgoM Mma emgH$s` {d^mJ hmoVo. g`m hmam>mV 36
{Oho d 6 emgH$s` {d^mJ AmhoV. VgoM 34 {Ohm n[afXm, 351 nMmV g{m, 27920 JmnMmVr,
26 hmZJanm{cH$m, 230 ZJan[afXm, 110 ZJanMmVr d gmV H$Q>H$ S>io AmhoV. (hmamQ>mMr Am{WH$
nm{hUr 2016 Zwgma)
hmam>mVrb emgH$s` {d^mJ
H$. emgH$s` {d^mJ {Oho
1. H$moH$U {d^mJ w~B eha, w~B CnZJa, R>mUo, nmbKa, am`JS>, aZm{Jar, qgYwXJ
2. nwUo {d^mJ nwUo, gmobmnya, gmVmam, gmJbr, H$mohmnya (5)
3. Zm{eH$ {d^mJ Zm{eH$, Ywio, OiJmd, ZXa~ma, AhXZJa (5)
4. AamdVr {d^mJ AamdVr, AH$mobm, ~wbT>mUm, dm{e, `dVmi (5)
5. AmaJm~mX {d^mJ AmaJm~mX, ~rS>, OmbZm, CmZm~mX (4)
ZmXoS>, bmVya, na^Ur, qhJmobr (4)
6. ZmJnya {d^mJ ZmJnya, dYm, Jm|{X`m, ^S>mam, Mnya, JS>{Mamobr (6)

Q>rn - hmam>mMm AmH$ma gdgmYmaUnUo {H$moUr Amho .

^yJmob 207
 hmam>mMo hgyb {d^mJ - 6
1) nwUo 2) H$moH$U 3) Zm{eH$
4) AmaJm~mX 5) AamdVr 6) ZmJnya
hmam>mMo mXo{eH$ {d^mJ - 5
1. H$moH$U - w~B eha, w~B CnZJa, R>mUo, nmbKa, am`JS>, aZm{Jar, qgYwXJ (7)
2. n. hmam> - Zm{eH$, AhXZJa, nwUo, gmobmnya, gmVmam, gmJbr, H$mohmnya (7)
3. ImZXoe - OiJmd, Ywio, ZXa~ma (3) (Vmnr Imoao)
4. amR>dmS>m - AmaJ m~mX, OmbZm, na^Ur, ~rS>, bmVya, ZmXSo >, CmZm~mX, qhJmobr (8) (JmoXmdar Imoa)o
5. {dX^ - AamdVr, ~wbT>mUm, AH$mobm, dm{e, `dVmi, ZmJnya, Mnya, ^S>mam, dYm, Jm|{X`m,
JS>{Mamobr (dhmS>)
hmam>mVrb nmoobrg Am`wVmb`o
1) w~B 2) nwUo 3) aodo KmQ>H$mona 4) AmaJm~X 5) AamdVr
6) dmer (Zdr w~B) 7) Zm{eH$ 8) gmobmnya 9) R>mUo 10) ZmJnya

2. hmam> mH${VH$ aMZm

hmam>mMm gmYmaUV: 90 Q>Ho$ ^mJ ~ogmQ> IS>H$mZo ~Zbm Amho. Aa~r gwmbm gmVa ^oJr dmbmwIr`
CoH$ hmoD$Z {ebmag ~Jmb`m CngmJam`m {XeoZo ngaV Jobm. `mwio hmam>mV ~ogmQ> IS>H$mMr OmS>r OmV
{XgyZ `oVo. `mwio hmam>mMm ~hVmer ^mJ nR>mar {XgyZ `oVmo.
hmam>m`m mH${VH$ aMZoMo VrZ ^mJ nS>VmV.
1) H$moH$U {H$Zman>rMm Xoe 2) ghmr`m amJoMm Xoe 3) nR>mar Xoe
1. H$moH$U {H$Zman>rMm Xoe
hmam>mbm 720 {H$. r. bm~rMr {H$Zman>r bm^br Amho. gmYmaUV: 10 Vo 15 {H$. r. bm~rMr {H$Zman>r
Amho. ZXr`m wImer ImS>mMr {Z{Vr Pmbr Amho. H$moH$U {H$Zman>r XVya Amho. H$moH$U {H$Zman>r`m Cmaobm
XUJJm ZXrnmgyZ VoaImob ImS>rn`V {VMm {dVma Pmbm Amho.
H$moH$UmMo Cma H$moH$U d X{jU H$moH$U Ago XmoZ ^mJ nS>VmV. Cma H$moH$UmV 7 {Oho AmhoV `m`o w~B eha,
w~B CnZJa, R>mUo, nmbKa, am`JS> `mMm gmdoe hmoVmo Va X{jU H$moH$UmV aZm{Jar d qgYwXJ `m XmoZ {OhmMm
gmdoe hmoVmo.
gwm`m bJVm gIb ^mJmg IbmQ>r Va nyd}H$S>rb OmV CMrm Xoemg dbmQ>r hUVmV.
ImS>m
H$. {Ohm ImS>m H$. {Ohm ImS>m
1. w~B dgB 2. w~B CnZJa KaVa, ~mUH$moQ>
3. R>mUo Xm{Vdam 4. am`JS> CaU, O{Oam, hmS>
5. qgYwXJ XodJS>, {dO`XJ, VoaoImob.
2. ghmr`m amJoMm Xoe
`mg npM KmQ> Agohr hUVmV. hmam>mMo H$moH$U d Xoe (nR>ma) Ago XmoZ ^mJ nS>VmV. Cma {Xeobm
208 embo`kmZ+bg
ZdmnyanmgyZ X{jUobm MXJS>n`V hr amJ hmam>mV `oVo. hmam>mVrb bm~r 800 {H$. r. AgyZ CMr gamgar 900
rQ>a BVH$s Amho.
ghmr hm nR>mamdarb d H$moH$UmVrb ZmMm Ob{d^mOH$ Amho. ghmrbm mgyZ dmao AmSy>Z {VamoY
H$maMm nO` nS>Vmo, Va hmam>mVrb hdmMr WS> hdoMr {R>H$mUo ghmr amJoV AmhoV.
ghmr amJoVrb hmam>mVrb hdnyU {eIao
H$. {eIa CMr {Ohm H$. {eIa CMr {Ohm
1. H$igy~mB 1646 r. AhXZJa 2. gmhoa 1567 r. Zm{eH$
3. hm~ioda 1438 r. gmVmam 4. h[aMJS> 1424 r. AhXZJa
5. geJr 1416 r. Zm{eH$ 6. VmoaUm 1404 r. nwUo
ghmr amJoVrb {J[aWmZHo$ d {H$bo
1. am`JS> mWoamZ am`JS>, qbJmZm d ImXoar-CXoar, H$Zmi, w$S>-O{Oam (gmJar)
2. aZm{Jar Xmnmobr aZJS>, ^adJS>, {MVJS> nmgJS> d gwdUXJ (gmJar)
3. qgYwXJ A~mobr amJmUm, XodJS>, `edVJS> d qgYwXJ d {dO`XJ (gmJar)
4. H$mohmnya nhmim nhmim, {demiJS>, ^wXaJS>
5. gmVmam hm~ioda VmnJS>, AqO`Vmam, nmS>dJS>, nmMJUr, gmZJS>, H$aXJS>, H$iJS>
nmMJUr
6. nwUo bmoUmdim, VmoaUm, {edUoa, qghJS>, nwaXa
7. AhXZJa ^S>maXam h[aMJS>, AhXZJa (^wBH$moQ>)
8. Zm{eH$ `~Ho$da AH$mB-Q>H$mB, AbJ - Hw$bJ, wJr-VwJr, gmhoa-whoa, XZJS>
~rXZJS>, JmiUm
ghmr amJoVrb KmQ>
H$. KmQ> OmoS>br OmUmar {R>H$mUo H$. KmQ> OmoS>br OmUmar {R>H$mUo
1. A~mobr H$mohmnya - gmdVdmS>r (AmOam) 2. $m|S>m H$mohmnya - nUOr
3. Am~m H$mohmnya - aZm{Jar 4. mieoO ZJa - H$`mU
5. Hw$^mbu H$amS> - {MniyU 6. daYm ^moa - hmS>
7. H$gmam (Wi) Zm{eH$ - w~B 8. I~mQ>H$s gmVmam - nwUo
9. ~moaKmQ> nwUo - w~B 10. {Xdo nwUo - gmgdS> - ~mamVr
ghmr`m amJm
1. Vmnr - JmoXmdar ZXrXa`mZ ngaco`m S>m|JaamJmZm gmVmim AqOR>m S>m|Ja amJm hUVmV.
- Zm{eH$ - gmVmi S>m|Ja - AmaJm~mX - ~wbT>mUm - AqOR>m S>m|Ja
2. JmoXmdar - ^rm ZXrXa`mZ ngabo`m S>m|JaamJmZm h[aN> - ~mbmKmQ> S>m|JaamJm hUVmV.
- AhXZJa - h[aMJS> - bmVya, CmZm~mX - ~mbmKmQ>
3. ^rm d H$Um ZXrXa`mZ ngabo`m S>m|JaamJmZm e^yhmXod S>m|Ja amJm hUVmV.
- e^y hmXod

^yJmob 209
H$. nR>mar Xoe
hmam>mVrb nR>mar XoemMr gamgar CMr 300 rQ>a Amho. npMoH$Sy>Z nyd}H$So> CMr H$r H$r hmoV OmVo. nR>mar
XoemV ~ogmQ> hm wI IS>H$ AmT>iVmo. Va H$mir aoJya Xm AmT>iVo.
X{jU ^maVmV`m hdm`m Zm nR>mar XoemVyZ dmhVmV.
hmam>mVrb nR>mar Xoem`m Cmaobm gmVnwS>m ndV Amho. `mVrb VmoaUmi (ZXa~ma) Jm{dbJS> (AamdVr)
`m amJm hmam>mV `oVmV. {MIbXam (AamdVr) ho {J[aWmZ `mM ndV amJoVrb Amho.
hmam>mVrb CnnR>mao
1. Zm{eH$ - mboJmd nR>ma 2. AhXZJa - ~mbmKmQ> nR>ma
3. nwUo - gmgdS>Mo nR>ma 4. gmVmam - AmYMo nR>ma, H$mg nR>ma
5. gmJbr - ImZmnyaMo nR>ma 6. ZXa~ma - VmoaUmi nR>ma
 _hdmMo _wo
ZmXoS> emgH$s` {d^mJmV Mma Vmbw`mMm gmdoe H$a`mV `oUma hmoVm.
1863 Vo 1937 `m H$mbIS>mV hmam> "w~B BbmIm' `m ZmdmZr AmoiIbm OmV Ago.
1937 Vo 1956 `m H$mbIS>mV hmam> w~B mV `m ZmdmZr AmoiIbm OmV Ago.
1956 Vo 1960 `m H$mbIS>mV hmam>, hmJwOamV {^m{fH$ w~B am` `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmV hmoVo.
1 o 1960 ZVa hmam> ho Zmd m Pmbo.
hmam>mVrb gdm{YH$ AmR> {OmMr grm `Xoemg bmJyZ Amho.
1 o 1981 gmbr aZm{JarnmgyZ qgYwXJ {OmMr {Z{Vr Pmbr.
gdmV eodQ>r {ZmU Pmbobm {Ohm 1 AmJQ> 2014 amoOr R>mUonmgyZ nmbKa hmo`. 1 o 1999 gmbr
{ZmU Pmbobo {Oho na^UrnmgyZ qhJmobr d ^S>m`mnmgyZ Jm|{X`m ho hmoV.
hmam>mVrb gdmV moR>m mXo{eH$ {d^mJ {dX^ (11 {Oho), Va gdmV bhmZ mXo{eH$ {d^mJ ImZXoe
(3 {Oho) ho hmoV.
hmam>mbm 34 {Ohm n[afXm AmhoV.
hmam>mMr CnamOYmZr - ZmJnya `m {R>H$mUr {hdmir A{YdoeZ ^aVo.
w~B am`mMo n{hbo w`r ~mi JJmYa Ioa, Va hmam>mMo n{hbo w`r `edVamd MhmU ho
hmoV.
ghmr ndVmMr {Z{Vr Va^Jmwio Pmbr Amho.
gdmV OmV {OmMr grm bmJyZ Agbobm {Ohm AhXZJa (7) hmo`.
hmam>mVrb jo$im`m >rZo gdmV moR>m {Ohm AhXZJa hmo`.
hmam>mVrb jo$im`m >rZo gdmV bhmZ {Ohm w~B eha hmo`.
H$moH$U {H$Zmam [a`m H$maMm Amho.
Aa~r gwmbJVMm H$r CMr Agbobm ^mJ IbmQ>r Va nyd}H$S>rb OmV CMr Agbo`m ^mJmg dbmQ>r
hUVmV.
e^y hmXodm`m S>m|Ja amJm gmVmam, gmJbr {OmV AmhoV.
ZXa~ma ^mJmV JmiUm S>m|Ja, qhJmobr ^mJmV wXIoS> S>m|Ja Va, na^Ur-ZmXoS> ^mJmV {Zb amJm AmhoV.
JS>{Mamobr ^mJmV {Mamobr Q>oH$S>m, gwaOJS> d ^mamJS> `m S>m|Ja amJm AmhoV.
{dX^mV ^S>mam ^mJmV XaHo$gm Q>oH$S>m, ZmJnya {OmV Jaoda S>m|Ja AmhoV.

210 embo`kmZ+bg
 ZmJnya ^mJmVrb IS>H$ n>mZm gmgamim hUVmV Va, ^S>mam ^mJmVrb IS>H$min>mZm gmH$mobr
mim hUVmV.
w~ BOdi ~ogmQ> IS>H$mMr gdm{YH$ OmS>r AmT>iVo.
qgYwXJ, ZmJnya, ^S>mam, Jm|{X`m `m`m H$mhr ^mJmV Am{H$`Z YmadmS> IS>H$ AmT>iVmV.
H$moH$UmVrb H$r OmS>r`m gmJar MwZIS>H$mbm H$ai hUVmV.

3. hmam>mVrb Zm
H$. ZXr CJ bm~r CnZm H$mR>mdaMr ehao
{H$.r.
nyd dm{hZr
1. JmoXmdar `~Ho$da 668 XmaUm, qgY$Um Zm{eH$, nR>U,
(Zm{eH$) dam, X{jUnyUm, mOam H$monaJmd, JJmIoS>, ZmXoS>
2. H$Um hm~ioda 282 H$mo`Zm, `oaim, dmB, H$amS>, gmJbr, {aO,
(gmVmam) dmaUm, doUm, AmX~a, Zagmo~mMr dmS>r
nMJJm
3. ^rm ^rm-eH$a 451 Bm`Ur, wim-wR>m, nT>anya
(nwUo) KmoS>, grZm, Zram,
Hw$H$S>r, H$hm, ndZm
4. nZJJm AqOR>m amJm 500 H$`mYw, nyg, {H$ZdQ>
mha, (~wbT>mUm) dmKS>r IwZr,
npM dm{hZr
5. Vmnr ~Vwb (gmVnwS>m) 208 nyUm, {JaUm, nmPam ^wgmdi
`Xoe
6. ZXm AaH$Q>H$ 54 Vdm -
7. Chmg IS>mim (ghmr) 130 ^mVgB R>mUo
X{jU dm{hZr
8. dZJJm {gdUr, (gmVnwS>m) 295 H$hmZ, dYm, ZmJ ^S>mam (`Xoe),
nZJJm, JmT>dr
9. dYm gmVnwS>m 455 {dX^, dob

H$. Zm YaUo/{Ohm H$. Zm YaUo/{Ohm

1. JmoXmdar JJmnya (Zm{eH$), Om`H$dmS>r 2. H$Um Ymo (dmB)
(nR>U), eH$aamd MhmU 3. ^rm MmH$gmZ (nwUo), COZr (gmobmnya)
({dUwnwar) (ZmXoS>) 4. H$mo`Zm H$mo`Zm YaU ({edmOrgmJa) gmVmam.
5. dmaUm MmXmobr (gmJbr) 6. XYJJm H$midmS>r (H$mohmnya)
7. ^moJmdVr amYmZJar (H$mohmnya) 8. ndZm ndZm H$n (nwUo)
^yJmob 211
 H$. OJ
i) ndr : gy`_mboVrb Jh, CnJh, Yy_Ho$Vy, gy` Am{U BVa Jh `mMr VwbZm_H$ _m{hVr, ndrMm `mg,
IS> d {gmV, g_wdmh d dmao.
ii) OJmVrb {d^mJ : OJmVrb Xoe d `mMr d{eQ>o, dZnVr {d^mJ JdVmi Hw$aUo.
iii) hdm_mZ d nO` : H$ma, Vmn_mZ, nO`_mZ, ^y_` gm_wrH$ hdm_mZ, n{M_ `wamo{n` hdm_mZ,
_mgyZ dmidQ>r hdm_mZ, erV H${Q>~Yr` hdm_mZ, nmdgmMo H$ma, H$mi Am{U _mU `mda AmYm[aV
Z
iv) Ajmg d aoIme : Ajdmo d aoImdmo, Ad Ajmg ~hXdVwio, Wm{ZH$ _mUdoim, AmVaam>r`
dmaaofm, F$Vy Am{U ^mJmo{bH$ d{eQ>mMo {XZ_mZ, gy`mMo ^_U
v) OJmVrb ZXr, ehao, _wI {nHo$
vi) ^mJmo{bH$ d{eQ>o

1. AdH$me em
AmH$me : ndrd$Z {XgUmar {Ziga aJmMr nmoH$ir hUOo AmH$me hmo`.
AdH$me : AWmJ Aer AgUmar nmoH$ir hUOo AdH$me hmo`. AmH$me hm AdH$memMm ^mJ Amho.
VmaH$m g_yh : Vm`mMm {_iyZ ~Zbobm {demb AmH$mamMm g_yh hUOo VmaH$mg_yh qH$dm VmaH$m _S>b
hmo`.
- VmaH$mg_yh Vm`mgh dV: ^modVr {\$aVmV. EH$m VmaH$m g_yhmV Ag` Vmao AgVmV. Amm Ag`
VmaH$mg_yhmZo Amnbo {dd ~Zbo Amho.
- gy`Hy$b ho EH$m VmaH$mg_yhmV qH$dm VmaH$m _S>imV AmhoV. `m VmaH$m _S>imbm "X {_H$s do'
(XYJJm) Ago hUVmV. `mVrb ZwgVo 3000 Vmao Zwg`m S>mo`mZr {XgVmV.
gy`Hy$b : gy` Am{U gy`m^modVr {\$aUmao Jh, CnJh, bKwJh {_iyZ `mbm gy`Hy$b qH$dm gy`_mbm
hUVmV. gy` hm `m`m D$O}Mm moV Amho. gd Jh naH$m{eV AmhoV. gy`Hy$bmV ndrgh 8 (AmR>)
JhmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ho gd Jh gy`m^modVr b~ dVwimH$ma H$joV {\$aVmV.
~Qw>Jh : Zon`yZ`m nbrH$S>o bwQ>mogmaIo AZoH$ N>moQ>o IJmob AmhoV. `mg ~Qw>Jh hUVmV.
bKwJh : _Ji Am{U Jw$ `m_`o AgUmm bhmZ AmH$mamm IJmobmZm bKwJh Ago hUVmV Va
Jhm^modVr {\$aUm`m IJmobr` CnJh Ago hUVmV.
gy` : ndrnmgyZ gdmV OdiMm Vmam Vmo A{Ve` V Aem dm`yMm Jmoim Amho. `m_`o _wI hm`S>moOZ
d ho{b`_ dm`y AmT>iVmV. ndrnmgyZ AVa 14 H$moQ>r 94 bmI 50 {H$._r. (15 H$moQ>r {H$._r) EdT>o Amho.
93% 7%
- gy` dV:^modVr {\$aVmo gy`mbm dV:^modVr EH$ \o$ar nyU H$a`mg gamgar 25 {Xdg bmJVmV.
- n> ^mJmMo Vmn_mZ 6 bj Ae gopg`g Amho. Va H|$ ^mJmMo Vmn_mZ 15 Xebj Ae gopg`g
Amho.
212 embo`kmZ+bg
 - gy`mMm gamgar `mg 13 bmI 90 hOma {H$_r (14 bmI) gy`Hw$bmV gy` d JhmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
`mMm H$_ ~wY-ewH$-ndr-_Ji-Jw$-e{Z-`waoZg-Zon`wZ-Agm Amho.
ho gd Jh npM_oH$Sy>Z nyd}H$S>o gy`m^modVr {\$aVmV. (AndmX - ewH$, `waoZg)
gy` bKwJh `m`m Xa`mZMo Jh hUOo AmVaJh hmo`.
ndrbm gdmV OdiMm Jh ewH$ Amho.
gy`Hw$bm~amo~a gy`mZVa ndrg gdmV Odi AgUmam d S>mo`mZr {Xgy eH$Umam Vmam AH$m g|`war/
m{P`m go`war Amho. hm ndrnmgyZ 4.3 H$me df} Xa Amho.
H$me df} : Jh-Vmao `m_Yrb AVa H$me dfm_`o _moObo OmVo. 1 H$medf hUOo gy`{H$aU EH$m
dfm_`o {OVHo$ Xa OmVmV {VVHo$ AVa hmo`.
1 H$me df = 9.6 1012 {H$._r. = 9 bmI 66 hOma H$moQ>r {H$._r.
gy`_ m{bH$oVrb JhmMo VwbZm_H$ AmH$ma
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Zon`yZ ndr ewH$ _Ji mwY

eZr `waoZg
Jw
H$me doJ = 3 bmI {H$._r / goH$X gy`mnmgyZ ndrda H$me nmohM`mg bmJUmam H$mbmdYr 8 {_{ZQ>
20 goH$X (8.18) goH$X
AVami EH$H$ : ndr d gy` `m`m_Yrb AgUmao gamgar AVa hUOo 1 AQ>moZmo{_H$b `w{ZQ>
1 AQ>moZmo{_H$b = 8.20 goH$X
gy`mMo dVw_mZ ndrMm 3,33,000 nQ> Amho.
ndrnojm gy` AmH$ma_mZmZo 13,00,000 nQ>rZo _moR>m Amho.

2. ndr
hm gy`mnmgyZ {Vg`m H$_mH$mMm AgUmam Jh Amho.
AmH$ma - {OAmBS> (Ywdmda MnQ>m {dfwdmmda \w$Jra)
gd Jhm_`o AmH$mamZo nmM`m H$_mH$mMm Jh Amho.
d` - 4.6 AO df jo\$i - 51 H$moQ>r Mm.{H$._r.
gy`mnmgyZ AVa - 14 H$moQ>r 94 bmI 50 hOma {`m - 6371 {H$._r. (12742 `mg)
{H$_r (15 H$moQ>r) ndrMm Ywdr` `mg - 12714 {H$._r.
ndrMm {dfwdmr` n[aK - 12758 {H$._r. ndrMm Ydw r` n[aK - 40,009 {H$._r.
ndrMm Amg - ndr `m H$mn{ZH$ aofo^modVr npM_oH$Sy>Z nyd}H$S>o {\$aVo {Vbm ndrMm Amg hUVmV.
hm ndr`m _`mVyZ OmVmo. ndrMm Amg hm AmVyZ H$bbobm Amho.
ndr`m Amgm`m Q>moH$mZm Ydw hUVmV.
AmgmMm amoI YwdmH$S>o Amho. YwdVm`m`m ~mOyH$S>rb Amgm`m Q>moH$mbm Cma Ywd Va, X{jUoH$S>rb
Q>moH$mbm X{jU Ywd hUVmV.

^yJmob 213
 gy`mMm `mg ndrnojm 109 nQ> Amho.
ndr`m n>^mJmdarb H$moUVohr EImm
WimMo WmZ {ZpMV H$a`mgmR>r H$mhr
H$mn{ZH$ aofmMm Cn`moJ H$aVmV. `m aofmZm
Ajdmo d aoImdmo Ago hUVmV.
{dfddm
ndrdarb Cma d X{jU Ydw mnmgyZ gma`m
AVamda ndrMo Cma d X{jU JmobmY Ago
XmoZ g_g_mZ ^mJ H$aUm`m d ndr`m
n>^mJmd$Z OmUm`m H$mn{ZH$ aofobm
{dfwddm hUVmV.
{dfwddm ho 00 Mo gdmV _moR>o Ajdm Amho.
{dfwddmmnmgyZ Cmaog d X{jUog 1010 Ajmem`m AVamda g_mVa Aer `oH$s 90 Ajdmo AmhoV.
{dfwddm Y$Z AjmemMr g`m 180 + 1 = 181 hmoVo. ndr`m n>^mJmdarb H$moU`mhr XmoZ AjdmmVrb
AVa gd gmaIo AgVo.
Ajdmm_wio ndrdarb EImXo {R>H$mU Cma JmobmYmV Amho H$s X{jU JmobmYmV ho g_OVo. VgoM H$moU`m
Ajdmmda Amho ho g_OVo.
ndr`m n>^mJmdarb H$moUVohr XmoZ Ajdmmdarb AVa 111 {H$._r. AgVo. H$maU {dfwdmmnmgyZ Cma
d X{jU Ywd `m n[aKmMo ndr`m n[aKm`m g_mZ AgVo.
Ajmg
ndr`m n>^mJmdarb H$moUVmhr EH$ q~X {V`m _` q~Xer OmoS>bm Va {VMr aofm {dfwddm nmVirer Omo
H$moZ H$arb `mbm `m q~XMo Ajme 0
90 C. Ywd
hUVmV. 66 1 Am{>Q>H$
0
2
H$H$dm : dm
{dfwdmmnmgyZ Cmaog 231/20 AVamda
H$nbo `m Ajm g mg H$H $ d m 90
hUVmV. 23 1 H$H$ dm
0
2
0
0
_H$adm : 0 {dfwd dm
{dfw d mmnmgy Z X{jUo g 23 1 / 20 1 0
23 _H$a dm
2
A V amda H$nbo `m Ajm g mg _yi aoIm dm
_H$adm hUVmV.
AmpQ>H$ dm :
{dfw d mmnmgy Z Cmao g 66 1/ 20 66 1 AQ>m{>Q>H$ dm
0
2
_mZbo`m dmmbm AmpQ>H$> dm Ago 0
90 X. Ywd
hUVmV.

214 embo`kmZ+bg
AQ>mpQ>H$ dm :
{dfwdmmnmgyZ X{jUog 661/20 AVamda _mZbo`m Ajdmmg AQ>mpQ>H$ dm hUVmV.
aoImdmo :
XmoZ YwdmZm OmoS>Umam Am{U {dfwddmmbm N>oXUmar Aer AYdVwio _mZ`mV Ambr AmhoV `mZm aoImdmo
hUVmV.
{dfwddmmMo 1010 AVamda gmaIo 360 ^mJ H$$Z `m `oH$ ^mJmVyZ OmUmar d Xmohr YwdmZm OmoS>Umar
Aer EHy$U 360 aoImdm AmhoV. gd aoImdm AmH$mamZo gmaIr AgyZ `oH$ aoImdmmMr bm~r ndr`m
n[aKm`m {Z_r AgVo.
_yi aoImdm :
BbS>_Yrb "{JZrM' `m ehamd$Z OmUm`m aoImdmmbm "0' aoImdm hUVmV. ho aoImdm (gX^
aoImdm) Ago hUVmV. gmoB`m >rZo {JZrM aoImdmm`m nyd}g 1010 `m AVamda 1800 d npM_og
1800 aoImdm _mZbr AmhoV.
1800 nyd d 1800 npM_ aoImdmo XmoZ doJdoJir aoImdmo ZgyZ EH$M AmhoV. AemH$mao EHy$U _yi aoImdmo
Y$Z 3600 aoImdmo AmhoV.
H$moU`mhr XmoZ aoImdmm_Yrb AVa gd gmaIo ZgVo. {dfwddmmda XmoZ aoImdmm_Yrb AVa 111 {H$._r
AgVo.
aoIme :
ndr`m n^mJmdarb H$moU`mhr EH$m {R>H$mUmd$Z OmUmar aoImdm d {JZrM aoImdmo {dfwdmmbm
nmVirV `m q~XZm N>oXVmV Vo q~X ndr`m _` q~Xer OmoS>`mg Omo H$moZ V`ma hmoBb {VVHo$ `m
{R>H$mUmMo aoIme AgVmV.
H$moU`mhr {R>H$mUmMo WmZ gmJVmZm aoImemMo nyd aoIme d npM_ aoIme Ago gmJmdo. Va AjmemMo Cma
Ajmg qH$dm X{jU Ajme gmJmdo. CXm. _w~B 730 nyd, {Xr 770 nyd, H$mobH$mm 880 nyd
aoIme d doi
doi R>a{d`mgmR>r AmnUmg ndrMr X{ZH$ JVr d aoImdmo `mMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. ndr 24 VmgmV dV:
^modVr EH$ \o$ar nyU H$aVo hUOo ndr 24 VmgmV 3600 {\$aVo.
ndrg 3600 {\$a`mg bmJUmam H$mbmdYr 24 Vmg
360 = 24 60 {_{ZQ> 360 = 1440 {_.
ndr 1 {\$a`mg bmJUmam H$mbmdYr = 1440 / 360 = 4 {_{ZQ>
0

ndr 10 {\$a`mg bmJUmam H$mbmdYr 4 {_{ZQ>

Wm{ZH$ doi :
H$moU`mhr {R>H$mU`m _`m{ZH$`m doiog gy` S>mo`mda `oBb (XnmaMo 12 dmOZo) Wm{ZH$ doi hUVmV.
ndr`m n[adbZm_wio `oH$ \o$arV `oH$ aoImdm {XdgmVyZ \$$ EH$XmM gy`mg_moa `oVo. `mdoir `m
aoImdmmdarb gy` S>mo`mda {Xgy bmJVmo hUyZ `m aoImdmmdarb gd {R>H$mUMr Wm{ZH$ doi EH$ AgVo.
ndr npM_oH$Sy>Z nyd}H$S>o {\$aV Ag`mZo n{M_oH$S>rb {R>H$mUr gy` W_ `oVmo. nydo}H$S>rb WmZmMr
Wm{ZH$ doi npM_oH$S>rb {d^mJm`m Wm{ZH$ doionojm H$_r AgVo hUyZ OnmZbm CJd`m gy`mMm Xoe
hUVmV.

^yJmob 215
n_mUdoi :
{dVV ^mJmVrb `dhmamV doio`m >rZo EH$gyVm `o`mgmR>r XoemVrb _`dVu {R>H$mUmhZ qH$dm
_hdm`m ehamd$Z OmUm`m ehamMr Wm{ZH$ doi _mU _mZyZ `m_mUo XoemVrb gd KS>mio bmdbr
OmVmV. `m doiobm `m XoemMr _mUdoi hUVmV.
^maVr` _mUdoi (I.S.T.)
^maVmV 82. 1/20 nyd aoImdmmdarb Wm{ZH$ doi hr gnyU XoemMr _mUdoi _mZ`mV `oVo. ho aoImdm
{_Pmnya (U.P.) `m ehamd$Z Jobo Amho. (Abmhm~mX 1905 nmgyZ) `m ehamdarb Wm{ZH$ doioV Am{U
^maVmV BVa H$moU`mhr {R>H$mUm`m Wm{ZH$ doioV 1 Vmgmnojm A{YH$ \$aH$ Zmhr, hUyZ `m {R>H$mU`m
doigo ^maVmMr _mUdoi hUVmV.
AmVaam>r` _mUdoi :
OmJ{VH$ `dhmamgmR>r AmVaam>r` doi hUyZ {JZrM `oWrb Wm{ZH$ doi, AmVaam>r` _mUdoi _mZ`mV
`oVo.
{JZrM doi ^maVmVrb _mU doi `mV 51/2 VmgmMm \$aH$ Amho. ^maVmMr _mUdoi {JZrM nojm 51/2
VmgmZr nwT>o Amho. OJmVrb {Za{Zam`m XoemVrb nanag~Y Agmdo hUyZ OJmMo EHy$U 24 H$mb {d^mJ
nmS>`mV Ambo AmhoV.
CXm. 1050 nyd aoImdmmda Agbo`m AmogmH$m `m ehar gH$miMo 9 dmObo AmhoV, Va 750 npM_
aoImdmmda Agbo`m U.S.A. `m amOYmZr`m {R>H$mUr {H$Vr dmObo AgVrb.
AmogmH$m 1050 nyd aoIme
105 4 = 420 {_{ZQ> = 7 Vmg
dmqeQ>Z 750 npM_ aoIme
75 4 = 300 {_{ZQ> = 5 Vmg
7 Vmg + 5 Vmg = 12 Vmg
AmogmH$m {JZrM`m nwT>o Amho.
dmqeQ>Z amrMo 9 dmObo AgVrb.
OnmZ 1800 A_o[aH$m
ewH$dma Jwdma
AmVaam>r` dma aofm :
AmVaamQ>r` dma aofm {ZpMV H$aUmam emk m.S>ophS>gZ (A_o[aH$m)
1800 aoImdmmbm AZwg$Z dma Am{U VmarI `m`mV Amd`H$ Vmo ~Xb H$a`mg Or aofm _mZ`mV
Ambr Amho. {Vbm AmVaam>r` dma aofm hUVmV.
nyd}H$Sy>Z dmg H$aUm`m OhmOmbm 1800 AmobmS>VmZm EH$ {Xdg _mJMm dma d VmarI Yamdm Am{U
npM_oH$Sy>Z dmg H$aUm`m OhmOmZr EH$ {Xdg nwT>o Yamdm.
OnmZ 1800 A_o[aH$m
gmo_dma a{ddma
nyd npM_
ndrMo n[adbZ (Ratution of Earth)
ndr dV:`m Amgm^modVr npM_oH$Sy>Z nyd}H$S>o {\$aVo. `m JVrbm n[adbZ qH$dm dmZ n[a^_U hUVmV.
216 embo`kmZ+bg
 S>. embo`kmZ
B`mm 5 dr Vo 12 drn`V`m dZbmBZa ZmoQ>g
ndrMm AmH$ma Jmob Amho, Agm AZw^d gwmJmZo
dmg Ho$mZo KoVm Ambm.
n drMm AmH$ma ny U Jmo b mH$ma Zmhr.
{dfwddmmOdirb ^mJmV WmoS>rer w$Jra Amho d
Ywdr ^mJmV Vr WmoS>rer MnQ>r Amho. ({OAmBS>)
ndr dV:^modVr {$amwio Vr {dfwddmr ^mJmV
w$Jra ~Zbr Amho. d Ywdr ^mJmV qH${MV MnQ>r
Pmbr Amho.
ndrMm Ywdr mg 12714 {H$.r. Amho Va
{dfwddmr mg 12756 {H$.r. Amho.
n drm n R> ^ mJmdarb H$mn{ZH$ AmS>m
dVwimH$ma aofmZm Ajdmo hUVmV.
gdmV moR>o Ajdm hUOo {dfwddm hmo.
gdmV bhmZ q~Xd$n Ajdm hUOo Ydw hmo.
{dfwddm ho YwdmnmgyZ gmZ AVamda AgVo mg
ey AemMo Ajdm hUVmV.
{dfwddmmwio ndrMo Cma JmobmY d X{jU JmobmY
Ago XmoZ gmZ ^mJ hmoVmV.
AjdmmMo {dfwddmmnmgyZMo AVa Aemo gm{JVbo
OmVo. m AVambm Ajme hUVmV.
EHy$U Ajdmo 181 AmhoV.
ndrdarb AYdVwimH$ma aofmZm aoImdm Ago
hUVmV.
aoImdmmVrb AVa YwdmnmgyZ {dfwddmmH$S>o dmT>V
OmVo. {dfwddmmda Vo OmVrV OmV AgVo.
wZmQ>oS> qH$JS> m XoemVrb Jr{ZM ehamVyZ OmUmao
aoImdm ey Ae aoImdm Amho. mg yi aoImdm
hUVmV.
EHy$U aoImdmo 360 AmhoV.
aoImdmmVrb AVa yi aoImdmmnmgyZ Aemo
gm{JVbo OmVo. Aemo gm{JVbom m AVamg
aoIme hUVmV.
Ajdm aoImdm m H$mn{ZH$ aofm AmhoV.
^yJmob
dmOmir hUOo Ajdm d aoImdmmMr Omir hmo.
{dfwddmmMr VgoM XmoZ gmoamgmoarb aoImdmmMr
hUOoM ~hXdmmMr bm~r ndrm n[aKmBVH$s
AgVo.
H$m{eV d AH$m{eV ^mJmZm doJio H$aUmm aofog
H$medm hUVmV.
H$medm ho ~hXdm
Amho.
n dr Amnm
Amgm^modVr {$aVo.
ndrm dV:^modVr
{$ambm n[adbZ
hUVmV.
dV:^modVr {$amm JVrg Ajr JVr hUVmV.
ndr gyX{jUm {d{eQ> H$jod$Z KmbVo hUyZ
m JVrg H$jr JVr hUVmV.
ndr dV:^modVr npMoH$Sy>Z nyd}H$S>o {$aVo.
ChmmV {Xdg moR>m AgVmo Va am bhmZ AgVo.
EH$m mhmnmgyZ Xgm mhmnVMm H$mi
hUOo EH$ {XdgmMm qH$dm 24 VmgmMm H$mbmdYr
hmo.
gym}XmnmgyZ gymVmnVm H$mimg {XZ Va
gymVmnmgyZ gym}XmnVm H$mimg am hUVmV.
oH$ EH$ Ae AVamdarb aoImdmmm Wm{ZH$
doioV 4 {{ZQ>mMm $aH$ nS>Vmo.
JwOamV d AUmMb nXeo mV 29 aoImemMm hUOoM
1 Vmg 56 {{ZQ>mMm $aH$ nS>Vmo.
217
 ^maVmMr mUdoi hr 820 30& nyd m aoImdmmd$Z dmVmdaUmm gdmV CMrdarb Wamg ~mm~a
R>adbr OmVo. hUVmV. mV hmS>moOZ dmygmaIo hbHo$ dmy
^maVmMo mU aoImdm Cma XoemVrb Abmhm~mX AmT>iVmV.
m ehamOdiyZ OmVo. $sOYyZ ~mhoa nS>Umm dmywio AmoPmoZMm Zme
Ao[aHo$m gwV gWmZmV Mma mU doim hmoVmo.
mZm AmhoV. dmVmdaUmMr AnH$mbrZ pWVr hUOo hdm hmo.
^maVr mUdoi hr Jr{ZM doionojm nmM Vmg VmnmZ, dmwXm~, dmao, AmVm, T>J, dQ>r BmXr
Vrg {{ZQ>mZr nwT>o Amho. hdoMr VgoM hdmmZmMr AJo AmhoV.
Jr{ZMo gH$miMo ghm dmObo AgVrb Va ^maVmV ^ynR>mbJV VmnmZ OmV AgVo. CMrZwgma VmnmZ
gH$miMo AH$am dmOyZ Vrg {{ZQ>o Pmbr AgVrb. H$r hmoVo.
ZH$memV {ndim aJ H${fjo XmIdVmo Va {hadm hdom Xm~mbm dmyXm~ hUVmV.
dZjo XmIdVmo. ndrm nR>^mJmbJV dmyXm~ OmV AgVmo Va
ndr^modVr Agbom hdom AmdaUmg dmVmdaU CMrZwgma Vmo H$r hmoVmo.
Ago hUVmV. dmyXm~ mnZ {{b~ma n[amUmV H$aVmV.
ndrda dmVmdaUmV gdm{YH$ ZmQ>moOZ (78%) OmV dmyXm~mH$Sy>Z H$r dmwXm~mH$S>o {j{VOgmVa
d AmpgOZ (21%) AmhoV. {XeoV hdm dmh bmJVo mg dmao hUVmV.
ndr nR>^mJmnmgyZ OgOgo CM Omdo VgVgm dmwdoJmnH$mV dmmMm doJ {H$r {V Vmg m
VmnmZmV ~Xb hmoVmo.
n[amUmV moOVmV.
ndrnR>mbJV AgUmm dmVmdaUmm Wamg Vnm~a
hUVmV.
Vnm~am dam ^mJmV VmnmZ CMrZwgma ~XbV
Zmhr. VmnmZ pWa qH$dm VY AgVo mg
VmnVYr hUVmV.
VmnVYrm daVr pWVm~a hm Wa AgVmo.
pWVm~am Imbm ^mJmV AmoPmoZ dmyMm Wa
AmT>iVmo. AmoPmoZ A{VZrb {H$aU emofyZ KoVmo
mw i o Ordg Q>rMo dmVmdaUmVrb ~mnmm mUmbm AmVm Ago
gajU hmoVo. hUVmV.
pWVm ~ amm da AmVm OmV Agob Va hdm XQ> Va AmVm H$r
m ~ a hm Wa Agob Va hdm H$moaS>r AgVo.
AmT>iVmo . m WamV AmVoMo mU Q>Ho$dmarV gm{JVbo OmVo.
gdm V H$r VmnmZ CMrdarb H$r VmnmZmwio Yw{bH$Um^modVr ~mnmMo
AmT>iyZ oVo. gy ObH$U Vma hmoVmV mg gmr^dZ Ago
m ~ amm dam hUVmV.
Wamg AmZm ~ a nmD$g, {h, Jmam BmXr dQ>rMr $no AmhoV.
hUVmV. nOmnZ {{brQ>a o H$aVmV.
AmZm~amVZ D$dJmr dmmwio T>Jw$Q>r hmoVo. ^maVmV {hmMb
ao{S>Amobhar namd{VV Xoe, CmamMb m ammV T>Jw$Q>r hmoVo.
hmoVmV. hm Wa dmVmdaUmVrb Obq~X Imbr oV AgVmZm mZm
gXoedhZmgmR>r CnmoJr D$dJmr hdom dmhmZo daVr T>H$bbo OmVmV.
hmoVmo. mwio JmanrQ> hmoVo.
218 embo`kmZ+bg
 ^maVmm X{jUobm qhXr hmgmJamV lrbH$m,
mbXrd Am{U AZoog BS>moZo{em ho Xoe ^maVmMo
eoOmar AmhoV.
^maVmV 29 KQ>H$amo d 7 gKam joo AmhoV.
(gm 29 KQ>H$amo AmhoV.) (VobJUm)
jo$imm ~m~VrV amOWmZ ^maVmVrb gdmV moR>o
am Amho. Xoe Xgao Va hmamQ>mMm {Vgam
H$mH$ Amho.
Jmodm ho ^maVmVrb gdmV H$r jo$i Agbobo
am Amho.
H$r VmnmZmwio {hdQ>r hmoVo. gmYmaUnUo ^maVmMo nmM mH${VH$ {d^mJ nS>VmV.
gOrdmm AmdaUmg OrdmdaU Ago hUVmV. 1. CmaoH$S>rb ndV Xoe - ({hmbmZr amJm)
OrdmdaU ho O{dH$ AmdaU Amho Va {ebmdaU, npM {hmb d nyd {hmb Ago XmoZ ^mJ AmhoV.
ObmdaU, dmVmdaU ho AO{dH$ dmVmdaU AmhoV. {hmb Zonmio Amho.
gmaD$O}m gmhmmZo dZnVr AmMr {Z{Vr H$aVo. - {hmbmm VrZ gmVa amJm AmhoV.
mmZm nanmofr hUVmV. X{jUoH$Sy>Z CmaoH$S>o AZwH$o {edm{bH$, {hmMb,
gyOrdmo OrdmUy, {dfmUy BmXtMm gmdoe ~hX{hmb Aer Zmdo AmhoV. m amJmMr CMr
hmoVmo. CmaoH$S>o dmT>V OmVo.
Aadob gmam dZnVr, nmoQ>mVrb OV mgmaIo npM {hmbmV PmH$a, bS>mI, H$mamH$moa
Ord "naOrdr' Ago hUVmV. mMm VgoM bS>mIMo nR>ma mMm gmdoe hmoVmo.
^maV Cma-nyd JmobmYmV Amho. Ho$-2 (8611 rQ>a) ho ^maVmVrb gdmV CM {eIa
^maVmm w ^yrMo WmZ 804& Cma Ajdm Vo Amho.
3706& Cma Ajdm Amho. nyd {hmbmVrb H$mMZJJm (8598 r.) ho m
aoImdmr WmZ 6807& nyd aoImdm Vo 97025&
nyd aoImdm XamZ Amho.
^maVmMo gdmV X{jUoH$S>rb Q>moH$ B{Xam nmBQ>
ho WmZ 6045& Cma Ajdmmda Amho.
^maV Am{em IS>mm X{jU ^mJmV Amho.
^maVmMo nyd npM AVa gwmao 3000 {H$.r.
Amho Va Cma-X{jU AVa gwmao 3200 {H$.r.
Amho.
^maVmMo jo$i 32,87,263 Mm.{H$.r. Amho.
^maVmm jo$imm ~m~V gmVdm H$mH$
bmJVmo.
^maVmMr ^ygrm 15200 {H$.r. bm~rMr Amho
Va gmJa{H$Zmam 7517 {H$.r. Amho.
^maVmm nyd}g ~JmbMm CngmJa, X{jUog
qhXr hmgmJa, Va npMog Aa~r gw Amho.
^maVmm dmo g nm{H$VmZ d
A$Jm{UVmZ, Cmaog MrZ, Zonmi d ^yVmZ
Xoe, nydg } ~mbmXoe d mZma ho Xoe AmhoV.
^yJmob 219
 ^mJmVrb gdmV CM {eIa Amho.
nVH$moB, ZmJm, bwemB m nyd}H$S>rb S>m|JaamJmZm
EH${VnUo nydmMb Ago hUVmV.
oKmb nR>mamda Jmamo, Imgr, O{Vm m S>m|JaamJm
AmhoV.
2. Cma ^maVr XmZr Xoe
CmaoH$S>rb {hmb d ^maVr nR>ma m Ybm ^mJ
Amho.
Jmi gmMyZ XmZr Xoe Vma Pmbm Amho.
CMr 300 rQ>anV Amho.
nyd XmZ d npM XmZ Ago XmoZ ^mJ nS>VmV.
npM XmZr ^mJ ewH$ dmidQ>r Amho. m ^mJmV
Imm nmmMr gamodao AmhoV.
nyd XmZ JJm-~hnwm Zmm Jmimwio Vma Pmbo
Amho.
m ^mJmVrb H$mogr d JS>H$ Zm dmh ~XbVmV.
3. ^maVr nR>mar Xoe
hm mH${VH$ {d^mJ {dVmamZo gdmV moR>m Amho.
CMr 300 rQ>a Vo 1500 rQ>a XamZ.
ZXm-emoU Zmwio ^maVr nR>mamMo XmoZ ^mJ nS>bo
AmhoV.
A) Cma ^maVr nR>ma
mV madmS>, odmS>, midm, ~wX bo IS> B. nR>mamMm
gmdoe.
nR>mamm dm ^mJmV Aadbr ndV Amho. hm
^maVmVrb gdmV mMrZ ndV Amho. gdmV CM
{eIa Jw{eIa (1722 r.)
Aadbr ndVmm Bem ^mJmV gm^a gamoda Amho.
qd ndV, Aadbrm npMoH$S>o madmS>Mo Va
nyd CVmamH$S>o odmS>Mo nR>ma Amho.
odmS>m nyd}g midm d ~wXobIS>Mo nR>ma Amho.
m nR>mamd$Z M~i, qgX, ~oQ>dm d Ho$Z m Zm
dmhVmV.
~) X{jU ^maVr nR>ma
ho nR>ma A{VmMrZ IS>H$mZr ~Zbo Amho.
`mV hmamQ>mMo nR>ma, VobJZ nR>ma, H$ZmQ>H$ nR>ma
mMm gmdoe hmoVmo.
gmVnwS>m, npM KmQ> (gmr), nyd KmQ> m XamZ
hr nR>mao AmhoV.
220
emoU ZXrm X{jUog ~mKobIS>Mo nR>ma Amho.
X{jU ^maVr nR>mamg XIZMo nR>ma Agohr
hUVmV.
hmamQ> nR>mamMm CVma nyd}g Amho.
npM KmQ>mVrb AZwS>r (2695 r.) ho gdmV
CM {eIa Amho.
nmbKmQ> qIS>rwio Cma d X{jU gmr AbJ
Pmbo AmhoV.
nyd KmQ>mm X{jUoH$S>rb amJmZm Zbbm Ago
hUVmV.
lrebOdirb H$Um ZXrZo Ho$bobr KiB {g
Amho.
N>moQ>m ZmJnya nR>ma d Aadbr ndV m n[agamV
I{ZOgnVm Amho.
bmoUma ho CH$mnmVmwio Vma Pmbo Amho.
4. {H$Zmar XmZr Xoe
{H$Zmar XmZr XoemMo nyd {H$Zmar XmZ d npM
{H$Zmar XmZ Ago XmoZ ^mJ nS>VmV.
npM {H$Zmar XmZr Xoe {dVmamZo OmV Amho.
nyd {H$Zmmda {MH$m, nw{bH$V, H$mobo$ B.
gamodao AmhoV.
npM {H$Zmam XVay AmhoV.
H$N> aUmnmgyZ Vo H$mHw$marnV {H$Zmar XmZr
Xoe ngabm Amho.
CmaoH$S>o {H$Zmar XmZr Xoe X Amho Va X{jUoH$S>o
Xr H$r Amho.
npM {H$Zmar XoemV ImS>m Vma Pmm AmhoV.
X{jUoH$S>o ImOZ gamodao Vma Pmbr AmhoV. mZm
H$mb hUVmV.
~|~ZmS> ho moR> ImOZ Amho.
5. ^maVr ~oQ>o
Aa~r gwmVrb ~oQ>mm gyhmbm bjrn ~oQ>o
hUVmV.
~Jmbm CngmJamVrb ~oQ>mZm AXmZ-{ZH$mo~ma
~oQ>mMm gyh Amho.
bjrn ~oQ>o ho dmi H$sQ>H$mm gMZmVyZ Vma
Pmbr AmhoV Va AXmZ-{ZH$mo~ma ~oQ>o ObZ
ndVmMr {eIao AmhoV.
embo`kmZ+bg
 Cma AXmZmVrb gS>b (738 r.) gdmV CM ^oS>mKmQ> m {R>H$mUr gJadar IS>H$mm KiBVZy
{eIa Amho. dmhVo.
AXmZ gyhmVrb ~aZ ~oQ>mda ^maVmVrb EH$od 2. Vmnr
OmJV dmbmwIr Amho. npMdm{hZr ZXr. CJ - gmVnw S > m nd V mV
^maVmVrb ZmMo (A) {hmbmV CJ nmdUmm wbVmBOdi.
Zm d (~) ^maVr nR>mamdarb Zm Ago XmoZ nyUm hr VmnrMr wI CnZXr Amho.
JQ> nS>VmV. X{jUdm{hZr Zm gm~aVr, hr d bwZr m AmhoV.
A) {hmbmV CJ nmdUmm Zm 3. hmZXr
nmdgmmV d ChmmV nmUrnwadR>m hmoVmo, mwio CJ - N>mrgJT>ammVrb ~Va S>m|Jamo.
df^a nmUr AgVo. 4. JmoXmdar
ndVr ^mJ doJ OmV, XmZr XoemV doJ X. ^maVr nR>mamdarb gdmV OmV bm~rMr ZXr Amho.
XmZr XoemMr {Z{Vr. ^maVmVrb Xgm H$mH$mMo ZXr Imoao.
1. JJm CJ gmr ndV amJoV ~o daOdi.
^maVmVrb gdmV OmV bm~rMr ZXr. CnZm - mOam, mU{hVm, BmdVr.
JJm Imoao ho ^maVmVrb gdmV moR>o Imoao. 5. H$Um
JJmor {hZXrVyZ CJ. CJ - hm~ioda oW.o
wZm ZXrMm CJ Zmor oWo hmoVmo. CnZm - ^rm, VwJ^m.
hJir hr JJMo r n{hbr d wI {dV[aH$m Amho. 6. H$mdoar
XmmoXahr hJirMr CnZXr Amho. H$ZmQ>H$ ammV ~h{Jar S>m|Ja amJoV.
JJoMm {^wO Xoe gwXa~Z ZmdmZr AmoiIVmV hm CnZm - ^dmZr, AamdVr.
OJmVrb gdmV moR>m {^wO Xoe Amho.
7. npM {H$Zmmdarb Zm
2. ~hnwm Chmg, gm{dr, d{eR>r, VoaImob, mS>dr, no[ama.
CJ {V~oQ>o mZ gamodamOdi. d{eQ>o :- erKdm{hZr, H$r bm~r, wImer
~nwm X{jUoH$S>o {XhmJ ZmdmZo AUmMb XoemV ImS>m.
AmoiIVmV. mgyZMm AW F$VyZwgma ~XbUmao dmao
mOwbr ho ~oQ> ZXrnmmVrb OJmVrb gdmV moR>o ~oQ> OmV dmwXm~ XoemH$Sy>Z H$r dmwXm~ XoemH$S>o
Amho. dmhUm`m dm`mg ^maVmV ZF$oH$Sy>Z BemoH$S>o
gw~Z{gar, Zmg d {VVm m ~nwo m w CnZm dmao dmhVo mg ZF$ mgyZ (mogr) dmao hUVmV.
AmhoV. {hdmmV BemoH$Sy>Z ZF$oH$S>o dmao dmhVo mg
3. qgYy Bem mgyZ dmao hUVmV.
CJ {V~oQ>o mZ gamodamOdi Pmbm Amho. ^maVmV Chmim, nmdgmim (mgyZ), naVrm
moH$, {JbJrQ>, (Pob, {MZm~-gVbO), gVbO, mgyZMm H$mi, {hdmim ho F$Vy AmhoV.
amdr, {~mg m CnZm AmhoV. 1. Chmim
~) nR>mamdarb Zm o$~wdmarm mnmgyZ Vo OyZm mnV Chmim
1. ZXm AgVmo.
CJ AaH$Q>H$Odi. hdmmZ CU d H$moaS>o.
^maVmVrb gdmV OmV bm~rMr npMdm{hZr ZXr. mM {hmV X{jU ^maVmV, OyZo Cma dm
qd d gmVnwS>m ndVm XamZ dmhVo. ^mJmV VmnmZ OmV AgVo.
ZXm ZXrda O~bnyaOdi YwdmYma Y~Y~m Amho. Cma ^maVmV "by' ho CU d H$moaS>o dmao dmhVmV.

^yJmob 221
 ^mJ EH$ ^maVmMo g{dYmZ ZyVZrH$aU H$aUmao H$mXo.
4. gKam d mMo amjo gmZVoMm hH$ (H$c 14 Vo 18)
H$c dU Z 14. H$mmnwT>o gmZVm.
1. gKammMo Zmd d amjo. 15. Y , d e , OmV, qcJ qH$dm OWmZ m
H$maUmd$Z ^oX^md H$aVm oUma Zmhr.
B{S>m AWmV, "^maV' ammMm gK Agoc.
16. gmdO{ZH$ godm, ZmoH$arm ~m~to gmZ gYr
2. ZdrZ amo XmIc H$$Z KoUo qH$dm WmnZ H$aUo.
(AmajU).
2 A. ({Za{gV) (26 E{c 1975 nmgyZ)
17. AnVm ZQ> H$aUo. (. JmYtMm ^md.)
3. ZdrZ ammMr {Z{Vr Am{U {dmZ ammMr
18. nXm, {H$Vm~ ZQ> H$aUo/~Xr.
joo, grm AWdm Zmdo mV o$a$ma. (ZdrZ am
{ZmU A{YH$ma - ggX) dmV mMm hH$ (H$c 19 Vo 22)
4. n{hm d {Vgm AZwgyMrm gwYmaUogmR>r Am{U 19. ^mfUdmV, BmXrg~Yrm {dd{jV hH$mMo
nyaH$, AZwf{JH$ d n[aUmd$n ~m~tH$[aVm VaVyX gajU.
H$amgmR>r AZwN>oX XmoZ Am{U VrZ Imcr EHy $ U ghm dmV
H$amV Amcoco H$mXo. 1) A{^Vr dmV (^mfU H$aUo/dmn
^mJ Xmo Z H$mT>Uo.)
ZmJ[aH$dmm VaVw X r 2) g^m ^a{dUo. (emVVm / {dZme)

H$c dU Z 3) gWm WmnZ H$aUo.

5. g{dYmZmm ma^mMo ZmJ[aH$d. 4) wVnUo gMma dmV.

6. nm{H$VmZmVyZ WcmVa H$$Z ^maVmV Amcom 5) ^maVmV H$moR>ohr amhmMo dmV. (AndmX -

{dd{jV VtMo ZmJ[aH$dmMo hH$. Oy H$mpa)

7. WcmVa H$$Z nm{H$VmZmV Jocom VtMo 6) dgm dmV.

ZmJ[aH$dmMo hH$. 20. Jwm~c Xmof{gr~m~V gajU.

8. yim ^maVr Agcom, nU ^maVm~mhoa
amhUmm VtMo ZmJ[aH$dmMo hH$. (NRI 21A.
- Non Residentioal Indians)
9. ^maVrmZo naH$s XoemMo ZmJ[aH$d doN>oZo
gnmXUmm VrMo ZmJ[aH$d a hmoUo.
10. ZmJ[aH$dmm A{YH$mamMo gmV.
11. g g Xo Z o ZmJ[aH$dmm hH$mMo H$mmmao
{d{ZZ H$aUo / {ZU H$aUo.
^mJ VrZ
y c ^y V hH$
H$c dU Z
12. yc^yV hH$ mMr mm.
13. yc^yV hH$mer {dgJV Agcoco AWdm mMo
21. Or{dV d pVJV dmV mMo gajU.
{ejUmMm hH$. 6 Vo 14 dmoJQ>.
22. {d{eQ> Jwm H$aUr AQ>H$ d WmZ~Vm mnmgyZ
gajU.
emo f Um{d hH$ (H$c 23 d 24 )
23. mUgmMm Anmnma Am{U doR>{~Jmar, dom
dgm mZm ZmB/~Xr.
24. H$maImZo, BmXto ~mcH$mZm H$mmcm R>odmg
ZmB. (14 dfmImcrc)
Y dmV mMm hH$ (H$c 25 Vo 28)
25. gXgX{ddoH$~wrMo dmV Am{U YmMo wV
H$Q>rH$aU, AmMaU d Mma dmV.
26. Y{dfH$ dhmamMr dWm, gU, Cgd
gmOam H$amMo dmV.

am`em 405
27. EImm {d{eQ> Ymm gdYZmH$[aVm H$a/XoUm
Xom~m~V dmV.
28. {dd{jV ej{UH$ gWmV Ym{H$ {ejU AWdm
Ym{ H $ CnmgZm, mW Z m m Z m CnpWV
amhm~m~V dmV.
AngmH$mZm gmH${VH$ d ej{UH$ hH
Omo n mgmMm A{YH$ma (H$c 25 Vo 28 )
29. AngmH$ dJmm {hVg~YmMo gajU.
30. AngmH$ dJmMm ej{UH$ gWm WmnmMm
d mMo emgZ H$amMm hH$.
31. ({Za{gV) * * * * * *
{dd{jV H$mm M r md mr
31A. gnXmMo gnmXZ, BmXtH$[aVm VaVyX H$aUmm
H$mmMr mdmr.
31B. {dd{jV A{Y{Z d {d{Z {d{YJm H$aUo.
31C. {dd{jV {ZXo e H$ Vdo A cmV AmUUmm
H$mmMr mdmr.
31D. ({Za{gV).
gm { dYm{ZH$ Cnm mo O mMm hH$
(H$c 32 Vo 35 )
32. m ^mJmZo XmZ Ho$coco hH$ ~OmdmH$[aVm
Cnm.
(A) ~XrnjrH$aU/XohmonpWVr (Habeas Car-
pus)
EImm Vrcm ~oH$mXo{ea[am AQ>H$ H$$Z
R>odco Agoc Va dmVmgmR>r dmna H$aVm oVmo.
gwQ>Ho$gmR>r {/ZmVodmBH$ Agm AO mmcmV
H$$ eH$VmV.
(~) namXoe (Mandamus)
- y c ^y V hH$m M o Cc K Z H$aUmmcm
mmcmm$V Agm AmXoe {Xcm OmVmo.
- gaH$mar A{YH$mar VgoM gWm, gaH$ma mZr
Amncr H$Vo Z Ho$mg gwm AmXoe Xody eH$Vo.
- $V amQ>nVr d KQ>H$ ammMo amnmc mZm
mmc namXoe Xody eH$V Zmhr.
(H$) {VfoY (Prohibition)
- $V mmcmgmR>r
406
- H${ZR> mmcmMm EImXm IQ>cm Mmc{dmMm
A{YH$ma Zgmg m IQ>mMr gwZmdUr VhHw$~
H$amdr Agm {dZVr AO d[aR> mmcmV H$aVmV.
- m mao gdm}M mmc H$mH$mO Wm~dmMo
AmXoe XoVo.
(S>) CojU (Certiorari)
- H${ZR> mmcmZo A{YH$majomMo CcKZ
Ho$mg VgoM mVdmMr Cnojm Ho$mg d[aV
d {ZpMV m {imgmR>r EImm H${ZR>
mmcmVrc H$aU d[aR> mmcmH$S>o gwnyV
H$aUo AmdH$ R>aVo mdoir hm AmXoe {Xcm
OmVmo.
(B) A{YH$manN>m (Quo - Warranto)
- gmdO{ZH$ nXmda Agcocm EImm Vrcm
m nXmda amhmMm H$mXoera A{YH$ma Amho
qH$dm Zmhr.
- EImXm emgH$s A{YH$mar H$mjom~mhoarc
EImXr H$Vr H$arV Agmg
- nX gmoS>mMm qH$dm H$VrnmgyZ amoImMm
A{YH$ma.
32A. ({Za{gV).
33. m ^mJmZo XmZ Ho$coco hH$ ho goZm, BmXtZm
cmJy H$aVmZm, mo o$a~Xc H$amMm ggXog
A{YH$ma.
34. EImm jomV cH$ar H$mXm AcmV AgVmZm
m ^mJmZo XmZ Ho$com yc^yV hH$mda {Z~Y.
35. y c ^y V hH$m m VaVw X tMr A c~OmdUr
H$amH$[aVm {d{Y{dYmZ/H$mXo.
^mJ Mma
amYmo a Um M r mJ X e H $ Vdo
(H$c 36 Vo 51 )
H$c dU Z
36. mm.
37. m ^mJmV AV^yV Agcocr Vdo cmJy H$aUo.
38. ammZo cmo H $H$mUmm g d Y Z mgmR>r
gmOdWm Wm{nV H$aUo.
39. ammZo AZwgamdmm YmoaUmMr {d{eQ> Vdo.
embo`kmZ+bg
39A. gmZ m d H$mXo{dfH$ mo$V ghm. H$aUo, gmO ~Yw^md dmT>rg cmdUo, pmm
40. JmnMmVtMo gKQ>Z. {VR>ocm CUonUm AmUUmm nWmMm mJ H$aUo.
41. H$mmMm, {ejUmMm Am{U {d{eQ> ~m~VrV 6) Amnm g{l gH$Vrm g dmaemMo moc
cmoH$ghmmMm hH$. OmUyZ KoUo d OVZ H$aUo.
42. H$mm~m~V m d mZdr n[apWVr Am{U 7) dZo, gamodao, Zm, OrdgQ>r, Zg{JH$ nmdaU
gw{V{dfH$ ghm mMr VaVyX. mMo ajU H$aUo, gwYmaUm H$aUo d m{Umm~c
43. H$mJmamZm {Zdmh doVZ BmXr. Xm, ~wr ~miJUo.
8) {dkmZ{ZR> pQ>H$moZ, mZdVmdmX d emoYH$~wr
43A. CmoJYmm dWmnZmV H$mJmamMm gh^mJ.
d gwYmaUmdmX mMm {dH$mg H$aUo.
43B. ghH$mar gmogmQ>mZm mogmhZ.
9) gmd O {ZH$ mcmo M o ajU H$aUo Vgo M
44. ZmJ[aH$mH$aVm EH$$n ZmJar g{hVm. qhgmMmamcm {ZJhnydH$ mJ H$aUo.
45. ghm dfmImcrc wcmMo gJmonZ d {ejUmMr 10) amQ> gVV CnH$ d {gr mm MT>m loUr
VaVyX. JmR>V OmB c Aem H$mao pVJV Vgo M
46. AZwgy{MV OmVr, AZwgy{MV OZOmVr Am{U BVa gmwXm{H$ H$mmm gd jomo CmVm gnmXZ
X~c KQ>H$ mMo ej{UH$ d Am{WH$ {hVgdYZ. H$aUo.
47. nmofUmZ d amhUrmZ CMmdUo Am{U gmdO{ZH$ 11) Omo OXmVm Agoc qH$dm nmcH$ Agoc mZo
Amamo gwYmaUo ho ammMo H$V. Amnm Anmg qH$dm nmmg mm dmm
48. H$fr d newgdYZ mMr gwgy dWm cmdUo. ghmm dfmnmgyZ MmXmm dfmnV {ejUmMr
48A. nmdaUmMo gajU d gdYZ H$aUo Am{U dZo d gYr CncY H$$Z XoUo. (86 KQ>ZmXVr 2002)
d OrdgQ>r mMo ajU H$aUo. ^mJ nmM
49. amQ>r hdmMr maHo$ d WmZo Am{U dVy g K am
mMo gajU.
H$m H $mar Um
50. mUm H$mH$mar UonmgyZ AcJ R>odUo.
amQ>nVr d CnamQ>nVr (H$c 52 Vo 73)
51. AmVaamQ>r emVVm d gwajm mMo gdYZ.
H$c dU Z
y c ^y V H$V o
52. ^maVmMm amQ>nVr.
51A. yc^yV H$Vo.
53. 1) gKammMm H$mH$mar A{YH$mar.
AH$am y c ^y V H$V o
2) amQ>nVr gajU XcmMo gagoZmnVr.
1) KQ>ZM o o nmcZ H$aUo d mMo AmXe gWm, amQ>dO
54. amQ>nVrMr {ZdS>UyH$.
d amQ>JrV mMm AmXa H$aUo.
55. amQ>nVrm {ZdS>UwH$sMr nV.
2) mwio Amnm amQ>r dmV cT>mg y$Vu
{imcr m Aem AmXemMr OmonmgZm H$aUo 56. amQ>nVrMm nXmdYr. (nXJhU {XZmH$mnmgyZ 5
VgoM AZwgaU H$aUo. df}.)
3) ^maVmMo gmd^md, EH$Vm d EH$mVm CV 57. o$a{ZdS>UwH$sg nmVm.
R>odUo d mMo gajU H$aUo. 58. amQ>n{VnXmm {ZdS>UwH$sgmR>r AhVm.
4) XoemMo gajU H$aUo VgoM AmdmhZ Ho$co OmBc 59. amQ>n{VnXmm eVu.
Vohm amQ>r godm ~OmdUo. 60. amQ>nVrZo enW KoUo qH$dm {Vkm H$aUo.
5) Ym{H$, ^m{fH$, mXo{eH$ d dJu ^oX^md Z 61. amQ>nVrdarc hm{^moJmMr H$mnVr. (KQ>Zm

am`em 407
 ^J EH$M H$maU) 75 (1A). {S>imV nVYmZmg{hV EHy$U mMr gm
62. amQ > nVrMo [aV A{YH$manX ^amH$aVm cmoH$g^oVrc EHy$U gXmm 15% nojm A{YH$
{ZdS>UyH$ KomMr wXV Am{U {Z{mdemV [aV AgUma Zmhr. (KQ>ZmXVr 91,2003)
hmoUmao A{YH$manX ^amH$aVm {ZdS>yZ Amcom 75 (1B). njmVa ~Yr AVJV Anm gX AnmVm
VrMm H$mcmdYr. H$mcmdYr ggX gX hUyZ Cd[aV nXmdYr
63. ^maVmMm CnamQ>nVr. qH$dm Vmo gnmm AmYr {ZdS>UwH$ cT>dyZ Vmo
64. CnamQ>nVr amg^oMm nX{g g^mnVr AgUo. {ZdSy>Z oBnVMm H$mi m nH$s Omo cdH$a
gnV Agoc VmonV Agoc. (KQ>ZmXVr 91,
65. amQ>nVrMo A{YH$manX {Z{mdemV [aV hmoBc 2003 )
m m gJr CnamQ>nVrZo amQ>nVr hUyZ
75 (2). amQ>nVrMr Ou AgonV r Amncr nXo YmaU
H$m H$aUo AWdm amQ>nVrm AZwnpWVrV
mMr H$m} nma nmS>Uo. H$aVrc.
75 (3). {S>i gmwXm{H$[am cmoH$g^og O~m~Xma
66. CnamQ>nVrMr {ZdS>UyH$/godmeVu/nmVm.
Agoc.
67. CnamQ>nVrMm nXmdYr.
75 (4). nXJhU H$amnydu amQ>nVrnX Jmon{ZVoMr
68. CnamQ>nVrMo [aV A{YH$manX ^amH$aVm enW XoVrb.
{ZdS>UyH$ KomMr wXV Am{U {Z{mdemV [aV
75 (5). Omo r gcJ ghm {hZo ggXom H$moUmhr
hmoUmao A{YH$manX ^amH$aVm {ZdSy>Z Amcom
VrMm nXmdYr. JhmMm gX Zgoc mMo rnX gnwQ>mV.
69. CnamQ>nVrZo enW KoUo qH$dm {Vkm H$aUo. ^maVmMm hmmdmXr
76. ^maVmMm hmmdmXr.
70. BVa AmH$pH$ gJr amQ>nVrMr H$m} nma
nmS>Uo. gaH$mar H$mH$mO MmcdUo
71. amQ > nVr qH$dm CnamQ > nVr m m 77. ^maV gaH$maMo H$mH$mO MmcdUo.
{ZdS>UwH$sg~Yrm qH$dm {Vmer {ZJ{S>V 78. amQ > nVrg m{hVr nw a dUo , BmXr~m~V
Agcom ~m~r. YmZmMr H$Vo.
72. {dd{jV H$aUr jm, BmXr H$amMm Am{U ggX (H$c 79 Vo 122)
{ejmXoe {Zc{~V H$amMm, mV gyQ> XomMm H$c dU Z
qH$dm Vmo gm H$amm amQ>nVrMm A{YH$ma.
79. g g Xo M r aMZm. (amQ > nVr + cmo H $g^m +
73. gKammm H$mH$mar A{YH$mamMr mVr. amg^m)
{ n[afX 80. amg^oMr aMZm. (238 + 12 = 250) gm
74. amQ>nVrg ghm H$amH$[aVm {n[afX. 245
74 (1). amQ > nVtZm ghm d gcm Xo mgmR>r 81. cmoH$g^oMr aMZm. (530 + 20 + 2 = 552) gm
nVYmZmm ZoVdmImcr {S>i Agoc. 545
74 (2). mZr amQ>nVtZm {Xcom gmMr MmH$er 82. oH$ OZJUZoZVa nwZ: gmmoOZ.
H$moUmhr mmcmV H$aVm oUma Zmhr. 83. amg^m d cmoH$g^m H$mcmdYrMr VaVyX.
75. mg~Yr A VaVwXr. gm 2001 m OZJUZoZwgma 2026 ZVa
75 (1). nVYmZ amQ>nVtH$Sy>Z {ZwV Ho$co OmVrc Am{U hmoUmm OZJUZoZwgma gXgm R>a{dmV
BVa r amQ>nVtH$Sy>Z nVYmZmm gmd$Z oBc.
{ZwV Ho$co OmVrc. 84. ggXom gXdmH$aVm AhVm.

408 embo`kmZ+bg
85. ggXoMr go, ggmVr d {dgOZ. 104. H$c 99 Imcr enW Komnydu qH$dm {Vkm
86. amQ > nVrMm g^mJ h m Z m g ~ mo Y y Z A{^^mfU H$amnydu AWdm nm ZgVmZm AWdm Anm
H$amMm Am{U gXoe nmR>dmMm hH$. PmmZVa WmZmn hmom~c d VXmZ
87. amQ>nVrMo {deof A{^^mfU. H$am~c XS>.
88. r d hmmdmXr mMo g^mJhm~m~V hH$. ggX d {VMo gX mMo A{YH$ma,
(hmmdmXr ggX H$mH$mOmV ^mJ Kody {deo f m{YH$ma d Cw Vr
eH$VmV. VXmZ H$$ eH$V ZmhrV.) 105. ggXoMr g^mJho Am{U mMo gX d g{m
g g Xo M o A{YH$mar mMo A{YH$ma. {deofm{YH$ma BmXr.
89. amg^oMm g^mnVr d Cng^mnVr. 106. gXmMo doVZ d ^mo.
90. Cng^mnVrnX [aV hmoUo, mMm amOrZmm XoUo d Y m{ZH$ H$m n Vr
Am{U md$Z Xa H$aUo. 107. {dYoHo$ VwV H$aUo d nm[aV H$aUo m g~Yr
91. Cng^mnVr qH$dm A Vr m M m VaVwXr.
g^mnVrnXmMr H$Vo nma nmS>mMm [H$dm 108. {dd{jV H$aUr Xmohr g^mJhmMr gwV ~R>H$.
g^mnVr hUyZ H$m H$amMm A{YH$ma. 109. YZ {dYoH$m~m~V {deof H$mnVr.
92. g^mnVrg qH$dm Cng^mnVrg nXmd$Z Xa 110. ""YZ {dYoHo$'' mMr mm.
H$amMm R>amd {dMmamYrZ AgVmZm mZo 110(1). EImm {dYoH$mg nwT>rc gd VgoM H$mhr ~m~ter
AjWmZ Z drH$maUo. g~{YV Agoc Va YZ {dYoH$ AgmMo VohmM
93. cmoH$g^oMm Aj d Cnmj. mZco OmBc.
94. AjnX d CnmjnX [aV hmoUo, mMm a) H$moUVmhr H$a cmdUo, a H$aUo, m$ H$aUo,
amOrZmm XoUo Am{U md$Z Xa H$aUo. mV o$a$ma H$aUo VgoM {ZZ H$aUo.
95. Cnmj qH$dm A Vr mMm AjnXmMr b) ^maV gaH$maZo ngo H$OmZo KoUo VgoM H$moUVrhr
H$Vo nma nmS>mMm qH$dm Aj hUyZ H$m hr XoUo mMo {ZZ AWdm ^maV gaH$maZo
H$amMm A{YH$ma. pdH$macom VgoM pdH$mamm H$moUmhr
96. Ajmg qH$dm Cnmjmg nXmd$Z X a {dmr O~m~Xmarer g~{YV H$mmV gwYmaUm.
H$amMm R>amd {dMmamYrZ AgVmZm mZo c) ^maVmMm g{MV {ZYr VgoM AmH$pV {ZYr
AjWmZ Z drH$maUo. mMr A{^ajm H$aUo. m {ZYrV nemMm ^aUm
97. g^mnVr d Cng^mnVr Am{U Aj d Cnmj H$aUo qH$dm mVyZ ngo H$mT>Uo.
mMo doVZ d ^mo. d) ^maVmm g{MV {ZYrVyZ nemMo {d{ZmoOZ
98. ggXoMo g{Mdmc. e) H$moUVmhr IM ^maVmm EH${V {ZYrda
H$mH$mO MmcdUo ^m[aV Agcocm IM hUyZ Kmo{fV H$aUo qH$dm
99. gXmZr enW KoUo qH$dm {Vkm H$aUo. Aem H$moUmhr IMmMr aH$ dmT>{dUo.
100. g^mJhmYrc VXmZ, OmJm [aV AgVmZmhr f) ^maVmm g{MV {ZYrMm qH$dm cmoH$coIm

H$m H$amMm g^mJhmMm A{YH$ma d JUnyVu. {ZYrMm ImVr nemMr AmdH$ qH$dm Aem nemMr
A{^ajm qH$dm OmdH$ AWdm H|$ qH$dm EImm
gXm M r AnmVm
ammMo coImnarjU.
101. OmJm [aV H$aUo.
g) darc a Vo f H$moUmhr ~m~rcm AmZwf{JH$
102. gXdm~m~V AnmVm.
Agcocr ~m~.
103. gXmm AnmVo~m~Vm Zmdarc {ZU.

am`em 409
  ggXonwT>rc c{~V KQ>ZmXVr {dYo`H$
108 do KQ>ZmXVr {dYo`H$
 ggX d {dYr_S>imV _{hcmZm 33% AmajU
109 do KQ>ZmXVr {dYo`H$
 AZwgy{MV OmVr d O_mVr`m AmajUmV _wXV
dmT>{dUo
110 do KQ>ZmXVr {dYo`H$
 Wm{ZH$ dam` gWoV _{hcmZm 50% AmajU
111 do KQ>ZmXVr {dYo`H$
 ghH$mar gWmZm KQ>Zm_H$ XOm XoUo
112 do KQ>ZmXVr {dYo`H$
 ZmJar Wm{ZH$ gWm_`o EHy$U OmJmnH $s Am{U
A`jnXm`m EHy$U OmJmnH$s 50% OmJm
_{hcmgmR>r Ama{jV H$aUo (g`m EH$ V{V`me
OmJm Amho.) VgoM ehar Wm{ZH$ gWm_`o
AZwg{y MV OmVr d O_mVr_`o amIrd Agco`m
OmJm _ `o 50% {V{ZYrd g ~ Y r OmVr
O_mVrVrc _{hcmgmR>r Ama{jV H$a`mMm Vmd
`m {dYo`H$mV Amho.
 g`m ho {dYo`H$ _Oya ehar {dH$mg {d^mJm`m
ggXr` Wm`r g{_VrH$S>o nwT>rc {M{H$gogmR>r
nmR>{d`mV Amcoco Amho.
* `m g{_VrMo A`j eaX `mXd AmhoV.
113 do KQ>ZmXVr {dYo`H$
 Amo[a`mMo Zm_mVa Amo{S>gm H$a`m~m~V
114 do KQ>ZmXVr {dYo`H$
 CM `m`m{Yemer g~{ YV am`KQ>ZV o rc H$c_
217 Am{U 224 _`o XVr H$aUo Vm{dV
Amho.
115 do KQ>ZmXVr {dYo`H$
 Ud _wIOu `mZr ho {dYo`H$ 11 _mM 2011
cmoH$g^oV gmXa Ho$cm. `m {dYo`H$mmao dVy Am{U
godm H$a (Good & Services Tax GST) cmJy
H$a`mMo nVm{dV Amho.
 `m {dYo`H$mZwgma dVy d godm H$a n[afX
410
WmnZ H$a`mMm nVmd Amho. `m n[afXo_`o
H|$r` {dm_r A`j AgVrc. ho {dYo`H$
\o$Q>mi`mV Amco Amho.$
116 do KQ>ZmXVr {dYo`H$
 H$m{_H$, cmoH$VH$ma Am{U noeZ H|$r` _r
hr. Zmam`Udm_r `mZr 22 {S>g|~a 2011 amoOr
ho {dYo`H$ cmoH$g^oV gmXa Ho$co.
 `m {dYo`H$mZwgma am`KQ>ZoVrc 14 A, 14 ~
hm ^mJ Z`mZo g_m{dQ> H$a`mV `oV Amho.
 `m ^mJm_`o H$c_ 323 H$ _`o cmoH$nmc Va
H$c_ 323 S> _`o cmoH$m`wV nX {Z_mU H$a`mMo
Vm{dV Amho.
 1 OmZo. 2014 amoOr _Oya ho cmoH$nmc d
cmoH$Am`wV A{Y{Z`_ 2013
117 do KQ>ZmXVr {dYo`H$
 AZwgy{MV OmVr d AZwgy{MV O_mVr `m`m
ZmoH$arVrc nXmoVr AmajUmgX^mV
118 do KQ>ZmXVr {dYo`H$
 AmYXoe d H$ZmQ>H$ XoemVrc _mJmgco`m
ghm (Jwc~Jm, `mXJra, am`Mya, {~Xa, H$monmc,
~ocmar) {OmZm {deof XOm Xo`mgX^mV. (98
`m KQ>ZmXVr _`o {Xco Amho.)
119 do KQ>ZmXVr {dYo`H$
 ^maV-~m cmXo e ^y { g_m H$ama (100 Mr
KQ>ZmXVr _`o {Xco Amho.)
120 do KQ>ZmXVr {dYo`H$
 gdm}M d CM `m`m{Yem`m {Z`wVr d
~Xcr gX^mV.
121 do KQ>ZmXVr {dYo`H$
 amQ>r` `m{`H$ {Z`wVr Am`moJmgX^mV (99
`m KQ>ZmXVrV {Xco Amho.)
122 do KQ>ZmXVr {dYo`H$
 JwS>g AS> gphg Q>g (GST) (dVy d godm
H$am{df`r Amho.)
embo`kmZ+bg
 ~. nMm`V amO

1. nMm`VamO / Wm{ZH$ dam` gWm /

bmoH$emhr {dH$o rH$aU
Jm_nemgZ
Wm{ZH$ OZVoVZy {ZdS>bo `m bmoH$mMm {dH$mg H$a`mgmR>r `m``dWm A_bmV R>do `mgmR>r bmoH$emhr {dH|$rH$aUmMr
H$nZm nwT>o Ambr. bmoH$emhr {dH|$rH$aU hUOo OZVobm ZoV d H$a`mgmR>r WmnZ Ho$bo`m bKwnmR>embm AmhoV.
nmMrZ H$mimV ZmaX_Vr, dm_Z_Vr, B{S>H$m, doX `mMo {bImZ Ho$bo Job.o `m_`o gwm nMm`V amO nVrMm
CoI `m` nMm`V g` AmT>iVmo. mMrZ H$mir Mmob KamUog w m `m nVrbm {deof _hd XoV AgV. VohmMr `m`
nMm`V hr _`m{XV H$mbjomV H$m_ H$aUmar N>mQo >r gWm Agm`Mr. H$mbmVamZo `m gWmMm bmon Pmbm. ^maVmda
na{H$`mMo AmH$_U gw$ AgVmZm {~{Q>e am`mMr gwdmV Pmbr. `mM H$mimV {~{Q>emMm JhZa 1880 Vo 1884 `m
H$mimV bmS> [anZ hmoVm. bmS> [anZ hm _dmidmXr hmoVm. `mbm ^maVr`m~b Am_r`Vm hmoVr. `m`m _dmidmXr
YmoaUmZwgma 1882 bm Wm{ZH$ dam` gWoMm H$m`Xm Ho$bm. hm H$m`Xm ^maVm`m Q>rZo {hVmMm Ag`m_wio B{Vhmg
bmS> [anZbm Wm{ZH$ dam` gWoMm OZH$ hUVmV. H$mbmVamZo hm H$m`Xm gnw >mV Ambm. `mMo H$maU hUOo {~{Q>e
gaH$ma d ^maVr` gmdH$maemhr `m`m AJrH$V YmoaUm_wio {Z_mU Pmbobr V\$mdV. ^maV dmV`mZVa _`dVu
emgZmZo 1952 bm ^maVmVrb Jm_rU d ZmJar OZVoMm {dMma H$a`mgmR>r amOH$s`, Am{WH$, gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg
H$a`mH${aVm XmoZ H$m`H$ _mMr AmIUr Ho$br. Vr AZwH$ _o GDP & NDP. 2 Am>Q>mo ma 1952 : gm_wXm{`H$ {dH$mg
H$m`H$ _,$ 1953 : am>r` {dVma `moOZm.
`m H$m`H$ _mbm n{h`m nMdm{fH$ `moOZobm gwdmV Pmbr. ho Xmohr H$m`H$ _ ZmJar d Jm_rU OZVo`m {dH$mgmgmR>r
AgyZ `m H$m`H$ _mZm {deof `e Ambo Zmhr. Jm_rU OZVoMm An n{VgmX H$m`H$ _m`m An`emZVa am>r` Vamda
nMm`V amO~m~V n{hbr g{_Vr WmnZ Pmbr. `m g{_VrMo A`j ~bdVamd _ohVm hmoV.o hr g{_Vr 1957 bm WmnZ
Pmbr. `m g{_VrZo 4 df ^maVr` gd}jU H$$Z Amnbm Ahdmb 1958 bm gmXa H$obm. `mZwgma Imbrb nVr V`ma
H$a`mV Ambr.
H$. Va jom bmoH$emhr {dH$aU nVr
i) H${Z> Va (n{hbm) Jm_rU Va Jm_nMm`V
ii) _Ybm Va (Xgam) JQ>/VmbwH$m nMm`V g{_Vr
iii) d[a> Va ({Vgam) {Ohm/\$aJZm {Ohm n[afX
darb {Var` bmoH$emhr {dH$o rH$aUmMm Ahdmb H|$ emgZmZo _m` Ho$bm. ^maVmV gdW_ amOWmZ `m am`mV
nMm`V amO nVr gw$ Pmbr.
ZmJmoa {OhmV 2 AmQ>m~o a 1959 gmbr.

am`em 411
2 AmQ>mo 1959 - amOWmZ
1 _o 1960 bm _hmam> am`mMr WmnZm Pmbr. nMm`V amO nVrMm {dMma H$a`mgmR>r WmnZ Pmbobr n{hbr
g{_Vr dgVamd ZmBH$ g{_Vr hmo`.
WmnZm 27 OyZ 1960 `m g{_VrZo ~bdVamd _ohVm g{_VrMm A`mg H$$Z _hmam>mgmR>r {Var` nMm`V
Agmdr Ago am`emgZmg 15 _mM 1961 `m JmonZr` AhdmbmV gwM{dbo. `mZVa emgZmZo JmonZr` Ahdmb _m`
H$$Z 1961 `m {Ohmn[afX, nMm`V g{_Vr H$m`mZwgma _hmamQ>mV ho nMm`V amO drH$maUmao XoemV 9 do am`
Pmbo.
^maVmV EHy$U am` d H|$em{gV XoemnH $s Imbrb {R>H$mUr nMm`V Wm{ZH$ dam` gWm
CJ_ d {dH$mg
1) 1870 Mm bmS> _o`moMm R>amd : `m`m _Vo, OmVrV OmV Am{WH$ _XV Wm{ZH$ d am` gWobm Xo`mV
`mdr. `m`m R>amdm_wio Wm{ZH$ dam` gWo`m ApVdmV ^a nS>br Am{U {dH$mgm`m _mJmda nwT>o nwT>o gagmdy
bmJbr.
2) 1882 Mm bmS> [anZMm R>amd : Wm{ZH$ dam` gWoMr WmnZm bmoH$b ~moS>`m d$nmV gnyU XoemV
Pmbr nm{hOo.
3) {dH|$rH$aU Am`moJ (Royal Commission on Decentralisation) : 1906 bm lr.hm~ `m`m
A`jVoImbr Wm{ZH$ dam` gWoMr nmhUr H$a`mgmR>r {Z`w$s H$a`mV Ambr. 1909 gmbr Amnbo _V `$
Ho$bo.
4) ^maV gaH$ma R>amd 1915 : 1909 `m {e\$maer da AmYm[aV hm R>amd hmoVm.
5) _mQ>o`y Mog\$moS> Ahdmb
6) ^maV gaH$ma R>amd 1918 : _mQ>o`w Mog\$moS> Ahdmbmda AmYm[aV hm Ahdmb hmoVm.

2. Jm_nMm`VrMm CJ_ d {dH$mg

A) nmMrZ H$mbIS>
Jmd n_wImg "Jm_rUr' hUV. (d{XH$ H$mimV) de nanam ho nX hmoVo.
_hm^maVmV Jm_rU emgZ `dWoMo VrZ Va {Xbo AmhoV.
1) Jmd_wI - `mg Jm{_Ur hUV hmoVo. 2) Xhm JmdmMm _wI - XeH$ hUV hmoVo.
3) e^a JmdmMm _wI - eVnmb hmoVm. 4) hOma JmdmMm nVr - ghmnVr hmoVm.
Jm{_H$mMr Zo_UyH$ amOm H$arV Ago. `m`mH$S>o IoS>m`m gajUmMr O~m~Xmar Ago. `m`m _XVrbm ajmXb Ago.
_m` H$mimVrb XmoZ _hdmMo A{YH$mar
1) Jmonm - hm 5 Vo 10 IoS>mMm n_I
w Ago
2) Wm{ZH$ - O{_ZrMr Zm|X, OZJUZm, Wm{ZH$ H$adgwbr `m`mH$S>o Ago, hm Jmonmnojm daMm A{YH$mar hmoVm.
H$m{Q>` AWem
1) bhmZ IoS>mMm n_wI - Jm__wI 2) 400 IoS>mMm _hgyb A{YH$mar - gIVm
3) 800 IoS>mMm _hgyb A{YH$mar - Wm{ZH$m
Jw H$mimV Xoem`m H$mhr ^mJmV Jm_g^o`m Cng{_`m {Z_mU hmo`mg gwdmV Pmbr.
hfm`m H$mimV IoS>m`m _wImg Jm__wI Ago hUV.

412 embo`kmZ+bg
~) _``wJrZ H$mbIS>
Jm_n[afXobm - _hmOZ g^m hUV AgV.
Jm_ _wImg - _hma _hV qH$dm n>m{bIm hUV AgV.
qH$dm Jm_Hy$Q> Agohr hUV AgV.
`m H$mimV O{_ZrMo aoH$mS> R>odUmam A{YH$mar H$mZwZJmo hUV AgV.
"_hmOZ g^m' H$a{df`H$ emgZmg~Y r {Z`_ ~Z{dV AgV.
H$moVdmb, nmo{bg{df`H$, `m`{df`H$, Am{WH$ d$nmMo H$m_ nmhr
14 Vo 17 `m eVH$mV X{jUoH$S>o "nmQ>rb' hm Jmd_wI hmoVm.
H$) {~{Q>e H$mbIS>
{~{Qe H$mbIS>mV nydu`m IoS>mEodOr {Ohm hm Wm{ZH$ emgZmMm _wI KQ>H$ ~Zbm.
12 _o 1882 bmS> [aQ>Z
bmS> [aQ>Z ZVa 1907 `m {dH|$rH$aUemhr Am`moJm`m {e\$magrZo nMm`V amObm nyU OrdZ {_imbo.
1954 gmbr {g_bm `oWo H|$r` _r amOHw$_mar A_Vm H$ma `mZr gd am`mVrb Wm{ZH$ emgZ _`mMr
n[afX ~mobmdbr. `mZr "bmoH$emhrMm {dMma Imb`m (IoS>o) VamnmgyZ hmoV Zmhr. Vmon`V bmoH$emhr
`edr hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.' Ago gm{JVbo.
gm_w{hH$ {dH$mg H$nmMo `Z
1. lr{ZHo$VZ H$n - S>m. adtZmW Q>mJmoa (1921) dra^y_ {OmV VU-VUtMm Cn`moJ H$$Z.
2. JwaJmd H$n - ~m`Zo `mZr JwaJmd {OmV 1927 gmbr gw$ H$obm.
3. ~S>moXm `moOZm - lr. hr. Q>r. H$U_mMmar 1933
4. godmJm_ H$n - _hm_m JmYr (1937)
5. A{YH$ Ym` {nH$dm _mohr_ - ^maV gaH$ma
6. Bamdm nm`bQ> H$n - lr.Ab~Q> _oAa (1948)
7. {ZboIoar nH$n - lr.gwerbHw$_ma S>o (1948) ^maV-nmH$ \$miUrZVa {Zdm{gVmMo `mo` nwZdgZ.
8. gdm}X` `moOZm - _w~B gaH$ma 1948
9. ^yXmZ d Jm_XmZ Midi - {dZmo~m ^mdo 1951
am>r` {dVma `moOZm - 1953 (NDP)
gm_y{hH$ {dH$mg H$m`H$_ - 1952 (CDP) XmoKmMm _w` Coe hUOo Jm_rU {dH$mg hmo`.
n{S>V Zoh$Zr gm_w{hH$ {dH$mg H$m`H$_mH$S>o ZdrZ ^maV ~Z`mMo EH$ _m`_ hUyZ nm{hbo.
_hmam>mVrb nMm`V amO gWm
am>r` {dH$mg _S>imZo ~bdVam` _ohVm g{_Vr`m {e\$magr 1959 `m ~R>H$sV drH$ma`m.
1 _o 1960 _hmam> am` {Z{_Vr
lr dgVamd ZmBH$ `m`m A`jVoImbr EH$ g{_Vr WmnZ H$a`mV Ambr.
1961 bm nMm`V g{_Vr d {Ohm n[afX H$m`Xm.

3. Jm_g^m
18 df nyU Pmbo`m _VXma `mXrV Zmd AgUmar gd mT> bmoH$g`m hUOo Jm_g^m hmo`.
Jm_g^m Xa nmM dfmZr Jm_nMm`V {ZdS>Vo.
Jm_g^m JmdmMo AXmOnH$ _Oya H$a`mg _XV H$aV.
Jm_g^o`m dfmVyZ H$_rV H$_r 4 ~R>H$m hmoVmV.
am`em 413
 Jm_g^oMo A`jnX ganM ^yfdVmo, ganM Zgob Va CnganM, CnganM Zgob Va `o> nM A`j WmZ
^yfdVmo.
1) E{b-_o _hmam>m V 1 _o 2) 15 AmJQ>
3) Zmoh|~a 4) 26 OmZodmar
`m`nMm`V
`m`XmZmMr H$m` H$aUmar _`m{XV AgUmar Jm_nMm`VrMr N>mQo >r gWm hUOo `m`nMm`V hmo`. `m`nMm`VrV
H$m_ H$aUm`m `$sMo d` 30 df} qH$dm OmV Agmdo bmJVo.
`m` nMm`V `m`XmZmMo H$m` H$arV AgVmZm .25 Vo 100 n`V XS> H$$ eH$Vo.
{Z{_Vr A{YH$ma {Ohm A{YH$mar
JQ> Jm_nMm`V/Jwn Jm_nMm`V
`m {R>H$mUr Jm_nMm`V nyVV go mR>r bmoH$g`m CnbY ZgVo. `m JmdmgmR>r XmoZ Vo VrZ Jmdmbm Jnw Jm_nMm`V
Ago hUVmV.

4. Jm_nMm`V
am`KQ>Zo`m Mm`m ^mJmVrb 40 `m H$b_mV Jm_nMm`V {Z{_VrMr VaVyX Amho.
_w~B Jm_nMm`V 1958 Zwgma _hmam>mV Jm_nMm`VrMr {Z{_Vr Ho$br OmVo.
Jm_nMm`Vr {Z{_VrgmR>r bmoH$g`m {ZH$f _hdmMm AgVmo. (ZdrZ {ZH$fmZwgma 500 bmoH$g`mgmR>r
EH$ Jm_nMm`V)
600 qH$dm 600 nojm OmV bmoH$g`m AgVo. `m {R>H$mUr Jm_nMm`VrMr {Z{_Vr am` gaH$ma`m
AmXoemZo {Ohm{YH$mar H$aVmV.
_hmam>mV Jm_nMm`VrMr g`m {H$_mZ 7 Vo 17 Amho. Va ^maVmMm {dMma H$aVm hr g`m 5 Vo 31 Amho.
Jm_nMm`VrMr g^mgX g`m mT> _VXma bmoH$g`oda R>adbr OmVo. `mM_mUo am` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJ
am` R>adVmV.
Jm_nMm`VrMr g^mgX g`m bmoH$g`m {ZH$f Imbrb_mUo Amho.
H$. bmoH$g`m g^mgX g`m H$. bmoH$g`m g^mgX g`m
1. 600 Vo 1500 7 2. 1500 Vo 3000 9
3. 3001 Vo 4500 11 4. 4501 Vo 7500 13
5. 6001 Vo 7500 15 6. 7501 Vo 17500 17
darb g^mgX g`m {Zdm{MV g^mgX g`m Amho. `m g^mgXm`{V[a$ nX{g d gh`moJr g^mgX AgVmV.
1) nX{g g^mgX : Jm_nMm`Vr jomVyZ Oo g^mgX nMm`V g{_Vr qH$dm da {ZdSy>Z OmVmV Vo g^mgX `m
Wm{ZH$ Jm_nMm`VrMo g^mgX AgVmV.
2) gh`moJr g^mgX : Jm_nMm`V H$m`jo mV H$m_ H$aUmm ghH$mar gmogm`Q>rMo A`j hm Wm{ZH$ Jm_nMm`VrMm
gh`moJr g^mgX AgVmo.
g^mgX nmVm
1. Vmo ^maVmMm ZmJ[aH$ Agmdm. 2. _VXma `mXrV Zmd Agmdo.

414 embo`kmZ+bg
 3. Wm{ZH$ IoS>mVrb a{hdmer. 4. d`mMr 21 df} nyU Ho$bobr Agmdr.
5. gaH$mar godH$ Zgmdm. 6. WH$~mH$sXma {XdmiImoa JwhoJma Zgmdm.
7. Jm_nMm`Vr`m gX`mZm mR>H$ ^mm . 200 8. Kar dN>VmJh AgUo mYZH$maH$.
BVH$m Amho.(dfmVrb 2 g^mH${aVm) 9. AZm_V a$_ Iwbm 500 ., _mJmgdJ 100 .
nXm{YH$mar
A`j : ganM CnA`j : CnganM
nX{g g{Md : Jm_godH$ ~R>H$m : dfmVyZ 12 ~R>H$m
amOrZm_m nV
nM/g^mgX : ganM CnganM : ganM
ganM : nMm`V g{_Vr g^mnVr
nU `m amOrZm`mg A{V_ _Owar {Ohm n[afX XoVmV.
hH$mbn>r
1) g^mgX : JadVZ, H$m_mV {XaJmB, ~o{eVnUm, {XdmiImoar B. H$maUmd$Z g^mgXmMr hH$mbn>r hmoD$ eH$Vo.
`mgmR>r g^mJhmV 2/3 g^mgXmZm A{ddmg XmIdmdm bmJVmo.
`m A{ddmgmda {e$m_moV~ Pmbm Va g^mgXmMr hH$mbn>r hmoD$ eH$Vo. qH$dm 3 _{hZo aOm KoD$Z 6 _{hZo
{dZmnadmZm JahOa am{h`mg nX a hmoV.o
2) nXm{YH$mar hH$mbn>r : darb gd H$maUmd$Z nXm{YH$mar dV:hZ amOrZm_m {Xbm Zmhr Va `m`m
hH$mbn>rMr VaVyX Amho. g^mJhmVrb g^mgXmMr 1/3 boIr VH$marMr VaVyX Agob. hr VH$ma VhgrbXma `m`mH$S>o
mdr bmJVo. 7 {Xdgm`m AmV VhgrbXma ~R>H$ ~mobm{dVmV. `m ~R>H$sg 2/3 A{ddmg Xe{dbm Va nXm{YH$m`mMr
hH$mbn>r hmoD$ eH$Vo. (_{hbm ganM 3/4 A[ddmg R>amd)
darb Xmohr A{ddmg EH$Xm \o$Q>mibo Jo`mg nwT>rb A{ddmg EH$ dfmn`V AmUVm `oV Zmhr. (nydu 6
_{h`mMr VaVyX hmoVr.)
H$m`H$mb - 5 df}
Jm_nMm`V H$m`mb`mMo Zmd : MmdS>r
VbmR>r : gmm
gamMmMo _mZYZ
JmdmMr bmoH$g`m ganMmMo _mZYZ Mo _mZYZ nydu$
2000 n`V 1000 400
8000 n`V 1500 600
8000 nojm OmV 2000 800

ganMmMr H$m`}
1) Jm_nMm`VrMm H$m`mA`j hUyZ H$m_ nmhUo.
2) Jm_nMm`Vr`m VVr` loUr`m H$_Mm`mda d g^mgXmda XoIaoI R>odUo.
3) _w` H$mJXnmda gm H$aUo. 4) Jm_nMm`VrMm O_mIM nmhUo.
5) Jm_godH$mZr {Xbo`m emgH$s` `moOZoMr 6) Jm_nMm`Vr`m ~R>H$m ~mobmdUo
A_b~OmdUr H$aUo. 7) g^oMo H$m_H$mO nmhUo
8) ~R>H$sMo Ahdmb n. g. g^mnVtZm gmXa H$aUo. 9) Jm_nMm`Vr_m\$V n`dhma H$aUo.
10) Jm_godH$m~amo~a {dmr` YmoaU R>a{dUo.

am`em 415
 `j H$a
`m_`o Am`H$a, _hm_S>i H$a, XoUJr H$a, _mb_mm H$a, gnmrH$a, `dgm` H$a `mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
1. Am`H$a (Income Tax) : hm H$a `Vt`m d`VrH$ Cnmda AmH$mabm OmVmo. hm H$a nwamoJm_r d$nmMm
Amho. 1860 _`o ^maVmV n{h`mXm Am`H$a AmH$ma`mV Ambm. hm H$a gdmda ~gdbm OmV Zmhr. Va `mMr H$a
^a`mMr j_Vm Amho AemM `Vtda bmdbm OmVmo. 2016-17 `m AWgH$nmV Am`H$amMo Xa nwT>rb_mUo hmoVo.
gmYmaU -
. AS>rM bmImn`V - 0%
. AS>rM bmI Vo 5 bmImn`V - 10 %
. 5 bmI Vo 10 bmI - 20 %
. 10 bmI Vo 1 H$moQ>r - 30 %
. 1 H$moQ>r nojm OmV - 30 % + 10 %
o> ZmJ[aH$ (d` df} 60 Vo 80)
. 3 bmImn`V - 0%
. 3 bmI Vo 5 bmI - 10 %
. 5 bmI Vo 10 bmI - 20 %
. 10 bmI Vo 1 H$moQ>r - 30 %
. 1 H$moQ>r nojm OmV - 30 % + 10 %
A{VOo> ZmJ[aH$ (d` df} 80 nojm OmV)
. 5 bmImn`V - 0%
. 5 bmI Vo 10 bmI - 20 %
. 10 bmI Vo 1 H$moQ>r - 30 %
. 1 H$moQ>r nojm OmV - 30 % + 10 %
2. {ZJ_/_hm_S>i/H$nZr H$a (Corporation Tax) : Zm|XUrH$V H$n`m, CnmXZ gWm, _hm_S>i,
`m`mda _hm_S>i H$a bmdbm OmVmo. H$nZr ^maVr` Agob Va {V`m {Zdi Z`m`m 30 Q>Ho$ d H$nZr naH$s`
Ago Va {V`m {Zdi Z`m`m 40 Q>Ho$ _hm_S>i H$a AmH$mabm OmVmo MAT - `m H$n`m _moR>m Z\$m {_idVmV
_m {d{dY _mJmZo H$a gdbVr {_idyZ H$am`m Om`mVyZ gwQ>VmV. Aem H$n`mda {ZJ_ H$amVJV MAT (Mini-
mum Alternate Tax) hUOoM {H$_mZ n`m`r H$a AmH$maVmV.
3. IM H$a (Expenditure Tax) : H$S>ma g{_Vr`m {e\$maerd$Z 1957 nmgyZ hm H$a AmH$ma`mg
gwdmV Pmbr. _moR> _moR>m nMVmam{H$V hmQ>ob_`o amhUo, ImUo-{nUo `mdarb IMmda hm H$a AmH$mabm OmVom. g`m
hm H$a a H$a`mV Ambm Amho.
4. gnmr H$a : H$S>ma g{_Vr`m {e\$maerZwgmaM 1957 nmgyZ hm H$a AmH$a`mg gwdmV Pmbr. H$a _wV
gnmr dJiyZ Cd[aV gnmrda hm H$a AmH$mabm OmVmo. g`m `mMm Xa 30 bmImnojm OmV gnmrda 1 Q>H$m EdT>m
Amho.
5. _mb_mm H$a (Estate Tax) : `mbmM dmagm hH$ H$a hUVmV. H$maU dmagm hH$mZo {_iUm`m gnmrda
hm H$a AmH$mabm OmVmo. g`m hm H$a a Amho.
6. XoUJr H$a (Gift Tax) : `mg Cnhma H$a Agohr hUVmV. H$S>ma g{_Vr`m {e\$maerZwgma 1958 nmgyZ
AmH$ma`mg gwdmV Pmbr. Y_mW gWm, gmdO{ZH$ CmoJ Ago AndmX dJiyZ BVamZr {Xbo`m XoUJrda hm H$a
AmH$mabm OmVmo. g`m hm H$a a Amho.

AWem 549
 7. `dgm` H$a (Professional Tax) : am`gaH$maH$SyZ> AmH$mabm OmVmo. {d{dY `dgm`, `mnma,
amoOJma `mda AmH$ma`mV `oVmo. g`m gagH$Q> dm{fH$ 2500 . `dgm`H$a {ZpMV Amho.
A`j H$a
`m_`o H|$r` CnmXZ ewH$, gr_m ewH$, H|$r` {dH$sH$a, godm H$a, VAT, LBT, GST `mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
1. H|$r` CnmXZ ewH$ : `mg A~H$mar H$a Agohr hUVmV. XoemVJV Cnm{XV hmoUm`m gd dVyda hm H$a
AmH$mabm OmVmo. hm H$a am` gaH$ma d H|$ gaH$ma XmoKohr AmH$maVmV. Xm$ d _mXH$ nXmWm`m CnmXZmda am`
gaH$maH$Sy>Z CnmXZ ewH$ AmH$mabo OmVo. Va `m`{V[aV gd dVyda H|$ gaH$ma H$a AmH$maVo. 1976 _`o Eb. Ho$.
Pm g{_VrZo H|$r` A~H$mar H$am EodOr VAT> H$a gw$ H$amdm Aer {e\$mag Ho$br hmoVr. `mZwgma Manufacturing
VAT hUOoM MANVAT A{VdmV Ambm. `mM MANVAT Mo $nmVa nwT>o MODVAT (Mofigirf VAT)
Ago Pmbo d `mMo nwT>o CENVAT (Central Vat) Ago Pmbo. g`m CENVAT 12 Q>Ho$ Amho.
2. gr_m ewH$ - Custom duty : Am`mV d {Z`mVrda bmdbm OmUmam H$a hUOo gr_m ewH$ hmo`. `mVrb
Am`mV H$amg Q>o[a\$ (Ta-riff) hUVmV. naH$s` `mnmam`m {Z`UmgmR>r `m H$amMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. `m H$amVrb
EHy$U CnmnH$s 99 Q>Ho$ Cn Am`mV dVydarb H$amnmgyZ, Va 1 Q>H$m Cn {Z`mV dVydarb H$amnmgyZ {_iVo.
g`m `mMm Xa 1.0 Q>Ho$ Amho.
3. H|$r` {dH$sH$a : dVy`m {dH$sda hm H$a bmdbm OmVmo am` d H|$ gaH$ma, XmoKohr hm H$a bmdVmV. EH$m
am`mVyZ Xg`m am`mV dVyMr {dH$s hmoVmZm H|$r` {dH$sH$a Va am`mVJV dVyMr {dH$s hmoVmZm am` {dH$sH$a
bmJVmo. g`m am` {dH$s H$amEodOr dQ> bmJy H$a`mV Ambm Amho.
4. godm H$a :$ ^maVmV 1994-95 nmgyZ godm H$a AmH$ma`mV `oVmo. g`m Odinmg gd godmda hm H$a
AmH$a`mV `oVmo. `m H$amg KQ>Zm_H$ XOm Amho. H$maU 88 `m KQ>ZmXVrZo 268 E ho H$b_ {Z_mU H$$Z `mV
godm H$amMm g_mdoe H$a`mV Ambm Amho. VgoM `m H$amMm g_mdoe am` KQ>Zo`m gmV`m AZwgy{MVrb H|$gyMrV
92 gr H$_mH$mMm {df` hUyZ H$a`mV Ambm. g`m godm H$amMm Xa 12 Q>Ho$ EdT>m Amho.
5. _y`d{YV H$a/dQ> - VAT : hm H$a am` {dH$sH$amEodOr AmH$a`mV `oV Amho. dVy {Z{_Vr`m `oH$
Q>`mda {H$_VrV OodT>r dmT> hmoBb Ho$di `m dmT>rdaM dQ> AmH$mabm OmVmo. CXm. H$mngmMo _y` 1000 .
`mnmgyZ hmoUm`m Ym`mMo _w` 3000 . d `mnmgyZ ~ZUm`m H$mnS>mMo _w` 6 hOma Ag`mg n{h`mXm
H$mngm`m 1000 . da `mZVa Ym`m`m _w`mVyZ H$mngmMo _y` dOm H$$Z 3000 . nH$s Cabo`m 2000 . da
d `mZVa H$mnS>m`m _y`mVyZ Ym`mMo _y` dOm H$$Z Cabo`m 3000 . da dQ> AmH$mabm OmVmo. AemH$mao Ho$di
_y`mV hmoUm`m dmT>rdaM dQ> AmH$mabm OVmo.
^maVmV gdW_ 2003 _`o h[a`mUm_`o dQ> bmJy H$a`mV Ambm. _hmam>mV Vmo 1 E{b 2005 amoOr bmJy
Pmbm. Va ^maVmV gdmV eodQ>r Cma XoemV 1 OmZodmar 2008 amoOr bmJy H$a`mV Ambm. g`m gd ^maVmV dQ> bmJy
Amho. (AX_mZ {ZH$mo~a d bj{n dJiyZ) doJdoJ`m dVyda hm doJdom`m XamZo AmH$mabm OmVmo.
6. dVy d godm H$a - GST (Goods & Service Tax) : dVy d godm `mda AmH$mabo OmUmao gd H$a EH$
H$$Z OrEgQ>r `m ZmdmZo ZdrZ H$a AmH$mabm OmUma Amho. `mMmM AW H|$ gaH$maMo gd A`j H$a EH$ hmoVrb.
am`mMohr A`j H$a EH$ hmoD$Z am` GST (SGST) ApVdmV `oBb hm GST 1 E{b 2016 bm ApVdmV
`oUo {Z`mo{OV Amho.
OJmV gdW_ 1954 _`o \$mg `m XoemV GST bmJy H$a`mV Ambm.
^maVmV 13 `m {dm Am`moJmZo GST gX^mV AZoH$ {e\$maer Ho$`m AmhoV.
7. LBT (Local Body Tax) : _hmZJanm{bH$mMm {g H$a hUOo OH$mV H$a. _hmZJanm{bH$m jomV

550 embo`kmZ+bg
{dH$sgmR>r `oUm`m dVyda hm H$a AmH$mabm OmVmo. nU AmVm `mMr OmJm LBT KoV Amho. _hmZJanm{bH$m jomV
_mb KoD$Z `oUm`m `oH$ `mnm`mbm hm H$a ^amdmM bmJVmo. `mMo Xa `oH$ jomV doJdoJio AgVrb. hm `oH$
_{h`m`m 10 VmaIon`V ^aUo ~YZH$maH$ Amho.
_w~B _hmZJanm{bH$m gmoSy>Z >gd _hmZJanm{bH$mZm bmJy Amho.
H$amMr AmH$aUr dgwbr d Cn `mMo d$n
1. Oo H$a H|$mH$Sy>Z AmH$mabo OmVmV, dgyb Ho$bo OmVmV d gd Cnhr H|$ gaH$mabmM {_iVo Ago H$a -
gr_m H$a, `mO H$a, IM H$a, _hm_S>i H$a, {d{dY A{Y^ma B.
2. Oo H$a H|$ gaH$maH$Sy>Z AmH$mabo OmVmV, dgyb Ho$bo OmVmV. _m gd Cn am` gaH$mabm {_iVo Ago
H$a. gnmr H$a, XoUJr H$a, dmnm`m {dH$sdarb d OmhramVrdarb H$a, amoIo ~mOmamVrb `dhmamdarb
H$a B.
3. Oo H$a H|$ gaH$maH$Sy>Z AmH$mabo OmVmV. dgyb Ho$bo OmVmV. nU Cn _m H|$ gaH$ma d am` gaH$ma
`m`mV {d^mJbo OmVo Ago H$a - A~H$mar H$a, godm H$a, Am`H$a H$a B.
4. Oo H$a am` gaH$ma AmH$maVo, VgoM dgyb H$aVo d gd Cn am` gaH$mabm {_iVo Ago H$a - {dH$s H$a,
`dgm` H$a, OH$mVr B.
5. Oo H$a H|$ gaH$ma AmH$aVo nU `mMr dgwbr am` gaH$ma H$aVo d gd Cn hr am` gaH$mabmM {_iVo
Ago H$a - _wmH$ ewH$, am` CnmXZ ewH$ B.
darb_mUo ^maVmVrb EHy$U H$a aMZoMo d$n AmT>iVo.
{dm Am`moJ
H|$ gaH$ma d am` gaH$ma `m`m Am{WH$ moVmMr {ZpMVr H$a`mgmR>r hUOoM H|$ d am`mVrb Am{WH$
g~Y H$em d$nmMo AgmdoV ho R>a{d`mgmR>r am>nVr Xa nmM dfmZr {dm Am`moJmMr WmnZm H$aVmV. am` KQ>ZoVrb
H$b_ 280 Zwgma hr WmnZm Ho$br OmVo.
Cnm`m {d{dY moVmMo dmQ>n H|$ d am` gaH$ma_`o H$aUo ho {dm Am`moJmMo _wI H$m` AgVo. `m~amo~aM
H|$mH$Sy>Z am`mZm {_iUmao AZwXmZ H$em d$nmMo Agmdo `mMo d$n R>a{d`mMo H$m_hr {dm Am`moJ H$aVmo.
AmOda EHy$U 14 {dm Am`moJ Zo_`mV Ambo AmhoV. g`m 14 `m {dm Am`moJmMo H$m_ gw$ Amho.
14 dm {dm Am`moJ
{Z{_Vr - 2 OmZodmar 2013 H$m`H$mb - 2015 - 2020
Ahdmb gmXa H$a`mMr VmarI - 1 AmQ>mo~a 2014 A`j - dm`. doUwJmonmb ao>r
gX` - gwf_m ZmW, E_ JmoqdX amd, gw{Xmo _wS>b
13 dm {dm Am`moJ
{Z{_Vr - 13 Zmoho. 2007 H$m`H$mb - 2010 - 2015 A`j - S>m. {dO` Ho$iH$a
{e\$maer (13 dm {dm Am`moJ)
1. EHy$U {d^mOZ `mo` H$a CnmnH$s 32 Q>Ho$ dmQ>m am`mZm Xo`mV `mdm.
2. H|$ gaH$ma`m EHy$U _hgwbmnH$s (H$a d H$aoVa) OmVrV OmV 39.5 Q>Ho$ dmQ>m am`mZm Xo`mV `mdm.
3. amOH$mofr` VyQ> GDP `m 3 Q>Ho$ n`V H$_r H$aUo.
[ GAAR - (General Anti Avoidance Rules) - 1 April 2017 ]

AWem 551
 9. am>r` Cn
VmdZm
AWemr` {>H$moZmVyZ am>r` Cn hr EH$ Iyn _hdmMr gH$nZm Amho. am>r` Cn `m gH$nZoMm WoQ>
g~Y AW`dWoV`m gd KQ>H$mer Amho. hr gH$nZm n>nUo g_O`m{edm` EHy$U AW`dWoMo AZoH$ KQ>H$ /
nby g_OV ZmhrV. am>r` Cn hr gH$nZm hUOo Xoem`m Am{WH$ YmoaU {ZpMVrMm nm`m AgVmo. hUyZ {VMm
A`mg _hdnyU R>aVmo.
XmXm^mB ZmamoOr `mZr 1867-68 _`o gdW_ ^maVmMo am>r` Cn _moObo `m`m {ZH$fmZwgma 1867 _`o
^maVmMo am>r` Cn 340 H$mo. . hmoVo. Va XaS>moB Cn 20 . dm{fH$ hmoVo. `mZVa AmOn`V AZoH$ `Vr, gWm,
g{_`m `mZr {d{dY nVrZo am>r` Cn _moO`mMm `Z Ho$bm Amho.
H$moU`mhr XoemMo am>r` Cn Mma H$mao `V H$aVm `oVo. ho Mma doJdoJio H$ma d nVr AgyZ `mVrb
`oH$mVrb A{V_ AmH$S>odmar doJdoJir AgVo. `mMo H$maU hUOo `m Mma nVt`m KQ>H$mV d {dbofUmV WmoS>mgm
\$aH$ Amho. `mMo g{dVa {dbofU nwT>rb_mUo.
1) Wyb XoemVJV CnmXZ - (GDP) (Gross Domestic Product)
H$moU`mhr AW`dWoV ^mJmo{bH$ gr_o`m AmV Cnm{XV Pmbo`m A{V_ dVy d godmMo EHy$U _m{H$ _w`
hUOo Wyb am>r` Cn hmo`. A{V_ dVy `mMm AW eodQ>`m Cn^moJmMr dVy. CXm. gwadmVrg ~m~yMo CnmXZ KoVbo
OmVo. `m ~m~ynmgyZ H$mJX V`ma hmoVmo d `m H$mJXmnmgyZ dhr V`ma hmoVo. hUOo `m{R>H$mUr dhr hr A{V_ dVy Amho.
`m_wio am>r` Cn _moOVmZm \$V dhrMrM qH$_V g_m{d> Ho$br OmVo. ~m~yMr d H$mJXmMr qH$_V dVnUo
g_m{d> Ho$br OmV Zmhr. H$maU ~m~y d H$mJX `mMr [H$_V dhr`m {H$_VrV g_m{d> Pmbobr AgVo. hUyZ {_mnZ
Q>mi`mgmR>r \$V A{V_ dVyMrM qH$_V am>r` CnmMo _mnZ H$aVmZm g_m{d>>/_moObr OmVo.
^maVm_`o EH$m Am{WH$ dfmgmR>r am>r` Cn _mnbo OmVo. GDP Vrb dmT>rMm Xa hmM AW`dWo`m
{dH$mgmMm Xa _mZbm OmVmo. _m `m gH$nZoVyZ \$V g`m_H$ dmT> bjmV `oVo. JwUm_H$ dmT> bjmV
`oV Zmhr.
`m gH$nZoVyZ EImm AW`dWoMo AmH$ma_mZ d AVJV eVr bjmV `oVo. VgoM BVa AW`dWmer
VwbZmgwm H$aVm `oVo.
2) {Zdi XoemVJV Cn/CnmXZ - (NDP)
(Net Domestic Product)
`mg ew XoemVJV Cn Agohr hUVmV. Wyb XoemVJV CnmVyZ Kgmam dOm Ho$`mg {Zdi XoemVJV Cn
{_iVo.
Kgmam - (Depreciation)
H$moU`mhr AW`dWoV CnmXZ hmoV AgVmZm `m gmYZm`m ghm`mZo Vo hmoVo. `m gmYZmMr PrO hmoV AgVo.
hUOoM CnmXZ gmYZmMr _moS>VmoS>, XoI^mb `mda H$mhr IM hmoV AgVmo, `mg Kgmam hUVmV.)
`mMo gy nwT>rb_mUo NDP = GDP - Kgmam
NDP mao BVa AW`dWm`m am>r` Cnmer VwbZm H$aVm `oV Zmhr. H$maU `oH$ AW`dWoVrb
Kgmam doJdoJim Agy eH$Vmo.
NDP ho Zoh_r GDP nojm H$_r AgVo.

552 embo`kmZ+bg
 AW`dWoVrb H$moU`mhr ~m KQ>H$mV ~Xb Pmbm ZgVmZmhr Ho$di Kgmam ~Xb`mZo NDP _`o dmT>
qH$dm KQ> hmoD$ eH$Vo.
3) Wyb am>r` CnmXZ - (Gross National Product) (GNP)
EH$m Am{WH$ dfm`m H$mbmdYr_`o AW`dWoV Cnm{XV Pmbo`m A{V_ dVy d godm`m EHy$U _w`mVyZ
XoemVyZ ~mhoa Jobobo _w` dOm Ho$bo d naXoemVyZ XoemV Ambobo Cn {_i{dbo H$s Wyb am>r` Cn {_iVo.
naXoemVyZ XoemV Ambo`m CnmV nwT>rb VrZ KQ>H$mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
1. XoemZo naXoemg {Xbo`m H$OmMo `mOm`m $nmV naV {_imbobo Cn
2. Am`mV-{Z`mVr_Ybm \$aH$ (`mnmaeof)
3. Xoem`m ZmJ[aH$mZr naXoemV H$_dbobo d XoemV nmR>dbobo Cn
gy $nmZo GNP = GDP + X (naXoemVyZ XoemV Ambobo Cn) - M (XoemVyZ naXoemV Jobobo Cn)
ho AW`dWoMr ~m eVr Xe{dVo. GNP mao XoemVrb CnmXZ H$moU`m XOmMo Amho Vo g_Obo VgoM
EHy$UM AW`dWoMm Vm{H$ {dH$mgmMm XOm bjmV `oVmo.
OmJ{VH$ ~H$ d AmVaam>r` ZmUo {ZYr EImm Xoem`m GNP `m _m`_mVyZ AW`dWom H$`eVr
g_mZVo`m AmYmamda A`mg H$aVmV. `mVyZM OmJ{VH$ Am{WH$ `dWoVrb {d{dY AW`dWmMr VwbZm
Ho$br OmVo.
4 {Zdi am>r` CnmXZ - (Net National) (NNP)
EImm AW`dWo`m EH$m Am{WH$ dfm`m GNP _YyZ Kgmam dOm Ho$`mg `oUmao _w` hUOo `m AW`dWoMo
{Zdi am>r` Cn hmo`.
gy - NNP = GNP - Kgmam qH$dm NNP = GDP + X - M Kgmam
NNP bmM am>r` Cn Ago hUVmV.
XaS>moB Cn H$mT>`mgmR>r {Zdi am>r` Cnmg Xoem`m EHy$U bmoH$g`oZo ^mJbo OmVo.
EImm AW`dWoMm XOm, JwUdmm, ~mpWVr AMyH$nUo Xe{d`mgmR>r NNP Mm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
XoemVJV d AmVaam>r` `m Xmohr H$ma`m VwbZogmR>r NNP Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo.
am>r` CnmMo darb 4 {d{dY H$ma AmnU nm{hbo. darb Mmahr H$mao am>r` CnmMr AmH$S>odmar doJdoJir
`oVo. H$maU `mV g_m{d>> AgUm`m KQ>H$mV {^Vm Amho ho AmnU nm{hbo. T>mo~i_mZmZo {Zdi am>r` Cnmg
am>r` Cn hQ>bo OmVo.
am>r` Cn _moOVmZm XmoZ {H$_VrMm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. 1) KQ>H$ qH$_V (Factor Cost) 2. ~mOma {H$_V
(Market Price)
`mMo {dbofU nwT>rb_mUo
KQ>H$ {H$_VrZwgma am>r` Cn : dVy d godmMo CnmXZ `m CnmXH$ KQ>H$m`m ghm`mZo Ho$bo OmVo. `m
CnmXH$ KQ>H$mZm (^y_r, l_, ^mS>db, gOmo`H$) Oo _mo~Xbo {Xbo OmVmV. (IS>, doVZ, `mO, Z$m) `m _mo~X`mMr
~oarO hUOo KQ>H$ {H$_VrZwgma am>r` Cn hmo`.
~mOma {H$_VrZwgma am>r` Cn : KQ>H$ {H$_VrZwgma`m amQ>r` CnmV A`j H$amMr aH$_ g_m{d>
Ho$br H$s ~mOma {H$_VrZwgma am>r` Cn {_iVo. `mM {H$_Vrda dVy CnmXZ gWmVyZ ~mhoa nS>Vo hUyZ, `mg nyd-
\$Q>ar-H$mQ> hUVmV.
KQ>H$ {H$_VrZwgma am>r` Cn (NNP) H$mT>`mgmR>r ~mOma^mdmZo _moObo`m NNP _YyZ A`j H$a
dOm Ho$bo OmVmV Va AZwXmZo `mV {_gibr OmVmV.
H$moU`mhr XoemMo GDP darb_mUo XmoZ H$mao H$mT>Vm `oVo. hUOoM KQ>H$ {H$_VrZwgma d ~mOma {H$VrZwgma.
AWem 553
94 . J m _rU ^mJmVrb {dmWu ~o a mo O Jma (1) A-1, ~-2, H$-3, S>-4
amh`m_mJrb _w` H$maU H$moUVo? (2) A-4, ~-3, H$-2, S>-1
(1) Vm{H$ {ejU Ko`m~m~V CXmgrZVm (3) A-1, ~-3, H$-4, S>-2
(2) nXdr d nX`wma {ejU KoUo. (4) A-3, ~-2, H$-4, S>-1
(3) A d ~ Xmohr (4) `mnH$s Zmhr 98 . CndmT>r`m XamV dmT>Um`m H$amg H$m`
95 . _hmam>mV {Ohm Vamdarc {Z`moOZmMr gwdmV hUVmV?
H$moU`m dfu Pmcr? (1) J{Verb H$a (2) _mUerb H$a
(1) 1970 (2) 1954 (3) {VJm_r H$a (4) `mnH$s Zmhr
(3) 1974 (4) 1951 99 . McZm`m Ad_y`Zm_wio .....
96 . H$moU`m H$m`md`o ^maVmV m{H$amMr dgwbr (1) Am`mV dmT>Vo. (2) {Z`mV dmT>Vo.
Ho$br OmVo? (3) ~oamoOJmar dmT>Vo.
(1) Am`H$a H$m`Xm-1860 (4) XmoZ am>m_Yrc {ddmg dmT>Vmo.
(2) Am`H$a H$m`Xm-1960 100 . H$moU`m H$maUm_wio {H$_Vr dmT>VmV?
(3) Am`H$a H$m`Xm-1961 (1) A`j H$a (2) `j H$a
(4) `mnH$s Zmhr (3) A`j d `j H$a
97 . {Vg`m nMdm{fH$ `moOZ|VJV `moOZm IM (4) `mnH$s Zmhr
Am{U jo `m`m `mo` OmoS>m Owidm.
jo IM
A) H$fr 1) 1.21%
~) D$Om 2) 14%
H$) CmoJ 3) 23%
S>) gm_m{OH$ godm 4) 17%
Cmao : 94. (3) 95. (3) 96. (3) 97. (1) 98. (1) 99. (3) 100.(1)

MPSC _`o {dMmacoco Z (4) darcnH$s EH$hr Zmhr.

Cma - 1) $V 1
ghm`H$ nyd narjm 29 gQ>~| a 2013 {dcofU CRR cash Reserve Ratio
oH$ mnmar ~H$mZm AmnmH$S>rc EHy$U
R>do rnH$s H$mhr R>do r RBI H$S>o amoI nemm d$nmV
1. 2012-13 o amoIVoMr pWVr gwYmamgmR>r
R>odUo AmdH$ AgVo.
[aPh ~Ho$Zo....
CCR Xrm H$mimV H$r H$amdm.
(1) gr. Ama. Ama. d Eg. Ec. Ama. H$r
VoOrm H$mimV dmT>dmdm.
Ho$co.
CLR Statutory Liquidity Ratio
(2) gr. Ama. Ama. H$r Ho$cm; nU Eg. Ec.
oH$ mnmar ~H$mZm AmnmH$S>rc EHy$U
Ama. ~Xccm Zmhr.
R>odrnH$s H$mhr R>odr dV:H$S>o amoI d$nmV qH$dm
(3) Eg. Ec. Ama. H$r Ho$cm, nU gr. Ama.
mVmmV amomMm (gaH$mar) dnmV R>odmdm
Ama. ~Xccm Zmhr.
cmJVmo.
(1) $V 1 ~amo~a Amho.
SLR Xrm H$mimV H$r H$amdm.
(2) 1 Am{U 2 ~amo~a AmhoV.
VoOrm H$mimV dmT>dmdm.
(3) 1 Am{U 3 ~amo~a AmhoV.
2. CAPART ImcrcnH$s H$emer g~{ YV Amho?

554 embo`kmZ+bg
 (1) JmrU moOZmZm XV d mMo ymnZ
(2) H$mwQ>a hmS>doAa
(3) {ZmV d{gmR>r gcm-godm nwa{dUo.
(4) moR>m CmoJmMo XfU {ZU H$aUo.
Cma - 1) JmrU moOZmZm XV d mMo
ymnZ
{dcofU
Council for Advancement of people's
Action & Rural Technology CAPART
WmnZm - 1986
wmc - Zdr {Xcr
- gWm Zm|XUr H$mXm-1980 Zwgma mMr
Zm|XUr H$amV Amcr AgyZ Vr ""JmrU
{dH$mg mcmm'' AVJV H$m H$aUmar
EH$ dmm gWm.
- dgodr gWm d ^maV gaH$ma mVrc
gd gmYmMo H$m CAPART m$V
hmoVo.
3. ^maVmVrc n g m nw a dR> mMo d ho H$ma
ImcrcnH$s H$moUm ZmdmZo AmoiIco OmVmV?
(1) gmdO{ZH$ d ImOJr ngm
(2) AVJV d ~m ngm
(3) gHw${MV d {dVm[aV ngm
(4) pWa d ~XcVm (J{VmZ) ngm
Cma - gHw${MV d {dVm[aV ngm
{dcofU
RBI Mm McZ nwadR>m moOmm nVr
M1 - cmoH$mOdirc McZr ZmUr d ZmoQ>m + cmoH$mMm
~H$mYrc mJUr R>odr.
- M1 ho mnZ nemMr nanamJV m{XV mm
XoVo
M3 = -M1 + ~H$mYrc wXV R>odr
M3 nemMr mnH$ mm XoVo
hUyZM M1 cm gHw${MV ngm d
M3 cm mnH$ ngm hUVmV.
4. gZ 2011 m OZJUZomUo ^maVmMr EHy$U
cmoH$gm ImcrcnH$s {H$Vr Amho?
(1) 116.01 H$moQ>r (2) 121.00 H$moQ>r
(3) 123.67 H$moQ>r (4) 126.31 H$moQ>r
AWem
Cma - 121 H$moQ>r
{dcofU
2011 Mr OZJUZm 15 dr Va dmVmZVaMr 7
dr OZJUZm Agy Z mZw g ma Xo e mMr
cmoH$gm 121 H$moQ>r AgyZ m 2001
nmgyZ 17.64% Zr Xedm{fH$ dmT> Pmcr.
OZJUZoMo Kmofdm : ""Amncr OZJUZm, Amnco
^{d''
OZJUZm AmwV : gr. Mmir
2011 Zwgma ^maVmMr cmoH$gm OJmMm 17.5%
AgyZ Vr OJmV Xgm H$mH$mMr cmoH$gm
Amho.
5. ZdrZ eoVr {dH$mgmm yhaMZoV nwT>rcnH$s
H$moUVr ~m~ hdmMr Amho?
(1) CnmXH$Vm dmT>{dmgmR>r g|r IVmMm
dmna H$aUo.
(2) "Vwfma qgMZ' d "{R>~H$ qgMZ' nVrMm
dmna H$aUo.
(3) new{dm moOZm am~{dUo.
(4) JmrU ^mJmVrc Xm[a H$r H$aUo.
darcnH$s H$moUVr {dYmZo ~amo~a AmhoV?
(1) $V 1 d 2 (2) $V 2 Am{U 4
(3) $V 1, 2, 3 (4) $V 3 d 4
Cma - 1) $V 1, 2, 3
{dcofU
g|{ eoVr
1. gVV 3 df g|{ IVmMm dmna H$$Z H$amV
Amcom eoVrcm g|r eoVrMm XOm XomV oVmo.
2. g|{ eoVrMm CnmXZmMo nmofU y OmV
AgyZ mMr qH$Vhr OmV AgVo.
3. gnyU g|{ am {gH$s
Vwfma d {R>~H$ qgMZ
(1) Zm{eH$m mjmZm 1986 Mm XH$mimVyZ
dmMdmgmR>r ^maVmZo Bm{cH$Sy>Z Vwfma
d {R>~H$ qgMZMm pdH$ma Ho$cm.
(2) mwio nmmMm Odinmg 40% ~MV hmoVo.
(3) ammm Zm{eH$ {OmV mMm gdm{YH$
dmna hmoVmo.
6. mZd {dH$mg {ZX}eH$mMo (HDI) yc^yV VrZ
555
 KQ>H$ nwT>rcnH$s H$moUVo? AmYm[aV Amho.
(1) Omm doiMo Ano{jV AmwmZ, mT> - mZwgma JwVdUwH$sgmR>r gaH$maZo hdnyU ^y{H$m
gmjaVm Xa-Wyc{ejU doe Xa (GER) nma nmSy>Z ImOJr jomZo ghmH$mMr ^y{H$m nma
Am{U XaS>moB Wyc amQ>r CnmXZ (GDP) nmS>mdr.
(2) Amamo, {ejU Am{U nmdaUmVrc IM VoXmar mnma {V~Y H$mXm 1969
(3) Xm[a aofoImcrc cmoH$gm, Xm[a - H$moUmhr H$nZrMr CnmXZ qH$dm godm jomVrc
ao f o d arc cmo H $g m Am{U {ZdmgmMr VoXmar Xa H$aUo m H$mmMo hdmMo d{eQ>
dWm Amho.
(4) gamgar AmwmZ, mT> gmjaVm Xa Am{U naH$s McZ {ZU H$mXm 1973
amQ>r CnZ - ^maVmVrc naH$s {Z{V H$nmm dhmamMo
Cma - 1) OmdoiM o o Ano{jV AmwmZ, mT> {ZUmgmR>r mMr {Z{Vr Pmcr.
gmjaVm Xa-Wyc{ejU doeXa (GER) d - ^maVmVrc m{XV naH$s McZ gmR>mMo gdYZ
XaS>moB Wyc amQ>r CnmXZ. H$aUo.
{dcofU Zdo Ammo{JH$ YmoaU 1991
mZd {dH$mg {ZX}fmH$ 1990 - CXmarH$aU - ImOJrH$aU - OmJ{VH$sH$aU mMr
OZH$ : oh~w~ Cc-hH$ (nm{H$VmZ) {Z{Vr {n. hr. Zaqghamd gaH$mam H$mimVrc
A goZ (^maV) AWr ZmohZ qgJ mZr Ho$cr.
- mgmR>r ^maVmZo Amnm AWgdWoV AZoH$
wZmoMr gWm United Nation, Development gaMZmH$ ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUco.
Programme m$V Xadfu mZd {dH$mg 8. ImcrcnH$s H$moUm CmoJmV 2010-11 o
{ZX}emH$ mS>cm OmVmo. gdm{YH$ j {dXoer JwVdUyH$ Pmcr?
darc {ZX}fmH$mV VrZ {ZX}emH$ Amho. (1) AYm CmoJ (2) agmZ CmoJ
1) AmwmZ {H$mZ 25 H$mc 85 (3) noQ>mo{cA CmoJ (4) {eZar d momoJ
2) ej{UH$ df Ano{jV 10.7 df Cma - 4) {eZar d CmoJ
3) XaS>moB CnmXZ _ JQ>mV gm{dQ> Amho. {dcofU
7. OmoS>m Owidm. - ^maVmV Jom 15 dfmV gdm{YH$ FDI godm
V^ "1' V^ "2' jomV ({dmr d {~Ja{dmr godm) Pmcr
(1) Xgao Ammo{JH$ YmoaU (1) 1969 Amho.
(2) VoXmar mnma {V~Y H$mXm (2) 1956 - ^maVmV gdm{YH$ FDI m[aeg, qgJmnya m
(3) naH$s McZ {ZU H$mXm (3) 1991 XoemH$Sy>Z hmoVo.
(4) Zdo Ammo{JH$ YmoaU (4) 1973 - XoemV gdm{YH$ FDI w~B mXo{eH$ H$mmcmm
(1) 1-1, 2-2, 3-3, 4-4 jomV hmoVo.
(2) 1-4, 2-3, 3-2, 4-1 - XoemV FDI AUwD$Om, {MQ> $S>, OwJma d g>o~mOr
(3) 1-2, 2-1, 3-4, 4-3 m jomV {V~{YV Ho$cr Amho.
(4) 1-2, 2-1, 3-3, 4-4 9. ZdrZ {dmr YmoaUmV nwT>rcnH$s H$moUm
Cma - 3) 1(2), 2(1), 3(4), 4(3) ~m~tda ^a XomV Amcm Amho?
{dcofU (1) H$aaMZm d H$amm H$mmV gwc^rH$aU
Xgao Ammo{JH$ YmoaU 1956 H$aUo.
- Am mo { JH$ Ymo a U gmOdmXr gmOaMZo d a (2) H$a emgZmV gwYmaUm H$aUo.

556 embo`kmZ+bg
 (3) gmYZ gmwJrMo {dVaU d H$amUmcrMo
gmZ hd Cma - 1) 55.4 % Vo 14.3 %
(4) IM {Z{V H$aUmar ZdrZ ^mdr nV {dcofU
Adc{~Uo. jo 1950-51 2014-15
darcnH$s H$moUVr {dYmZo ~amo~a AmhoV? mW{H$ jo 55.4% 13.9%
(1) $V 1 d 3 (2) $V 2 d 4 {Vr jo 15% 26%
(3) \$V 3 d 4 (4) darc gd VVr jo 29.6%
Cma - 4) darc gd H$moUm XoemMm AWdWoV gdW mW{H$
{dcofU Zdo Am{WH$ YmoaU 1991 jomMm dmQ>m gdm{YH$ AgVmo naVw H$mcmVamZo
1. CRR, SLR Mo Xa H$r H$amdm Pmcom JVrZo mW{H$ jomMm dmQ>m H$r
2. ~qH$J dWoV ImOJr VgoM naH$s ~H$mZm H$r hmoV OmVmo.
doe mdm. 12. 2009 nmgyZ [aPh ~Ho$Zo McZmV AmUcom
3. ~H$mZm ^mS>dc nmVVoMo d BVa {ZH$f cmJy 10 nmm ZmmMo dOZ d mg {H$Vr Amho?
H$amV Amco. (1) 7 J 24 {crrQ>a
4. RBI Mr ^y{H$m {ZmH$ EodOr mogmhH$ (2) 8 J 28 {crrQ>a
Aer H$amV Amcr. (3) 9 J 26 {crrQ>a
10. OZac AQ>r-AhmS>g $c (GAAR) m (4) mnH$s Zmhr.
gwYm[aV VaVwXr ^maVmV Ho$hmnmgyZ cmJy Cma - 2) 8 J 28 {crrQ>a
hmoVrc? {dcofU
(1) E{c 1, 2016 (2) E{c 1, 2015 10 . ZmUo
(3) OmZodmar 1, 2015 (4) E{c 1, 2017 {S>PmBZ ZeZc BpQ>Q>Qy > Am$ {S>PmBZ, AhXm~mX
H$nZm {d{dYVoV EH$Vm
Cma - 1) 1 E{c 2016 ZmmMr ~mhoarc ~mOy {ZHo$c-~mPMr Va
{dcofU General Anti Avoidance Rule AmVrc ^mJ o$ag pQ>cMm Amho.
(GAAR) 13. Xoemm Am{WH$ ~m~tda {ZU R>odmMo H$m
(1) VH$mcrZ AW r Ud wIOu mZr 2012 H$mXoS>imm H$moUm g{Vrcm H$amdo cmJVo?
AWgH$nmV m~m~V gH$nZm mS>cr. (1) cmoH$coIm g{Vr (2) AXmO g{Vr
(2) mo nydcjr ^mdmZo H$a Jmoim H$amV (3) gmdO{ZH$ CmoJ g{Vr
oUma AgmZo m{dfr Vrd dmX {ZmU (4) darc gd
Pmcm. darcnH$s H$moUVo nm ~amo~a AmhoV?
(3) gm OoQ>cr mZr GAAR 2017 nV (1) $V 1 (2) $V 1 Am{U 2
cmJy H$amMr KmofUm Ho$cr. (3) $V 2 Am{U 3 (4) $V 4
11. 1950-51 Vo 2010-11 m H$mcmdYrV mW{H$ Cma - 4) $V 4
jomMm Wyc amQ>r CnmXZmVrc (GDP) dmQ>m {dcofU
nwT>rcnH$s H$moUm mUmV Kgacm? gX Aj H$m
(1) 55.4 Q>Ho$ Vo 14.3 Q>Ho$ AXmO 30 cmoH$g^oMr g^mnVr gaH$maMm IMmV
(1) 55.0 Q>Ho$ Vo 16.0 Q>Ho$ g{Vr (cmoH$g^m) gXmVyZ {ZdS>VmV H$mQ>H$ga
(1) 56.0 Q>Ho$ Vo 15.0 Q>Ho$ gwM{dUo
(1) 54.4 Q>Ho$ Vo 17.0 Q>Ho$ H$mcmdYr 1 df

AWem 557
cmoH$coIm 22 {damoYr njmMm ZoVm coImnarjUmMm ehar
g{Vr 15 cmoH$g^m+ H$mcmdYr 1 df Ahdmc 680.70 . XaS>mBo {Vhm
7 amg^m 578.80 . XaS>mBo {Vhm
gmdO{ZH$ 22 cmoH$g^oMo g^mnVr gmdO{ZH$ CmoJmMo 748.75 . XaS>mBo {Vhm
CnH$ 15 cmoH$g^m+ gXmVyZ {ZdS>VmV narjU H$aUo 1380.00 . XaS>mBo {Vhm
g{Vr 7 amg^m H$mcmdYr 1 df Cma - 2) JmrU 446.68 XaS>moB {Vhm
14. ImcrcnH$s H$moUVr OmoS>r MyH$ Amho? ehar 578.80 XaS>moB {Vhm
(1) n{hcr nMdm{fH$ moOZm (1951-56) {dcofU
(2) {Vgar nMdm{fH$ moOZm (1966-71) gwaoe V|Sw>cH$a 2005
(3) ghmdr nMdm{fH$ moOZm (1980-85) - 2009 o V|Sw>cH$amZr Amncm Ahdmc
(4) Xhmdr nMdm{fH$ moOZm (2002-07) mS>cm.
Cma - 2) {Vgar nMdm{fH$ moOZm (1966-71) - mZr nmofU ym~amo~a {ejU d Amamo
moOZmH$mcmdYr dr Xaw ^a {VmZ mMmhr gmdoe Xm[a aofom mogmR>r
(gm) Ho$cm Jocm.
1. 1951-56 3.6% H${f hoamS>-S>moa - mZwgma XoemV Xm[amMo mU 29.8%
2. 1956-61 4.2% OS> d yc^yV hmcZmo{~g ehar ^mJmV 20.9 %
CmoJ JmrU ^mJmV 33.8 %
3. 1961-66 2.8% H${f d CmoJ hmcZmo{~g
MH$dVu {dH$sH$a {ZarjH$ nyd narjm 22 {S>g~| a 2013
4. 1969-74 3.3% dmdc~Z mZ d $
5. 1974-78 4.7% Xm[a {ZycZ/ mZ d $ 1. "J[a~r hQ>mAmo' KmofUoZo H$moUVr nMdm{fH$
6. 1980-85 5.7% Xm[a {ZycZ/ moOZm gw$ H$amV Amcr?
amoOJma mZ d $ (1) {Vgar nMdm{fH$ moOZm
7. 1985-90 5.8% amoOJma {Z{VrMo ~mZX d (2) nmMdr nMdm{fH$ moOZm
OZH$ dH$sc (3) ghmdr nMdm{fH$ moOZm
8. 1992-97 6.8% mZdr {dH$mg amd-ZmohZ (4) gmVdr nMdm{fH$ moOZm
9. 1977-02 5.5% H$fr d JmrU JmYr moOZm Cma - 3) ghmdr nMdm{fH$ moOZm
{dH$mg {dcofU
8. 2002-07 7.8% {ejU JmYr moOZm ghmdr nMdm{fH$ moOZm
8. 2007-12 8.2% gmm{OH$ godm JmYr moOZm H$mcmdYr - 1 E{c 1980 Vo 31 mM 1985
8. 2012-17 - gmm{OH$ godm JmYr moOZm dmT>rMm Xa - 5.2%
15. 2004-05 m dfmgmR>r V|Sw>cH$a g{Vrm ymnZ - edr moOZm
{e$maermUo ImcrcnH$s H$moUVr Xm[aaofm w ^a - Xm[a {ZycZ d amoOJma {Z{Vr
{ZpMV H$amV Amcr? {VmZ - AcZ mZ d AemoH$ $
JmrU H$mH$
(1) 470.80 . XaS>mBo {Vhm - EH$mpH$ JmrU {dH$mg H$mH$ 1980
(2) 446.68 . XaS>mBo {Vhm - amQ>r JmrU amoOJma H$mH$ 1980
(3) 580.00 . XaS>mBo {Vhm - nmocmX H$n {demImn>U d gmco (TN)
(4) 1120.00 . XaS>mBo {Vhm - 15 E{c 1980 amoOr 6 ~H$mMo amQ>rH$aU

558 embo`kmZ+bg
- 1 OmZodmar 1982 EXIM Bank
- 12 Owc 1982 Zm~mS> ~H$ National Bank for
Agriculture & Rural Development
2. 2011-12 o ^maVmm nmmUo
Imcrcn H $s H$mo U m {dH$gZerc
AWdWmm McZmMo AdyZ Pmco?
(1) ~mPrc, opgH$mo, a{em
(2) opgH$mo, X{jU H$mo[am, OZr
(3) a{em, X{jU Am{$H$m, hmJH$mJ
(4) X{jU H$mo[am, OnmZ, MrZ
Cma - 1) ~mPrc, opgH$mo, a{em
{dcofU
AdyZ
- nmMr qH$V naH$s McZmMm gX^mV H$r
H$aUo hmo.
- hm {ZU gaH$ma/dVu ~H$mMm AgVmo.
- AdyZ mwio AmmV dVym qH$Vr
dmT>VmV d mwio AmmV hmJ hmoD$Z AmmV
H$r Ho$cr OmVo.
- {ZmV dVyMr qH$V H$r hmoD$Z {ZmV MS>
mUmV dmT>cr OmVo.
n{hco AdyZ 1949 30.5%
Xgao AdyZ 1966 36.5%
{Vgao AdyZ 1991 20.5%
3. ImcrcnH$s H$moUm H|$r gmdO{ZH$
jomVrc CnH$mZm OmJ{VH$ {XJO hUyZ
mMo H$m {dVV H$amgmR>r ^maV gaH$maZo
hmaZ XOm {Xcm Amho?
(1) ~r.E.Ama.gr., EM.E.Q>r., go c ,
EZ.Q>r.nr.gr.
(2) go c , EZ.Q>r.nr.gr., Am.Amo . gr.,
Amo.EZ.Or.gr.
(3) goc, ^oc, ~r.E.Ama.gr., EM.E.Q>r.
(4) EZ.Q>r.nr.gr., Am.Amo . gr.,
E.Q>r.EZ.Ec., Amo.EZ.Or.gr.
Cma - 2) SAIL, NTPC, IOC, ONGC
{dcofU
hmaZ gwdmV : 2010
1. Bharat Heavy Electricuts Limited
AWem
2. Coal India Limited
3. Gas Authority of India Limited
4. Indian Oil Corporation Ltd
5. National Thermal Power Coporat Ltd
6. Steel Authority of India Limited
7. Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Ltd
{ZH$f
1. 2500 H$moQ>r $. nojm A{YH$ dm{fH$ {Zdi
Z$m
2. 10,000 H$moQ>r $. BVHo$ gamgar {Zdi
y
3. 20,000 H$moQ>r $. nojm A{YH$ gamgar
CcmT>mcr
4. mo OmoS>r {ZdS>m.
g{Vr {e$mag
(1) V|Sw>cH$a g{Vr (1) JmrU Xm[aaofoMr
o$a{ZpMVr
(2) Zaqgh g{Vr (2) ~qH$J jomVrc gwYmaUm
(3) MH$dVu g{Vr (3) H$a gwYmaUm
(4) Mocm g{Vr (4) {dmr jomVrc gwYmaUm
(1) $V 1 ~amo~a Amho.
(2) $V 1 d 2 ~amo~a Amho.
(3) $V 3 ~amo~a Amho.
(4) darc gd ~amo~a AmhoV.
Cma - 1 d 2 $V ~amo~a
{dcofU
V|Sw>cH$a g{Vr 2004-05
JmrU Xm[aaofoMr o$a{ZpMVr H$aUo
Zaqgh g{Vr 1991
{dmr jo gwYmaUm g{Vr
MH$dVu g{Vr 1985
m{H$ YmoaU g{Vr
Mcm g{Vr 1991
H$amV gwYmaUm H$amgmR>r mMr WmnZm
Ho$cr. mmam ammV hQ> cmJy H$amMr
{e$mag Ho$cr.
5. amQ>r dVy CnmXZ YmoaUmgX^mV Imcrc
{dYmZo {dMmamV m.
(1) m YmoaUmMr Ac~OmdUr 2011 o
559
 Pmcr. H$m : 1. H|$r {d^mOZmo H$a CnmMr {d^mJUr
(2) m YmoaUmmUo Wyc XoemVJV CnmXZmVrc H|$ d ammV H$aUo.
dVy CnmXZmMm {hgm 60 Q>mnV 2. H|$mH$Sy>Z ammZm {Xco OmUmao AZwXmZmMo Vd
dmT>dmdmMm Amho. R>adUo.
(3) m YmoaUmMo C{Q> amQ>r JwVdUyH$ Am{U 3. H| $ d amm Yrc BVa {dmr ~m~r
dVy CnmXZ jo {ZmU H$aUo Amho. AmgUo.
darcnH$s H$moUVo/Vr {dYmZ/Zo ~amo~a Amho/ gmMm {dm AmmoJ 14 dm {dm AmmoJ
AmhoV? Aj dm. hr. ao>r
(1) $V 1 (2) 1 Am{U 2 H$mcmdYr 2015-20
(3) 2 Am{U 3 (4) 1 Am{U 3 7. Imcr {Xco m nmm V y Z ^maVmVrc
Cma - 4) 1 d 3 ~amo~a gaMZmH$ ~oamoOJmarMr H$maUo emoYm.
{dcofU (1) H$ma{hV dr (2) leVr dJmV dmT>
amQ>r dVy CnmXZ YmoaU - 2011 (3) AZw{MV VkmZ (4) AZw{MV {ejU Umcr
C{Q> : 1. nwT>rc 10 dfmV GDP o dVy CnmXZ (1) 1, 2 Am{U 3 (2) 2, 3 Am{U 4
jomMm {hgm 25% dmT>{dUo. (3) 3, 4 Am{U 1 (4) Mmahr
2. JmrU d ehar J[a~mZm AmdH$ Cma - 4) darcnH$s gd
H$me nwa{dUo. {dcofU
3. D$Om moVmMm emdV dmnamda ^a XoUo. gaMZmH$ ~oamoOJmar
6. Vo a mm {dm Ammo J mZo gmMr H| $ d 1. {dH$gZerc XoemV gaMZmH$ ~oamoOJmar
ammYrc H$amMr {d^mJUr H$aUmar dYm{ZH$ AmT>iVo.
nV m mZcr Amho : ~aoM gai H$a 2. CnmXZ jVoMm H$VaVowio {ZmU hmoUmar
H|$mZo cmXUo d gH$cZ H$aUo, ZVa Vo darc H$maMr ~oamoOJmar Amho.
amm~amo~a dmQ>Uo. 3. darc ~oamoOJmar H$r H$amgmR>r AWdWoV
(2) Jar~ ammZm A, IVo d noQ>mo{c m gaMZmH$ ~Xc H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo.
VrZ w g~{gS>rO AeXmZo wio $mXm 8. gZ 2012-13 m dfmgmR>r ^maVmVrc WoQ>
hmoVmo; H$maU mZm mVyZ nwaogm AmYma/^mJ {dXoer JwV dUwH$sVrc {hmZwgma nwT>rc XoemMr
{iVmo Am{U hUyZ m Amho Vem Mmcy KQ>m H$mZo mS>Ur H$am.
amhmdmg hmV. (1) OnmZ (2) qgJmnya
(1) {dYmZ 1 Iao Amho naVw 2 Zmhr. (3) ZoXacS>g (4) m[aeg
(2) {dYmZ 2 Iao Amho naVw 1 Zmhr. (1) 1, 2, 3 Am{U 4 (2) 2, 3, 4 Am{U 1
(3) Xmohr {dYmZo 1 d 2 Iar AmhoV. (3) 3, 4, 1 Am{U 2 (4) 4, 2, 1 Am{U 3
(4) Xmohr {dYmZo 1 d 2 MwH$sMr AmhoV. Cma - 4) 4, 2, 1 d 3
Cma - 1) {dYmZ 1 Iao naVw 2 Zmhr. {dcofU
{dcofU m[aeg 35.88 %
{dm AmmoJ qgJmnya 11.88 %
H$c 280 OnmZ 7.49 %
H$m : gKam gaH$mamV H|$ d ammo {dmr ZoXacS> 5.57 %
moVmMm {d^mOZmV {d{dY gm gmoS>{dUo. 9. ImcrcnH$s H$moUVr gH$nZm amQ>r ZwZm
aMZm : EH$ Aj d BVa Mma gX nmhUrmam aMcr Jocr d mVmmV R>acr

560 embo`kmZ+bg
 Am{U {ZmoOZ AmmoJmmao ~oH$marm ZmVrc E. Zaqgh g{Vr 1 1991
{d{dYVm nS>VmimgmR>r drH$macr Jocr? ^maV gaH$maZo (RBI 13 do JhZa) E.
(1) gdgmYmaU ~oH$marMr pWVr Zaqgh mm AjVoImcr ""{dmr jo
(2) dVmZ X{ZH$ ~oH$marMr pWVr gwYmaUm{dfH$ g{Vr'' WmnZ Ho$cr.
(3) dVmZ gmVm{hH$ ~oH$marMr pWVr {e$mag
(4) gdgmYmaU m{gH$ ~oH$marMr pWVr 1. Mo mU VH$mcrZ 15% d$Z 3 Vo 5%
(1) 1, 2 Am{U 3 (2) 2, 3 Am{U 4 H$aUo.
(3) 3, 4 Am{U 1 (4) darc gd nm 2. Mo mU VH$mcrZ 38.5% d$Z 25%
Cma - 1) 1, 2 Am{U 3 nV H$amdo.
{dcofU 3. AJH$ jomMr nwZmm H$$Z AJH$ H$O
NSSO gm amo O Jma d ~o a mo O JmarMo AmH$S> o Om nwadmMo c 40% d$Z 10% nV H$aUo.
H$amgmR>r Imcrc VrZ nVrMm dmna H$aVmV. 4. XoemV MVw:Var ~qH$J dWm {ZmU H$aUo.
1. {Z wI d X XOm 5. ImOJr jomV ZdrZ ~H$m WmnZogmR>r gVr
gd}jU nyd H$mcmdYrV VrZo 365 {Xdgmo mdr.
A{YH$ H$mimgmR>r hUOoM 183 {Xdg 6. emIm nadmZm nV a H$amdr.
qH$dm mnojm A{YH$ H$mimgmR>r Am{WH$ 11. 2011 m dfum mZd {dH$mg {ZX}emH$
H$mmV JwVcobo AgVmV. ymH$mm CVam H$mV nwT>rc XoemMr
2. Mmcy gmVm{hH$ XOm mS>Ur H$am.
gd}jU nyd 7 {XdgmVrc Am{WH$ H$VrMm mV (1) Zmd} (2) AmQ>o{cm
gmdoe hmoVmo. m AmYmamda gd}jUnyd 7 (3) MrZ (4) ^maV
{XdgmV H$moUmhr EH$m {XdgmV {H$mZ (1) 1, 2, 3 Am{U 4 (2) 1, 3, 2 Am{U 4
EH$ Vmg H$m H$aUmm Vrcm amoOJmar (3) 1, 2, 4 Am{U 3 (4) 4, 3, 2 Am{U 1
gOco OmVo. Cma - 1) 1, 2, 3 Am{U 4
3. Mmcy X{ZH$ XOm {dcofU 2012 2013
gd}jU nyd 7 {XdgmVrc XaamoOMm Am{WH$ H$VtMm Zmd} 0.955 0.944
gmdoe hmoVmo. mgmR>r gX^ AmR>dS>mV AmQ>o{cm 0.931 0.933
XaamoO mZo {H$mZ 4 Vmg H$m H$aUo MrZ 0.699 0.719
AmdH$ Amho. ^maV 0.554 0.586
2011-12 SAARC o 1) lrcH$m 2) mcXrd 3) ^maV
UPSS m AmYmamda ~oamoOJmar Xa 2.2 % BRICS o 5) ^maV
CWS m AmYmamda ~oamoOJmar Xa 3.7 % gdmV eodQ>r ZmOa
CDS m AmYmamda ~oamoOJmar Xa 5.6 % [anpcH$ Am$ H$mJmo
10. Imcrcn H $s H$mo U m g{VrZo mYm 12. nwT>rc XmoZ {dYmZmMm {dMma H$am :
jomgmR>rMm H$OnwadR>m 40 Q>md$Z 10 (1) OJmVrc gd Xoemo ^maVmV gdmV A{YH$
Q>mda H$r H$amMr {e$mag Ho$cr? jo {gMZmImcr Amho.
(1) dm{ZmWZ g{Vr (2) Mocm g{Vr (2) ^maVmVrc qgMZ jVm moOZmnyd hUOo
(3) Zaqgh g{Vr (4) Ho$iH$a g{Vr 1950-51 m 23 Xecj hoQ>anmgyZ
Cma - 3) Zaqgh g{Vr 1996-97 m 89 Xecj hoQ>anV
{dcofU dmT>br Amho.

AWem 561
 AmVm gmJm H$s -
(1) {dYmZ 1 ~amoa~ naVw 2 MyH$
(2) {dYmZ 2 ~amo~a naVw 1 MyH$
(3) Xmohr {dYmZo 1 d 2 ~amo~a
(4) Xmohr {dYmZo 1 d 2 MyH$
Cma - 3) Xmohr {dYmZo ~amo~a
{dcofU
^maVmV qgMZ jomMo {d^mOZ VrZ ^mJmV hmoVo.
1. moR>o qgMZ H$n = 10,000 nojm A{YH$
OrZ qg{MV hmoV.o
2. qgMZ H$n = 2000 Vo 10,000
OrZ qg{MV hmoV.o
3. cKw qgMZ H$n = 20,00 nojm H$r g{MV
OrZ
- OJmV gm MrZo gdm{YH$ 21% jo Va
^maVmV 20.2% jo qg{MV Amho.
- ^maVmV gdm{YH$ qgMZ jVm Imcrc gmYZmmam
nyU hmoVo.
{dhra 55.9 %
H$mcdo 31.4 %
Vcmd 6.1 %
BVa 6.6 %
13. EHy$U Wyc XoemVJV (Kaocy) CnmXZmV eoVr
jomMm gh^mJ, 1900-2000 qH$Vtda,
Q>Ho$dmarm d$nmV 1950-51 m 56.5
nmgyZ 2012-13 m 13.6 nV Kgacm
Amh.o mV eoVrm moV H$m g{{cV
Amho?
(1) Ho$di eoVr (2) $V eoVr d dZo
(3) $V eoVr d dgm - mZwgma CmoJmV nadmZm YmoaU {ZmU Ho$co.
(4) darc EH$hr nm mo Zmhr.
Cma - 4) darc EH$hr nm mo Zmhr.
{dcofU
- H$moUmhr XoemMr gwadmVrcm GDP o gdm{YH$
mU mW{H$ jomMo AgVo.
- mW{H$ jomV H${f d gcZ JmoQ>tMm gmdoe
hmoVmo.
- naVw H$mcmVamZo mW{H$ jomMo mU H$r hmoV
OmVo.
562
- naVw H$mcmVamZo mW{H$ jomMo mU H$r hmoV
OmVo.
- mM wio 1950-51 GDP o H${f d gcZ
jomMm dmQ>m 56.5% d$Z 2012-13 o
13.6% nV Imcr OmVmo.
14. gZ 1956 m Ammo{JH$ YmoaUmZo nyU
{dMmam V r d Omo mZo Mmcy Pmco c r
Ammo{JH$aUmMr {H$m {d{dY nMdm{fH$
moOZmo {VVmM OmoemV am~{dcr Jocr
mo {d{dY CmoJmMr jVm dmT>{dmda
^ard IM Ho$cm Jocm. mwioM mJrc 50
dfmV-
(1) Ammo{JH$ CnmXZ 5 JwUo dmT>co.
(2) ^maV OJmVrc nmMdo gdm V A{YH$
Ammo{JH$ amQ> Pmco.
AmVm gmJm H$s :
(1) {dYmZ 1 ~amo~a naVw 2 MyH$
(2) {dYmZ 2 ~amo~a naVw 1 MyH$
(3) Xmohr {dYmZo 1 d 2 ~amo~a
(4) Xmohr {dYmZo 1 d 2 MyH$
Cma - 1) {dYmZ 1 ~amo~a naVw 2 MyH$
{dcofU
Xgao Ammo{JH$ YmoaU 1956
- ^maVr Ammo{JH$ YmoaUmMr hr ""amKQ>Zm''
Amho.
- darc Ammo{JH$ YmoaU gmOdmXr gmOaMZoda
AmYm[aV Amho.
- mZwgma CmoJmMo d{JH$aU AZwgyMr A, B d C
mo H$amV Amco.
15. JmrU OXamH$[aVmm amQ>r H${eZ
mUo :
(1) ZdrZ YmoaUmwio moR>m eoVH$mMm $mXm
Pmcm Amho, chmZ eoVH$ar mJo nS>co; H$maU
mmH$S>o AmdH$ gmYZgnmr, kmZ Zmhr
d Amnmrcm Vm|S> XomMr jVm Zmhr.
(2) JmrU J[a~mZm eoVro mcH$ eoVH$ar
hUyZ gmmdyZ KoVco nm{hOo.
(1) {dYmZ 1 ~amo~a naVw 2 Zmhr.
embo`kmZ+bg
 (2) {dYmZ 2 ~amo~a naVw 1 Zmhr.
(3) Xmohr {dYmZo 1 d 2 ~amo~a.
(4) Xmohr {dYmZo 1 d 2 MyH$.
Cma - 1) {dYmZ 1 ~amo~a naVw 2 MyH$
{dcofU
mwio AmdH$ kmZ, gmYZgnmr d Amnmrcm
Vm|S> XomM Y mwio moR>m eoVH$mZr mMm
$mXm moR>m mUmV Pmcm naVw Anwar kmZmwio
mMm H$rV H$r $mXm chmZ grmV eoVH$mZm
Pmcm.
nmocrg Cn{ZarjH$ nyd narjm 18 _o 2014
1. Imcrc {dYmZo {dMmamV m.
(1) Cma Ao[aH$m wV mnma H$ama (NAFTA)
1994 gmcr ApVdmV Amcm.
(2) $mg hm (NAFTA) m gWmnH$ gXmnH $s
EH$ hmoVm.
ImcrcnH$s H$moUVo {dYmZ/{dYmZo MyH$ Amho/
AmhoV?
(1) $V 1 (2) $V 2
(3) 1 Am{U 2 Xmohr (4) 1 Am{U 2 Xmohrhr ZmhrV.
Cma - 1) $V 1 ~amo~a
{dcofU
- North America free Trade Act.
WmnZm - 1 OmZodmar 1994
gX Xoe - opgH$mo, H$ZS>m, Ao[aH$m
H$m -1. Cma Ao[aHo$V gX amQ>mV hmoUmam mnma
wVnUo H$amdm.
2. darc amQ>mV hmoUmam mnma H$moUmhr
{Z~Ym{dZm hmoVmo.
2. OmoS>m cmdm.
JQ> A JQ> ~
(1) E.Ama.Q>r.nr. H$mXm (1) 2002
(2) nYm H$mXm (2) 1969
(3) njnmVr mnma
WmZm ~Xr
(4) nYm{dfH$ Jwho
mMr mm {Xcr.
AWem
(1) 1 - 2 Am{U 3; 2 - 1 Am{U 4
(2) 1 - 2 Am{U 4; 2 - 1 Am{U 3
(3) 1 - 1 Am{U 3; 2 - 2 Am{U 4
(4) 1 - 1 Am{U 4; 2 - 2 Am{U 3
Cma - 1) 1 - 2 d 3, 2 - 1 d 4
{dcofU
MRTP 1969
- Monopolise Restricted & Trade
Practicere Act.
- H$nmMr Am{WH$ VoXmar Xa H$aUo.
- gaH$mar, ghH$mar H$nmZm darc H$mXm cmJy
hmoV Zmhr.
- mZwgma 100 H$moQ>rnojm A{YH$ ^mS>dcr
Jw V dUy H $ Agco m H $ nm Z m gaH$mar
gVr{dZm ZdrZ JwVdUyH$, H$n, dVyMo
CnmXZ H$amg gVr XomV Amcr.
nYm H$mXm 2002
- H$nmdarc {Z~Y Xa H$amgmR>r d MRTP
H$mmMr OmJm KomgmR>r nYm H$mXm
2002 Mr {Z{Vr Pmcr.
- ~mOmamV nYm H$ dmVmdaU {Zm U
H$amgmR>r darc H$mXm {ZmU Pmcm.
3. gZ 2008-09 dfmer VwcZm Ho$cr AgVm
2012-13 o ^maVmVrc 2004-05 m
qH$Vrda AmYm[aV dmVd Wyc XoemVJV
CnmXZmVrc {d{dY jomm dmQ>mVrc dmr
(H$c) ImcrcmUo {XgyZ oVmo.
(1) H$fr jomm dmQ>mV ({hgm) KQ> Pmcr.
(2) CmoJ jomM,m dmQ>mV dmT> Pmcr.
(3) godm jomm dmQ>mV dmT> Pmcr.
darcnH$s H$moUVo {dYmZ/{dYmZo ~amo~a AmhoV?
(1) $V 1 (2) $V 2 Am{U 3
(3) $V 1 Am{U 3 (4) 1, 2 Am{U 3
Cma - 3) 1 d 3 ~amo~a
{dcofU
2011 2012
H$fr jo 1.7% 1.5%
CmoJ jo 3.1% 0.98%
godm jo 6.40% 6.98%
563
 darc H$mimV ^maVmV gdm{YH$ dmT> godm Va
CmoJ jomMr dmT> gdmV H$r Va H$fr jomV
dmT> Pmcocr Amho.
4. mZdr {dH$mg {ZX}emH$ hm mVrc gamgar
emMo mnZ H$aVmo.
(1) XrK Am{U {ZamoJr Amw
(2) mT> gmjaVom gX^mVrc kmZ
(3) Xm[a aofoImcrc cmoH$goMr Q>Ho$dmar
(1) darc gd 1, 2 Am{U 3 (2) $V 1 Am{U 3
(3) $V 2 Am{U 3 (4) $V 1 Am{U 2
Cma - 4) $V 1 d 2
{dcofU
cmoH$goVrc Xm[amMo mU moOmgmR>r
Xm[a aofm m gH$nZoMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo.
Xm[a aofm ""Cn^moJ IMm''da AmYma R>odyZ
R>adcr OmVo.
""Cn^moJ IM'' NSSO Mm ""KaJwVr Cn^moJ IM
gd}jU'' Mm AmH$S>odmarMm dmna H$$Z
H$mT>cm OmVmo.
5. ImcrcnH$s H$moUVo {dYmZ mo Amho?
(1) gZ 2011-12 o Wy c Xo e m V J V
CnmXZmVrc godm jomMm {hgm 59 Q>Ho$
EdT>m hmoVm.
(2) XiUdiU, mdgm{H$ godm Am{U {dm
mV CM drXa AmT>iyZ Amcm Amho.
(1) $V 1 ~amo~a Amho.
(2) $V 2 ~amo~a Amho.
(3) 1 Am{U 2 Xmohr ~amo~a AmhoV.
(4) 1 Am{U 2 Xmohr MyH$ AmhoV.
Cma - 3) 1 d 2 Xmohr ~amo~a AmhoV.
{dcofU
H$fr jo CmoJ jo godm jo
2012-13 13.9% 27.3% 58.8%
1950-51 53.1% 16.6% 30.3%
1. ^maVmMm GDP Mm {dMma H$aVm H$fr jomMm
{hgm gm H$r hoV AgyZ godm jomMm dmQ>m
gVV dmT>V Jocm Amho.
2. GDP Mm 3 Yrc CmoJ jomMm dmQ>m m
gm pWa Amho.
564
3. darc GDP Yrc dmQ>mZwgma AWdWoVrc
gH$mamH$ gMaMZmH$ ~Xc Xedcm OmV Amho.
4. godm jomMm GDP d amoOJmamVrc dmQ>m
gdm { YH$ do J mZo dmT>V MmcmZo ^maVr
AW dWo M r dmQ>Mmc {dH$gZercH$Sy > Z
{dH${gVH$S>o Mmcy Amho.
6. (1) YmZr amoOJma {ZmU H$mH$
(PMEGP) AmJQ> 2008 o gw$ H$amV
Amcm.
(2) PMEGP AVJV JmrU/ehar ^mJmV gy
CmoJ WmnZ H$amMm hoVy hmoVm.
(3) YmZr amoOJma moOZm (PMRY) hr
PMEGP o {dcrZ Ho$cr Jocr.
(1) $V 1 ~amo~a Amho.
(2) $V 1 Am{U 2 ~amo~a AmhoV.
(3) $V 3 ~amo~a Amho.
(4) 1, 2 Am{U 3 gd ~amo~a AmhoV.
Cma - 4) 1, 2 d 3 gd ~amo~a AmhoV.
{dcofU
nVYmZmMm amoOJma {Z{Vr H$mH$ 2008
- nV AZwXmZ AmYm[aV H$mH$ Amho.
- ehar d JmrU ^mJmV gy CnH$mMm
WmnZo M m mmVy Z amo O JmamMm g Y r
{Z{Vrda ^a XoUo.
- JmrU d ehar ^mJmV ZdrZ damoOJma CnH$
WmnyZ amoOJmamMm gYrMr {Z{Vr H$aUo.
- nmanm[aH$ H$mam{JamZm ehar d JmrU ^mJmV
eVmo amhm Kar qH$dm KamOdi
damoOJmamMm gYr CncY H$$Z mdr.
7. "am mnma hmS>i' nwT>rcnH$s H$moUVo
H$m H$arV Zmhr?
(1) {ZmV-mo dVym CnmXZmV dmT> KS>dyZ
AmUUo.
(2) nman[aH$ dVym {ZmVrg mogmhZ XoUo.
(3) Anman[aH$ dVym {ZmVrg mogmhZ XoUo.
(4) darcnH$s H$moUVohr Zmhr.
(1) $V 1 Am{U 2 (2) $V 2
(3) $V 1 AmU[ 3 (4) $V 4
AmmoJmZo Z a Ho$cocm Amho.
embo`kmZ+bg
{dcofU GATT EodOr WTO m Zm gKQ>ZoMr {Z{Vr
am mnma hmS>i 1956 H$amV Amcr.
wmc - {Xcr - ^maV mMm gWmnH$ gX Amho.
{hgm - 90% H|$ gaH$ma - WTO hr wZmoMr gWm Zmhr.
H$m - VmXi, Jh, Voc{~m, gmIa B. Mr AmmV 9. H$mc OrZ YmaUm H$mXm XmoZ Q>mo
d {ZmV JaOoZwgma d gaH$mar {ZX}emZwgma cmJy H$amV Amcm.
H$aUo. (1) 1961 nV d 1962 ZVa
8. OmoS>m cmdm. (2) 1971 nV d 1972 ZVa
JQ> A JQ> ~ (3) 1972 nV d 1972 ZVa
(1) JQ> (1) 1986 (4) 1982 nV d 1982 ZVa
(2) Cdo o$ar (2) 1993 Cma - 3) 1972 nV d 1972 ZVa
(3) S>H $o c Vmd (3) 1948 {dcofU
(4) {dd mnma gKQ>Zm (4) 1995 ^maV dV PmmZVa ^maVmV MS> mUmV
(1) 1-3, 2-1, 3-2, 4-4 Am{W H $ {dfVm hmo V r. mV EHy $ U
(2) 1-3, 2-1, 3-4, 4-2 eo V H$m n H $s Iy n H$r eo V H$m H $S> o
(3) 1-3, 2-2, 3-4, 4-1 A{YH$m{YH$ eoVrMo H|$rH$aU Pmcoco hmoVo.
(4) 1-4, 2-3, 3-2, 4-1 eo V OrZYmaUo V rc hr V$mdV X a
Cma - 1) 1-3, 2-1, 3-2, 4-4 H$amgmR>r gaH$maZo ""H$mc OrZ YmaUm
{dcofU H$mXm'' nm[aV Ho$cm.
GATT General Agrement on Trade & - 1972 nV H$mc OrZ YmaUogmR>r Vr
Tariff 1948 hm {ZH$f R>adcm Jocm.
- AmmV mnmamdarc {d{dY OH$mV H$r - naVw mVrc AZoH$ wQ>twio H$mmMr ^mdr
H$amm Q>rZo EH$ AV[a Um hUyZ Ac~OmdUr Z hmoVm mVyZ nidmQ>m AZoH$
H$m H$aUo. {ZmU Pmm.
- ^maV JQ>Mm gWmnH$ gX Amho. - mwio gaH$maZo 1972 ZVa H$mc OrZ
C$do o$ar 1986 YmaUogmR>r 5 gXmMo Hw$Qw>~ hm {ZH$f
- JQ> H$amamMr 8 dr d A{V o$ar C$doMm R>adcm.
""nwQ>m S>oc BQ>o'' m ehamV Pmcr. 10. Imcrc {dYmZmMm {dMma H$am.
- AZoH$ ~m~VrV EH$oH$mMo {dMma Z nQ>mZo (1) WoQ> H$a g{hVm Am{U dVy d godm H$amMr
GATT Mr hr o$ar gdmV OmV H$mi Mmccr. gwdmV
S>Ho$c Vmd 1993 (2) H$am Mw H $do { Jar {damo Y mVrc gmYmaU
- JQ> Mo VH$m{cZ hmgMmcH$ AmWa S>Ho$c {Zm~m~V nQ> YmoaU.
mZr C$do o$ar gndmgmR>r gdmZm nQ>oc Agm (3) {dmr gdgmdoeH$Vo~m~VMr g{Vr.
Vmd Vma Ho$cm. (1) 1 Am{U 2 m 3 Zo gwM{dcom H$a gwYmaUm
- 1993 o m Vmdmg A{V d$n XomV AmhoV.
Amco. (2) $V 1 hr Vm{dV H$a gwYmaUm Amho.
WTO World Trade Organization (3) $V 2 hr Vm{dV H$a gwYmaUm Amho.
1 OmZodmar 199 (4) 1 Am{U 2 m 3 Zo gwM{dm ZmhrV.
- JQ>Mm gX amQ>mZr amHo$em H$amamZwgma Cma - 4) 1 d 2 m 3 Zo gwM{dm ZmhrV.

AWem 565
{dcofU
j H$a g{hVm -
j H$amVrc A{ZpMVVm Xa H$amgmR>r mMr
{Z{Vr H$amV Amcr. naVw gm Vo {dYoH$
ZQ> Pmco Amho.
dVy d godm H$a
~mOmamVrc dVy d godmYrc $aH$ nQ>
hmoV ZgmZo dVy d godm H$amMr {Z{Vr H$$Z
gdM dVy d godmZm EH$M Xa H$amMo cmdmMr
moOZm.
GAAR H$mmdo MwH$do{Jar amoImMo H$m
Ho$co OmVo.
amQ>mMm {dmr jomV gdmZm gmmdyZ KoUo VgoM
XoemMm Am{WH$ {H$oV gdmZm gmmdyZ KomgmR>r
gd ZmJ[aH$mV ~H$mMr dmT> H$aUo VgoM ~qH$JMo
{ejU CncY H$$Z XoU.o
11. VwQ>rMm AW^aUm H$amMo ImcrcnH$s H$moUVo
AmYw{ZH$ C{Q> Zmhr?
(1) Am{WH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r {dmdWm H$aUo.
(2) {ZmoOZmgmR>r ^mS>dc nwa{dUo.
(3) AWdWocm XrVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>Uo.
(4) {dH$mg moOZogmR>r {dm nwadR>m H$aUo.
Cma - 3) AWdWocm XrVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>U.o
{dcofU
AWgH$nmMo H$ma
{ecH$sMm AWgH$n = IMmnojm Cn OmV
gVmoc AWgH$n = IM d Cn ggmZ
VyQ>rMm AWgH$n = Cnmnojm IM OmV
VyQ>rMm AWgH$nmV Cnmnojm Ho$cocm A{YH$
IM ^mJ{dmgmR>r VyQ>rMm AW^aUm Ho$cm OmVmo.
Ho$gm {e$maerZwgma VyQ>rMm AW^aUm
nwT>rc JmoQ>tmam H$amdm Ago gwM{dco.
(1) naH$s McZ (2) naH$s H$O
(3) AVJV H$O (4) ZdrZ McZr ZmoQ>m N>mnUo
12. l{H$mMr "ey grmV CnmXH$Vm' hUOo....
(1) Vm{H$ ~oH$mar (2) Nw>nr ~oH$mar
(3) AW ~oH$mar (4) hJmr ~oH$mar
Cma - 2) Nw>nr ~oH$mar
{dcofU
566
Vm{H$ ~oH$mar = AmYw{ZH$ VkmZmVrc gemoYZmwio
A{YH$m{YH$ H$mJmamMr KQ> hmoV OmVo. H$maU
AZoH$ H$mJmamMo H$m EH$Q>r erZ H$aVo mwio
{ZmU hmoUmar ~oamoOJmar.
Nw>nr ~oH$mar = eoVr jomV JaOonj o m OmV H$mJma JwV coco
AgVmV. mg Nw>nr ~oH$mar hUVmV. Aem A{YH$
H$mJmamMo H$m CnmXH$ ZgmZo mMr ""grmV
CnmXH$Vm ey'' AgVo.
hJmr ~oH$mar = eoVrMm ZmJaUrnmgyZ H$mnUrnVMm
H$mcmdYr gmoSy>Z dfmMm BVa H$mimV Or ~oamoOJmar
gmnS>Vo mg hJmr ~oH$mar hUVmV.
13. nwT>rc {dYmZmMm {dMma H$am.
(1) Zdo Ammo{JH$ YmoaU 24 Owc, 1991 amoOr
Omhra Ho$co Joco.
(2) gmd O {ZH$ jo mVrc Cmo J m g mR>r
{ZJwVdUwH$sMo YmoaU drH$mamV Amco.
(1) 1 ~amo~a Va 2 MyH$ Amho.
(2) 1 ho YmoaU Va 2 hm mMm n[aUm Amho.
(3) 2 ~amo~a Va 1 MyH$ Amho.
(4) 1 Am{U 2 ho EH$oH$mer g~{YV ZmhrV.
Cma - 2) 1 ho YmoaU Va 2 hm mMm n[aUm
Amho.
{dcofU
Zdo Ammo{JH$ YmoaU 1991
- AWdWoVrc gaH$maMo CmoJmVrc m~
AgUmm CmoJmMr gm 8 nV H$r
H$amV Amcr.
- R>am{dH$ CmoJ gmoSy>Z BVa CmoJ nadmZmwV
H$amV Amco.
- H$mmVrc CMV grm a H$amV Amcr.
- naH$s WoQ> JwVdUwH$sg mogmhZ XomV Amco.
- m 1973 m naH$s McZmm H$S>H$
H$mmMr nwZaMZm H$amV Amcr.
- CXmarH$aU, ImOJrH$aU d OmJVrH$aU m
YmoaUmMr pdH$ma H$$Z ^maVr AWdWoV
gaMZmH$ ~Xc H$amV Amco.
- Zm YmoaUmZwgma ^maVr AWdWoMm dmg
{l AWdWoH$Sy>Z wV AWdWoH$S>o
Mmcy Amho.
embo`kmZ+bg
14. "Xm[a$nr gwmm ~oQ>mda AmnU AmZXmZo
OJy eH$V Zmhr' ho nwT>rcnH$s H$moUmMo V
Amho?
(1) dmr {ddoH$mZX (2) gmo{Zm JmYr
(3) E. Eg. dm{ZmWZ (4) S>m. hr. E. XmS>Ho $a
(1) $V 1 (2) $V 2 Am{U 3
(3) $V 3 (4) $V 3 Am{U 4
Cma - 3) $V 3
{dcofU
S>m. E. Eg. dmrZmWZ
- ^maVr h[aVH$mVrMo OZH$
- 1987 n{hcm World Food Prize mZm mV
Pmcm.
- United Nation Environment Programme
Zo dmrZmWZ mMo dUZ "The Father of
Evonomic Ecology" Ago Ho$co Amho.
- Sustainable Agriculture : Towards food
security ho nwVH$ {chZ emdV eoVr ho
OJmMm A gw a jmMo hdmMo KQ>H$
AgmMo gm{JVco.
15. gZ 2013-14 m ^maVmm AWgH$nr
AXmOmmUo EHy$U amOH$mofr VyQ> Wyc amQ>r
CnmXZmm 4.8 {VeV nV moOZmnydH$
H$r H$amMo nwT>rc Zmmao gm H$aUo
Ano{jV hmoVo.
(1) {ZJwVdUwH$sm mVrg A{YH$ MmcZm XoUo.
(2) H$a hgyc Am{U XagMaU jomVrc mVrg
A{YH$ MmcZm XoU.o
(3) AWghmmdarc IMmV H$nmV H$aUo.
darcnH$s H$moUVo {dYmZ/{dYmZo ~amo~a AmhoV?
(1) $V 1 (2) $V 2 Am{U 3
(3) $V 1 Am{U 3 (4) 1, 2 Am{U 3
Cma - 3) $V 1 d 3
{dcofU
- Fiscal Reaponsibility & Butget Man-
agement Act 2002
- mM 2009 nV hgycr VyQ> eymda AmUUo
mgmR>r 2004-05 nmgyZ oH$ Am{WH$
dfmm eodQ>r hgycr VyQ> GDP Mm 0.5%
AWem
qH$dm A{YH$ Q>mZo H$r H$aUo.
- mM 2009 nV amOH$mofr VyQ> 3% nV
H$r H$aUo mgmR>r 2004-05 nmgyZ oH$
dfr amOH$mofr VyQ> GDP Mm 0.3% qH$dm
A{YH$ Q>mZr H$r H$aUo.
16. nwT>rc H$moUVo {dYmZ mo Amho?
(1) h[aVH$mVr nydH$mimV ^maVmZo AYmmMr
AmmV PL-480 m H$mmZwgma Ho$cr hmoVr.
(2) PL-480 H$mmZwgma Ho$com AmmVrV
w {hgm Jh m AYmmMm hmoVm.
(1) 1 Am{U 2 Xmohr ~amo~a AmhoV.
(2) 1 Am{U 2 Xmohrhr MyH$ AmhoV.
(3) $V 1 ~amo~a Amho.
(4) $V 2 ~amo~a Amho.
Cma - 4) 1 d 2 Xmohr ~amo~a AmhoV.
{dcofU
- USA Public Law 480 (PL-480) qH$dm
Food for peace Zwgma Ao[aH$m BVa XoemZm
AYm nwadR>m H$aVo.
^maVmZo PL-480 H$ama 1956 d$Z Ao[aHo$H$Sy>Z
Jh AmmV Ho$cm. mM Jhm~amo~a Ao[aHo$Zo
JmOa JdV m VUmMo ~r ^maVmV nmR>dco
hmoVo.
ghm`H$ nyd narjm 15 OyZ 2014
1. ^maVr [aPh ~Ho$mam wmnwadR>m mnZmm
McmMr ZmZo mm H$amgmR>r AcrH$S>m
H$mimV {ZwV Ho$com H$mJQ>mZo ^maVmVrc
wmnwadR>mm gH$nZoVZy Imcrc KQ>H$ a Ho$cm
Amho.
(1) M1 (2) M1 (3) M1 (4) M1
Cma - 4) M4
{dcofU
- ZdrZ McZ nwadR>m mnZ nVr
Mo - g{MV ngm
- cmoH$mOdirc McZr ZmoQ>m d ZmUr + [aPh
~Ho$Vrc ~H$mm R>odr + [aPh ~Ho$Vrc
BVa R>do r
567
M1 - gHw${MV ngm
- cmoH$mOdirc McZr ZmoQ>m d ZmUr + cmoH$mMm
~H$mYrc mJUr R>odr
M2 - M1 + ~H$mZr {dH$com Mmcy R>odrMo ngo + 1
dfmnVm wXV R>odr.
M3 - {dVV ngm
- M2 + 1 dfmnojm OmV H$mimm wXV R>odr
+ ~H$mMr mJUr Xo d wXV H$O}
2. gwIm MH$dVu g{Vrm {e$maerZwgma
dmVd VwQ>rm gH$nZoMo mo AW~moYZ
hmomgmR>r ImcrcnH$s H$moUVr gH$nZm mo
Amho?
(1) hgwcr VyQ> (2) amOH$mofr VyQ>
(3) mW{H$ VyQ> (4) darcnH$s H$moUVrhr Zmhr.
Cma - 2) amOH$mofr VyQ>
{dcofU
^maVr McZ dWm {dfH$ g{Vr
Aj - gwIm MH$dVu
WmnZm - 1997-98
{e$mag - 1. {dmmcmZo VwQ>rMm AW ^amgmR>r 4. {H$mZ doVZ H$mXm H$moUm dfu gV
AWgH$nr VwQ>rMm dmna H$aUo gmoSy>Z mdo.
2. mZwgma amOH$mofr VyQ>/{dmr VyQ> m
gH$nZoMm dmna H$amV mdm.
3. Imcrc OmoS>m Owidm :
(1) Vocmm {H$VrV dmT> (1) eoVrer {ZJ{S>V A{YH$
(2) 1950-51 nydu ^maVmMr (2) Am{WH$ dhmamMm
{ZmV AmT>mdm
(3) dhmaVmoc (3) 1990-91
(4) mnmaVmocmVrc moR>r VyQ> (4) 1973 ZVa
(1) 1-1, 2-2, 3-4, 4-3
(2) 1-2, 2-4, 3-3, 4-1
(3) 1-3, 2-1, 3-2, 4-4
(4) 1-4, 2-1, 3-2, 4-3
Cma - 4) 1(4), 2(1), 3(2), 4(3)
{dcofU
VocmMo PQ>Ho$
1. n{hcm 1973 (VocmMm [H$Vr 400% dmT>co
2. Xgam 1979 (VocmMm qH$Vr 100% dmT>co
3. {Vgam 1991
darc VrZ VocmMm PQ>mwio 1973 ZVa Vocmm
qH$Vr moR>m mUmV dmT>rg cmJm.
dmVmnydu ^maVr AWdWoV EHy$U o
eoVr jomMm dmQ>m gdm{YH$ AgmZo 1950-
51 nydu ^maVmMr {ZmV wdoH$$Z eoVrer
{ZJ{S>V hmoVr.
dhma Vmoc :-
EH$m XoemZo BVa gd Xoemer Ho$com gd H$maMm
Am{WH$ dhmamZm d mMm dpWV mS>coco
aoH$mS>cm dhmaVmoc hUVmV.
dhmaVmocmV XmoZ ImmMr gmdoe hmoVmo.
Mmcy ImVo :- dVy d godmMm XodmU-KodmUtMm gmdoe
^mS>dcr ImVo :- H$O d JwVdUwH$sMm dhmamMm
gmdoe
mnmaVmoc :-
EH$m dfmVrc Xoemm AmmV-{ZmV dVyMm
EHy$U qH$VrVrc $aH$. ^maVmV 1990-91 o
m mnmaVmocmV MS> mUmV VyQ> {ZmU Pmcr
hUOoM {ZmVrnojm AmmV OmV Pmcocr Amho.
H$amV Amcm?
(1) 1947 (2) 1948
(3) 1949 (4) 1950
Cma - 2) 1948
{dcofU
{H$mZ doVZ H$mXm 1948
1. oH$ CmoJmgmR>r R>am{dH$ H$mmgmR>rMo {H$mZ
doVZmMm Xa {ZpMV H$aUo.
2. naVw mo Ac~OmdUr ZgmZo d moR>m
mUmVrc AgK{Q>V H$mJmamwio Odinmg
40% H$mJma {H$mZ doVZmnojm H$r
doVZmda H$maV AmhoV.
3. hmamQ>mZo 1961 cm m H$mmV H$mhr ~Xc
Ho$co.
4. gm ammV {H$mZ doVZ Xa 102 $. Va
H$mc doVZ Xa 478 $. EdT>m Amho.
5. gm hmm JmYr ZaoJm Zwgma ammV doVZ
Xa 145 $. Amho.

568 embo`kmZ+bg
5. {H$mZ doVZ H$mXm H$moUm dfu gV (3) $V 2 d 3 (4) $V 4
H$amV Amcm? Cma - 4) $V 4
(1) 1947 (2) 1948 {dcofU
(3) 1949 (4) 1950 nrH$ aMZoVrc ~Xc
Cma - 4) Eg. Eg. Vmamnmoa {d{dY {nH$mImcrc eoVO{ZrMm Q>Ho$dmarV
{dcofU KSy>Z oUmm ~Xcmg nrH$ aMZoVrc ~Xc
Vmamnmoa g{Vr hUVmV.
- EH$m McZmMr AXcm~Xc BVa McZmV H$moUmhr ^maV dmV mZ V am H$mimVrc
~YZm{dZm/{ZU/mXo{dZm hmoV Agmg {nH$mImcrc jomm Q>rZo {dMma H$aVm gm
mg nyU n[adVZrVm hUVmV. oH$ {nH$mImcrc jomMm Q>Ho$dmarV dmT>
- ^m S >dcr Immda nmMr n[adV Z rVm Pmcocr Amho. Va H$mhr {nH$mImcrc jomm
hmomgmR>r Vmamnmoa g{VrZo VrZ Q>no {ZmU Ho$co. Q>Ho$dmarV H$r Pmcr AgyZ mMo Xa hoQ>ar
- 1999-2000 nV VrZ Q>mV n[adVZ H$amdo. CnmXZmV m dmT> Pmcocr Amho.
- m Am{emB gH$Q>mwio hm Z gmoSy>Z XomV 7. nrH$ aMZoVrc ~Xc mMm AW-
Amcm. (1) {d{dY {nH$mm aMZoVrc ~Xc
- nwT>o RBI Zo 2006 o nwhm Vmamnmoa mMr g{Vr (2) AmYw{ZH$ nVrZo {nH$mMr cmJdS>
Zocr. (3) VkmZmVrc ~Xc
- 2010-11 o nmMr n[adVZrVm cmJy (4) {d{dY {nH$m I mcrc eo V O{Zrm
H$amMr mZr {e$mag Ho$cr. Q>Ho$dmarV KSy>Z Amcoco ~Xc.
5. ^mS>dcr Immdarc n[adV{ZVo~m~VMr (1) $V 1 (2) $V 1 d 3
g{Vr mm AjVoImcr WmnZ H$amV (3) 2 d 4 $V (4) $V 4
Amcr : nQ>rH$aU - H$moiemVrc H$m~ZMo mU
(1) S>m. gr. aJamOZ (2) E. Zaqgh (gdgmYmaUnUo)
(3) dm. hr. ao>r (4) Eg. Eg. Vmamnmoa (1) AWm gmBQ> (95%) (2) {~Qw>{Zg (80%)
Cma - 2) $V 2 (3) {cZmBQ> (60%) (4) nrQ> (40%)
{dcofU 8. ImcrcnH$s H$moUVm Ammo{JH$ {dmmMm ~m
~ H $m o ~MVrda {iUmam mOXa moV Amho?
AWdWoda AmYm[aV AgVmo. gmMm (1) A{YmZ ^mJ (2) gmYmaU ^mJ
~mOma XrH$S>o dmQ>Mmc H$aV AgmZo (3) ZmMr nwZJwVdUyH$ (4) F$U no
mOmdarc Xa H$r AgmZo ~Ho$Vrc Cma - 4) F$U no
~MVda Xo I rc mOXa Xo I rc H$r 9. mo OmoS>m Owidm :
AgmZo XoemVrc cmoH$mMr ~MV H$amMr JQ> - A JQ> - ~
dmr H$r hmoV Amho. (1) ~qH$J {ZZ H$mXm (1) 1969
6. XoemV ~MVrMo mU H$r hmoV Amho H$maU- (2) ~H$mMo amQ>rrH$aU (4) 1955
(1) amoOJmamV dmT> hmoV Amho. (3) ^maVmVrc Q>oQ> ~Ho$Mr WmnZm (3) 1960
(2) ~MVrda {iUmam mOXa H$r Amho. (4) Q>oQ> ~H$ gyhmMr {Z{Vr (4) 1949
(3) {dXoer JwVdUwH$m dmT>V AmhoV. (1) 1-1, 2-2, 3-3, 4-4
(4) darcnH$s H$moUVohr Zmhr. (2) 1-4, 2-1, 3-2, 4-3
(1) $V 1 d 3 (2) $V 2 (3) 1-4, 2-3, 3-2, 4-1

AWem 569
 (4) 1-1, 2-3, 3-2, 4-4 C{Q>o AmhoV.
Cma - 2) 1(4), 2(1), 3(2), 4(3) {dcofU
{dcofU Zaqgh g{Vr 1991
~qH$J {ZZ H$mXm 1949 1. ~q H$J jomV gwYmaUm H$amgmR>r mMr {Z{Vr
1. ^maVmVrc ~H$~wS>rMo mU H$r H$amgmR>r H$amV Amcr.
mmda d mm H$mnVrda H$mXoera 2. ~qH$J jo ImOJr jomg Iwco H$aUo
{Z U AmUmgmR> r darc H$mmMr 3. mOXamMo {ZZ H$aUo
{Z{Vr H$amV Amcr. 4. ~H$mda ^mS>dc nmVVoMo {ZH$f Q>mH$co.
2. m H$mmdo Mo {ZU mnmar ~H$mda 11. ^maV gaH$mamam m. nr. gr. hmcZmo~rg
{Z`U Wm{nV H$amV Amco. mm AjVoImcr amQ>r Cn g{VrMo
~H$mMo amQ>rrH$aU 1969 JR>Z H$moUm dfu H$amV Amco?
1. m ImOJr ~H$mMo ^mJ^mS>dc 50 H$moQ>r (1) 1951 (2) 1949
nojm OmV Amho Aem ~H$mMo amQ>rrH$aU (3) 1948 (4) 1956
H$amV Amco. Cma - 2) 1949
2. mZwgma EHy$U 14 ~H$mMo amQ>rrH$aU {dcofU
H$amV Amco. amQ>r Cn g{Vr
^maVr Q>oQ> ~H$ 1955 WmnZm - 4 AmJQ> 1949
1. 1911 m B{n[aAc ~H$ Am$ B{S>mMo Aj - mo. nr. gr. hmcZmo~rg
$nmVa amQ>rrH$aU H$$Z ^maVr Q>oQ> gX - S>r. Ama. JmS>Jri
~Ho$Mr {Z{Vr H$amV Amco. hr. Ho$. Ama. hr. amd
Q>oQ> ~H$ gyhmMr {Z{Vr 1960 {e$maer - AhdmcmVrc {e$maerZwgma 1950cm
Q>oQ> ~H$ Am$ hm~mX NSSO d CSO Mr WmnZm H$amV Amcr.
Q>oQ> ~H$ Am$ n{Vmcm 12. H|$ gaH$macm nwT>rcnH$s H$moUm jomV
Q>oQ> ~H$ Am$ mdUH$moa dmnaVmZm A{YH$ H$miOrnydH $ d O~m~XmarZo
Q>oQ> ~H$ Am$ hgya dmJmdo cmJoc?
Q>oQ> ~H$ Am$ {~H$mZoa AS> Onya (1) godm jo (2) eoVr jo
10. (1) ~qH$J jomVrc gwYmaUm 1992 o (3) ~qH$J jo (4) CmoJ jo
gw$ Ho$m Jom. darcnH$s mo nm {ZdS>m.
(2) gmdO{ZH$ jomVrc ~H$mMr Z$mjVm (1) $V 1 (2) $V 2 Am{U 4
d H$mjVm CMmdUo. (3) $V 3 (4) $V 3 Am{U 4
(3) ~H$mMr gwa{jVVm Am{U gjVm gwYmaUo. Cma - 3) $V 3
(1) 1 ~amo~a AgyZ 2 Am{U 3 hr 1 Mr C{Q>o 13. (1) dgmhmVm JQ> hm JmrU Jar~ cmoH$mMm
AmhoV. Agmcm hdm.
(2) 2 Am{U 3 $V ~amo~a AmhoV. (2) JQ>mV 25 Vo 30 gX AgVmV.
(3) 1 ~amo~a AgyZ $V 2 ho 1 Mo C{Q> (3) Ho$di gmm{OH$Q>m mJmg Hw$Qw>~mVrc
Amho. gX AgVmV.
(4) 1 ~amo~a Amho naVw 2 d 3 hr 1 Mr C{Q>o (1) 1 ~amo~a Am{U 2 Am{U 3 MyH$
ZmhrV. (2) 1, 2, 3 ho gd ~amo~a
Cma - 1) 1 ~amo~a AgyZ 2 d 3 hr 1 Mr (3) 1, 2, 3 gd MyH$

570 embo`kmZ+bg
 (4) 1 Am{U 3 ~amo~a Am{U 2 MyH$ McZ
Cma - 1) 1 ~amo~a Am{U 2 d 3 MyH$ {dmr = g{MZ MmYar
{dcofU {Vgao AdyZ 1991 20% (S>mca, nmD$S>,
dghmVm JQ> mH$, oZ, $H$
1. JQ>mV 10 Vo 20 gX {dmr = ZmohZ
2. gXmMm Wm{ZH$ Vamda JQ> {ZmU H$aUo. qgJ
3. darc JQ>mV gmm{OH$Q>m mJmg nwf d
{hcm gXmZm mYm {Xco OmVo. {dH$sH$a {ZarjH$ nyd narjm 1 \o$~dw mar 2015
4. darc JQ>mm$V Wm{ZH$ Vamda Am{WH$ CmoJ
gw$ Ho$bo OmD$Z Wm{ZH$mZm amoOJma CncY H$$Z 1. dmVmoma H$mimV ^maV gaH$maZo ^maVr
{Xco OmVo. nmMo AdyZ H$Yr Ho$co Zmhr?
5. Zm~mS> m$V dghmVm JQ>mgmR>r SHG (1) 1949 (2) 1966
Bank, linkage Programme H$mH$ am~dcm (3) 1976 (4) 1991
OmD$Z m AVJV JQ>mVrc gXmZm ~H$ ImVo Cma - 3) 1976
dmnamMr w^m {Xcr OmVo. {dcofU
14. EH$m Hw$Qw>~mV XmoZM wco AgmdrV Ago amQ>r AdyZ : ^maVr nmMr BVa McZmm VwcZoV
cmoH$gm{dfH$ YmoaU Ho$hm Omhra Pmco? qH$VrV KQ> KS>dyZ AmUUo.
(1) 1976 (2) 1991 - mMm {ZU gaH$ma amOH$mofr YmoaU,
(3) 2000 (4) 2001 mnmamVrc mV gw Y maUm KS>dy Z
Cma - 3) 2000 AmUmgmR>r wmyZ H$aVo.
{dcofU - ^maVmZo AmVmnV VrZXm AdyZ Ho$co.
^maVmV AmVmnV XmoZXm cmoH$gm YmoaU - AdyZmZo {ZmV dV PmmZo Vr
mS>mV Amco. dmT>Vo Va AmmV hmJ PmmZo Vr H$r
n{hco amQ>r cmoH$gm YmoaU 1976 hmoVo.
Xgao amQ>r cmoH$gm YmoaU 2000 - ^maVmV 1949
1993 Mm dmrZmWZ g{VrMm 1966
{e$maerZwgma darc YmoaUmMr {Z{Vr Ho$cr Amho. 1991
1. mZwgma EH$m Hw$Qw>~mV XmoZM wco AgmdrV. m VrZ dfmV nmMo AdyZ Pmco.
2. mZwgma 2046 nV cmoH$gm pWarH$aUmMo - gm nmMr qH$V BVa McZmm
C{Q> gm H$aUo. Q>rZo ~mOma Xamda {ZpMV AgVo.
15. Owc, 1991 o nmMo {H$Vr Q>Ho$ AdyZ - mwio BVa McZmm Q>rZo Vr qH$V
H$amV Amco hmoVo? H$Yr KQ>Vo Va H$Yr dmT>V OmVo.
(1) 14 Q>Ho$ (2) 22.2 Q>Ho$ - ^maVmVrc naH$s JwVdUyH$ XoIrc m
(3) 12 Q>Ho$ (4) 10 Q>Ho$ nmm ymZwgma ~XcV amhVo.
Cma - - nmMo y gVV ~XcV Agmg
{dcofU JwVdUyH$Xma {ddmgy McZmV Amncr
n{hco AdyZ 1949 30.5% JwVdUyH$ H$aVmV.
{dcr : OmZ YmB 2. w. EZ. S>r. nr. m 2013 m AhdmcmV
Xgao AdyZ 1966 36.5 V Pa wamonrZ {g Pmcom mZd {dH$mg {ZX}emH$mZwgma

AWem 571
 (HDI) nwT>rc XoemMr CVam H$mZo mS>Ur 9. ^maVmV gdmV OmV gyV CmoJ JwOamV d hmamQ>
H$am. 4. amQ>r cmoH$gm YmoaU 2000 Mr C{Q>o
(1) X{jU H$mo[am (2) OnmZ AmhoV.
(3) Ao[aH$m (4) Zmd} (1) mVm yXa Vr cmI Omg 100 nojm
(1) 1, 2, 3, 4 (2) 3, 4, 2, 1 Imcr AmUUo.
(3) 2, 1, 3, 4 (4) 4, 3, 2, 1 (2) gmd{H$ cgrH$aU
Cma - 4) 4, 3, 2, 1 (3) ~mc yXa Vr hOma Omg 20 nojm
{dcofU Imcr AmUUo.
Zmd} 0.944 (1) 1 $V (2) 1 Am{U 2 $V
y.Eg.E. 0.914 (3) 1 Am{U 3 $V (4) darc gd
OnmZ 0.890 Cma -
X. H$mo[am 0.890 5. (1) CM CnmXH$Vm OmVr H$mH$ 1966
darc gd Xo e A{VCM mZd {dH$mg o gw$ H$amV Amcm.
{ZX}emH$m {d^mJmV oVmV. (2) CM CnmXH$Vm OmVr H$mH$ hm $V
3. nwT>rc {dYmZmnH$s H$moUVo {dYmZ mo Amho? Jh Am{U VmXi mnwaVmM m{XV hmoVm.
(1) ^maVmVrc Xgam gdmV moR>m CmoJ hUOo (1) $V 1 ~amo~a Amho.
H$mnS> CmoJ. (2) $V 2 ~amo~a Amho.
(2) Xoemm {ZmV {iH$Vrm gwmao 11 Q>Ho$ (3) 1 Am{U 2 Xmohr ~amo~a AmhoV.
{iH$V m CmoJmVyZ hmoVo. (4) 1 Am{U 2 Xmohr MyH$ AmhoV.
(1) Ho$di 1 (2) Ho$di 2 Cma - 1) $V 1 ~amo~a Amho.
(3) 1 d 2 Xmohr (4) 1 d 2 Xmohr ZmhrV. {dcofU
Cma - 3) 1 d 2 ~amo~a CM CnmXZ XoUmm OmVtMm H$mH$ 1966
{dcofU High Yielding Variety Programme
H$mnS> CmoJ - gdW nOm~, Cma XoeMm npM ^mJ,
gwdmV - 1854 cm H$dmgOr Xmda mZr n{hcr h[amUm mMm gmdoe H$amV Amcm.
H$mnS> {JaUr w~Bcm gw$ Ho$cr. - Jh M m EHy $ U CnmXZmn H $s 90% jo
1. ^maVr AWdWoVrb eoVr ZVaMm Xgam gdmV HYVP Zwgma KoVco Joco Va
moR>m amoOJma CnmXH$ CmoJ VmXimMm EHy$U CnmXZmnH$s 75% jo
2. EHy$U {ZmVrV moJXmZ 11 % HYVP Zwgma KoVco Joco Va
Or.S>r.nr. o moJXmZ 4 % - ^aS> Ym EHy$U CnmXZmnH$s 55% jo
Ammo{JH$ CnmXZmV moJXmZ 14 % HYVP Zwgma KoVco Joco.
3. ^maVmMr gwVr H$mnS>mMr amOYmZr = w~B 6. (1) jor JmrU ~H$m m gmdO{ZH$ jomVrc
4. Cma ^maVmMo MoQ>a = H$mZnya ~Ho$H$Sy>Z nwaH$V Ho$m OmVmV.
5. X{jU ^maVmMo MoQ>a = H$moB~Vya (2) E. Zaqgh ho JmrU ~H${dfH$
6. ^maVmMo MoQ>a = AhXm~mX H$mJQ>mMo wI hmoVo.
7. hmamQ>mMo MoQ>a = BMcH$Or (1) $V 1 ~amo~a Amho.
8. eo V H$ar ghH$mar gy V {JaUr - BMcH$a O r (2) $V 2 ~amo~a Amho.
............ ghH$mar Vdmdarc gdmV moR>r gyV (3) 1 Am{U 2 Xmohr ~amo~a AmhoV.
{JaUr (4) 1 Am{U 2 Xmohr MyH$ AmhoV.

572 embo`kmZ+bg
 Cma - 3) 1 d 2 Xmohr ~amo~a {dcofU
1975 m n{hm 20 H$cr H$mH$mZwgma H$c 280
VH$m{cZ YmZr B{Xam JmYr mZr JmrU H$m : gKam gaH$mao H|$ d ammV {dmr
^mJmVrc H$O n w a dR>mda H$mMm Cnm moVmMm {d^mOZmVrc Vdo R>adUo.
emoYmgmR>r E. Zaqgh mm AjVoImcr n{hcm AmmoJ 1951
g{Vr J{R>V Ho$cr. H$mcmdYr 1952-57
E. Zaqgh g{Vr 1975 Aj Ho$. gr. {ZmoJr
mm {e$maerZwgma AmXoe H$mTy>Z gaH$maZo Voamdm AmmoJ 2007
mXo{eH$ JmrU ~H$ H$mXm 1976 Zwgma mXo{eH$ H$mcmdYr 2010-2015
JmrU ~H$ Mr {Z{Vr Ho$cr. Aj S>m. {dO Ho$iH$a
2 Am Q>mo ~ a 1975 cm 5 AmaAma~rEg g{Md gw{V ~mog
amQ>nVrMm AmXoemZwgma Vma H$amV Amm. {e$mag : 1. H|$r {d^mOmo {Zdi H$a CnmnH$s
1. moaXm~mX CmaXoe 32% aH$ am d H|$em{gV XoemV
2. JmoaInya CmaXoe {d^mJco OmUma.
3. {^dmZr h[amUm 2. gdm{YH$ aH$ y.nr. (19.67 %)
4. Onya amOWmZ E. Eg. (5.11 %)
5. mhm n. ~Jmc {gH$s (0.23 %)
^mJrXmar 8. nwT>rc H$moUVo {dYmZ mo Amho?
H|$ gaH$ma 50 % ^mS>dc (1) gZ 2005 o amQ>r JmrU Amamo {eZ
am gaH$ma 15 % ^mS>dc (NRHM) gw$ H$amV Amco.
nwaH$V ~H$ 35 % ^mS>dc (4) gQ>|~a, 2012 nmdoVmo gwmao 88,000
gX AmemZm (ASHA) {ZdSy>Z {e{jV H$amV Amco.
Aj : nwaH$V ~Ho$m$V Zm~mS>m XVrZo (1) Ho$di 1 (2) Ho$di 2
gX : 2 H|$ gaH$ma (3) 1 d 2 Xmohr (4) 1 d 2 Xmohr ZmhrV.
2 am gaH$ma Cma - 1) Ho$di 1
2 nwaH$V ~H$ {dcofU
1 Ama~rAm amQ>r JmrU Amamo {eZ
1 Zm~mS> - 2005
7. (1) Voamdm {dm AmmoJ lr. {dO Ho$iH$a - W 18 ammnwaVr m{XV hmoVr.
mm AjVoImcr WmnZ H$amV Amcm. - Accredited Social Health Activist
(2) Voamm {dm AmmoJmMm H$mcmdYr 2010- ASHA m {e{jVmMr {ZdS> JmrU ^mJmV
15 Amho. H$amV Amcr.
(3) amKQ>Zom H$c 278 Zwgma {dm - 2013 nV 85 hOma nojm A{YH$ AemMr
AmmoJ WmnZ Ho$cm OmVmo. {Z{Vr H$amV Amcr.
(1) 1 Am{U 2 ~amo~a AmhoV. - Amem oH$ JmdmV EH$ AgVo. mZr JmrU
(2) $V 2 Am{U 3 ~amo~a AmhoV. ^mJmVrc Amamo gwYma H$mH$ gw$ Ho$cocm
(3) 1, 2 Am{U 3 gd ~amo~a AmhoV. AgVmo.
(4) 1, 2 Am{U 3 ho gd MyH$ AmhoV. - ""amQ>r Amamo {eZ'' Mm Sub-mission
Cma - 1) 1 d 2 ~amo~a hUyZ NRHM Mr {Z{Vr H$amV Amcr.

AWem 573
9. nwT>rcnH$r H$moUVo {dYmZ MwH$sMo Amho? ~H$ mdgm{H$mMr g{Vr 1969
(1) gZ 1969 o 19 ~H$mMo amQ>rrH$aU Aj : Z[aZ
H$amV Amco. darc g{VrMm {e$maerZwgma Ama~rAm Zo 338
(2) m mnmar ~H$mMo {S>nm{PQ>g . 50 H$moQ>r {OmV AJUr ~H$ gw$ Ho$cr.
Mo na hmoVo mMo amQ>rrH$aU H$amV Amco. EH$ ~H$ EH$m {Omg XmH$ KoD$Z m {OmMm
(1) Ho$di 1 (2) Ho$di 2 gnyU Am{WH$ {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUUo.
(3) 1 d 2 Xmohr (4) 1 d 2 Xmohr ZmhrV. 11. nwT>rcnH$s H$moUVo {dYmZ mo Amho?
Cma - 1) $V 1 (1) dmVmZVa ^maV gaH$maZo amQ>r Cn
{dcofU g{Vr AmJQ> 48 o Zocr.
^maVmo ImOJr ~H$mMo amQ>rrH$aU H$$Z (2) moo$ga S>r. Ama. JmS>Jri ho {VMo Aj
~ H $s J dWo V nYm H$Vm dmT>rg hmoVo.
cmdmMo H$m VH$mcrZ YmZr B{Xam (1) Ho$di 1 mo (2) Ho$di 2 mo
JmYr mZr Ho$co. (3) 1 d 2 Xmohr mo (4) 1 d 2 Xmohr Amo
n{hco amQ>rrH$aU Cma - 4) 1 d 2 Xmohr Amo
- 1969 Owc {dcofU
- m ~H$mMo ^mJ ^mS>dc 50 H$moQ>r nojm OmV amQ>r Cn g{Vr
Amho Aem 14 ~H$mMo amQ>rrH$aU H$amV WmnZm 4 AmJQ> 1949
Amco. Aj mo. nr. gr. hmcZr~rg
Xgao amQ>rrH$aU gX 1. S>r. Ama. JmS>Jri
- E{c 1980 2. hr. Ho$. Ama. hr. amd
- m ImOJr ~H$mM ^mJ-^mS>dc 200 {e$mag : 1950 ""amQ>r ZwZm gd}jU''
H$mo Q > r no j m OmV Amho Aem 6 ~ H $m M o 1954 ""H|$r gmpH$s gKQ>Z''
amQ>rrH$aU H$amV Amco. 12. nwT>rc H$moUVo {dYmZ mo Amho?
10. nwT>rc {dYmZmnH$s H$moUVo mo Amho? (1) EH$mpH$ J m rU {dH$mg H$m H $ 2
(1) "AJUr ~H$ moOZm' 1959 o gw$ AmQ>mo~a, 1980 amoOr gd 6011 KQ>H$mV
H$amV Amcr. gw$ H$amV Amcm.
(2) {dm nwadR>mH$[aVm mXo{eH$ Vamdarc (2) oH$ KQ>H$mV 600 Jar~ Hw$Qw>~mZm 1980-
nwadR>mMr JaO cjmV KoD$Z "AJUr ~H$ moOZm' 85 o XV nwadmdmMr hmoVr.
gw$ H$amV Amcr. (1) Ho$di 1 (2) Ho$di 2
(1) Ho$di 1 (2) Ho$di 2 (3) 1 d 2 Xmohr (4) 1 d 2 Xmohr ZmhrV.
(3) 1 d 2 Xmohr (4) 1 d 2 Amo Cma - 2) $V 2
Cma - 2) $V 2 {dcofU
{dcofU EH$mpH$ JmrU {dH$mg H$mH$
amQ>r nV g{Vr 1969 - 2 AmQ>mo. 1980 (ghmdr nMdm{fH$ moOZm)
Aj YZO JmS>Jri - JmrU ^mJmVrc Hw$ec OwamZm damoOJma
{e$mag amQ>rH$V ~H$mZm jo{ Q>rH$moZ nwadmgmR>r hm H$mH$ gnyU ^maVmV gw$
pdH$mamMr {e$mag Ho$cr. H$amV Amcm.
darc {e$maerZwgma Imcrc g{Vr J{R>V H$$Z - mZwgma Xadfu 600 JmrU Jar~ Hw$Qw>~mZm
AJUr ~Ho$Mr {Z{Vr H$amV Amcr. XV nwa{dmMo C{Q>

574 embo`kmZ+bg
 - d a mo O JmamgmR>r {Xcr OmUmar XV (1) Ho$di 1 (2) Ho$di 2
g~{gS>rMm d$nmV qH$dm nVd$nmV (3) 1 d 2 Xmohr (4) 1 d 2 Xmohr ZmhrV.
{Xcr OmV Ago. Cma - 1) $V 1
- m moOZoMm {H$mZ 50% cm^ SC d ST {dcofU
{H$mZ 40% cm^ pmZm d {H$mZ 3% AmmV-{ZmV YmoaU
cm^ AnJmZm XoUo Ano{jV hmoVo. - 31 mM 2000
13. nwT>rc H$moUVo {dYmZ mo Amho? - darc YmoaUmZwgma {ZmVdrgmR>r MrZm
(1) amQ > r Cn mo O mnmV gm H| $ r YVuda Special Economocis Zone Mr {Z{Vr
gmpH$s gWm 2005-06 Mm AmYma^yV H$amV Amcr.
df hUyZ dmna H$aVo. - SEZ's Act 2005
(2) nydu 2000-2001 AmYma^yV df hmoV.o 1. 100% FDI
(1) Ho$di 1 (2) Ho$di 2 2. oH$ CmoJmZm n{hm nmM dfmgmR>r AmH$a
(3) 1 d 2 Xmohr (4) 1 d 2 Xmohr ZmhrV. wVVm Va nwT>rc nmM dfmgmR>r 50%
Cma - 4) 1 d 2 Xmohr MyH$ Amho. AmH$a wVVm.
{dcofU 3. SEZ Yrc ~H$mZm 10 dfmgmR>r AmH$a
H|$r gmpH$s gKQ>Zm wVVm
- 1954 4. XoemV gm 550 nojm OmV SEZ Va mnH$s
- dmV{dH$ Or.S>r.nr. moOmgmR>r gr.Eg.Amo. ammV 100 SEZ Amho.
AmYma^yV df {ZdS>Vo. 15. nwT>rc H$moUVo {dYmZ mo Amho?
- AmYma^yV dfmMm qH$VrZwgma Or.S>r.nr. moOco (1) OmJ{VH$ mnma g K Q>Zo M r mnma
AgVm dVy d godmMm CnmXZmV Pmcobr j dmQ>mKmQ>tMr "Xmohm' o$ar 2002 m dfu
dmT> {XgyZ oVo. gw$ Pmcr.
- ^maVmV gr.Eg.Amo. Zo AmYma^yV df AmVmnV (2) m dmQ> m KmQ> r gZ 2011 n V hr ny U
8 doim R>adcobo Amho. Pmcom Zhm.
n{hco 1948-49 (1) Ho$di 1 (2) Ho$di 2
Xgao 1960-61 (3) 1 d 2 Xmohr (4) 1 d 2 Xmohr ZmhrV.
{Vgao 1970-71 Cma - 2) $V 2
MmWo 1980-81 {dcofU
nmMdo 1993-94 JQ>Mm C$do o$arMm mjHo$em H$amamZwgma OmJ{VH$
ghmdo 1999-2000 mnma gKQ>ZoMr {Z{Vr H$amV Amcr.
gmVdo 2004-05 WTO 1 OmZodmar 1950
AmR>do 2011-12 gX 160
14. nwT>rcnH$s H$moUVo {dYmZ mo Amho? mnma gKQ>ZoMr rn[afX Xmohm (H$Vma) oWo 2011 cm
(1) gZ 2005 m SEZ m H$mmVrc gw$ Pmcr. naVw m rn[afXoVrc dmQ>mKmQ>r m
VaVwXrZwgma {deof Am{WH$ jomV dM{cV AOyZhr gncom ZmhrV.
mJmZwgma 100 Q>Ho$ {dXoer JwVdUwH$sg 16. (1) hmm JmYr amQ>r JmrU amoOJma hr
nadmZJr XomV Amcr Amho. moOZm 2006 o gw$ H$amV Amcr.
(2) XoemV 3308 {deof Am{WH$ jo mc d (2) m moOZoV JmrU wdH$mZm d-
godmMr {ZmV H$aVmV. amoOJmamMo {ejU XomMo C{Q> Amho.

AWem 575
 (1) 1 Am{U 2 Xmohr ~amo~a AmhoV.
(2) $V 1 ~amo~a Amho.
(3) $V 2 ~amo~a Amho.
(4) 1 Am{U 2 Xmohr MyH$ AmhoV.
Cma - amoOJma h_r `moOZm
gwdmV 1972
W_ _hmamQ>
MG ZaoJm 2006 _`o amQ>r` Vamda gw$
H$a`mV Amco.
ghm`H$ nyd narjm 5 Owc 2015
1. Imcrcn H $s H$mo U m dfu Wy c Xo e r
CnmXZmVrc dm{fH$ dr Xa gdm{YH$ (9.7
Q>Ho$) hmoVm?
(1) 2005-06 (2) 2006-07
(3) 2007-08 (4) 2004-05
Am{WH$ dr - Mmcy dfmVrc Or.S>r.nr. mJrc dfmMm
Or.S>r.nr. Mm VwcZoV {H$Vr Q>mZr dmT>cm mg
Am{WH$ dr hUVmV.
^maVmVrc AmVmnVMr gdm{YH$ hUOoM 9.7% Am[WH$
dr 2006-07 m Am{WH$ dfmV hmoVr.
2. [aPh ~H$o Odirc mdgm{H$ ~H$mZm R>do mdm
cmJUmam {H$mZ amoI amIrd {ZYr hUOoM...
(1) SLR (2) CRR
(3) Repo (4) OMO
SLR : Statutory Liquidity Ratio oH$ mnmar ~H$mZm
Amnm EHy$U R>odtnH$s R>am{dH$ aH$ dV:H$S>o
amo I , gmo mm d$nmV qH$dm gaH$mar
H$OamomMm d$nmV R>odmdr cmJVo.
CRR : Cash Reserve Ratio oH$ mnmar ~H$mZm
Amnm EHy$U R>odrnH$s R>am{dH$ aH$ [aPh
~Ho$V amoI d$nmV R>odmdr cmJVmV.
mnmar ~H$mZm Ama.~r.Am. o R>odmdm cmJUmam {ZYr
hUOo gr.Ama.Ama.
3. Am{WH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r {dmnwadR>m Am{U
qH$VW m M m Z m{dfrMo Ymo a U
hUOo...
(1) Am{WH$ YmoaU (2) {dH$mg YmoaU
576
(3) m{H$ YmoaU (4) amOH$mofr YmoaU
Cma - m{H$ YmoaU
m{H$ YmoaU : Ama~rAm XoemVrc dVu ~H$ AgyZ
Vr XoemMr gdm}M {dmr gWm Amho. m ZmmZo
Ama~rAm McZnwadR>m d qH$VW VgoM
EH$X[aV AWdWocm W mV H$$Z XoUo.
amOH$mofr YmoaU : H|$gaH$maMm EHy$U Om-IMmMm
YmoaUmcm amOH$mofr YmoaU hUVmV. ho amOH$mofr
YmoaU ""hm gmm{OH$ cm^ Vdm''da AmYm[aV
AgVo.
4. OmoS>m cmdm.
(1) amOH$mofr VyQ> (1) EHy$U mVrnojm EHy$U IMmMo
Am{Y
(2) AWgH $nr VyQ>(2) hgwcr Cnmnojm hgwcr IM
A{YH$ AgUo.
(3) hgwcr VyQ> (3) EHy$U IMmMm EHy$U mVrdarc
A{YH$me dOm H$O}
(4) mW{H$ VyQ> (4) EHy$U IMmMm EHy$U mVrdarc
A{YH$me dOm H$O} d mOXoVm
(1) 1-3, 2-1, 3-2, 4-4
(2) 1-4, 2-3, 3-2, 4-1
(3) 1-1, 2-3, 3-2, 4-4
(4) 1-3, 2-1, 3-4, 4-2
Cma - 1) 1(3), 2(1), 3(2) 4(4)
amOH$mofr VyQ> = (EHy$U IM) - (hgwcr Om +
H$O}Va ^mS>dc Om)
AWgH$nr VyQ> = EHy$U Cn - EHy$U IM
hgycr VyQ> = hgycr Cn - hgycr IM
mW{H$ VyQ> = amOH$mofr VyQ> - KoVcom H$Omdarc
mOIM
5. ImcrcnH$s H$emg "Zamo Zr' hr gkm XoVm
oBc?
(1) cmoH$mOdirc amoI aH$ + mJUr R>odr
(2) cmoH$mOdirc amoI aH$ + XmJXm{JZo d
A OJ mcmm
(3) cmoH$mm mJUr R>odr + XrK wXrVrm
R>odr
(4) cmoH$mH$S>rc {d{dY wXVrm R>odr + amoIo
Cma - cmoH$mOdirc amoI aH$ + mJUr
embo`kmZ+bg
 R>odr dfm V rc {H$mZ 100 {Xdg amo O Jma
M1 = cmoH$mOdirc McZr ZmoQ>m d ZmUr + cmoH$mMm nwadmMr O~m~Xmar H$mmdo gaH$maMr
~H$mYrc mJUr R>odr Amho.
BcS>Mm aS>pc$ g{VrMm {e$maerZwgma 1977 H$mmdo {hcmZm 33% AmajU AgyZ gmM
nydu Ama~rAm Zo $V M1 nV Va OmZodmar mMm gdm{YH$ 50% {hcm cm^ KoV
1977 nmgyZ M1, M2, M3 d M4 m Mma McZ AmhoV.
nwadS>mMm mnZ nVrMm dmna gw$ Ho$cm. 8. ^maVr Xm[amMm AXmO AmVmnV .... mZr
6. Amnm n{hm VrZ nMdm{fH$ moOZmMo dV{dcoco AmhoV.
gwdmVrnmgyZMo gdmV hdmMo Am{WH$ C{Q> (1) XmS>Ho $a Am{U aW (2) S>m. ~YZ Am{U
hUOo... Ahcwdm{cm
(1) gmOdmXr gmO aMZm {ZmU H$aUo. (3) {hmg, nr. S>r. AmoPm (4) darc gd
(2) Am{WH$ {dfVm H$r H$aUo.
(3) {d^mJr gVmoc Cma - darc gd
(4) Ammo{JH$sH$aU ^maVmV Xm[a aofm d mU moOmgmR>r Imcrc
Cma - gmOdmXr gmOaMZm H$mJQ> WmnZ Ho$co Joco.
Am{WH$ gmZVoda AmYm[aV gmOmMr {Z{Vr Xm[amMo mU
H$aUo mMo C{Q> ^maVmZo 1956 Mm AmdS>r oWrc 1962 H$mJQ> {hZm 20 $. n{VVr
H$mJog A{YdoeZmV Aj y. EZ. T>o~a mMm 1979 AcJ H$mJQ> H$car JmrU 2400
ZoVdmImcr pdH$maco Joco. ehar 2011
7. JmrU d ehar ^mJmVrc Jar~ d {ZZ Cn 1993 cH$S>mdmcm Xm[a aofoMo ammgmR>r
JQ>mVrc Hw$Qw>~mm {H$mZ EH$m Vrcm VkJQ> {d^VrH$aU
df^amV 100 {Xdg amoOJmamgmR>r H$mXoera 37% 2005 gwaoe V|Sw>cH$a JmrU 446 $. ehar
hr ImcrcnH$s H$moUm moOZowio mV 578 $.
Pmcr? 29.5% 2012 gr. aJamOZ nwhm H$carMm dmna Ho$cm
(1) amoOJma hr moOZm 1971 nZc
o
(2) amoOJma hr H$mXm 2005 ehar 2090 H$car {V{Xdg
(3) Odmha amoOJma moOZm JmrU 2155 H$car {V{Xdg
(4) darc H$moUmhr Zmhr 9. ImcrcnH$s H$moUm KQ>H$mMr OmJm ZdrZ
Cma - amoOJma hr H$mXm 2005 j H$a g{hVm KoUma Amho?
hmamQ>mV 1971 cm gw$ Ho$cocr ""aomOJma (1) ^maVmVrc Cn H$a H$mXm 1961
hr moOZm'' H|$mZo amQ>r Vamda 2005 (2) ^maVmVrc Aj H$a g{hVm
cm amQ>r JmrU amoOJma H$mXm H$$Z hr (3) ^maVmVrc j H$a g{hVm
moOZm gw$ Ho$cr. (4) darcnH$s H$emMrhr Zmhr.
gdW 200 {OmV moOZm gw$ Pmcr. mZVa Cma - AmH$a H$mXm 1961
2008 nmgyZ Vr gnyU XoemV cmJy H$amV j H$a g{hVm
Amcr. 2009 o mg . JmYr amQ>r 1. gd j H$amgmR>r EH$M g{hVm
JmrU amoOJma moOZm Ago Zmd {Xco. 2. H$a Xam~m~VMr Xa dfmMr A{ZpMVVm Xa
mZwgma AOXmamg Zm|XUrnmgyZ 15 {Xdgmm H$aUo.
AmV KamnmgyZ 5 {H$r. AVamm AmV 3. H$moQ> XmmMo mU H$r H$aUo.

AWem 577
 2010 ho {dYoH$ nJV Pmco Va
2015-16 m AWgH$nmZwgma {dYoH$
H$mc~m Pmco.
10. ^maVr AYm CnmXZmMm CVaVm H$
ImcrcnH$s H$moUVm Amho, Vo gmJm.
(1) Jh - VmXi - S>mir - ^aS> Ym
(2) VmXi - Jh - S>mir - ^aS> Ym
(3) Jh - VmXi - ^aS> Ymo - S>mir
(4) VmXi - Jh - ^aS> Ymo - S>mir
Cma - VmXi, Jh, ^aS> Ym - S>mir
VmXi
= ^maVmVrc gdmV wI AYm {nH$. EHy$U
AYm {nH$mm jomnH$s 43% jo
VmXimImcr Amho. Iarn {nH$
Jh = ^maVmVrc Xgao gdmV wI AYm {nH$. a~r
{nH$
^aS> Ym = mM CnmXZ 400 cj Q>Z
S>mir = gdm{YH$ CnmXZ XoemV a~r {nH$
11. df 2008-09 o ^maVmm EHy $ U
{Zm V ro H$mo U m dVw ^ amMm {hgm
gdm{YH$ {XgyZ Amcm?
(1) eoVmc (2) amgm{ZH$ dVy
(3) noQ>mo{c nXmW (4) A{^m{H$s dVy
Cma -
gdm{YH$ {ZmV (JQ>) Cnm{XV dVy 63%
gdm{YH$ {ZmV (dpVH$) noQ>mo{c nXmW 20.7%
gdm{YH$ {ZmV (dpVH$ Xoe) y.Eg.E.cm
12. ^maVr ZmUo~mOmamV naXoer ~H$mZm wV doe
Agmd mAer gyMZm ImcrcnH$s H$moUm
g{VrZo/AmmoJmZo Ho$cr?
(1) Zaqgh (2) d|H$Q>amZ
(3) ZarZ (4) aJamOZ
Cma - Zaqgh g{Vr 2 1998
{e$maer
1. oH$ ~H$mZr ^mS>dc nmVVm mV H$aUo.
2. NPA (Non Performing Assets) 2000 nV
5% Va 2002 nV 3% H$r H$amdm.
3. ~H$mMo 100% gJUH$sH$aU
4. Ama.~r.Am. 91 {XdgmMo Q>oPar {~c a
H$amdo.
578
5. naH$s ~H$m d ZdrZ ImOJr ~H$mZm nadmZJr
13. NAMA hUOo
(1) Non-Agriculture Market Access
(2) Non-Agriculture Market Association
(3) Non-Agriculture Goods Market
Access
(4) None of the above
Cma - Non-Agriculture Market Access
1. WTO (World Trade Organization) 2001
Mm XmohmZwgma NAMA Mm ~mobUrV ewHo$
H$r H$amV MMm Ho$cr.
2. m AVJV Cnm{XV dVy BYZo, I{ZO,
CnmXZ, mgo d nXmW d dZ CnmXZ.
14. gZ 2001 Vo 2011 m XamZ ^maVmVrc
cmoH$goMm drXa Xa hOmar ImcrcnH$s
{H$Vr hmoVm?
(1) 24.7 (2) 23.9
(3) 21.5 (4) 17.64
Cma - Xadm{fH$ drXa 17.64% Amho.
2001 m OZJUZoZwgma hr dm{fH$ drXa
21.5% hmoVm.
gmMm (2011) OZJUZoZwgma dm{fH$ drXa
1.64% hmoVm.
15. MRTP H$mXm H$moUm H$mmwio a Pmcm?
(1) VoXmar {ZU H$mXm
(2) nYm H$mXm 2002
(3) mnma pQ>g H$mXm
(4) mnma {ZU H$mXm
Cma - nYm H$mXm 2002
MRTP (Monopolice Restricted Trade
Policy)
mZwgma 100 H$moQ>rnojm OmV ^mS>dcmMm H$nZtZm
moZmonmcr a H$aUmam H$mXm naVw gm 2002
gmcr nYm H$mXm (Competition Act) cmJy
Ho$mZo H$nmV mo nYmH$Vm dmT>rg
cmJVrc. mmUo nYm H$mXm H$amV Amcm.
embo`kmZ+bg
 A. Ordem

1. AmhmamVrb nmofUVdo (Nutrients in Food)

AmVrb Oo amgm`{ZH$ KQ>H$ `mo` _mUmV AmhmamV KoVbo AgVm earamMr gd H$m`} gwairVnUo nma nS>VmV
`mZm nmofUVdo hUVmV.
`m emmV nmofUVdmMm A`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. `mg nmofUem (Nutrition Science) hUVmV.
AmVrb nmofUVdo
1. H$~m}XHo$ (Carbohydrates)
H$~m}XHo$ hr H$m~Z, hm`S>moOZ Am{U AmpgOZ `mnmgyZ V`ma Pmbobr H$m~Zr g`wJo AmhoV.
dZnVr_`o H$~m}XHo$ O{Q>b {H$`omam V`ma hmoVmV. `m {H$`obm H$megbofU{H$`m Ago hUVmV.
Amn`m AmhmamV H$~m}XH$mMo _mU A{YH$ AgVo. H$~m}XHo$ g_ AnXmW dV AgVmV. gmYmaUV: AmnUmg
AmVyZ {_iUm`m DO}nH$s 60% Vo 80% D$Om H$~m}XH$mnmgyZ {_iVo hUyZ `mg earamMo BYZ hUVmV.
H$~m}XH$mMo EH$ d$n hUOo bwH$moO `mMo ghOnUo A{^emofU hmoVo. Vmo darV D$Om XoUmam moV Amho. hUyZ
IoimSy> bwH$moOMm dmna H$aVmV.
H$ma
1) _moZmgH$amBS> - gmIaoMm EH$ aoUy (CXm. bwH$moO, \w$Q>moO, S>oQ>>moO) _mZdr eara H$~m}XHo$ \$$
_moZmogH$amBS>`m d$nmV dmnaVmV.
2) S>m`gH$amBS>/Amo{bJmogH$amBS> - bQ>moO, _mQ>moO, gwH$moO
3) nm{bgH$amBS> - Q>mM, go`wbmoO B.
moV
1) dZnVr moV : A) VUYm`o - VmXi, Jh, _H$m, ~mOar, ZmMUr B. ~) H$S>Ym`o d S>mir - _yJ, _Q>H$s,
ha^am, S>mir B. H$) H$X_yio - ~Q>mQ>o, aVmir, ~rQ>, AiwHw$S>r B. S>) \$io - Ho$ir, {MHy$, mjo B. B) gmIa, Jyi,
_Y
2) m{UmoV : XY d XYmMo nXmW
H$m`}
1) DO}Mm nwadR>m - earam_`o `oH$ {OdV noer_`o H$~m}XH$mMo AmpgS>rH$aU hmoD$Z D$Om _w$ hmoVo.
1 J_ = 4 {H$bmo H$bar {_iVmV.
2) {WZ~MV H$m` - nwaoer H$~m}XHo$ {_imbr Va n{WZo `m`m _yi H$m`mgmR>r (eara~mYUrgmR>r) amIyZ
R>do br OmVmV.
3) {ZY nXmWm`m nMZmgmR>r H$mhr H$~m}XH$mMr Amd`H$Vm AgVo.
4) nMZgWo`m H$m`m_`o ^y{_H$m - go`wbmoO ho EH$ VVw_` H$~m}XHo$ Amho. `m_wio _b {dgOZmg
`mMr _XV hmoVo.

{dkmZ 703
2) {WZo (Proteins)
{WZo hr H$m~Z, hm`S>moOZ, AmpgOZ Am{U Zm`Q>moOZ`w$ H$m~Zr g`wJo AmhoV. H$mhr {WZm_`o g\$a Am{U
\$m\$ag AgVmo. H$mhr Img {WZm_`o bmoh, Am`mo{S>ZgmaIo H$mhr KQ>H$ AgVmV. {WZo hr A_m{Zmo AgrSnmgyZ
~Zdbobr AgVmV.
1 J_ n{WZmnmgyZ - 6 {H$bmo H$bar {_iVo.
moV : 1) dZnVr moV : A) H$S>Ym`o Am{U S>mir - ha^am, _yJ, gmo`m~rZ Am{U `m`m S>mir.
~) H$R>rU H$dMmMr \$io Am{U Vob{~`m - e|JXmUo, AmH$moS>, H$mOy, Vri, ~Xm_, H$maio B.
2) m{UmoV : A) _mgO` nXmW - _mg, _mgo, Imnjr (H$m|~S>r B.) ~) AS>r H$) XY Am{U XYmMo nXmW
(bmoUr Am{U Vyn `{V[a$)
H$m`} : A) earambm Zm`Q>moOZ {_i`mMm moV
~) earam`m dmT>rg _XV H$aUo, {PO ^$Z H$mT>Uo - earam`m gd CVt`m _w` KQ>H$ {WZo AmhoV. ZdrZ
D$Vr {Z_mU H$a`mgmR>r, noer{Z{_VrgmR>r {WZmMr Amd`H$Vm AgVo.
H$) {Z`_Z - earamVrb gd amgm`{ZH$ {H$`m {dH$ammao {Z`U Ho$`m OmVmV. amgm`{ZH$Q>m {dH$a {WZo
AgVmV. goaH$ (Harmones) dmT> d {Z`U H$aVmV.
S>) gH$_H$ (Infections) amoJm{d bT>`mgmR>r V`ma Pmbobr {V`o (Antibodies) {WZoM AgVmV.
B) D$OoMm moV - AmhmamV H$~m}XHo$ d pZYnXmW H$_r _mUmV AgVmV. `mdoir D$O}Mm eodQ>Mm moV
hUyZ dmna.
3) pZY nXmW / _oX (Fats i.e. Lipids)
H$m~Z, hm`S>moOZ, Am{gOZnmgyZ ~Zbobr AgVmV. hm`S>moOZMo _mU Am{gOZnojm OmV AgVo.
1 g. fats = 9 cal.
moV
1)dZnVr moV : A) e|JXmUo, Imo~ao, gy`\y$b{~`m, gaH$s ~) dZnVr Vyn, _mJm[aZ
2)m{UmoV : A) {Zago XY (Whole Milk) gm`, bmoUr, Vyn, Idm, XYmMo nXmW ~) AS>r, {deofV: {ndim
~bH$ H$) mUr pZY nXmW - Ma~r (bmS>) _mJm[aZ S>) _mgo, `H$V Vob
_mJm[aZ - bmo`mgmaIm naVw dV nXmW
H$m`}
1) D$O}Mm moV 2) earam`m ZmOyH$ Ad`dmda AmdaU H$aUo. `m_wio
3) AmMm dmX d Vr CUVm emofU d AmKmV emofU hmoVo d earamMo
4) pZY nXmWmV {daKiUm`m OrdZgdmMm dmhH$ Vmn_mZ H$m`_ amIbo OmVo.
H$~m}XHo$, {WZo, pZYnXmW `mZm _wI A 5) pZY nXmW OmV Imo Va H$moboQ>mc dmT>Vo.
Vdo hUVmV.
4) OrdZgdo (Vitamins)
emoY 19 `m eVH$mV \w$H$ `m nmo{be agm`Z emkmZo bmdbm.
Zg{JH$ AmV AmT>iUmao Oo OrdZmd`H$ H$m~Zr nXmW dmT> d Cm_ Amamo`mgmR>r An _mUmV Amd`H$
AgVmV. `mZm OrdZgdo hUVmV.
OrdZgdo : pZY nXmWmV {daKiUmar ( A, S>, B, Ho$) nm`mV {daKiUmar (~, H$)
pZY nXmWmV {daKiUmar
"A' OrdZgd - (ao{Q>Zmc) : A) dZnVr d mUr XmohrV AgVo. ~) ~rQ>m H$amo{Q>Z "A' OrdZgdmMm
nydKQ>H$
704 embo`kmZ+bg
 moV : dZnVr moV : A) {nd`m ZmaJr aJmMr \$io ~) {ha`m nmbo^m`m
mUrmoV : A) _mgo, `H$V (Am) XY, XYmMo nXmW ~) AS>r, (B) bmoUr, Vyn
H$m`} : 1) >r {ZXm}f amIVo. amrMr >r 2) hmS>m`m CVt`m dmT>rgmR>r 3) dMm, S> m o i m, dgZ_mJ ,
nMZgWm `mMo A{^Va Amobga d {ZamoJr amIVo. 4) bhmZ _wbmV XmV V`ma H$aUo.
A^md - amVAmYionUm
"S>' OrdZgd (H$pg\o$amc) : gH$mi`m H$mod`m ChmVrb A{VZrb maUm_wio (Ultra-Violet
Raditation) dMoImbr V`ma hmoVo.
moV : dZnVr moV : dZnVr \$mago AmT>iV Zmhr. mUr moV : bmoUr, AS>r, _memMo `H$V Vob B.
H$m`} : A) hmS>mMr dmT> d {dH$mg - "S'> OrdZgd ho H$peA_ d \$m\$ag `mMo A{^emofU H$aVo.
~) _mmVVy`m H$m`mgmR>r - A^md - _wS>Xg, naobogog - Ym`m`m nm{be_wio
gmR>dU - _X`w$ D$Vr Am{U `H$V
"B' OrdZgd (Q>moH$mo\o$amc) : gd AnXmWmV {_iVo `m_wio ghgm A^md AmT>iV Zmhr. JhmMo
AHw$a, JS>X {ha`m nmbo^m`m_`o OmV
H$m`} : "A' d "H$' OrdZgdm`m AmpgS>rH$aUmbm {damoY ({V~Y) H$aVo. (antioxidants)
A^md - dmPnUm (sterility)
"H$o' OrdZgdo (\$m`cmo{$ZmoZ) : bhmZ AmVS>m`m Imb`m ^mJmV H$mhr Cn`w$ OrdmUy Ho$
OrdZgd V`ma H$aVmV. `m_wio {Z_r JaO ^mJVo.
moV : 1) {ha`m nmbo^m`m 2) XY, AS>mVrb {ndim ~bH$, `H$V, _|X B.
H$m`} : a$ JmoR>Uo - Ho$ OrdZgd moWmp~Z ho {WZ V`ma H$a`mg _XV H$aVo. ho {WZ a$ JmoR>`m`m
Amd`H$ KQ>H$mnH$s EH$ Amho.
nm`mV {daKiUmar OrdZgdo
1) amgm`{ZH$Q>m ApWa Ag`m_wio H$me, CUVm, hdm `m_wio OrdZgdmMo nmofU_y` H$_r hmoVo.
2) `m OrdZgdmMm earamV gmR>m hmoD eH$V Zmhr. OmV KoVbr Va _ymmao \o$Hy$Z {Xbr OmVmV.
3) Ym`mbm _moS> AmUUo qH$dm Am~dUo ({H$dZ) (Fermentation) `mgma`m {H$`oV `m OrdZgdmMo
_mU dmT>V.o
"~' OrdZgd : `m g_yhmV AmR> _wI OrdZgdo `oVmV.
B1 (Wm`{_Z) : H$m` - H$~m}XH$mMo M`mnM`
B2 (am`~mobo{dZ) : H$m` - ~w~wim`m MmJ`m H$m`mgmR>r
A^md - ~w~i y AnmaXeH$
JmB`m XYmbm {ndionUm B2 _wio `oVmo.
B3 {ZH$mo{Q>Zo_mBS : H$m` - H$~m}XHo$, {WZo, pZY nXmW `m`m M`mnM`mgmR>r gh{dH$a hUyZ.
A^md - nobmJ (Stein rough)
B5 (nQ>moWmo{ZH$ Amb)
B6 (nm`[aS>mpgZ) : A^md ghgm hmoV Zmhr. _aUe$s dmT>rgmR>r.
B7 (~m`mo{Q>Z)
B9 (\$m{bH$ A{gS>) ( Vitamin - M hUVmV.) : A^mdm_wio AZm{_`m amoJ hmoVmo.
Anaemia - R. B. Cs deficiency
B12 (gm`ZmoH$mo~mp_Z) : noer {d^mOZ n[an$Vm, MoVmgWm, bmb a$ noer {Z{_Vr
"H$' OrdZgd (Vit - C, Ascorbic Acid) : gdmV ApWa OrdZgd, hdo`m gnH$m_wiogwm Zme
hmoVmo.
{dkmZ 705
 moV : A) VmOr \$io - Amdim, no$, _mog~r, qb~o B. ~) Vm`m ^m`m - H$) Amdim hm gdmV dV d
g_ moV. S>) nm{UOrdZmV A`n qH$dm AmT>iV Zmhr.
H$m`} : A) dd {damoYr OrdZgd ~) OI_m ^$Z H$mT>`mgmR>r - H$mobO Z V`ma H$) VmUVUmd H$_r
H$a`mgmR>r S>) bmoh d H$peA_ `mMo A{^emofZ H$a`mgmR>r H$mobOZ OI_ ^$Z H$mT>Vo.
P OrdZgd (Para aminobenzoic acid (PABA) : dMo`m Imb`m WamV a$md
OrdZgd H$m`} A^mdmZo hmoUmao amoJ/ moV
Xn[aUm_
1) OrdZgd "A' dMm d S>mHo $o `m`m dMm amoJ, amVAmYionUm Q>m_o Q >m,o AS>mVrc
Amamo`mgmR>r ^m`m, {ndim ~cH$, `H$V,
\$io, gmo`m~rZ, _mg
2) OrdZgd "~' earamMr dmT>, M`mnM` dmT> IwQ >U,o ~oar~oar, A{Z{_`m, {ha`m ^m`m, XY,
(g`w $) B1, B2, B3, a$dYH$, nocmJ, _mZ{gH$ mg `H$V, AS>r, _moS>
B5, B6, B7, B9, B12 MoVmgWo`m Amcocr H$S>Ym`o,
Amamo`mgmR>r gmo`m~rZ
3) OrdZgd "H$' XmV d {haS>mMr dmT> d H$hu, {haS>m gwOUo, qc~y, gr,
`mMo Amamo` XmVmVyZ a$ `oU.o Amdim, _mog~ r, B. \$io.
4) OrdZgd "S>' XmV d AWrMr dmT> AWtMm _Xn Um, _wSXg _mem`m `H$VmMo Voc,
`mMo Amamo` ([aHo$Q>g) XVj`, (H$mS> {cha) AmBc , AS>r,
dMm amoJ XY, cmoUr, dModa nS>Umao
H$modio gy`{ H$aU
5) OrdZgd "B' `mo` OZZ dmPnUm {damoYr AH$w {aV H$S>Ym`o,
{ha`m nmco^m`m
6) OrdZgd "Ho$' moWm p ~Z V`ma H$aUo. a$ JmoR>Uo {ha`m nmco^m`m, XY,
AS>r
5. I{ZOo (jma) (Minerals)
earamVrb {H$`mMo {Z`U d eara gajU `mgmR>r I{ZOmMr Amd`H$Vm AgVo. _mZdr earamV gw_mao 24
I{ZOo AgVmV. XaamoO AmnUmg 5 J_ jmamMr Amd`H$Vm AgVo. AmnUmg nwT>rb I{ZOmMr Amd`H$Vm AgVo.
H$peA_ d \$m\$ag
A) hmS>o d XmV `mMo KQ>H$ AgVmV. ~) _X D$Vr d earamVrb mdUmVhr AmT>iVmV.
moV : A) dZnVr - VUYm`o, H$S>Ym`o, S>mir, H$R>rU H$dMmMr \$io, Vob{~`m, {deofV: Vri, {ha`m
nmbo^m`m, gwH$s \$io. ~) mUr - XY d XYmMo nXmW, Imnjr, gmJar Ao (Sea Food) , AS>r.
H$m`} :
A) XmVo d hmS>o `mMr dmT>
~) emar[aH$ {H$`mMo {ZJ_Z - Zm`yMo AmHw$MZ gaU {Z`{V hmoVo. MoVmdoJ dhZm`m H$m`mV hmV^ma.
H$) E.Q>r.nr. {Z{_VrgmR>r \$m\$ag Amd`H$ AgVmo.

706 embo`kmZ+bg
 bmoh
moV : A) dZnVr - VUYm`o, H$S>Ym`o, gwH$s \$io, {ha`m nmbo^m`m. ~) m{UmoV - _yqnS>, `H$V
H$m`} :
A) Am{gOZ dhZ - bmb a$noerV {h_mobmo{~Z_`o bmoh AgVo. {h_mobmo{~Z hm AmpgOZMm dmhH$
hUyZ H$m` H$aVmo.
~) Zm`yMr hmcMmc - Zm`y_`o _m`mobmo~rZ ho _hdmMo bmoh`w$ I{ZO AgVo. Zm`y`m hmbMmbrgmR>r
Vo Amd`H$ AgVo.
H$) H$~m}XHo$, {WZo, pZY nXmW, `mMo gnyU AmpgS>rH$aU H$$Z D$Om {Z{_VrMo H$m_ bmoh H$aVo.
Am`mo{S>Z
moV : A) dZnVr moV - Am`moS>rZ g_ XoemV {nH$dbo`m nmbo^m`m, \$io B. ~) m{UmoV - gmJar
_mgo, H$dM`w$ mUr B.
H$m`} : Wm`ampgZMm KQ>H$ - H$R>W JWrVyZ mdUmam Wm`ampgZMm goaH$mMm Am`mo{S>Z hm KQ>H$ Amho.
Wm`ampgZ emar[aH$ d _mZ{gH$ dmT>rgmR>r Amd`H$ . (H$_VaVm - JbJS>) (Simple Goitre)
bwAmo[aZ (Fluorine)
moV : {n`mMo nmUr
H$m` : hmS>o d XmV {ZamoJr R>od`mgmR>r bwAmo[aZ An _mUmV Cn`w$ AgVo. XVj` Q>mi`mgmR>r bwAmo[aZ
(0.8 p.p.m) Amd`H$.
nmUr (Water)
moV :
1) {n`mMo nmUr - AmnU XaamoO 1.5 Vo 2 br. nmUr {nUo Amd`H$ Amho.
2) AmVyZ {_iUmao nmUr, ^m`m d \$io `m_`o 70 Vo 90% nmUr AgVo. XYmV 80 Vo 85% nmUr AgVo.
3) no`mmao CnbY hmoUmao nmUr
4) M`mnM` {H$`oV {Z_mU hmoUmao nmUr.
H$m`} :
1) earamVrb _hdmMm KQ>H$ - earamV 65% nmUr AgVo. bhmZ _wbm`m earamV 75% nmUr AgVo.
2) nmUr dpdH$ mdU.
3) earamMo Vmn_mZ {Z`U H$aUo
4) earamVrb gm`m`m_Yrb dJUmMm KQ>H$ hUyZ H$m_ H$aVo.
5) phQ>{_Z ~r, gr Am{U nr nm`mV {daKiVmV.

2. nmofUVdm`m H$_VaVo_wio hmoUmao amoJ

(Dietary Deficiency Diseases)
Hw$nmofU hUOo AmMo {~KS>bobo nmofU, AmMm A^md d AmMo A{YH$ _mUmV godZ `m_wio `m Xmohr
H$mam_wio amoJ hmoD eH$VmV.
A^mdO` amoJ - `mo` d gVw{bV Amhmam`m A^mdr hmoUm`m amoJmZm A^mdmMo amoJ hUVmV.
1 ) {WZo d D$Om `mMm A^md (Protein-Energy Maainutrition (PEM)
Ho$di {WZm`m A^mdm_wio hmoUm`m amoJmbm gwOdQ>r (Kwashiorkar) Ago hUVmV.

{dkmZ 707
 AmnmVr {H$aU d And{VV {H$aU AmnmVr q~Xnmer
AgUmm V{^Ho$m {d ~mOyg AgVmV d Vo
{Vhr EH$mM VbmV AgVmV.
H$mhr mmMo ew AndVZmH$
n{hm mmVrb H$memMm doJ
AndVZmH$ =
Xgm mmVrb H$memMm doJ
Oo hm H$me{H$aU KZ mmH$Sy > Z {dab
mmo OmVmo Vohm Vmo V{^Ho$nmgyZ Xa PwH$Vmo.
AndVZ H$moZ AmnmVr H$moZmnojm moR>m AgVmo.
VmmMo bwH$bwH$Uo ho dmVmdaUr AndVZmm
~Xbmwio hmoVo.
doioAmYr hmoUmam gym}X d C{eamZo hmoUmam gymV
dmVmdaUr AndVZmwio hmoVmo.
gymoX XmoZ {{ZQ>o AJmoXa hmoVmo Va gymV XmoZ
{{ZQ>o Ceram hmoVmo.
m H$maUmZr {XdgmMm H$mbmdYr Mma {{ZQ>mZr
dmT>Vmo.
H$memMo AJ^yV aJmo {d^VrH$aU H$amm
Zg{JH$ KQ>Zog H$memMo AnH$aU hUVmV.
H$mePmoVmm aJrV KQ>H$ AgUmm n>mbm
"dUnVr' hUVmV.
ga AmPH$ yQ>Z mZr gdmV W gyH$memnmgyZ
dUnVr {i{dmgmR>r H$mMom {PMm CnmoJ
Ho$bm.
{Pmao H$memMo gmV aJmV AnH$aU hmoVo.
gmV aJmV bmb aJ gdmV H$r diVmo Va Om^im
gdm{YH$ diVmo.
H$me {H$aU gmV aJmZr ~Zbobo AgVmV.
BYZw H$memMo AndVZ, AnH$aU d AVJV
namdVZmwio KSy>Z oVo.
Oohm H$me{H$aU AJXr bhmZ H$Umda nS>Vmo Vohm
Vo H$U doJdoJm {XemZm H$me {djo{nV H$aVmV.
m Zg{JH$ KQ>Zog H$memMo {d{H$aU hUVmV.
gmmV: A{Vgy H$U {Zm aJmMo {d{H$aU
H$aVmV Va nwaogo moR>m AmH$mamMo H$U ew^ H$memMo
XoIrb {d{H$aU H$aVmV.
YmoH$mXeH$ gHo$V Vm~S>m aJmMo AgVmV. H$maU
Vm~S>m aJmMo {d{H$aU gdmV H$r hmoVo. mwio hm
aJ OmVrV OmV AVamnV nmohmoMVmo.
gb+ Zmk`obme
AmH$memMm aJ {Zim {XgVmo H$maU H$memMo {d{H$aU.
AVamidramZm AmH$me H$mm aJmMo {XgVo.
gym}X d gymVmdoiog AmH$me {ndio ZmaJr {XgVo.
H$memMo {d{H$aUmwio.
amQ>r {dkmZ {XZ 28 o$~wdmar : S>m. MeoIa
d|H$Q> amZ mZr 28 o$~wdmar 1928 amoOr "H$memMo
AnH$aU' m {dfmMo gemoYZ H$m{eV Ho$bo. 1930
amoOr mgmR>r mZm Zmo~b {imbo. m gmW hm
{Xdg amQ>r {dkmZ {XZ hUyZ gmOam H$aVmV.
ybmMo YmVy, AYmVy YmVwg Ago dJuH$aU
Ho$bo OmVo.
H$j VmnmZmbm YmVy Wmy AdWoV AgVmV. mg
AndmX nmam d J{b ho hmoVo. ho YmVy $V d
AdWoV AgVmV.
YmVybm MH$mH$s AgVo Vo dYZr AgVmV VgoM VVm
d CUVmdmhH$, VgoM {dwVdmhH$, H$R>rU AgVmV.
H$R>rUnUm, CM CH$bZmH$ d ZmXVm ho hr YmVyMr
d{eQ> AmhoV.
gmoS>rA d nmoQ>{eA ho AH$YmVy X AgVmV. Vo
MmHy$Zo H$mnVm oVmV.
YmVyo Q>JQ>ZMm dUmH$ gdm{YH$ AgVmo. Va
gmo{S>A d nmoQ>{eAMm gdmV H$r AgVmo.
AYmVy Wmy [H$dm dmy AdWoV AgVmV. AndmX
~morZ d AdWoV AgVmo.
AYmVy MH$mH$s ZgVmV. AndmX - Ammo{S>Z.
AYmVy H$R>rU ZgVmV. AndmX - {ham.
AYmVy {dwVdhZ H$arV ZmhrV. AndmX - J$mBQ>.
gmo{S> d nmoQ>{eA ho YmVy gdm{YH$ {H$merb
AmhoV.
YmVyMr AmgmBS>g gmYmaUV: AH$Yu AgVmV.
naVw Aw{{ZA AmgmBS> d qPH$ AmgmBS> hr
Amb Am{U AH$ Xmohr~amo~a A{^{H$m H$$Z
jma d nmUr Vma H$aVmV. hUyZ mg C^Yr
AmgmBS> hUVmV.
AmbamO : ghV hmS>mobmo[aH$ Amb Am{U ghV
Zm{Q>H$ Amb 3:1 mUmV KodyZ AmbamO Vma
hmoVo. gmoZo d b{Q>{Z ho $V AmbamO o
{daKiVo.
bmo[aZ hm AYmVy {dfmar AgyZ n{hm hmwmV
mMm dmna hma hUyZ Ho$bm Jobm.
807
 gdm{YH$ A{H$merb YmVy MmXr, gmoZo d b{Q>{Z 3. g{lrH$aU :
hmoV d {H$merb nmoQ>{eA hmo. - {nVi - (Vm~o Am{U OV)
YmVyMr Or gJw o Aewrgh {ZgJmV AmT>iVmV. mg - ~mP - (Vm~o Am{U H${Wb)
I{ZOo hUVmV. - Q>oZbog Q>rb - (bmoIS>, {ZHo$b, H$mo{,
~mgmBQ>nmgyZ Aw{{ZA {iVo. mgmR>r ~oAaMr H$m~Zr)
nV dmnaVmV. Xm{JZo ~Z{dmgmR>r 22 H$aoQ>Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
Aew ~mgmBS>o AmZ AmgmBS> (fe2O3) I{ZOmnmgyZ {iUmm gwJmZm "Ag|{ gwJo'
Am{U {g{bH$m (SiO2) hr Aewr AgVo. hUVmV.
OZ agmZemk hmohba mZr Amo{ZA gmZoQ>
YmVy
m Ag|r gwJmnmgyZ w[am {dbo{fV Ho$bo.
gdm{YH$ H$r gd gwJmV "H$m~Z' hm w yb AgmMo
{H$merb {H$merb {H$merb {Zn Pmbo Amho. VgoM m ~amo~a hmS>moOZ gwm
gmo{S>A bmoIS> MmXr AgVmo. mg "yi gwJo' hUVmV/hmS>moH$m~Z
nmoQ>{eA OV gmoZo Agohr hUVmV.
H$peA {ego b{Q>{ZA H$mhr g|r gwJmV AmpgOZ, hbmoOZ Am{U H$mhr
Aw{{ZA Vm~o Vm~o doigo ZmQ>moOZ d g$a hr ybo AgVmV.
^mOUo : g$mBS> YmVwHo$ A{V[aV hdoo VrdnUo {WoZ ho EH$ g|r gwJ Amho, mg "me Jg'
VmndyZ mMo AmgmBS>o $nmVa Ho$bo OmVo mg hUVmV.
^mOUo hUVmV. {WoZMo aoUwgy CH4 Amho.
{ZVmnU : H$m~m}ZoQ> YmVwHo$ m{XV hdoV VrdnUo ^mJrXmarZo Vma Pmbom ~Ymg "ghgwO ~Y'
VmndyZ AmgmBS>o $nmVarV H$aVmV. m {H$og Ago hUVmV.
{ZVmnU hUVmV. ghgwO gwJmMm CH$bZmH$ Am{U dUmH$ H$r
Vm~o ho Cu2S m $nmV AmT>iVo. AgVmo.
{gm~ma (H$gS) ho nmmMo YmVwH$ Amho. gmmV: nmmV AmdUr Am{U g|r mdUmV
jaU hUOo nmdaUmwio nXmWmMm hmoUmam hmg mdUr AgVmV.
hmo. AmpgOZMm AUwAH $ AmR> Amho.
Vmmda {hadQ> Wa Om hmoVmo H$maU XQ> hdowio m hmS>moH$m~Zo H$m~Z-H$m~Z AUwo $V
H$m~ Z S>m Am gmBS>~amo ~ a A{^{H $ m hmo d y Z EHo$ar ~Y AgVmo mZm gVV hmS>moH$m~Z Ago
H$m~m}ZoQ>Mm {hadm Wa hmoVmo. hUVmV. CXm. {WoZ.
MmXrm dVy H$mm nS>VmV. H$maU hdoer gnH$ m hmS>moH$m~Zo H$m~Z-H$m~Z AUwo Xhoar
AmmZo hmS>moOZ g$mBS>er A{^{H$m hmodyZ qH$dm {Vhoar ~Y AgVmo mg AgVV hmS>moH$m~Z
{gha g$mBS>Mm Wa Vma hmoVmo. hUVmV.
jaU amoImgmR>r EHo$ar ~Y - AHo$Z.
1. JhZmqPJ : m nVrV bmoIS> d Q>rbMo Xhoar d {Vhoar ~Y - AH$mBZ/AH$sZ
jaU amoImgmR>r mda OVmMm nmVi Wa {Xbm EH$mM ybmm AUy o nana ~Y {ZmU hmoD$Z
OmVmo. eIbm Vma hmomm JwUYmg "m{bH$m~YZ'
2. H${WbrH$aU : Vmmm qH$dm {nViom hUVmV.
^mS>mda H${WbMm Wa XoVmV. mg H$hB H$aUo EH$M nXmW doJdoJm ^m{VH$ d$nmV naVw gmZ
Ago hUVmV. amgm{ZH$ d$nmV AmT>iVmV. m KQ>Zobm nXmWmMr
An$nVm Ago hUVmV.
907 Zmkd{
 {ham Am{U J$mBQ> ho H$m~Zm AUynmgyZ Vma
Pmbo AmhoV.
H$mM H$mnmgmR>r H$mim {ham dmnaVmV.
m gwJmMo aoUwgy gmZ AgVo naVw aMZmgyo {^
AgVmV, Aem gwJmZm "gKQ>H$ gwJo' hUVmV.
Am{U JwUYmg gKQ>Zm hUVmV.
AHo$Z Hw$b gOmVr loUr Amho.
IUPAC
International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemists.
IUPAC nVrZw g ma g| r g w J o hr g V V (bm~r gmYmaUnUo 5 Vo 6 r.)
hmS>moH$m~ZnmgyZ Vma Pmbr AmhoV. mg AHo$Z
hUVmV.
m A{^{H$oV XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ aoUynmgyZ $V
EH$M Cnm{XV {iVo m A{^{H$og g mo J
A{^{H$m Ago hUVmV.
m A{^{H$oV EH$ AUy qH$dm A{YH$ AUy Xgm
AUyMr OmJm KoVmV m A{^{H$og {dWmnZ
hUVmV.
BWoZmbbm B{Wb AH$mohmob qH$dm pn[aQ> Ago
hUVmV.
BWoZmBH$ Ambmg Ago{Q>H$ Amb Ago hUVmV.
Ago{Q>H$ AmbmMr bmo[aZ~amo~a A{^{H$m hmoD$Z
moZmobmoamoAgo{Q>H$ Amb hUVmV.
gm~UmYrb aoUy hUOo gmo{S> qH$dm nmoQ>{eMo
H$m~m}pPbrH$ Ambmm moR>m eI
boMo jma AmhoV.
AmKmoirm gm~UmV Ambmar ZgVo Va H$nS>o
Ywmm gm~UmV wV Ambmar AgVo.
gd gOrdmZm {d{dY {H$m H$amgmR>r D$O}Mr
AmdH$Vm AgVo.
D$OmXmr nmofo - {nQ> nXmW, oX
eara~mYUrg AmdH$ AgUmar nmofo - {WZo.
gajU XoUmar Am{U {ZU R>odUmar nmofo -
OrdZgdo Am{U I{ZOo.
nmof earamV KodyZ mMm dmna H$amm
gOrdmm {H$obm nmofU hUVmV.
~hg dZnVr dnmofr AgVmV Va gd mUr d
H$dHo$ nanmofr AgVmV.
nwT>rb yb^yV nmm gd mmo gmZ AgVmV.
1. nMZ 2. AdemofU
3. gmrH$aU 4. ~{h:jonU
gb+ Zmk`obme
wImnmgyZ AZ{bHo$Mr gwdmV hmoVo.
bmioVrb AmboO m {dH$amm gmhmmZo Q>mMMo
mQ>moO m gmm eH$aoV hmoVo.
OR>a ho BJOr Aja 'J' m AmH$mamMo AgVo.
OR>amm {^{mHo$o VrZ H$maMo OmR>a ag dVmV.
1. hmS>mobmo[aH$ Amb 2. nogrZ/{MH$a
1. yH$g
yH$g ho OR>amm AmVrb AVamMo hmS>mobmo[aH$
AmbmnmgyZ gajU H$aVo.
bhmZ AmVS>o hm AZ{bHo$Mm gdmV bm~ ^mJ Amho.
{nQ> nXmW, oX Am{U {WZmMo bhmZ AmVS>mV
nyUV: nMZ hmoVo.
earamVrb gdmV moR>r JWr H$V Amho.
H$VmVyZ {nmag mdVmo.
{nmag {nmmemV gmR>dVmV.
dmXqnS> dmXagmMo dU H$aVmV.
mV {Q>grZ ({WZmMo nMZ), bmnoO (oXmMo
{dKQ>Z) Am{U AmboO ({nQ> nXmW nMZ) hr
{dH$ao AgVmV.
{nm Am{U dmXag gmmBH$ Z{bHo$mao bhmZ
AmVS>mV doe H$aVmV.
bhmZ AmVS>mV nMZ{H$m nyU hmoVo.
{WZmMo $nmVa A{Zr AmbmV, O{Q>b {nQ>
nXmWmMo bwH$moOo Am{U oXmMo $nmVa oXmbmV
hmoVo.
AmVS>mm {^{mH$mZm ~moQ>mgmaIo bhmZ CMdQ>o
(CXdY) AgVmV.
bhmZ AmVS>mV CXdY (aVdm{hm) A emofyZ
KoVmV.
Z dmnabom bwH$moOMo $nmVa bmH$moOoZo
hmoVo.
Z nMbobo A moR>m AmVS>mH$S>o nmR>{dbo OmVo.
moR>m AmVS>mMr bm~r 1.5 rQ>a AgVo.
moR>m AmVS>mV jma d nmUr emofyZ KoVbo OmVo.
{ham dZnVr H$megbofU {H$mmao Amnbo
A Vma H$aVo.
dZnVr H$m~Z S>mAmgmBS> Am{U nmUr emofyZ
mMo {nQ> nXmWmV (bwH$moO) $nmVa H$aVmV.
hr {H$m h[aVmm gmhmmZo H$memV hmoVo.
017
 D$Om {i{dmgmR>r {nQ> nXmWmMm dmna Ho$bm
OmVmo.
Z dmnabobo {nQ> nXmWmMm Q>mMm $nmV gM
Ho$bm OmVmo.
ATP - A{S>Zmo{gZ Q>m $mo$Q>
dmidQ>mVrb dZnVr H$m~ZS>m AmgmBS> amr
emofyZ KoVmV.
gmrH$aU Pmbom AmnmgyZ D$Om wV H$amm {Zbm m {e{WbrH$aUmm do i r Ym V rb
{H$obm dgZ hUVmV.
noerdgZ (AV:dgZ) ho VVyH${UH$m hmoV.o
ObMa mUr nmmV {daKibom AmpgOZMm
dmna H$aVmV.
ObMa mmMr dmgmoN>dmgmMr JVr OmV AgVo.
w$w$gmV dmwH$moe AgVmV.
Oa w$w$gmVrb dmwH$moemMm nR>^mJ O{Zrda
ngabm Va Vmo gmYmaUnUo 80 Mm.r. EdT>m AgVmo.
mT> Vr EH$m {{ZQ>mV gamgar 15-20 doim
hUOoM {V{XZ 28,800 doim dmgmoN>dmg H$aVo.
dZnVrMr dgZ{H$oMr JVr mmm VwbZoV H$r
AgVo.
dZnVrMo yi, ImoS>, nmZo gdM Add dgZ
H$aVmV.
dZnVr dmyMr XodmUKodmU {dgaU {H$oZo hmoVo.
{Xdgm AmpgOZ moR>m mUmV wV hmoVmo.
AmpgOZ{edm KS>yZ oUmm dgZ{H$obm
bmH$m{b{gg (bwH$moOMo {dKQ>Z) hUVmV.
noerdgZ {H$oV {ZmU Pmbobr D$Om ATP d$nmV
gmR>dbr OmVo.
mm Yrb nXmWm m n[adhZmbm A{^gaU
hUVmV.
mZdmV aV hr d gmoOr D$Vr Amho.
mZdr X hm EH$ Zmy Add Amho.
XmMm AmH$ma wR>rEdT>m AgyZ dOZ 360 J
AgVo.
mZdr Xmg Mma H$no AgVmV.
{eam - An AmpgOZwV aV
{Zb - AmpgOZwV aV
PS>nmwio aV CbQ> {XeoZo OmV Zmhr.
C^Ma d ganQ>Umao mUr mMo X VrZ H$mZr
~Zbobo AgVo Va memMo X XmoZ H$mZr ~Zbobo
AgVo.
117
aV aVdm{hmm {^{mH$mda Omo Xm~ wV H$aVo
mg aVXm~ hUVmV.
Xm~ {eamnojm Ymo OmV AgVmo.
daMm aVXm~ 120 {r. AgVmo Va ImbMm aVXm~
70 {.r. AgVmo.
{Zbmm AmHw$MZmm doir YmVrb aVmda
AgUmam Xm~ hUOo daMm aVXm~ hmo.
aVmda AgUmam Xm~ hUOo ImbMm aVXm~
AgVmo.
Ym :- XmH$Sy>Z earamH$S>o ew aVmMo dhZ
H$aVmV.
- Ymm {^{mH$m OmS> d bd{MH$ AgVmV.
- {eamMo $nmVa aVHo${eH$mV hmoVo.
{eam - earamm {d{dY ^mJmH$Sy>Z aV XmH$S>o
dhZ H$aVmV.
- aVmda CMXm~ ZgVmo. H$maU PS>nm AgVmV.
- aVHo${eH$m EH$ odyZ {eam hmoVmV.
mZdr earamV OdiOdi 97,000 {H$bmorQ>a
bm~rm aVdm{hm AgVmV.
earamda OIom OmJr aVq~{~H$m aV JmoR>dVmV.
aVHo${eH$mm {^{mHo$VyZ aVdmVrb {WZo Omdy
eH$V ZmhrV. m dmVrb H$mhr ^mJ bhmZ mJmo
{eaVmo. m dmbm b{gH$m hUVmV.
b{gH$m {$H$Q> {ndm aJmMm d $V EH$mM
{XeoZo hUOoM D$VrH$Sy>Z XmH$S>o dmhVmo.
nmUr d I{ZOo wimm nR>^mJmo {eaVmV. mwio
noer VmR>a hmoVmV mwio bJVm noetda m Xm~
{ZmU H$aVmV. mg ybXm~ Ago hUVmV.
dZnVr m m hdo V rb ^mJm m $ V hUOo M
nmZmdarb nUaYmm$V ~mn$nmZo nmUr ~mhoa
Q>mH$VmV. mg ~mnmoN>dmg hUVmV.
dZnVr A{Zmo Ambo gmoSy>Z OmVrMo A yi,
$io Am{U {~mo gmR>dbo OmVo. m {H$og
nXmWmMo WbmVa hUVmV.
mZdr CgOZ gWoV dH$mMr OmoS>r, ydm{hZr
OmoS>r Am{U yme mMm gmdoe hmoVmo.
dH$mVrb JmimMr yb^yV {H$m H$aUmm
KQ>H$mbm Zo$mZ hUVmV.
H$VmV Vma Pmbobr w[am aVmV oVo.
Zmkd{
 dH$mVrb aVHo${eH$mm gyhmbm bmo$bg
hUVmV.
dH$ {ZH$mr Pmmg mbofU {H$oZo earamVrb
{dfmar ~mhoa H$mT>bo OmVmV.
dZnVr Q>mH$mD$ nXmW mm nmZmVrb [apVH$m,
w$bo, $io, ImoS>mm gmbrV gmR>{dVmV. ZVa ho
Add JiyZ nS>VmV. CXm. ami, qS>H$, {MH$ B.
H$mhr dZnVto Q>mH$mdy o H $ peA
AmgboQ>m ${Q>H$mm d$nmV AgVmV. mg
a$mBS>g hUVmV.
a$mBQ>g gwBm AmH$mamMo AgVmV mwio ImO
gwQ>Vo.
H$moUmhr ~hnoer gOrdmV {d{dY D$Vr gWm d
Add AgVmV.
BQ>V H$m e rbVo g mR>r gOrdmm {d{dY
gWmYrb gwmo gdmZo pWa AdWm AmIbr
OmVo. mbmM "gpWVr' Ago hUVmV.
bmOmiw g maIr dZnVr H $ nHw $ {MV hmbMmbr
hUVmV.
dobtMo VUmd ho negdoXr AgVmV.
H$memm {Xeo Z o dZnVtZr Xe { dbo m m
hmbMmbrg H$memZwdVu hmbMmb Ago hUVmV.
dZnVrV {O~ao{bg, gmQ>moH$m{Zg, A~{g{gH$
Amb hr goaH$ AmhoV.
ImoS>mm dmT>rgmR>r {O~ao{bZ XV H$aVo.
gmQ>moH$m{Zg noer {d^mOZmgmR>r CnmoJr nS>VmV.
A~{g{gH$ Amb ho goaH$ dmT> amoIVo qH$dm dmT>rMr
{H$m X H$aVo. nmZo H$mooOUo hr {H$m mwio KS>Vo.
hrZg-$m-Q>n d Xdq~X hr H$sQ>H$^jr dZnVr
Amho.
VoaS>m m dZnVrg mo doi oVmM $io w$Q>VmV d
{~m gd ngaVmV.
mZdr eara{H$mm gdmMo {ZU MoVm{ZU
d amgm{ZH$ {ZU m mao hmoVo.
mZdr MoVmMo |X, o$aOy d MoVm ho KQ>H$ AmhoV.
mZdr MoVmgWmMo dVu MoVmgWm, n[aKr
MoVmgWm d dmm MoVmgWm Ago VrZ ^mJ nS>VmV.
dVu MoVmgWm hr |X d o$aOy mZr ~Zbobr
AgyZ earamVrb gd {H$mMo {ZZ H$aVo.
n[aKr MoVmgWoV gd MoVmMm gmdoe hmoVmo.
gb+ Zmk`obme
dmm Mo V mg Wm X, OR>a, w $ w $ g B.
AddmVrb gd MoVmZr ~Zbobm Amho.
MoVmm H$mmZwgma mMo Andmhr MoVm d A{^dmhr
MoVm Ago H$ma nS>VmV.
A{^dmhr MoVm AmdoJmMo dhZ gdoXmnmgyZ |XnV
H$aVmV.
Andmhr MoVm |XnmgyZ gdoXmJmnV AmdoJmMo dhZ
H$aVmV.
MoVm m MoVmnoer d MoVm~Y mZr ~Zbobm AgVmo.
A{~mV MoVmgWm ZgVo.
hmS>m dZnVrV MoVmgWm mW{H$ AdWoV AgVo.
nmdaUmVrb EImm KQ>Zobm {Xbobm d[aV {VgmX
hUOo {V{jV {H$m hmo.
{V{jV {H$oV Oar gHo$V |XnV nomhmoMV Agbo
Var {V{jV {H$oMm mJ hm o$aOyoM Vma
hmoVmo.
o$aOybm H$eo$V^mMo hUOoM nmR>rm H$mMo
gajU {iVo.
|X m O{Q>b AddmMo VrZ ^mJ
1. AJ - pVH$ 2. - pVH$
3. nM - pVH$
AJ-pVH$ qH$dm pVH$ hm |XMm {dMma
H$amMr jVm Agbobm wI ^mJ Amho.
aVm{^gaU, dgZ, qeH$Uo mgmam {ZU
ZgUmm {H$m m nM-|XMm Cn^mJ Agbom
b~Oomao {Z{V Ho$m OmVmV.
H$sQ>H$mMo AdWmVa ho goaH$mm {ZUmZo KSy>Z
oVo.
~oS>H$mo WmamBS> goaH$mm dUmwio qS>^H$mMo
mT> ~oS>H$mV $nmVa hmoVo.
goaH$mMo dU hmomMo mU d dU hmomMr
doi mMo {ZZ nMXm Uomao Ho$bo OmVo.
OZZmVrb yb^yV {H$m hUOo S>r.EZ.E. Mr V
Vma H$aUo.
OZZmVrb yi S>r.EZ.E.Mr V Vma hmoUmm
S>r.EZ.E. er VVmoVV OwiUmar ZgVo.
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H$ma nS>VmV.
Ab{JH$ OZZmV EH$m OZH$mnmgyZ ZdrZ OrdmMr
{Z{Vr hmoVo.
217
 ZdOmV noer VVmoVV yi noergmaIr AgVo.
Ab{JH$ OZZ doJmZo hmoVo.
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{H$dmV H${bH$mZ nVrZo OZZ hmoVo.
I S > r ^dZmw i o nmamo J mamMo AZo H $ I S > m o
{d^mOZ hmoV.o
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d ZdrZ bZo[am Vma hmoVmo. mg nwZOZZ hUVmV
OZZ Zmhr.
hmS>mo hm gOrd wHw$bmZ nVrZo OZZ H$aVmo.
~Q>mQ>mMo S>momnmgyZ (wHw$bmnmgyZ) OZZ hmoVo.
~mmo$mb (nmZw$Q>r) m dZnVtm nmZmm
H$S>mnmgyZ OZZ hmoVo.
yH$aMo OZZ ~rOmUyYmZrnmgyZ hmoVo.
bmoqZJ OZH$ noerm earamVrb EH$m n[and
noernmgyZ OZwH$sQ>m gmZ AgUmm gnyU
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mUr hmo.
b{JH$ OZZmV AYJwUgyr {d^mOZ d $bZ ho
XmoZ ^mJ hmoVmV.
noer {d^mOZ doiog AYJwUgyr {d^mOZ KSy>Z oVo.
y$b ho dZnVrYrb b{JH$ OZZmMo H$mmH$
EH$H$ Amho.
w$bmMo {ZXbnwO, XbnwO, nwHo$ga d rHo$ga ho
^mJ nS>VmV.
w$bmVrb rHo$ga hm rqbJr ^mJ AgVmo Va nwHo$ga
hm nwpbJr ^mJ AgVmo.
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XmoZ w$bmV KSy>Z oVo.
nanamJU - XmoZ {^ dZnVtYrb w$bmo KSy>Z
oVo.
^yUmV ZdrZ dZnVr {dH${gV hmomMr jVm AgVo.
~rOmS>mMo $nmVa ~rOmV Va AS>memMo $nmVa $imV
hmoVo.
dfU d {eZ ho mZdr nwf OZZ gWoMo wI
Add AmhoV.
317
dfU Q>oQ>moQ>oamZ goaH$ dVo.
ho goaH$ VmmdWogmR>r CnmoJr AgVo.
dr ewH$mUyMo nmofU d ewH$mUym hmbMmbrg XV
H$aVo.
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~Zbobo AgVo.
S>moHo$ m ^mJmV OZwH$s m{hVrMm gmR>m AgVmo.
Ym ^mJmV VVwH${UH$ D$Om {ZmU H$amgmR>r
AgVmV Va eonyQ> H$em{^Ho$gmZ AgVo.
moZr hr moZrmJ Vo J^memnV AgUmar Zmyw V
Z{bH$m Amho.
J^memm da S>mm d COm ~mOyg AgUmao
AS>mH$Vr Add hUOo AS>me hmo.
AS>me EQ>moOZ goaH$ dVo.
AS>me oH$ {hmV EH$ AS>ne o r (r-~rO)
AS>Z{bHo$V gmoS>Vo.
rm Omm doir AS>emV OdiOdi 20 Vo
40 bmI AS>noer AgVmV. OmZVa AS>noetMr
{Z{Vr hmoV Zmhr.
AS>noerMo ewH$mUymao $bZ hmodyZ wZO Vma
hmoVmo.
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Vma hmoUmar Xmohr wbo qH$dm Xmohr wbr Agy eH$VmV.
hr EH$gmaIr {XgVmV.
XmoZ AS>noermao $bZ hmodyZ XmoZ ~mbH$mMm {dH$mg
hmoVmo. hr wbo EH$ wbJm d EH$ wbJr Aer Agy
eH$VmV. Vr EH$gmaIr {Xgy eH$V ZmhrV.
b{JH$ g~YmVyZ {ZmU hmoUmm amoJmMm (STD)
gma hmoVmo.
gr{${bg, JmoZmohum, ES>g hr STD Mr CXmhaUo
AmhoV.
J^ Y maUm Q> m imgmR> r Vgo M b { JH$ Amamo
amImgmR>r H$S>mo, Vm|S>mdmQ>o KoVm OmUmm
Jmom d H$mna Q>r m gmYZmMm dmna H$aVmV.
AZwd{eH$ ^oX oUmm {nT>mVrb gXmo
EH$dQ>V OmVmV.
Ab{JH$ nwZnmXZmZo Oo gOrd {ZmU hmoVmV
mmV IynM gm d $maM H$r ^oX {XgyZ oVmV.
JoJa OmohmZ |S>ob (20 Owb 1822 - 6 OmZodmar
1884) hm AJpQ>{ZZ Ym}nXoeH$ d dkm{ZH$ hmoVm.
Zmkd{
 mZr dmQ>mmm amonmda AmZwd{eH$VoMm Amg
Ho$bm. mZr md$Z H$mhr {gmV mS>bo d AmYw{ZH$
AZwdeemmMm nmm KmVbm.
DNA o OZwH$ m{hVrgmR>m AgVmo.
oH$ dmQ>mmm PmS>mV gd OZwH$mMo XmoZ gM
AgVmV m wH$mo OZwH$mMm EH$M gM AgVmo.
H$mhr gOrd qbJ{ZpMVrgmR>r nyUnUo nmdaUmda
Adb~yZ AgVmV. m H$mhr gOrdmV ${bV AS>r
m VmnmZmbm R>odbr OmVmV Vo VmnmZ gVVrMo
{bJ R>a{dV AgVo.
mZdmV JwUgymm 23 OmoS>m hUOo 46 JwUgyo
AgVmV.
23 dr OmoS>r qbJJwUgymMr AgVo.
mZdmVrb nwfmo x d y Aer JwUgyo AgVmV
x bm~ Va y AmIyS> JwUgy AgVo.
mZdr ro XmoZ gmZ JwUgyo (x) hr AgVmV.
wbJm AWdm wbJr hmomMr eVm 50% AgVo.
JwUgy gH${V x Agob Va wbJr d y Agob Va
wbJm hmoVmo.
njr d nVJ w$bnmIao mgmaIo H$sQ>H$ mmV
rH$Sy>Z oUmao JwUgy gVVrMo qbJ R>adVo.
H$mhr mgo , C^Ma d njr m o qbJmMr
CbQ>mnmbQ> AmT>iVo.
Oo gOrd g^modVmbm n[apWVrer OwidyZ Kody
eH$V ZmhrV mZm OJmMm hH$ Zmhr, hm {ZgJmMm
{Z Amho.
ndrda n{hbm gOrd nXmW gwmV {ZmU Pmbm.
AmO AmnUmg {dH$mgmMm 300 H$moQ>rMm n[anmH$
{XgVmo.
mH$S>hmS> (A{dH${gV eonyQ>) md$Z mH$S> d mZd
mMo nydO EH$M AgmdoV Ago gy{MV hmoVo.
mUgmMo nydO Z {eObobo, H$Mo A ImV hmoVo.
mV gowbmoO mU ~mnH$s hmoVo. VU^jH$
mmV gowbmoO nMZ H$amg CnwV AgUmam
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(An|S>rg) ZmdmZo Adeofr $nmV AmT>iVmo.
B{S>Z nmBn ZmdmMr dZnVr h[aV Jmdmwio
naOrdr OrdZ OJVo.
S>H${~b bQ>rng hm gVZ mUr AS>r KmbVmo.
qbJ{$e hm Agbm Var w$w$gmmao dgZ
H$aVmo. hmhr gVZ mUr Amho.
gb+ Zmk`obme
Mmbg am~Q> S>m{dZ (12 o$~wdmar 1809 - 19 E{b
1882) m BJOr OrdemmZo CH$mVrMm {gmV
mS>bm. (Zg{JH$ {ZdS>rMm {gmV) - 1859 o
"AmZ Xr AmoarOrZ Am$ nogrO' hm JW H$m{eV
Pmbm.
bmH$dmX (bmH$) mZo AZwdedmX mZo Aer
H$nZm mS>br H$s OrdZH$mimV Oo JwU mZo gnm{XV
Ho$bo Vo gVVrH$S>o gH${V H$aVm oVmV. mbmM
"gnm{XV JwUmMm AZwde' hUVmV.
m {gmVmg |$M Ordemk OrZ ~mQ>rQ> bmH$
mm Zmdmd$Z AmoiIbo OmVo.
XfUmMo hdm, nmUr, OrZ, maUo, dZr Ago H$ma
nS>VmV.
XfU - n[agWobm hm{ZH$maH$ Ago Zg{JH$
nmdaUmMo X{fVrH$aU hmoUo mg XfU hUVmV.
XfHo$ - n[agWom Zg{JH$ H$mmV AS>Wim
AmUUmm d dZnVr, mUr VgoM mZdmda KmVH$
n[aUm KS>dUmm nXmWmZm XfHo$ hUVmV.
hdom XfUmMo CJmZwgma mW{H$ XfU, X
XfU Ago XmoZ H$ma nS>VmV.
mW{H$ XfHo$ - j moVmnmgyZ Cg{OV
hmoVmV. CXm. amI, Yya, Yyi, {H$aUmogmar nXmW,
H$m~Z, JYH$ ZmQ>moOZ.
X XfHo$ - dmVmdaUmVrb KQ>H$mm amgm{ZH$
A[^{H$oVyZ Vma hmoVmV. CXm. SO3, O3 hmS>moOZ
gmZmBS>, noampgAgoQ>rb ZmQ>oQ>, {H$Q>mog B.
nXmWmm AdWoZwgma dmw$n XfHo$ d H$U$n
XfHo$ Ago H$ma nS>VmV.
dmy$n XfHo$ - CO, CO2 B.
H$U$n XfHo$ - bhmZ dq~X, KZ$n H$UnXmW
d Xmohm|Mo {lU
hdo m X f UmMo mo V mZw g ma Z g {J H $ mo V d
mZd{Z{V moV Ago H$ma nS>VmV.
dmbmwIrMm CoH$ d YwirMr dmXio hr Zg{JH$
moV AmhoV.
^maVmV Xadfu hdom XfUmwio 5,27,700 yMr
Zm|X hmoVo.
WHO gKQ>ZoZwgma XfUmwio hmoUmm ym
mUmV MrZ, ^maV, Ao[aH$m AZwH$o n{hbm, Xgam
d {Vgam H$mH$ bmJVmo.
417
 50% nojm OmV hdm XfU dmhZmwio hmoVo.
{Xdmirm {XdgmV SO2Mo hdoVrb mU 200
nQ>rZo OmV AgVo. Agm {ZH$f WHO Ho$bm Amho.
XfUmMm dZnVtdagwm n[aUm hmoVmo. dZnVtMr
dmT> IwQ>Vo d nmZo {ndir nS>VmV qH$dm aJhrZ hmoVmV.
OJbVmoS> d BYZmm dbZmVyZ CO2 Mo mU
dmT>Vo.
nmdgmm nmmV Zm{Q>H$ d gw[aH$ AmbmMo
mU Agmg mbm Ambdfm Ago hUVmV.
AmbwV nmdgmwio XoMr d nmmMr gmR>mMr
AmbVm dmT>Vo.
bmo a mo bw A mo a mo H $m~ Z Yrb bmo a rZm AUw w i o
AmoPmoZ WamMm Zme hmoVmo.
CFC hm dmy 1995 nydu erVJh,o erVo dmVmZwH$y bZ
o mV dmna hmoVmo.
AQ>mpQ>H$mOdi AmoPmoZm Wambm ^JXmS> nS>bo
Amho.
A{V{Zb {H$aUmwio H$H$amoJ, moVrq~X AmOma hmoVmV.
ndrd$Z namd{VV Pmbobo H$mhr AdaV {H$aU
CO2, CH4 d dmVmdaUmVrb ~mnmmao emofbo OmVmV
d CUVom $nmV nwhm ndrH$S>o naV oVmV. mwio
CUVmmZ dmT>Vo mg "h[aVJh n[aUm' Ago
hUVmV.
h[aVJh n[aUm m dmywio KS>Vmo mg "h[aVJh
dmy' Ago hUVmV.
ObXfUmMo VrZ H$ma nS>VmV.
O{dH$, Ag|r d g|r hmoV.
1. O{dH$ ObXfHo$ - edmb, OrdmUy d {dfmUy
mwio O{dH$ ObXfU KS>V.o
2. Ag|{ Ob XfHo$ - dmiy, YwbrH$U, mVrMo
H$U, jmamMm gmH$m, Amg}{ZH$, H$S>{A, {ego,
nmam B. XfHo$.
3. g|{ Ob XfHo$ - VUZmeHo$ d H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$
mmwio nmUr X{fV hmoVo. B. XfHo$.
7 AmJQ> 2010 amoOr E.Eg.gr. {Mm m mbdmh
OhmOmMr E.hr. I{b{Om OhmOmer Q>H$a hmodZy
800 Q>Z VobmMr JiVr Pmbr.
Xm XfUmMo moV H$maImmVrb CgOHo$, KaJwVr
Q>mH$mD$ nXmW, IVmMm ~ogwma dmna, Od dH$s
Q>mH$mD$ nXmW, H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$ hmoV.
517
dZr XfUmMo H$maImmwio hmoUmao dZrXfU d
H$maImZoVa dZr XfUmV KamKamVrb {d{dY
CnH$aUmwio hmoUmao XfU mMm gmdoe hmoVmo.
dZr XfUmMo ldUeVrda hmoUmao n[aUm, ldUoVa
n[aUm ({MS>{MS>, AdWVm, mZ{gH$ AgVwbZ),
emar[aH$ n[aUm mMm gmdoe hmoVmo.
mZdr H$VtYyZ CM D$Om^m[aV H$U hdm, nmUr d
Xm mV {gibo OmVmV. mg {H$aUmogmamwio
KS>Umao XfU hUVmV.
{H$aUmogmar XfUmwio S>r.EZ.E. da n[aUm hmoVmo.
Ob XfU {V~Y d {ZU A{Y{Z - 1974
hdm XfU {V~Y d {ZU A{Y{Z - 1981
nmdaU gajU A{Y{Z - 1986
XfUmda {ZU R>odmMo H$m hmamQ> XfU
{ZmH$ S>i d H|$r XfU {ZmH$ S>i hr
emgH$s gWm H$aVo.
X f U {Z U H$amgmR>r S>Q> H$bo Q>a,
BboQ>mo Q>Q >rH$ o{g{nQ>Qo >a doQ>, H$~a B. dmna H$aVmV.
oea Hw$H$am PmH$Umwio dm$ ~{XV hmoVo. dmo$wio
Xm~ dmT>Vmo d OmV CUVm {ZmU hmoVo. A ObX
{eOVo. BYZ d doioMr ~MV hmoVo.
gma Ob VmnH$mV gma {dwVKQ>mnmgyZ ~Zdbobr
VmdXmZo AgVmV.
{dwVKQ> {g{bH$mZMo AgVmV d gmaD$Om AS>dVmV.
g|r H$Mam, eoU mnmgyZ O{dH$ dmy Vma H$aVmV.
m {Z{VrV amim (Slurry) XoIrb Vma hmoVmo. ho
MmJbo IV Amho.
WBCSD : World Business Council for
Sustainable Development.
1992 o nmdaU H$mjVm (Eco-etticieocy)
hr gkm dmnabr.
nmdaU H$mjVm gm H$amgmR>r nmr H$m
mbmMm dmna H$amdm. nwZZdrH$aUr D$OmmoV
dmnamdm. XfU amoImgmR>r VkmZ dmnamdo, Q>mH$mD$
nXmWmMm nwZdmna d nwZMH$sH$aU H$amdo, {Q>H$mdy
dVy dmnammV.
nwZZdrH$aU D$Om moVmnmgyZ {ZmU hmoUmm {dwV
D$O}g "h[aVeVr' hUVmV.
gmIa H$maImmV D$gmMm 30% ^mJ {MnmS>o AgVmo.
{MnmS>oMm dmna ~mba (Boiler) Mo BYZ d H$mJX
d BWoZmb hUyZ H$aVmV.
Zmkd{
 BWoZmb - Jh, H$m, ~Q>mQ>m VgoM D$g mm {H$dZ
{H$oZo BWoZmb {iVo.
BWoZmb noQ>mob d {S>Pob o {gibo OmVo.
Owm Q>maMo nwZMH$sH$aU H$$Z H$sS>mJUmMm Q>UH$
nR>^mJ Za Ho$bm OmVmo. IoimV gwa{jVVm dmT>Vo.
OmJ{VH$ nmdaU d {dH$mg AmmoJmZo 1987 o
emdV {dH$mgmMr mm Ho$br Amho.
^maV gaH$maZo 1977 gmbr noQ>mo{b gdYZ d
gemoYZ PCRA Mr WmnZm Ho$br.
PCRA = Petroleum Conservation Research
Association.
ndrda 70% ^mJ nmmMm Amho. mVrb 3%
^mJ JmoS>o nmUr Amho. mnH$s $V 1% ^mJ ghO
CnbY Amho.
nmdaU {Mh (nwZMH$sH$aU)
bmoH$goMm {d$moQ> ho gmYZgnmrm hmgmMo,
nmdaUmm hmZrMo d XfUmMo yi H$maU Amho.
bmoH$gm {ZUmgmR>r MrZZo EH$M yb ho YmoaU
Adb~bo hmoVo.
Ao[aHo$Mr bmoH$gm OJmm 5% Amho. nU
OJmVrb 20% gmYZgnmrMm CnmoJ hmoVmo.
OJmVrb 500 Xebj gJUH$mV 2.87 AO {H$.J.
bpQ>H$, 7115.7 Xebj {H$.J. {ego d 286700
{H$.J . nmam AgVmo Va gd g mYmaU 14 B M
m{ZQ>aYrb Q>y~o AXmOo 2.5 Vo 4 {H$.J.
{ego AgVo.
n{hbr mZdr nmdaU n[afX (UNCHE) Q>mH$
hmo, pdS>Z oWo 5 OyZ Vo 16 OyZ 1972 XamZ
KomV Ambr. m n[afXog 113 Xoemm {V{ZYtZr,
gWmZr hOoar bmdbr.
m n[afXoV amQ>gK nmdaU H$mH$mMr (United
Nations Environmental Progromme
(UNEP) WmnZm Pmbr.
VH$mbrZ ^maVmm nVYmZ B{Xam JmYr Q>moH$hmo
n[afXog hOa hmom.
nmdaU gajU d gdYZmgmR>r "KQ>ZmH$ VaVyX'
H$aUmam ^maV hm OJmVrb n{hbm Xoe Amho.
1976 gmbr g{dYmZmm Mmm ^mJmV H$b 48A
gm{dQ> H$amV Ambm. ammZr nmdaU gajU
d gwYmaUogmR>r Z Ho$bo nm{hOoV Am{U XoemgmR>r
OJb d dZgnmrMo ajU Ho$bo nm{hOo.
gb+ Zmk`obme
H$b 49 Zwgma "amQ>r hd Agbobr maHo$
Am{U OmJm d dVy mMo gajU H$bmH$ qH$dm
Eo{Vhm{gH$ hdmm oH$ maH$mMo qH$dm OmJoMo
AWdm dVyMo gajU ammZm ~YZH$maH$ Amho.'
H$b 51A(g) yb^yV H$V - ZmJ[aH$mda nmdaU
gajU d gwYmaUoMr gmZ O~m~Xmar H$aUo mZwgma
"OJbo, Vir, Zm Am{U dZgnmr mgh Zg{JH$
nmdaUmMo gajU d gwYmaUm H$aUo Am{U gOrd
mUrmmda Xm XmIdUo ho oH$ ^maVr ZmJ[aH$mMo
H$V Amho.
H$b 51A(f) yb^yV H$V "Amnm g dm
g{l gmH${VH$ dmaemMo mob OmUUo d mMr OnUyH$
H$aUo ho oH$ ^maVr ZmJ[aH$mMo H$V Amho.'
1980 gmbr ^maVmV nmdaU {d^mJmMr WmnZm
Ho$br.
1985 gmbr mMo nmVa "nmdaU d dZo' mbmV
Pmbo.
nmUr (XfU {V~Y d {ZU) H$mXm 1974
m H$mmdo "H|$r XfU {ZU S>i (Cen-
tral Pollution (Control) Board-PCB) d am
XfU {ZU S>i (State Pollution Control
Board-SPCB) WmnZ H$amV Ambo.
"hmamQ> d XfU {ZU S>i' Maharashtra
Pollution Control Board) MPCB Mr WmnZm
H$amV Ambr.
hdm (XfU {V~Y d {ZU) H$mXm 1981 :
ggXoZo 1981 gmbr H$mXm gV Ho$bm.
H|$r XfU S>i CPCB hdm XfU mZmH$Z
R>adVo, VnmgVo, {ZU, mmbmV Xmdm H$amMo
H$m H$aVo.
nmdaU (gajU) H$mXm 1986 ^monmi dmy
XKQ>ZoZVa H$mXm H$amV Ambm.
H|$ gaH$ma nmdaU JwUdmo~m~V mZmH$Z R>adVo.
KmVH$ H$Mam (hmVmiUr Am{U dWmnZ) {Z
1989, 28 Owb 1949 amoOr A{Ygy{MV H$amV
Ambr.
hdm d nmUr m H$mmV gm{dQ> Zgbom
H$MmMm gmdoe hmoVmo.
dZr XfU ({Z Am{U {ZU) {Z 2000
dZr XfU - 2000 Zwgma amr 10 Vo gH$mir 6
d{ZjonH$mm dmnamda ~Xr Amho.
617

MPSC _`o {dMmacoco Z
ghmH$ nyd narjm 29 gQ>|~a 2013
1. ImcrcnH$s H$moUVm ~Xc ^m{VH$ d$nmV
Zmhr.
(1) YZ nXmWmMo d nXmWm_`o dU hmoUo.
(2) d$nmMo dm`w$nmV ~mnr^dZ hmoUo.
(3) dm`w$nmMo d$nmV drH$aU hmoUo.
(4) nXmWmMo AdH$_U hmoVo.
Cma - 4) nXmWmMo AdH$_U hmoUo.
{dcofU
^m{VH$ ~Xc
- ^m{VH$ ~Xc ho ghgm Reversible AgVmV.
- nXmWmMr KZVm, AdWm, AmH$ma_mZ `m
^m{VH$ JwUY_mV ^m{VH$ ~Xc KSy>Z `oV AgVmV.
2. BcopQ>H$ {hQ>tJ Ecr_|Q> gmYmaUV: H$moU`m
YmVwnmgyZ ~Z{dcoco AgVmV.
(1) Q>JQ>Z (2) ~mP
(3) Zm`H$mo_ (4) AmaJmZ
Cma - 3) Zm`H$mo_
{dcofU
Zm`H$mo_
- Zm`H$mo_ ho {ZHo$c + H$mo{_A_ + cmoh `m`m
g{_lUmVyZ V`ma hmoVo.
- Electric matches, Model Rocket Ig-
niters Ceramics `m CnH$aUmV Zm`H$mo_Mm dmna
hmoVmo. darc CnH$aUmMm dmna {dwV CO}VZy CUVm
CO}V ~Xc H$a`mgmR>r hmoVmo.
- Zm`H$mo_Mm dmna Dental Treatment _`o
XoIrc hmoVmo.
3. {dOoMr CnH$aUo d d`nmH$mVrc ^mS>mMo
hS>c `mnmgyZ ~ZdVmV Vo ~oH$cmBQ> nmcr_a
H$emnmgyZ V`ma H$aVmV?
(1) phZrc cmoamBS> d B{WcrZ
(2) phZrc cmoamBS> d monrcrZ
(3) {ZAmo{Z d Q>o{Q>Z
(4) {\$Zmc d \$m_c{S>hmBS>
717
Cma - 4) {\$Zmc d \$m_c{S>hmBS>
{dcofU ~oH$cmBQ>
- 1906 gmcr ~oH$cS> `m emkmZo V`ma
Ho$coco n{hco cpQ>H$
- amgm`{ZH$ gy = (C6H6O - CH2O)
- ~oH$cmBQ> {dOoMo Cm_ Xdmh Ag`mZo `mMm
dmna {dOoMr ~Q>Uo, Q>o{c\$moZ ~mgog B. V`ma
H$a`mgmR>r hmoVmo.
4. hm`S>monmda cQ> _`o :
(1) J{VO CO}Mo {dwV CO}V $nmVa hmoVo.
(2) {dwV D$Om nm`mVyZ H$mT>cr OmVo.
(3) nm`mMo dm\o$V $nmVa H$$Z {dwV D$Om
V`ma Ho$cr OmVo.
(4) nmoQ>oZ{e`c D$O}Mo $nmVa {dwV D$O}V Ho$co
OmVo.
Cma - 4) nmoQ>oZ{e`c D$O}Mo $nmVa {dwV
D$O}V Ho$co OmVo.
{dcofU hm`S>monmda cQ> :
- YaUmVrc pWa nm`mcm CVmamd$Z gmoSy>Z
JVr mV H$$Z {Xcr OmVo.
- Ago JVrO nmUr YaUm`m nm``mer
~gdco`m Q>~mBZda gmoSy>Z Q>~mBgMr nmVr
{\$aVmV. `m_m\$V Q>~mBg JVrO D$O}Mo $nmVa
{dwV D$O}V Ho$co OmVo.
- hm`S>monmda cQ> _`o {Z_mU hmoUmar D$Om
_moO`mgmR>r Imcr gymMm dmna H$aVmV.
Kintic Energy K. E. = mgh
5. AUw^>r _`o hmoUmar D$Om {Z{_Vr `m_wio
hmoV.o
(1) CXm{gZrH$aU A{^{H$`m
(2) H|$H$s` {dIS>Z
(3) amgm`{ZH$ {H$`m
(4) {dWmnZ {H$`m
Cma - 2) H|$H$s` {dIS>Z
{dcofU H|$H$s` {dIS>Z
- EImm OS> ApWa _yc`mda `yQ>mgMm
_mam Ho$cm OmVmo. `mdoir H|$H$mMo {dIS>Z hmoD$Z
MS> _mUmV D$Om {Z_mU hmoVo.
- {dI S >ZmVy Z {Z_m U hmo U m`m {dI S >Z
Zmkd{
 CnmXZmMo dVw_mZ _yi _yc`mnojm H$_r AgVo. (2) Vo Yya{da{hV OiVmo.
- dVw_mZmVrc darc \$aH$mMo nmVa D$O}V (3) Vmo H$moUVmhr {dfmar dm`y V`ma H$arV Zmhr.
hmoVo, Vr D$Om _moO`mgmR>r AmBZQ>mBZ `mZr darcnH$s H$moUVo {dYmZ/{dYmZo ~amo~a
OJ{g E = mc2 ho gy V`ma Ho$co. AmhoV?
E = {Z_mU Pmcocr D$Om 1) \$V (1) ~amo~a 2) 2 d 3 ~amo~a
M = dVw_mZmVrc KQ> 3) 1 d 2 ~amo~a 4) 1, 2, 3 ~amo~a
C = H$memMm doJ Cma - 2) 2 d 3 ~amo~a
- AUw^>rVrc {dIS>Z {Z`{V AgVo. `mgmBr {dcofU Zg{JH$ dm`y
{Z_mU Pmco`m `yQ>mgMo emofU H$a`mgmR>r - H$cmoar{\$H$ h`y `m dm`yMr gdm{YH$
H${S>`_`m amS>Mm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. AgVo.
6. AS>o nm`m_`o R>odco AgVm \w$JVo, nU Oa Vo - `m dm`yV {_WoZ gdm{YH$ Va An _mUmV
{_R>m`m nm`mV R>odco Va `mMo AmHw$MZ BWoZ, monoZ d `yQ>oZ AgVmo.
hmoV.o ho ImcrcnH$s H$moU`m JwUY_m_i w o hmoV?
o - Zg{JH$ dm`y`m dcZmZo CO2 d H2O
(1) namgaU (2) nR>VmU V`ma hmoV Ag`mZo ho n`mdaU Q>rZo `mo` BYZ
(3) AndVZmH$ (4) dm{hVm Amho.
Cma - 1) namgaU 9. AmYw{ZH$ AmdVgmaUr_`o _yc`mMr _mS>Ur
{dcofU namgaU hr ............ Zwgma H$aVmV.
- namgaU hr `m{H$ {H$`m Amho. `m_wio (1) AUwdVw_mZ (2) `yQ>mZMr g`m
noercm D$Om IM Z H$aVm nmUr mV hmoVo. (3) AUwAH$ (4) JwUY_
- namgaU_`o nm`mMo A{YH$ _mU Cma - 3) AUwAH $
Agco `m ^mJmH$Sy > Z , nm`mMo _mU H$_r {dcofU AmYw{ZH$ AmdVgmaUr
Agco`m ^mJmH$S>o {ZdS>j_ nmanQ>cmVyZ hmoUmao - _|{S>{chMm AmdV{Z`_m_`o gwYmaUm H$$Z
nm`mMo dmg. AmYw{ZH$ AmdVgmaUr {Z_mU H$a`mV Amcr.
7. gmocma goc H$emngyZ ~Zcoco AgVmV? - `m_`o ""_yc`mMo ^m{VH$ d amgm`{ZH$
(1) H$S>Q>a (2) BgwcoQ>a JwUY_ ho `m`m AUwAH$mMo AmdVu\$c Amho.''
(3) go_rH$S>Q>a (4) gwnaH$S>Q>a 10. JmSy>i hm mUr H$moU`m gKmV `oVmo?
Cma - 3) go_r H$S>Q>a (1) nmo[a\o$am (2) {gc|Q>oamoQ>m
{dcofU Solar Cells (3) A{Z{cS>m (4) _mocwH$m
- gmocma goc {g{cH$mZnmgyZ ~Z{dcoco AgVmV Cma - 3) A{Z{cS>m
d `mV go_r H$S>Q>aMm dmna Ho$cm OmV Ago. {dcofU Phylum Annelido
- gy` {H$aUmVrc \$moQ>mg `m go_r H$S>Q>ada - mUr g_w, JmoS>m nm`mV qH$dm O{_Zrda
nS>co AgVm VoWo {d^dmVa {Z_mU hmoVo. Agy eH$VmV.
- `m_`o goc_m\$V gma D$O}Mo $nmVa {dwV - m`mMo OZZ c{JH$ H$maMo AgVo.
D$O}V hmoVo. - `m m`mV gdgmYmaU B{` gWm AgVo.
- ^maVr` WmZ CUH${Q>~YmV Ag`mZo gma - mUr cm~Q>, XS>mH$Vr, {Var AgVmV.
D$O}Mo CnmXZ/{Z{_Vr ^maVmV _moR>m _mUmV 9.5 JmwSy>i, crM B.
hmoD$ eH$Vo. 11. "S>mgoam' dZnVr, hr dZnVr`m Hw$R>`m
8. ZMac Jg hm Cm_ Jg Amho. H$maU; dJm_`o Amho?
(1) `mMr H$cmoar\$sH$ h`y H$_r Amho. (1) d`nmo{fV dZnVr (2) naOrdr dZnVr

gb+ Zmk`obme 817

 (3) H$sQ>H$^jH$ dZnVr (4) `mnH$s Zmhr. 14. A nXmWmMr D$Om ...... `m n[a_mUmV _moOcr
Cma - 3) {H$Q>H$^jH$ dZnVr OmVo.
{dcofU S>mgoam (1) AJ (2) Hy$c_
- `m dZnVr H$sQ>H$^jH$ AgVmV. (3) {H$cmo`yc (4) H$carO
- H$sQ>H$ nmZmda ~gVmM nmZmdarc VVHw $o `mZm Cma - 4) H$carO
AmV AmoTy>Z KoVmV. {dcofU H$carO
- `m dZnVr `m ^mJmV AgVmV `m {R>H$mUr - EH$ J_ dVw_mZm`m nm`mMo Vmn_mZ EH$
Zm`Q>moOZMr H$_VaVm AgVo. `m_wio ho Zm`Q>moOZ {S>JrZo dmT>{d`mg cmJUmar CUVm hUOo 1
{_i{d`mgmR>r _oKmc` ^mJmV {H$Q>H$mMm dmna H$car hmo`.
`m H$aVmV. CXm. KQ>nUu. - _mZdr earamMr AnXmWmVyZ {_iUmar
12. _mZdr earamrc gdmV cm~ noer H$moUVr? Amd`H$ D$Om ehar ^mJmV 2100 H$ca Va
(1) AS>noer (2) _oXmnoer Jm_rU ^mJmV 2400 H$car Amho.
(3) ewH$noer (4) MoVmnoer 15. Amamo` {ejU .............. er g~{ YV Zmhr.
Cma - 4) MoVmnoer (1) cmoH$mMo Xm$Mo `gZ.
{dcofU MoVmnoer (2) CKS>mda emMmg ~gUo.
- _mZdr earamVrc gdmV chmZ d _hdmMm (3) `gZo d Xm[a (4) nm`mMo XfU
^mJ hUOo noer. (5) Yw_n mZmMr gd`
- `m noer nH$s MoVmnoer gdmV cm~ AgyZ (6) mW{_H$ Amamo` godoMr gmo`
`mMr cm~r EH$ _rQ>an`V AgVo. (7) cmoH$mMo cgrH$aU
- `m noer {Z_mU Pmco`m CVrnmgyZ _|X, (8) Hw$Qw>~{Z`moOZ e{H$`m
MoVmaOynmgyZ d MoVmVVy `mMr {Z{_Vr hmoVo. 1) \$V 1 d 3 2) \$V 4 d 5
- earam`m MoVZmj_Vm_`o `mMm _hdmMm 3) \$V 2 d 4 4) \$V 6 d 8
gh^mJ AgVmo. Cma - 4) $V 6 d 8
- MoVmnoerV H|$H$ d noer` AgVo. {dcofU cgrH$aU
13. _mZdr S>mo`mMm H$moUVm ^mJ AmV `oUm`m - nwT>rc Ymo`mnmgyZ gajUmgmR>r cgrH$aU
{H$aUmZm {Z`{V H$aVmo? Amd`H$ Amho.
(1) H$moa{ZAm (2) Am`[ag - `mMm dmna Amamo` {ejUmer g~{YV ZgyZ
(3) `wnrc (4) aoQ>rZm Amamo` VXV amI`mgmR>r hmoVmo.
Cma - 2) Am`[ag - `mMm Cn`moJ nmo{cAmo _`o Ho$cm Jocm.
{dcofU _mZdr S>moim Hw$Qw>~{Z`moOZ
1) Cornea - H$memMo AndVZ BWo KS>Vo. - cmoH$g`m dmT>rg Amim Kmc`mgmR>r darc
2) lris - ~w~wi ho S>mo`m`m ~mhcrda {Z`U e{H$`m Amd`H$ Amho.
R>odVo. - `mMm g~Y amQ>r` cmoH$g`m YmoaUmer
3) Pupil - ZdZ`m n[apWVrer OwidyZ Ko`mMo Amho.
`mMo H$m_ AgVo. {dH$sH$a {ZarjH$ nyd narjm 22 {S>g|~a 2013
4) Lence - H$memMo A{^gaU H$$Z `mMr
{V_m WoQ> nS>mda V`ma H$a`mg _XV H$aVo. 1. X`{dH$mamMm PQ>H$m `oD$ Z`o hUyZ ..........
5) Retina - `mda {V_m dmVd d CcQ>r ho AmfY dmnaVmV.
nS>Vo. (1) Z{c{S>pgH$ A{gS> (2) ApnarZ

917 Zmkd{
 (3) nam{gQ>_mc (4) aZQ>H$ 1. `m aVdm{h`m {eam d Y_`m `m Z m
Cma - 2) ApnarZ OmoS>`mMo H$m_ H$aVmV.
{dcofU ApnarZ 2. `mMm `j g~Y noeter `oV AgVmo.
- ApnarZMo amgm`{ZH$ Zmd Acetylsali- 4. ........... hr earamVrc gdmV _moR>r JW r AgyZ
cylic Acid {ncag dVo?
- `mMm dmna doXZmem_H$ hUyZ Ho$cm OmVmo. (1) cmimonmXH$ JWr (2) `H$V
- ho AmfY O_Zr`m H$nZrMo Amho. (3) dmXqnS> (4) OR>aJW r
- `mMm dmna X`{dH$mamMm PQ>H$m `oD$ Z`o Cma - 2) `H$V
VgoM {Z_mU hmoUm`m doXZm e_d`mgmR>r H$aVmV. {dcofU `H$V
2. J{~`Z VmnmMo _wI cjU ImcrcnH$s - `H$V hr earamVrc gdmV _moR>r JWr AgyZ
H$moUVo? `mMm dmna nMZm_`o hmoVmo.
(1) S>moHo$XIr (2) hJdU - `H$V {nmag d`mMo H$m_ H$aVmV.
(3) S>m`[a`m (4) {ZmZme - `m {nmagmMm dmna nMZ `mo` nVrZo
Cma - 1) S>moHo$XIr hmo`mgmR>r hmoVmo.
{dcofU J{~`Z Vmn 5. qdMy hm ........... mUr Amho.
- `m_wio Vmn `oVmo. (1) AS>r XoUmam (2) {ncmZm O_ XoUmam
- pcho_`o gyO `oV.o (3) darcnH$s Xmohr (4) `mnH$s Zmhr.
- dmemoN>dmgmMr JVr dmT>Vo. Cma - 2) {ncmZm O_ XoUmam
- `m_wio 4-6 {Xdg nwhm nwhm Vmn `oVmo. {dcofU qdMy
3. _mZdr earamV OdiOdi .......... {H$cmo_rQ>a Kingdom - Anemelia
cm~rMm aVdm{h`m AgVmV. Phyllum - Anthropoda
(1) 10,000 (2) 98,000 1. qdMy Oam`wO mUr Amho.
(3) 97,000 (4) 98,500 2. qdMy hm CU d CnmoU H${Q>~YmV gmnS>Umam
Cma - 3) 97,000 mUr Amho.
{dcofU aVdm{h`m 6. S>m~am`m Jmo`mMm AmH$ma H$mhr {XdgmZr
- _mZdr earamV 97,000 {H$_r cm~rMm H$_r hmoVmo. H$maU `mMo
aVdm{h`m AmhoV. (1) ~mnr^dZ hmoVo (2) gKZZ hmoVo
- earamV gm_m`V: aVdm{h`mMo VrZ H$ma (3) gcdZ hmoVo (4) `mnH$s Zmhr
nS>VmV. Cma - 3) gcdZ hmoVo
Y_Zr - {dcofU gcdZ
1. `m aVdm{h`m X`mnmgy Z earamH$S>o - Wm`yMo dmV $nmVa Z hmoVm WoQ> dm`yV
AmpgOZ`wV aVmMm nwadR>m H$aVmV. nmVa hmo`m`m {H$`ocm gcdZ hUVmV.
2. `m aVdm{h`m dMo n mgy Z AmV_`o - S>m~am`m Jmo`m CKS>mda hdoV R>od`mg
AgVmV. `mMohr nmVa dm`yV hmoVo.
{eam - - H$mnya `mMo XoIrc gcdZ hmoV AgVo.
1. `m aVdm{h`m earam`m ^mJmH$S>yZ X`mg 7. Q>oZcog Q>rc ho H$emMo g{_l Amho?
Aew aVmMm nwadR>m H$aVmV. (1) cmoIS> d H$m~Z
2. `m aVdm{h`m dMo`m Imcr AgVmV. (2) cmoIS>, H$mo{_A_ d {ZHo$c
Ho$edm{h`m - (3) cmoIS>, H$mo{_A_ d H$mo~mQ>

gb+ Zmk`obme 027

 (4) cmoIS>, {Q>Z d H$m~Z (3) AnH$aU (4) AngaU
Cma - 2) cmoIS>, H$mo{_A_ d {ZHo$c Cma - 2) AndVZ
{dcofU Q>oZcog Q>rc {dcofU AndVZ
- Q>oZcog Q>rcMr {Z{_Vr cmoIS> + H$mo{_A_ - H$me{H$aU EH$m _m`_mVy Z X g `m
+ {ZHo$c `mZr ~ZVo. _m`_mV OmVmZm dV:Mr {Xem ~XcVmV `mg
- `m_`o cohmMo gdm{YH$ _mU AndVZ hUVmV.
- {ZHo$cMm dmna Q>oZcog Q>rcMr H$R>rUVm - _m`_ ~Xc`m_wio H$memMr {Xem d
dmT>{d`mgmR>r hmoVmo. `mMm doJ ~XcVmo.
- Q>oZcog Q>rc ho MH$MH$sV AgVo. hdm
8. S>oQ>mc_Yrc hm _w` KQ>H$ AgVmo.
(1) ~m`Wm`Zmc (2) qQ>Ma Am`mo{S>Z
(3) ~moarH$ A{gS> (4) cmoamoPm`coZmc
Cma - 4) cmoamoPm`coZmc OH
nmUr
{dcofU cmoamoPm`coZmc
H$me {H$aUmMo AndVZ
- darc KQ>H$ S>Qo >mc
_`o 10% 11. KamVrc drO n[anW OmoS>Ur hr g_mVa AgVo.
AgVmo. H$maU,
(1) OmV {dwV^ma {_id`mgmR>r
- S>o Q >m c _`o `mMm dmna CI (2) OmV {dwVYmam {_id`mgmR>r
AQ>r~Q>ao r`c hUyZ Ho$cm OmVmo. (3) hr OmoS>Ur gmonr Amho.
9. ImcrcnH$s H$moU`m YmVwH$o _`o Vm~o d cmoIS > (4) darcnH$s H$moUVohr Zmhr.
AmhoV? Cma - 2) OmV {dwVYmam {_id`mgmR>r.
(1) _cMmBQ> (2) MmcH$monm`amBQ> {dcofU drO OmoS>Ur
(3) MmcH$mogmBQ> (4) APwamBQ> - drO n[anW Omo S > U r g_m V a Ag`mZo
Cma - 2) MmcH$monm`amBQ> Amn`mcm g_mZ {d^dmVa {_iyZ n[anWmV OmV
{dcofU MmcH$monm`amBQ> {dwVYmam AmnUmg CncY hmoVo.
- `m I{ZOmnmgy Z gmo { `H$a[a`m d - darc_mUo drO OmoS>Ur_wio drO dhZmVrc
\$m`Xoera[a`m YmVy Jmoim H$aVmV `mZm YmVwHo$ amoY H$_rV H$_r hmoD$Z OmV _mUmV D$Om
hUVmV. AmnUmg dmnaVm `oVo.
- MmcH$monm`amBQ> ho EH$ {nd`m aJmMo d 12. ........ dVyMo dOZ gdmV OmV AgVo.
{ZgJmV _moR>m _mUmV gmnS>Umao YmVwH$ Amho. (1) ndr`m Ydw mda (2) {dfwddmmda
- `m YmVwH$mnmgyZ Vm~o d cmoIS> `mMr {Z{_Vr (3) AV^mJm_`o (4) nR>^mJmda
H$aVm `oVo. Cma - 1) ndr`m Ywdmda
- MmcH$monm`amBQ> Mo gy CuFeS2 {dcofU dOZ
10. EH$m _m`_mH$Sy>Z Xg`m _m`_mH$S>o H$memMo - ndr`m nR>mda {dMma H$aVm YwdmMm ^mJ
dH$ {H$aU OmV AgVmZm `mcm ........ hUyZ MnQ>m Va {dfwddmr` ^mJ \w$Jra AgVmo.
AmoiIVmV. - hUOoM Ywdmda Or {`m hr {dfwddmmnojm
(1) namdVZ (2) AndVZ H$_r Amho.

127 Zmkd{
 1
9
- darc gym_mUo {`m H$_r
R2
Ag`mg JwdaU (g) dmT>V.o
- dVyMo dOZ = mg hUOo g dmT>`mg
dVyMo dOZ XoIrc dmT>Vo.
- hUyZM Ydw mda (g) JwdaU OmV Ag`mZo
dVyMo dOZ OmV AgVo.
13. g_wmMr Imocr _moO`mgmR>r ..........
dmnaVmV.
(1) dUcoIZ VkmZ (2) gmoZma VkmZ
(3) {ZH$fU VkmZ (4) AndVZmH$_mnr
Cma - 2) gmoZma VkmZ
{dcofU SONAR Sound Navigation and
Ranging Transmitter
- `mMo H$m` Ultra Sonic Waves {Z_mU
H$aUo d `mMo gmaU H$aUo.
- hoM VaJ nm`mV dmg H$aVmV d g_w
Vimer Agco`m dVwda Reflect hmoD$Z da
`oVmV.
Detector
- `mMm dmna Reflect Pmco`m VaJmMo nmVa
{dwV charV H$$Z `mM gw`mo` AW cmd`mgmR>r
Ho$cm OmVmo.
- `mmam H$mi d doJ `mda Adc~yZ AmnUmg
g_wmMr Imocr H$mT>Vm `oVo.
nmocrg Cn{ZarjH$ nyd narjm 18 _o 2014
1. 1. A{VZrc {H$aUmMm ^mJ hm JX Om^`m
aJmMm ""VaJ cm~r'' Mm dUnQ> ^mJ Amho.
2. "B\$maoS>' ^mJ hm cmc aJmnojm H$_r "VaJ
cm~r' dUnQ>mMm ^mJ Amho.
3. EH$m {H$moUmH$Vr KZmMm `mgmR>r, dH$s^dZ
{ZX}emH$, doJdoJ`m aJmgmR>r doJdoJim AgVmo.
darcnH$s H$moUVr {dYmZo ~amo~a AmhoV?
(1) 1 d 2 (2) 1 d 3
(3) 2 d 3 (4) `mnH$s Zmhr.
Cma - 2) 1 d 2
{dcofU
gb+ Zmk`obme
- B\$maoS> ^mJmMr VaJ cm~r cmc aJmMr VaJ
cm~rnojm OmV AgVo `mM_wio {dYmZ 2 ho MwH$sMo
Amho.
- do J do J `m a J mMr Va J cm ~ r do J do J ir
Ag`mZo `mMm dH$s^dZ {ZX}emH$ XoIrc
doJdoJim AgVmo.
2. ""{~J ~ J Wo A ar'' hm `jmV
B{Vhmgny d H $mcrZ AUy M m {gm V W_
......... Zr Vm{dV Ho$cm.
(1) A~Q> AmBZQ>mBZ (2) OmO}g {c_o
(3) Am`PH$ `yQ>Z (4) Q>r\$Z hmqH$J
Cma - 2) OmO}g {c_o
{dcofU {~J ~J WoAar
- {c_o `mZr {~J ~J WoAar 1927 gmcr
_mS>cr.
- `m WoAarZwgma {ddmMr {Z{_Vr EH$m MS>
Aem _hm\$moQ>mZVa Pmcr Agmdr.
- `mZwgma gmYmaUnUo 13 AO dfmnydu {dd
{Z{_VrMr {H$`m gw$ Pmcr VgoM Vr {H$`m
AmOVmJm`V A{daVnUo Mmcy Amho.
3. MeoIa _`mXm .......... Amho.
(1) Mm`m dVw_mZm`m 1.4 nQ>
(2) gy`m`m dVw_mZm`m 1.5 nQ>
(3) gy`m`m dVw_mZm`m 1.4 nQ>
(4) _Jim`m dVw_mZm`m 1.5 nQ>
Cma - 2) gy`m`m dVw_mZm`m 1.5 nQ>
{dcofU
- MeoIa _`mXm `mZr 1930 _`o emoYyZ
H$mT>cr.
- _`mXoZwgma EH$m ~Qw> Vm`mMo OmVrV OmV
dVw_mZ hmo`.
- MeoIa `mZm `m`m H$m`mgmR>r 1983
_`o {d{c`_ \$mCca `mMm gh g`wVnUo
^m{VH$emmMo Zmo~oc qOH$co.
4. 1. Zg{JH$ dm`yM hm hm`S>moOZ d H$m~Z
`mMo g`wJ AgVmo.
2. {_{WZ ho hm`S>moOZ d H$m~ZMo g`wJ ZgVo.
3. Zg{JH$ dm`y ho "dZnVr d mUr'O` BYZ
Amho.
227
 darcnH$s H$moUVr {dYmZo `mo` AmhoV? OmVo.
(1) 1 d 2 (2) 2 d 3 - {\$Zmc hm Volatile Substance Amho.
(3) 1 d 3 (4) `mnH$s Zmhr - {\$ZmcMo gy C6H5OH
Cma - 3) 1 d 3 7. {daOH$ MyU dmn$Z nm`mcm {ZOVwH$ H$aVmZm
{dcofU g`wJ {ZOVwH$ {H$`m H$em_wio hmoVo?
- XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ _yc`m`m amgm`{ZH$ (1) cmoarZ dm`y (2) hm`nmocmoag Amc
g`moJmZo ~Zcocm nXmW hUOo g`wJ hmo`. (3) ZdOmV AmpgOZ (4) H$m~ZS>m` AmgmBS>
- g`wJmV ^m{VH$ d amgm`{ZH$ JwUY_ amIco (1) 1, 2 d 3 (2) 1, 2 d 4
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- {_WoZ ho H$m~Z d hm`S>moOZ `mMo g`wJ Amho. Cma - 1) 1, 2 d 3
CXm. _rR>, gmIa, nmUr, H$m~ZS>m`AmgmBS>, AH$mohmoc, {dcofU
Im`mMm gmoS>m, _moaMyX B. - nmUr {ZOVwH$ H$a`mgmR>r AmnU Imcrc
5. ~mg hm {_lYmVy ImcrcnH$s H$moU`m KQ>H$mZr JmoQ>tMm dmna H$aVmo.
~Zcocm AgVmo? 1) VwaQ>r 2) {daOH$ MyU
(1) H$mna 80% + qPH$ 10% + Q>rZ 10% 8. ....... Mm Cn`moJ \$imgmR>r ~waeramoYH$ hUyZ
(2) H$mna 80% + qPH$ 20% Ho$cm OmVmo?
(3) H$mna 80% + Q>rZ 20% (1) H$m~}{_WPrc (2) ~oZmo{_c
(4) H$mna 90% + Q>rZ 10 % (3) Wm`mog\o$Q> (4) ~|Pm{AH$ A{gS>
Cma - 2) H$mna 80% + qPH$ 20% Cma - 2) ~oZmo{_c
{dcofU ~mg {dcofU ~oZmo{_c
- H$mna 80% + qPH$ 20% - ~oZmo{_c gdW_ 1968 _`o dmnaco Joco.
- `mMm dmna {d{dY dmm`m {Z{_Vr_`o - `mMm dmna gdgmYmaUnUo H$H$amoJmdarc
hmoV AgVmo. AmfYmonMmamgmR>r dmnaco OmVo.
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H$a`mgmR>r hmoVmo. mUr `mda A{YH$ ^mdr R>aVo.
- ~mgMm dUmH$ 900-9400 go. Xa`mZ 9. ImcrcnH$s H$moUVm gVZ mUr AS>r KmcVmo?
Amho. (1) H$mJm$ (2) c{Q>ng
- `mMm dmna {JAg, {~A[aO, Mmdr, Hw$cyn (3) n|pdZ (4) hoc
{Z{_VrgmR>r hmoVmo. Cma - 2) c{Q>ng
6. {\$Zmc ........ {dcofU c{Q>ng
(1) Aamo_Q >rH$ g`Jw (2) A{c\${Q>H$ g`Jw - c{Q>ng hm Semi aquatic mUr Amho.
(3) hoQ>amogm`pcH$ g`Jw (4) darcnH$s H$moUVohr Zmhr. - `mMo OrdZ_mZ 17 df} AgVo.
Cma - 1) Aamo_{Q>H$ g`wJ - hm AS>o KmcUmam gVZ Ord Amho.
{dcofU {\$Zmc H$mJm$
- {\$Zm c Mm dmna m_w `mZo cmpQ>H$ - H$mJm$ hm AmQ>o{c`mVrc CU H${Q>~Yr`
{Z{_VrgmR>r Ho$cm OmVmo. JdVmi Xoe hUOoM S>mCg `mV AmT>iVmo.
- Apn[aZMm {Z{_VrgmR>r {\$ZmcMm dmna - H$mJm$ hm AS>o KmcUmam Oam`wOVZr mUr
Ho$cm OmVmo. Amho.
- g`m {\$Zmc noQ>mo{c`_ nmgyZ {Z_mU Ho$co n|pdZ

327 Zmkd{