Title : Young Modulus

Objective :1. To investigate the relationship between load, span

width, height and deflection of a beam.
2. To ascertain the Coefficient of Elasticity (Youngs
Modulus) for steel, brass and aluminium.

Introduction :

The elastic modulus is one of the most vital properties involved in various aspects of material
engineering for design purposes. Every material undergoes elastic deformation. Elastic
deformation is mostly defined as temporary deformation of its physical shape and will able to
return to its original state. For elastic deformation, the material undergoes an amount of stress
without exceeding the elastic limit. Any deformation caused by further increases in load or stress
beyond the yield point of a certain material will be plastic permanent.

The Young modulus(elastic modulus)is the measurement of the stiffness of a given material. It is
defined as the limit for small strains of the rate of change of stress with strain. Beside using the
stress and strain graphs, the Young modulus of any material can also be determined by using the
deflection of the material (beam)when subjected to load.

The deflection of a beam depends on its length, its cross-sectional shape, the material, where the
deflecting force is applied, and how the beam is supported.

Moment of Inertia, I

Moment of Inertia, I, is the property of an object associated with its resistance to rotation. It
depends on the objects mass and the distribution of mass with respect to the axis of rotation. For
any beam, the inertia is calculated based on the cross sectional shape and the thickness. It does not
3
depend on the length and material of the beam. For a rectangular section beam, the I=bh /12.

Moment of Inertia for rectangular section

3
I=bh /12 b =width of beam
h= height of beam

Moment of Inertia for circular section

4
I= d /64 d =diameter of the circularsection
Deflection equation with different beam support types
1.One fixed end and one simple support end

F=load applied
L= beam length
a=intermediate length of beam
=deflection
E =Young Modulus
I=Moment of inertia

The deflection at length a from the fixed

support :
3 2 3
= Fa (L -a) (4L -a)/ 12EIL

For a load in the centre of the beam, substituting a= L/2 in the above equation, the deflection is:

3
= 3.5FL /
384EI

2.Two simple support send

The deflection at distance a from the left-hand support is:

2 2
= Fa (L -a) /3EIL

For a load in the centre of the beam, substituting a= L/2 in the above equation, thedeflection is:
3
= FL /48E
Procedure :

Part I
a) One fixed end and one simple support end.
1) The clamping length (L) was set to 800mm.
2) The width and height of the test specimen were measured using a caliper and record the
value.
3) The test specimen was placed on the bearers.
4) One end was fixed as fixed end by tighten the screw.
5) The load (F) hanger was mouthed on the center of the test specimen.
6) The dial gauge was moved to the center of the test specimen. The height of the gauge was
adjusted so that the needle touched the test specimen. The initial reading of gauge was
recorded.
7) Load 5N weight onto the weight hanger and the dial gauge reading was recorded.
8) Procedure (7) was repeated until the loads reached 20N. All the gauge reading were
recorded.
9) After result taken, all the loads wereremoved.
10) The experiment was repeated once again to get the average deflection value.
11) The graph of force versus deflection was plotted.
12) The experimental young modulus for respective beam/material was calculated and
compared with theoretical value.
13) The experiment was repeated by using different material beam (i.e aluminum, mild steel,
brass)

Part II
b) Two simple supported end.
1) The clamping length (L) was set to 800mm.
2) The width and height of the test specimen were measured using a caliper and the value was
recorded.
3) The test specimen was placed on the bearers.
4) The screw wasnt tightened since both ends were simple support.
5) The load (F) hanger was mouthed on the center of the test specimen.
6) The dial gauge was moved to the center of the test specimen. The height of the gauge was
adjusted so that the needle touched the test specimen. The initial reading of gauge was
recorded.
7) Load 5N weight onto the weight hanger and the dial gauge reading was recorded.
8) Procedure (7)was repeated until the loads reached 20N. All the gauge reading were recorded.
9) After result taken, all the loads were removed.
10) The experiment was repeated once again to get the average deflection value.
11) The graph of force versus deflection was plotted.
12) The experimental young modulus for respective beam/material was calculated and
compared with theoretical value.
13) The experiment was repeated by using different material beam (i.e aluminum, mild steel,
brass)

Part III
1. The experiment was ran by using different clamping length (L) (i.e 500mm, 400mm)
2. The experiment was ran by using different width height (h) beam (i.e 12mm)

Results
Part I: Deflection of test specimen - a) One fixed end and one simple support end.

Measurement of test specimen

Length, L (mm) Thickness, h (mm) Width, b (mm)

Steel 800 4.6 24.92

Brass 800 5.0 25.40

Aluminium 800 6.4 25.30

Steel

Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection

(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
0.70 0.70 0.67 0.69
5
1.36 1.37 1.36 1.36
10
2.06 2.08 2.09 2.08
15
2.87 2.82 2.80 2.83
20

Brass

Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection

(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
1.1 1.09 1.07 1.09
5
2.21 2.22 2.20 2.21
10
3.41 3.36 3.33 3.37
15
4.34 4.21 4.21 4.25
20

Aluminium

Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection

(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
0.76 0.77 0.80 0.78
5
1.56 1.56 1.59 1.57
10
2.37 2.35 2.36 2.36
15
3.17 3.17 3.17 3.17
20
Part II: Deflection of test specimen - Two simply support ends

Measurement of test specimen

Length, L (mm) Thickness, h (mm) Width, b (mm)

Steel 800 6.72 25.60

Brass 800 4.86 25.38

Aluminium 800 6.14 25.30

Steel

Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection

(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
5 1.56 1.61 1.60 1.5900
10 3.19 3.23 3.23 3.2167
15 4.59 4.58 4.59 4.5867
20 6.12 6.14 6.18 6.1467

Brass

Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection

(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
5 3.20 3.22 3.27 3.2800
10 4.63 4.52 4.58 4.5767
15 6.94 6.91 6.93 6.9267
20 9.18 9.20 9.15 9.1767

Aluminium

Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection

(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
5 0.67 0.65 0.66 0.6600
10 3.41 3.47 3.38 3.4200
15 5.15 5.09 5.12 5.1200
20 6.75 6.81 6.85 6.8033
Part III: Deflection of test specimen a) Different clamping length

Measurement of test specimen

Length,L (mm) Thickness, h (mm) Width, b (mm)

Steel 500 6.72 25.60

Brass 500 4.86 25.38

Aluminium 500 6.40 25.30

Steel

Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection

(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
5 0.41 0.42 0.41 0.4067
10 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.8100
15 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.2133
20 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.6200

Brass

Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection

(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
5 0.62 0.64 0.64 0.6333
10 1.18 1.20 1.20 1.1933
15 1.76 1.75 1.75 1.7533
20 2.34 2.33 2.34 2.3367

Aluminium

Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection

(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
5 0.45 0.47 0.47 0.4633
10 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.9267
15 1.35 1.34 1.35 1.3467
20 1.74 1.75 1.75 1.7467
 Part III: Deflection of test specimen b) Different specimen height

Measurement of test specimen

Length, L (mm) Thickness, h (mm) Width, b (mm)

Steel 800 2.70 24.4

Brass 800 3.30 25.4

Aluminium 800 3.12 25.6

Steel

Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection

(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
1 1.19 1.20 1.16 1.18
2 2.35 2.32 2.34 2.34
3 2.62 2.62 2.60 2.61
5 4.13 4.15 4.16 4.15

Brass

Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection

(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
1 0.86 0.87 0.74 0.82
2 1.94 1.92 1.93 1.93
3 3.44 3.37 3.48 3.43
5 6.00 5.88 5.84 5.91

Aluminium

Load Defection #1 Deflection #2 Deflection #3 Average Deflection

(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
2 1.55 1.34 1.35 1.41
3 2.60 2.59 2.56 2.58
5 4.25 4.22 4.27 4.25
10 11.21 11.21 11.24 11.22
Results:

Appendix (Graph and Calculation)

Annotation : E = Young Modulus (GPa)

= Deflection (m)
L = Beam length (m)

I = Moment of inertia ( m4 )

b = Width of beam (m)

h = Height of beam (m)
F / = Slope of graph line of force versus deflection (N/m)

Load Versus Deflection (Part I )

25

20

15
Load (N)

10

0
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50
Deflection (mm)

steel Li near (steel ) bras s

Li near (bra s s ) Al umi ni um Li near (Al umi ni um)

Slope of Steel : 7.0187 N/mm = 7018.7 N/m

Slope of Brass : 4.6766 N/mm = 4676.6 N/m

Slope of Aluminium : 6.2733 N/mm = 6273.3 N/m

Steel:
b = 0.02492 m, h = 0.00460m, L = 0.800 m
3
b h3 0.02492(0.0046)
Moment of inertia, I= = =2.02 1010 m 4
12 12
0.800


3
Young modulus, 3.5 =162GPa

F 3.5 L3
E= ( )(
384 I )
=7018.7

Brass:
b = 0.02540 m, h = 0.00500 m, L = 0.800 m
3
b h3 0.02540 (0.00500)
Moment of inertia, I= = =2.65 1010 m4
12 12
0.800


3
Young modulus, 3.5 =82.4 GPa

F 3.5 L3
E= ( )(
384 I )
=4676.6

Aluminium:
b = 0.02530 m, h = 0.0064 m, L = 0.800 m
3
b h3 0.02530 (0.0064)
Moment of inertia, I= = =5.53 1010 m4
12 12
0.800


3
3.5 =52.94 GPa

F 3.5 L3
Young modulus , E= ( )(
384 I )
=6273.3
 Gradient, F/ (N/m) Moment of inertia, I (m4) Young modulus, E (G Pa)
Steel 7018.7 2.02 x 10-10 162
Brass 4676.6 2.65 x 10-10 82.4
Aluminium 6273.3 5.53 x 10-10 52.94

Percentage error
Steel:
|Theo .exp.|
Percentage error = x 100%
Theo .
|190162|109
100
190 10 9
14.7
Brass:
|Theo .exp.|
Percentage error = x 100%
Theo .
|10582.4|109
100
105 109
21.5

Aluminium:
|Theo .exp.|
Percentage error = x 100%
Theo .
|7052.94| 109
100
70 109
24.4
 Theoretical Young Experimental Young Percentage error, %
modulus, (G Pa) modulus, (G Pa)
Steel 190 162 14.7 %
Brass 105 82.4 21.5 %
Aluminium 70 52.94 24.4 %

Load Versus Deflection (Part II )

25

20

15
Load (N)

10

0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
Deflection (mm)

Steel Li nea r (Steel ) Bra ss

Li nea r (Bras s ) Al umi ni um Li nea r (Al umini um)

Slope of steel : 3.3212 N/mm = 3321.2 N/m

Slope of brass : 2.4424 N/mm = 2442.4 N/m

Slope of Aluminium : 2.4447 N/mm = 2444.7 N/m

Steel:
b = 0.02560m, h = 0.00672m, L = 0.800 m
3
b h3 0.02560 (0.00672)
Moment of inertia, I= = =6.47 1010 m4
12 12
 0.800


3
Young modulas, =54.8 GPa

3
E=( )( )
F L
48 I
=3321.2

Brass:
b = 0.0254 m, h = 0.00486m, L = 0.800 m
3
b h3 0.0254 (0.00486)
Moment of inertia, I= = =2.43 1010 m4
12 12
0.800


3
Young modulas, =107 GPa

3
E=( )( )
F L
48 I
=2442.4

Aluminium:
b = 0.02530m, h = 0.00614m, L = 0.800 m
3
b h3 0.02530 (0.00614)
Moment of inertia, I= = =4.88 1010 m4
12 12
0.800


3
Young modulas, =53.4 GPa

3
E=( )( )
F L
48 I
=2444.7

Gradient, F/ (N/m) Moment of inertia, I (m4) Young modulus, E (G Pa)

Steel 3321.2 6.47 x 10-10 54.8
Brass 2442.4 2.43 x 10-10 107
Aluminium 2444.7 4.88 x 10-10 53.4

Percentage error
Steel:
|Theo .exp.|
Percentage error = x 100%
Theo .
 |19054.8|10 9
100
190 10 9
71.2
Brass:
|Theo .exp.|
Percentage error = x 100%
Theo .
|105107| 109
100
105 10 9
2.1
Aluminium:
|Theo .exp.|
Percentage error = x 100%
Theo .
|7053.4| 109
100
70 109
23.7

Theoretical Young Experimental Young Percentage error, %

modulus, (G Pa) modulus, (G Pa)
Steel 190 54.8 71.2 %
Brass 105 107 2.1 %
Aluminium 70 53.4 23.7 %
Part 3(a) Different clamping length

Graph of load against deflecton (Part 3(a) Steel)

25

20
f(x) = 13.06x - 0.95

15
Load (N)

10

0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Deflection (mm)

Graph of load against deflecton (Part 3(a) Brass)

25

20
f(x) = 8.79x - 0.48

15
Load (N)

10

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Deflection (mm)
 Graph of load against deflecton (Part 3(a) Aluminium)
25

20
f(x) = 11.64x - 0.56

15
Load (N)

10

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Deflection (mm)

Part 3(b) Different specimen height

Graph of load against deflecton (Part 3(b) Steel)

6

5
f(x) = 1.38x - 0.79
4
Load (N)

0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Deflection (mm)
 Graph of load against deflecton (Part 3(b) Brass)
6

5
f(x) = 0.77x + 0.41
4
Load (N)

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Deflection (mm)

Graph of load against deflecton (Part 3(b) Aluminium)

12

10
f(x) = 0.81x + 1.08
8
Load (N)

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Deflection (mm)
Part 3(a) Different clamping length
Steel:
From the graph, gradient, m = F/ = 13.05 N/mm = 13050 N/m
Moment of inertia, I = bh3/12
= (25.60 x 10-3 )(6.72 x 10-3)3/12
=6.47 x 10-10 m4
Young Modulus, E = (F/)(3.5L3)/(384I)
= 13050(3.5(500 x 10-3 )3) / (384 x 6.47 x 10-10)
= 9.19 x 1010 Pa
=91.9 G Pa
Brass:
From the graph, gradient, m = F/ = 8.785 N/mm = 8785 N/m
Moment of inertia, I = bh3/12
= (25.38 x 10-3 )(4.86 x 10-3)3/12
=2.43 x 10-10 m4
Young Modulus, E = (F/)(3.5L3)/(384I)
= 8785 (3.5(500 x 10-3 )3) / (384 x 2.43 x 10-10)
= 4.12 x 1010 Pa
=41.2 G Pa
Aluminium:
From the graph, gradient, m = F/ = 11.63 N/mm = 11630 N/m
Moment of inertia, I = bh3/12
= (25.30 x 10-3 )(6.4 x 10-3)3/12
=5.53 x 10-10 m4
Young Modulus, E = (F/)(3.5L3)/(384I)
= 11630 (3.5(500 x 10-3 )3) / (384 x 5.53 x 10-10)
= 2.39 x 1010 Pa
=23.9 G Pa
 Gradient, F/ (N/m) Moment of inertia, I (m4) Young modulus, E (G Pa)
Steel 13050 6.47 x 10-10 91.9
Brass 8785 2.43 x 10-10 41.2
Aluminium 11630 5.53 x 10-10 23.9

Percentage error
Steel:
|Theo .exp.|
Percentage error = x 100%
Theo .
|19091.9|
= x 100%
190
= 51.63%
Brass:
|Theo .exp.|
Percentage error = x 100%
Theo .
|10541.2|
= x 100%
105
= 60.76%
Aluminium:
|Theo .exp.|
Percentage error = x 100%
Theo .
|7023.9|
= x 100%
70
= 65.86%

Theoretical Young Experimental Young Percentage error, %

modulus, (G Pa) modulus, (G Pa)
Steel 190 91.9 51.63%
Brass 105 41.2 60.76%
Aluminium 70 23.9 65.86%
Part 3(b) Different specimen height
Steel:
From the graph, gradient, m = F/ = 1.376 N/mm = 1376 N/m
Moment of inertia, I = bh3/12
= (24.40 x 10-3 )(2.70 x 10-3)3/12
=4.00 x 10-11 m4
Young Modulus, E = (F/)(3.5L3)/(384I)
= 1376 (3.5(800 x 10-3 )3) / (384 x 4.00 x 10-11)
= 1.61 x 1011 Pa
=161 G Pa
Brass:
From the graph, gradient, m = F/ = 0.774 N/mm = 774 N/m
Moment of inertia, I = bh3/12
= (25.4 x 10-3 )(3.30 x 10-3)3/12
=7.61 x 10-11 m4
Young Modulus, E = (F/)(3.5L3)/(384I)
= 774 (3.5(800 x 10-3 )3) / (384 x 7.61 x 10-11)
= 4.75 x 1010 Pa
=47.5 G Pa
Aluminium:
From the graph, gradient, m = F/ = 0.806 N/mm = 806 N/m
Moment of inertia, I = bh3/12
= (25.60 x 10-3 )(3.12 x 10-3)3/12
=6.48 x 10-11 m4
Young Modulus, E = (F/)(3.5L3)/(384I)
= 806 (3.5(800 x 10-3 )3) / (384 x 6.48 x 10-11)
= 5.80 x 1010 Pa
=58.0 G Pa
 Gradient, F/ (N/m) Moment of inertia, I (m4) Young modulus, E (G Pa)
Steel 1376 4.00 x 10-11 161
Brass 774 7.61 x 10-11 47.5
Aluminium 806 6.48 x 10-11 58.0

Percentage error
Steel:
|Theo .exp.|
Percentage error = x 100%
Theo .
|190161|
= x 100%
190
= 15.26%
Brass:
|Theo .exp.|
Percentage error = x 100%
Theo .
|10547.5|
= x 100%
105
= 54.76%
Aluminium:
|Theo .exp.|
Percentage error = x 100%
Theo .
|7058.0|
= x 100%
70
= 17.14%

Theoretical Young Experimental Young Percentage error, %

modulus, (G Pa) modulus, (G Pa)
Steel 190 161 15.26%
Brass 105 47.5 54.76%
Aluminium 70 58.0 17.14%
Discussion

Based on the experiment, Youngs Modulus, It is also known as the Young modulus, modulus of
elasticity, elastic modulus or tensile modulus. The SI unit of modulus of elasticity (E) is the Newton
over meter square (N/m); the practical unit is gigapascals (GPa).

Hence, it is a measure of the stiffness of an isotropic elastic material. So, we used three types
of materials which consists of the Aluminium (Al), the Brass, and the Stainless Steel. However, these
materials are used to measure the Youngs Modulus by using a bench top model of Youngs Modulus
Apparatus (Yudhisthira, 2009). There are two conditions apply to the specimens which are;(1) One of
the end of the beam was fixed and another end with the simple support only.(2) Both the ends of the
beam were simple supports only. Both of the conditions are with the loads mounted on the middle
of the test specimens.

The length of the deflection is proportional to the load that which are loaded on the surface
of the beams in both whether the end of the beams is fixed or both are just simple support. From
part 1, we found out that steel= 162Gpa, brass= 82.4Gpa, while aluminium = 52.94Gpa. While in
part 2, steel = 52.8Gpa, brass = 107Gpa and aluminium = 53.4Gpa.

From the data we collected, we can also conclude that the more the loads are added to the
beams the deflection of the beams will also increase. However, when the loads added to the beams
have reached to the maximum or limit of the deflection of the beams, there will be no further
deflection when loads are added on it.

By comparing data from part 1 (brass) and part 2 (brass), we can conclude that One fixed end
and one simple support end has a lower deflection compare to Two simply support ends.

By comparing data from part 2 and part 3, we can conclude that Different clamping length
will cause lesser deflection compare to clamping at the middle of the test specimen. Also, the thinner
the test specimen, the larger the deflection.

There are many factors which cause the error in the experiment to occur. First of all,
instrument itself is faulty, which leads to a systematic error (Kalla, 2009). The dial gauges reading is
uncertain due to the friction of the pin to the inner wall of the gauge or the spring is weakening. For
example, the gauge couldnt return to the same position when we pressed and released. Then,
human error may also be one of the reasons. For example, the load and dial gauge is not placed right
at the middle of the test specimen. Also, there may be some random error occurred. For example,
the difference in temperature between the environment of this experiment conducted compare to
the experiment conducted when acquiring the theoretical result.

There are several precaution steps that should be avoided during the experiments. Firstly,
the vernier calliper and the dial gauge used should always directly to the zero readings in order to
prevent zero errors. Secondly, we have to prevent parallax errors while taking the readings in the dial
gauge and the vernier calliper. Thirdly, the loads hanger should be directly in the middle of the beams
(for all parts of experiment except part 3a) so that there is less errors in the readings (Yudhishira,
2009).
Conclusion

As a conclusion, the length of deflection is directly proportional to the magnitude of the force that
applied on the surface of the beams, whether the ends of the beam are fixed or both of the ends are
simply supported. The thinner the height of beam, the greater the deflection will be. The length of
the beams is inversely proportional to the Youngs modulus (Yudhisthira, 2009). Also, stainless steel
shows the lowest deflection value compare to the other 2 test specimen, which makes it much stiffer.

Reference

1. Kalla. S, 2009. Systematic Error. Retrieved from: https://explorable.com/systematic-error

2. Yudhisthira, 2009. Youngs modulus Experiment 1. Retrieved from:

https://www.scribd.com/doc/98088184/Young-s-modulus-Experiment-1