Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
A Guide to Enterprise
Networking Technology
Manju Devaraj
FULL VERSION OF BOOK AVAILABLE TO BUY @ BELOW
Full
http://www.iuniverse.com/bookstore/bookdetail.aspx?bookid=S
KU-000994610
Or Goto below
https://www.netconcentric.net/publication
A GUIDE TO ENTERPRISE NETWORKING TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME 1
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, taping or by any information storage retrieval system without the written
permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
iUniverse
1663 Liberty Drive
Bloomington, IN 47403
www.iuniverse.com
1-800-Authors (1-800-288-4677)
Because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, any web addresses or links contained in this book may have changed
since publication and may no longer be valid. The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do
QRWQHFHVVDULO\UHHFWWKHYLHZVRIWKHSXEOLVKHUDQGWKHSXEOLVKHUKHUHE\GLVFODLPVDQ\UHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUWKHP
$*XLGHWR(QWHUSULVH1HWZRUNLQJ
7HFKQRORJ\
(QWHUSULVH0XOWLOD\HU6ZLWFKLQJ7HFKQRORJ\*XLGH
0DQMX'HYDUDM
3&,46$&,663&2%,7/37&&'3&&13&(+1HWZRUN0&76,7,/
(GLWLRQ
Publishers Note:
$*XLGHWR(QWHUSULVH1HWZRUNLQJ7HFKQRORJ\
,DOZD\VZRQGHUHGZKHQHYHU,SLFNHGXSDQ\ODWHVW
WHFKQRORJ\ERRNIRUUHDGLQJZK\LVWKHVXEMHFWPDGHVR
FRPSOLFDWHGZKHQWKLQJVFDQEHVLPSOH HDV\ZK\WKHUHV
VRPXFKGUDJ EHDWLQJDURXQGWKHEXVKZKHQWKLQJVFDQEH
VWUDLJKWWRWKHSRLQW7KH8UJHLQVLGHPHWRVLPSO\WKHVXEMHFW
WRWKHEHVWSRVVLEOHKDVPDGHPHEULQJWKLVERRNRI
NQRZOHGJHIRUZDUGWR\RXDOOZLWKIXOOUHVSHFW
7KLV%RRNJLYHVHQWLUHO\DSUDJPDWLFDSSURDFKRYHU
WKLVERRNERWKWKH7KHRU\ 3UDFWLFDOLOOXVWUDWLRQVJRKDQGLQ
KDQGZLWKWKHPDMRU)RFXVJLYHQWRZDUGVWKHUHDOWLPH
H[SHULHQFHVKDULQJ:LWKDQREMHFWLYHWRPDNHWKHOHDUQLQJ
H[SHULHQFHTXLFNHU VPRRWKHU7KLVERRNZLOOKHOSWREXLOGD
YHU\VWURQJIRXQGDWLRQVWREHDEOHWREXLOGKLVRUKHURZQ
,QIUDVWUXFWXUHZLWKFRQILGHQFHRYHUWKHKRPH3&RUDODSWRS
WKHUHE\RSHQLQJXSGRRUVIRUPRUHRSSRUWXQLWLHVDURXQG
WHVWLQJGHYHORSPHQW OHDUQLQJ:LWKWKHXOWLPDWHJRDORI
PDNLQJWKHEX\HURIWKLVERRNHPHUJHDVD6XEMHFWPDWWHU
H[SHUW
%DVHGRQWKHUHTXHVWE\VRPHRIP\IULHQGV
FROOHDJXHVDFURVVFRUSRUDWHV,KDYHWDNHQWKLVRSSRUWXQLW\WR
SUHVHQWWKLVERRNRQ7HFKQRORJ\LQVLPSOHZRUGVZLWKWKH
2EMHFWLYHRIPDNLQJLWPRUHSUDFWLFDO VLPSOH
,KDYHWULHGWRP\OHYHOEHVWWREULQJPRUHUHDOWLPH
H[DPSOHVLQWKLVERRNEHFDXVHSHUVRQDOO\KDYHDOZD\V
EHOLHYHGLQWKHH[SHULHQFHV1RWKLQJFDQEHDWWKHUHDO
([SHULHQFH
7KHFRQWHQWRIWKLVERRNEHLQJPRUHSUDFWLFDORULHQWHGZLOO
KHOSDQ\RQHUHDOL]HWKHVXEMHFWRIQHWZRUNLQJZLWKOHVV
GLIILFXOW\PDNLQJWKHNQRZOHGJHSUHVHQWHGLQWKLVERRNRI
\RXURZQDILUVWKDQGW\SH
/HWWKHUHEHOLJKWDOZD\VWROHDG
Acknowledgments
7KLVERRNLVWKHILUVWHGLWLRQ ,VKDOOVLQFHUHO\WKDQN
HYHU\RQHZKRLQVSLUHGPHWREULQJWKLVZHDOWKRINQRZOHGJH
KHUHDVD%RRNRI.QRZOHGJH0\VLQFHUHUHVSHFWWR
L8QLYHUVH7HDPIRUPDNLQJWKLV-RXUQH\DVPRRWKHURQH
HVSHFLDOO\'LDQQH5RVH .DWKL:LWWNDPSHUIRUWKH
XQSDUDOOHOHGVXSSRUWWKURXJKRXWP\3XEOLVKLQJ-RXUQH\ODVW
EXWQRWWKHOHDVWP\KHDUWIHOWWKDQNVWRWKH8QLYHUVDO0RWKHU
ZKRZDVWKHXOWLPDWH*XLGLQJ LQVSLULQJIRUFHWRGRJUHDW
WKLQJVLQ/LIH
0RWLYDWLRQWRZULWHWKLVERRNZDVWKHLQQHU WKHRXWHU
FDOOP\LQQHUFDOOWRVKDUHWKHYDVWH[SHULHQFHV NQRZOHGJH
WKDWLJDLQHGRYHUWLPHDVD8QLYHUVDOJLIW7KHRXWHUFDOOZDV
IURPP\WUDLQHHVZKHQHYHU,GHOLYHUHGDFRUSUDWH7UDLQLQJ
SHRSOHDOZD\VDVNHGPHLI,KDGGHYHORSHGDQ\PDWHULDOWKDW
WKH\FRXOGXVHIRUUHIHUHQFHLQWKHIXWXUH
,DOZD\VIHOWOHDUQLQJZDVQHYHUDQHQGLQJH[SHULHQFH
ZHDUHQHYHUFRPSOHWHDQ\RQHRSHQIRUOHDUQLQJZLOONHHS
OHDUQLQJWRPRYHXSLQ/LIH,VLQFHUHO\DSSUHFLDWHDOOWKRVH
ZKRDSSUHFLDWHVPDOOWKLQJVLQ/LIH
0\DSSRORJLHVIRUDQ\HUURUVLQWKLVERRN,DOZD\V
EHOLHYHGHUURULVDFRPPRQKXPDQIDLOLQJEXWOHDUQLQJRXWRI
WKRVHHUURUVLVZKDWPDNHVXVVWDQGGLIIHUHQWDOZD\V
:K\%X\WKLV%RRN"
7KLVERRNVFRYHUVDOOWKHPLVVLQJSLHFHVRILQIRUPDWLRQ
PLVVLQJFRQQHFWLYLW\EHWZHHQ7KHRU\ SUDFWLFDODVSHFWV
WKLVERRNFRYHUVHQGWRHQGWHFKQRORJ\LQWHJUDWLRQZLWK
SUDFWLFDOLOOXVWUDWLRQVWKLVERRNKHOSVRQHWRUHDOL]HWKH
VXEMHFWWREHDEOHWREXLOGDVZLWFKLQJWHFKQRORJ\
LQIUDVWUXFWXUH2UDODEE\WKHLURZQIRUWKHSXUSRVHRIWHVWLQJ
GHYHORSPHQW IXQ7KLVERRNZLOOGHILQLWHO\KHOSDQ\RQH
DOUHDG\ZLWKOLWWOHH[SHULHQFHWRPDVWHUWKHFRQFHSW VXEMHFW
UHDOO\IURPWKHSUDFWLFDOVWDQGSRLQW7KLVERRNKHOSV7KLQN
EH\RQGIRXU&RUQHUVRIWKHV\VWHP
:KRLVWKLV%RRNIRU"
$Q\RQHZLWKD.QRZOHGJHRQ,7V\VWHPV1HWZRUNV
DQ\RQHZLWKDQ$VVRFLDWHOHYHORUSURIHVVLRQDORU([SHUWOHYHO
1HWZRUN&HUWLILFDWLRQFDQJRIRUWKLVERRNWKLVERRNFDQ
VHUYHDVDQDGGRQERRNIRUH[SDQGLQJWKHSUDFWLFDOKRUL]RQ
7KLVERRNLVGHGLFDWHGWRWKHXOWLPDWH.QRZOHGJH
LWVHOI
$WUXH/HDGHULVDOZD\VDYHU\SRVLWLYHLQIOXHQFHUDV
ZHOO6HOI
About the Author
0$1-8'(9$5$-KDVEHHQVHUYLQJWKH,7,QGXVWU\IRU
PRUHWKDQ<HDUVKHLVKROGLQJDQ([HFXWLYH0%$LQ,7
7HOHFRP D%DFKHORURI(QJLQHHULQJ%(LQ0HFKDQLFDO
+HVWDUWHGKLVSURIHVVLRQKDVD1HWZRUN(QJLQHHUDIWHUZKLFK
KHWRRNXSVHYHUDOUROHVOLNH12&(QJLQHHU1HWZRUN
6SHFLDOLVW1HWZRUN/HDG6U7HFKQLFDO(QJLQHHU
&RQVXOWDQW$UFKLWHFW 3ULQFLSDO&RQVXOWDQW+HKDVDOVR
EHHQ7UDLQLQJDQG0HQWRULQJSHRSOHDURXQGWKH,76SDFHIRU
PDQ\\HDUVZLWKDFOHDUREMHFWLYHRIILOOLQJWKHJDSVLQWKH,7
,QGXVWU\+HKROGVQXPHURXV,QGXVWU\FHUWLILFDWLRQVOLNH3&,
'6646$&,663&2%,7&&'3/37(&6$&&13
0&76,7,/&(+DQG1HWZRUN
2YHUDOOKLVEURDGHUSHUVSHFWLYHJUHDWHUVNLOOV KLVDELOLW\WR
GHPRQVWUDWHWKLQJVZLWKVLPSOLFLW\PDNHVKLPVWDQGGLVWLQFW
LQWKH,QGXVWU\WRGD\+LVSULPDU\DUHDRIVSHFLDOL]DWLRQLVRQ
(QWHUSULVH1HWZRUNV5RXWLQJ 6ZLWFKLQJWHFKQRORJ\
6HFRQGDU\DUHDLQFOXGHV1HWZRUN6\VWHPV6HFXULW\DQGRWKHU
DUHDVLQFOXGH$UFKLWHFWXUH'HVLJQLQJ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
RWKHUDUHDVLQFOXGH6\VWHPLQWHJUDWLRQV\VWHPGHYHORSPHQW
6WUDWHJLFSODQQLQJ&RQVXOWLQJ'HOLYHU\6\VWHP
0DQDJHPHQW $XGLWLQJHWF
+LVRYHUDOO,7H[SHULHQFHRQ3ODWIRUPV1HWZRUNV\VWHPV
$SSOLFDWLRQV LWV6HFXULW\DORQJZLWKKLVFDSDELOLW\WR
UHDVRQWRVLPSOLI\FRPSOH[LWLHVPDNHVKLPVWDQGDVD
GLVWLQFWLYH$XWKRUWRGD\)HHOWKHSRZHURIH[SHULHQFH WKH
SUDFWLFDONQRZOHGJHLQWKLVERRN
aa7KDQN\RXaa
Table of Content
Sections
Publishers Note: -2-
Acknowledgments -4-
About the Author -6-
Table of Content -7-
Preface - 11 -
1. TCP/IP Networks Foundations - 13 -
1.1 Todays IP Networks - 13 -
1.2 Networking Refresher - 14 -
1.3 Network Connections & Network Devices: - 24 -
1.4. Practical way of looking at a Router: - 27 -
1.5 Protocols for Network Layer & its Practical Operation - 29 -
1.6 TCP/IP Header Illustration - 38 -
1.7 IP Subnetting & Super-netting practical Illustration - 41 -
2. Switching Technology - 44 -
2.1 Todays Switching Technology Intelligence - 44 -
2.2 Switching Technology Types - 45 -
2.3 Into the Multi-Layer Switching Technology (MLS) - 46 -
2.4 Ethernet Standards Refresher - 53 -
2.5 Layer 2 Discovery Protocols - 55 -
2.6 Role-Based CLI using Parser View - 59 -
2.7 Switch Port options & its Configuration - 61 -
2.8 Interface Counter & Error Types: - 64 -
2.9 VLAN, VTP & DTP - 66 -
2.10 Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) - 86 -
2.11 STP Implementation Types - 115 -
2.12 Ether-channel - 119 -
2.13 Bridge Assurance - 132 -
2.14 Jumbo-frame enablement - 133 -
2.15 Into the Chassis Based Switching Technology - 134 -
2.16 IOS Up gradation steps for different Cisco Switching platforms - 141 -
3. Building highly available Enterprise Networks - 149 -
3.1 Need for High Availability - 149 -
3.2 First Hop Redundancy Protocol (FHRP) - 150 -
3.3 VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol) - 164 -
3.4 Gateway Load Balancing Protocol - 166 -
3.5 BFD Peering - 171 -
3.6 Server Load Balancing (SLB) - 172 -
3.7 Switch Chassis Supervisor Redundancy - 175 -
3.8 High Availability with Cisco NSF & SSO - 182 -
3.9 Virtual Switching System (VSS) - 184 -
3.10 High Availability Testing: Network Drill Scenarios - 194 -
4. Enterprise Network Architecture Foundations - 204 -
4.1 Enterprise Campus Network Design Flow - 204 -
4.2 Enterprise Campus Network Blocks & its details: - 205 -
4.3 Guiding Principles for Design & Architecture - 206 -
4.4 Enterprise Campus Network Design & Architecture - 207 -
4.5 Best Practices for Enterprise Campus Network Design. - 227 -
4.6 VSS Design Options for Enterprises - 228 -
4.7 Redundant Supervisor Implementation - 229 -
4.8 Nexus Fabric Extender based Design VPC & VDC - 230 -
4.9 VDC (virtual device contexts) - 239 -
4.10 Design Approaches: - 247 -
4.11 Enterprise Network Project Scope: - 249 -
4.12 Enterprise Network Management - 250 -
5. Securing Enterprise Networks - 253 -
5.1 AAA (Authentication, Authorization & Accounting) - 254 -
5.2 Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) - 255 -
5.3 Configuring the Network Policy on NPS - 261 -
5.4 802.1X Port-Based Authentication - 262 -
5.5 Port Security Feature on Switches - 272 -
5.6 Switch Port Analyser Network (SPAN) Implementation - 275 -
5.7 Further Illustration of SPAN & ERSPAN: - 283 -
5.8 PACL (Port Access Control List) & VLAN Access Control List (VACL) - 283
-
5.9 DHCP Snooping - 289 -
5.10 Dynamic ARP Inspection (DAI) - 293 -
5.11 IP Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF) - 295 -
5.12 SMURF attack (Broadcast Amplification Type) - 297 -
5.13 IP Source Guard (IP Snooping guard) - 297 -
5.14 DoS Attack Prevention through TCP Intercept - 298 -
5.15 Storm Control - 300 -
5.16 Attack Scenario 1: Layer 2 & Layer3 Spoofed Bcast Attack - 301 -
5.17 Attack Scenario 2: Taking over of the Actual Gateway by attacker
host. - 302 -
5.18 VLAN hopping - 305 -
6. Enterprise Network Services - 307 -
6.1 Introduction - 307 -
6.2 Network Time Protocol (NTP) - 308 -
173$XWKHQWLFDWLRQ - 312 -
6.3 Configuring an External Reference Clock - 313 -
6.4 NTP Configuration: - 314 -
6.5 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) - 317 -
6.6 SNMP Walk Process - 326 -
6.7 SNMP SMI & MIB - 327 -
6.8 Netflow for Network Capacity Planning & performance Management -
334 -
6.9 Quality of Service (QOS) & Network-Based Application Recognition
(NBAR) - 339 -
6.10 Network-Based Application Recognition (NBAR) - 347 -
6.11 MQC Framework based QOS practical illustrations: - 352 -
6.12 Network Configuration backup services - 377 -
6.13 EEM Way to Automation in Networks - 379 -
7. Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) - 389 -
7.1 MPLS Overview - 389 -
7.2 MPLS Forwarding Mechanism - 390 -
7.3 Label Switched Path (LSP) - 392 -
7.4 Basic MPLS operations: - 396 -
7.5 MPLS Network Setup - 401 -
LDP peers - 403 -
7.6 RIB, FIB, LIB and LFIB - 408 -
7.7 EBGP, IBGP & MPLS Boundaries Illustrations - 413 -
7.8 MPLS-BGP (MP BGP) - 414 -
7.9 A Practical Illustration - 419 -
8. Bibliography - 426 -
9. Quick Index - 427 -
Preface
:LWKWKH7HFKQRORJ\FKDQJLQJHYHU\GD\WKHUHLVQHHGIRU
SHRSOHWRNHHSLQSDFHZLWKWKHJURZLQJ7HFKQRORJ\FKDQJHV
WKHUHLVQHHGIRUG\QDPLFLW\ERRNVKDYHFKDQJHGIURP
KXQGUHGVRISDJHVWRWKRXVDQGVRISDJHVDGGLQJPRUH
FRPSOH[LW\IRUUHDGHUVOLIHLVWXUQLQJWREHPXFKPRUH
FRPSOLFDWHGWKDQHYHUEHIRUHZLWKWKHOLPLWHGWLPHDYDLODEOH
RQHQHHGWROHDUQ UHPHPEHUHYHU\WKLQJDURXQGWKHVXEMHFW
SHUWDLQLQJWRWKHSDVW WKHFXUUHQWWUHQG,DOZD\VKHDUG
YRLFHVVD\LQJKRZWRUHPHPEHURUUHFDOOHYHU\WKLQJZKDWZH
OHDUQHGLQWKHSDVWZLWKHDVH
7KHBiggest challengeDOZD\VZHDOOIDFHLVRQWKH
)XQGDPHQWDOVDVZHPRYHXSPRVWRIXVIRUJHWWKH
)XQGDPHQWDOVWKDWLVLPSHUDWLYHEXWZLWKRXWWKHILUP
IRXQGDWLRQVDQ\WKLQJZHEXLOGXSRQZRXOGFROODSVH
7KHObjective of this bookLVWRPDNHRQHUHDOL]HWKH6XEMHFW
RI1HWZRUNVVWDUWLQJIURPWKHIRXQGDWLRQVPRYLQJOD\HUE\
/D\HULQWRWRWKHGHVLJQ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ WKH6HFXULW\
DVSHFWRILWZKLFKLVUHOHYDQWLQWKHFXUUHQW1HWZRUNVFHQDULRV
7KLVERRNLVPDGHRI0RGXOHVRU6HFWLRQVIXOO\IRFXVHG
WRZDUGVWKH0XOWLOD\HU6ZLWFKLQJWHFKQRORJ\ERRNVWDUWVZLWK
WKH1HWZRUNVIXQGDPHQWDOV WKHQTXLFNO\PRYHVLQWRWKH
,QGLYLGXDOQHWZRUNLQJ7RSLFVZLWKWKHJRDORIEULQJLQJ
JUHDWHUIRFXV OLJKWRQWKH0XOWLOD\HU6ZLWFKLQJ1HWZRUN
$UFKLWHFWXUH'HVLJQ DYDLODELOLW\6HFXUH1HWZRUNV
1HWZRUN6HUYLFHV WKH0XOWL3URWRFRO/DEHO6ZLWFKLQJ
03/67KLVERRNDLPVDWFRQQHFWLQJDOOEURNHQSLHFHV
WRJHWKHUWRPDNHLWDFRPSOHWH 3RZHUIXORQHWRUHDOL]H
My Sincere request WRDOOWKHUHDGHUVSOHDVHWU\WUHDWLQJWKLV
ERRNDV\RXURZQPDWHULDODV\RXURZQNQRZOHGJHXQWLO
ZKLFKRQHFDQQRWJURZWKHNQRZOHGJHWRILUVWKDQG
NQRZOHGJHZLWKRXWUHDOL]DWLRQLVRIQRXVHLWVRIVHFRQG
KDQGW\SH FDQHYDSRUDWHRXWRI\RXUEUDLQTXLFNO\RQDQLFH
VXPPHUGD\
$OZD\VOHDGE\WKHH[SHULHQFH H[DPSOHVOHWWKHPRUDOVEH
HPEHGGHGDVSDUWRI\RXUOHDUQLQJVV\VWHP
.QRZOHGJHLV(WHUQDO.QRZOHGJH-XVWQHHGVDULJKWPHDQV
WRIORZOLNHWKH(OHFWULFLW\ZKLFKQHHGVWKH&RQGXFWRUWRIORZ
WKURXJKLW6HOI
1. TCP/IP Networks Foundations
1.1 Todays IP Networks
7RGD\V1HWZRUNLVPXFKPRUHFRPSOLFDWHGWKHUHLVDQHHGWR0DQDJH
0RQLWRU FRQWUROWKH1HWZRUNVWKHUHLVQHHGIRU6HFXULW\WREHEXLOWLQWR
DOOOD\HUVRIWKH1HWZRUNVWRDYRLGWKHIWRUOHDNDJHRI,QIRUPDWLRQ WR
ZLWKVWDQGWKH'HQLDORIVHUYLFHDWWDFNV7KHUHLVDQHHGWREXLOG6HOI
'HIHQFHLQWRWKHQHWZRUNVIRUGHIHQGLQJDQ\DWWDFNSDWWHUQVDWDOOWLPHV
7KHUHLVDGHPDQGIRUD6PDUW1HWZRUNVZKLFKLVFDSDEOHRI6HOI
KHDOLQJ 6HOIGHIHQGLQJ7RGD\V1HWZRUNVKDVPRYHGIDUDZD\IURP
WKHWUDGLWLRQDO/D\HUEDVHGFRQFHSWVHPHUJLQJDVDQ,QWHOOLJHQW
1HWZRUN%OXHSULQWVRUWKH60$576LPSOH0HDVXUDEOH$FKLHYDEOH
UHOLDEOH LVWLPHERXQG1HWZRUN6ROXWLRQV
:LWKWKH0DLQ2EMHFWLYHRI1HWZRUNLQJEHLQJWKHH[FKDQJHRI
LQIRUPDWLRQWKHUHVRXUFHVKDULQJZLWKWKHPRYHPHQWRIWKLQJVLQWRWKH
,QWHUQHWRIWKLQJVPRUHFRPSOH[LWLHVDUHEHLQJDGGHGWRWKHQHWZRUN
LWVQRPRUHMXVWLQIRUPDWLRQH[FKDQJH,31HWZRUNVDUHXVHGQRZIRU
UHPRWHO\&RQWUROOLQJRIDOOGHYLFHVDWKRPH RIILFHWKLVSURYLGHV
FDSDELOLW\WRFRQWURODQ\WKLQJRQLQWHUQHWIURPDQ\ZKHUHDFURVVWKH
JOREHDOOFRQWUROOHGWKURXJKWKH,3EDFNERQHE\DPDWWHURIFOLFNWKLQJV
DUHPDGHSRVVLEOHWKURXJKDGHGLFDWHG$3,$SSOLFDWLRQ3URJUDPPLQJ
,QWHUIDFH
:LWKWKHFXUUHQWQHWZRUNRUWKHLQWHUQHWEDFNERQHEHLQJ,3Y
QHZYHUVLRQRI,QWHUQHW3URWRFROUHDG\QRZHYHU\WKLQJDWKRPH
RIILFHFDQKDYHDJOREDO,3YDGGUHVVWKDWFDQEHFRPPXQLFDWHGIURP
DQ\ZKHUHVRWKHGHYLFHVZLOOEHUHDFKDEOH FDQEHFRQWUROOHGIURP
DQ\ZKHUHDQ$3,LVGHYHORSHGIRUWKHSXUSRVHRIWDNLQJFRQWURORIWKHD
SDUWLFXODUGHYLFHDFFRUGLQJWRWKHZLOO ZLVKRIWKHFRQWUROOHUIURP
DQ\ZKHUH,WFRXOGEHWXUQLQJRII\RXU5HIULJHUDWRUWR7XUQLQJRIWKH
3RZHUIRU\RXU+RXVHDOOWKLVLVPDGHSRVVLEOHWKURXJKWKH7&3,3
QHWZRUNLQJ5HPHPEHUWKHPRPHQWZHWDONWKURXJKWKH&RQWUROOLQJZH
QHHGWRWKLQN ORRNDWWKHVHFXULW\DVSHFWRILWZLWKRXWZKLFKLWPLJKW
WXUQWREHD&KDRVWKDWDQ\RQHFDQFRQWURODQ\WKLQJ
:LWKRXWVWDWLQJWKH2EMHFWLYH*RDOV WKHIXQFWLRQVDQ\WRSLFLV
DOZD\VLQFRPSOHWHVROHWVVORZO\PRYHRQWRWKHVHWRXQGHUVWDQG
UHIUHVKRXUEDVLFXQGHUVWDQGLQJ
7ZRPDLQREMHFWLYHVRI1HWZRUNLQJ
,QIRUPDWLRQH[FKDQJHUHVRXUFHVKDULQJ
&RQWURORIGHYLFHVUHPRWHO\
7KH*RDOVRI7RGD\VQHWZRUNLQJ
,QFUHDVHG6HFXULW\
,QFUHDVHG(IILFLHQF\
&RVWHIIHFWLYHQHVVRYHUWKHVWDQGDORQH
(DVHRIXVHRUEHWWHU0DQDJHDELOLW\
1RWH:HZRXOGEHXVLQJWKHZRUG6\VWHPVLQVWHDGRI
&RPSXWHUVLQPDQ\SODFHVLQWKLVERRNEHFDXVH1HWZRUNLQJLVQRWMXVW
FRQILQHGWR&RPSXWHUVWKH:RUGV\VWHPVZLOODOZD\VJLYHDEURDGHU
SHUVSHFWLYHKHUHIRUWKHUHDGHU
([DPSOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQSURWRFROXVHGLQWKLVERRNLV(QJOLVKZKLFK
KDVLWVVHWRIUXOHVIXUWKHUWKHUHVDSURWRFROWKDWWKLVERRNIROORZVWR
PDNHLWSUDFWLFDO VLPSOHIRUUHDGHUV
1.2 Networking Refresher
Protocol Architecture:
3HHUWR3HHU6RPHLQWHUQHWDSSOLFDWLRQVOLNH/LPH:LUHDUH
GHYHORSHGWRZRUNWKLVZD\WRSURPRWH)LOHVKDULQJ
&OLHQW6HUYHU:LGHO\DGDSWHGEHFDXVHRIWKHEHWWHU
0DQDJHDELOLW\
7HUPLQDOEDVHG1HWZRUNV$OVRFDOOHGD-XPS6HUYHURU
/DQGLQJ=RQHLQUHDO:RUOGVFHQDULR
26,0RGHO
3UDFWLFDO
'DWD7\SH 26,/D\HUV OD\HU)XQFWLRQV
7&3,3
1HWZRUNSURFHVVWR
$SSOLFDWLRQ
DSSOLFDWLRQ
'DWDSUHVHQWDWLRQ
3UHVHQWDWLRQ
'DWD $SSOLFDWLRQ HQFU\SWLRQGHFU\SWLRQ
,QWHUKRVWFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
6HVVLRQ
PDQDJLQJVHVVLRQV
EHWZHHQDSSOLFDWLRQV
$FNQRZOHGJPHQW
6HJPHQWDWLRQ)ORZ
6HJPHQWV 7UDQVSRUW 7UDQVSRUW
FRQWURO(UURUGHWHFWLRQ
FRUUHFWLRQ(J6HTXHQFH
QR
$GGUHVVLQJURXWLQJDQG
QRWQHFHVVDULO\UHOLDEOH
3DFNHW
1HWZRUN 1HWZRUN GHOLYHU\RIGDWDJUDPV
'DWDJUDP
EHWZHHQSRLQWVRQD
QHWZRUN
$UHOLDEOHGLUHFWSRLQWWR
SRLQWGDWDFRQQHFWLRQ
%LW)UDPH 'DWDOLQN
(UURUGHWHFWLRQ(J&5&
/LQN/D\HU )&6
$QRWQHFHVVDULO\
%LW 3K\VLFDO
UHOLDEOHGLUHFWSRLQWWR
SRLQWGDWDFRQQHFWLRQ
Networking System Types
ES IS ES
Examples:
Computers Switches Computers
Tablets Routers Tablets
laptops WAPs laptops
Printers Printers
Servers Servers
,6,QWHUPHGLDWH6\VWHP(6(QG6\VWHP
:LUHOHVV7HFKQRORJLHV*OREDOV\VWHPIRU0RELOH
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ*60&'0$3HUVRQDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
6\VWHP3&6 ,QIUDUHG'DWD$VVRFLDWLRQ,U'$%OXHWRRWK
:/$1:LUHOHVV/$1:3$1:LUHOHVV3HUVRQDO$UHD
1HWZRUN
/$1'HYLFHV5HSHDWHUV&RQFHQWUDWRUV%ULGJHV+XEV
6ZLWFKHV5RXWHUV 0XOWLVWDWLRQ$FFHVV8QLWV0$8V
:$1'HYLFHV0RGHPV,6'1$GDSWHUV&68'683$'
)5$'08;V ,08;V
:/$1'HYLFHV:$3V:LUHOHVV$FFHVV
3RLQWV/$3V/LJKWZHLJKW$FFHVV3RLQWV5DGLR5HSHDWHU
V
:LUHOHVV%ULGJHHWF
&DEOLQJ7HFKQRORJLHV)DOOVXQGHU3K\VLFDO/D\HURI26,
&RD[LDO7ZLQD[7ZLVWHGSDLU)LEUH2SWLF&DEOLQJ DVVRFLDWHG
HTXLSPHQWVVXFKDVFRQQHFWRUV3DWFKSDQHOVZDOOSODWHV
VSOLWWHUV
6HULDO/LQH,QWHUIDFH6WDQGDUGV565656
9 ;
'DWD6WRUDJH7HFKQRORJLHV5$,'5HGXQGDQW$UUD\RI
,QH[SHQVLYH'LVN1$61HWZRUN$WWDFKHG6WRUDJH6$1V
6WRUDJH$WWDFKHG1HWZRUN WKHWHFKQRORJLHVXVHGWRFRQQHFW
WKHPVXFKDV6PDOO&RPSXWHU6\VWHP,QWHUIDFH6&6, )LEUH
&KDQQHO)&
7HFKQRORJLHVIRU6HFXULQJ,QWHUIDFLQJ3ULYDWH&RUSRUDWH
1HWZRUNZLWK8QVHFXUHGSXELF1HWZRUN)LUHZDOOV3UR[\
VHUYHUV 3DFNHW)LOWHULQJ5RXWHUV
7HFKQRORJLHVIRU,QFUHDVLQJ$YDLODELOLW\ 5HOLDELOLW\
&OXVWHULQJ&DVKLQJ/RDG%DODQFLQJ )DXOW7ROHUDQW
7HFKQRORJLHV
1HWZRUN0DQDJHPHQW7HFKQRORJLHV61035021
66+HWF
([WUDQHW$QH[WUDQHWLVDFRPPXQLW\RILQWHUHVWFUHDWHGE\
H[WHQGLQJDQLQWUDQHWWRVHOHFWHGHQWLWLHVH[WHUQDOWRDQ
RUJDQL]DWLRQ
0HGLD7\SHV
&RD[LDO&DEOH5*7KLQ1HW5*7KLFN1HW
7ZLVWHG3DLU&DEOH673 873
L6736KLHOGHG7ZLVWHG3DLU&XUUHQW IXWXUHFDEOH
VWDQGDUG&DWHJRU\ DERYHEHIRUH673ZDVXVHGLQ
SDUWLFXODUHQYLURQPHQWVZKHUHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFLQWHUIHUHQFHZDV
PRUH
LL8737HOHSKRQHV /$1HQYLURQPHQWXVHGDV&DWHFDEOH
VWDQGDUG
8QVKLHOGHGWZLVWHGSDLUFDEOHFRPHVLQDYDULHW\RIGLIIHUHQW
JUDGHVFDOOHGFDWHJRULHVE\WKH(OHFWURQLFV,QGXVWU\$VVRFLDWLRQ
(,$DQGWKH7HOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV,QGXVWU\$VVRFLDWLRQ7,$
)LEUH2SWLF&DEOHV)2&
$JODVVFDEOLQJPHGLDWKDWVHQGVQHWZRUNVLJQDOVXVLQJOLJKW
/('/DVHU)LEUHRSWLFFDEOLQJKDVKLJKHUEDQGZLGWKFDSDFLW\WKDQ
FRSSHUFDEOLQJDQGLVXVHGPDLQO\IRUKLJKVSHHGQHWZRUN
$V\QFKURQRXV7UDQVIHU0RGH$70RU)LEHU'LVWULEXWHG'DWD
,QWHUIDFH)'',EDFNERQHVORQJFDEOHUXQVDQGFRQQHFWLRQVWRKLJK
SHUIRUPDQFHZRUNVWDWLRQV
6LQJOHPRGH)2&/LJKW6RXUFHLVODVHUHPLWWLQJGLRGHV
KHUHZKLFKLVSRZHUIXOWRJRRYHUDORQJHUGLVWDQFH,WKDVD
QDUURZFRUHRUPLFURQVLQGLDPHWHUDQGDOORZVRQO\
RQHVLJQDOWREHVHQWRUUHFHLYHGDWDWLPHRYHUYHU\ORQJ
GLVWDQFHVXSWRWLPHVIDUWKHUWKDQPXOWLPRGHILEHURSWLF
FDEOLQJ6LJQDOWUDQVPLVVLRQLVFOHDUIRUDSSUR[LPDWHO\
PLOHVNLORPHWUHVEHIRUHGLVSHUVLRQZLOOGLVWRUWVLJQDOV
0XOWLPRGH)2&/LJKW6RXUFHLV/LJKWHPLWWLQJGLRGHV
/('ZKLFKLVOHVVH[SHQVLYH LVDYHU\ZHDNHUVRXUFH
WKDQ/DVHU6LJQDOWUDQVPLVVLRQLVFOHDUXQWLODSSUR[LPDWHO\
IHHWEXWORQJHUFDEOHUXQVFDQGLVWRUWVLJQDOVWKURXJK
PRGDOGLVSHUVLRQ,WKDVDWKLFNHUFRUHRU
PLFURQVLQGLDPHWHUDQGKDVVXIILFLHQWEDQGZLGWKWRDOORZ
PXOWLSOHVLJQDOVWREHVLPXOWDQHRXVO\WUDQVPLWWHGRUUHFHLYHG
HDFKVLJQDOIROORZVDGLIIHUHQWSDWKRUPRGHWKURXJKWKH
ILEUH
1RWH0D[LPXPDFFHSWDEOHEHQGUDGLXVRIDQ\)2&LV
XVXDOO\WLPHVWKHGLDPHWHURIWKHFDEOH'LVWDQFHRI
7UDQVPLVVLRQLVLQYHUVHO\SURSRUWLRQDOWR)UHTXHQF\
' )
)LEUH7HVWLQJ27'52SWLFDO7LPH'RPDLQ5HIOHFWRU0HWHULV
XVHGIRUWHVWLQJ)DXOWVLQD)LEUH&DEOH
&DEOH/RVV7\SHV&RQQHFWRU/RVV&RXSOLQJORVVDWWHQXDWLRQ
0LFUREHQGLQJ
$ERYHWKH*6WDQGVIRU*LJDZKLFKLV
*%$6(/50ORQJUHDFKPXOWLPRGH
$Q\FDVW2QHWR&ORVHVW
DYDLODEOH
5HVWULFWLRQVRYHU$Q\FDVW
$GGUHVVLQJ
$Q\FDVWDGGUHVVFDQQRWEH
XVHGDVDVRXUFHDGGUHVV
%URDGFDVW2QHWRDOO/
/%URDGFDVW
0XOWLFDVW2QHWRPDQ\
*URXS
8QLFDVW2QHWR2QH/
/8QLFDVWDGGUHVV
*HRFDVW2QHWRD
*HRJUDSK\VSHFLILF*URXS
1RWH$OOWKHDERYH7UDIILF
&ODVVLILFDWLRQDUHEDVHGRQ
GHVWLQDWLRQ
',;(WKHUQHW8VHV7\SH)LHOG
,(((WKHUQHW8VHV/HQJWK
0LQLPXP)UDPH6L]HVKRXOGEH%\WHV
0D[LPXP6L]HRI(WKHUQHWLV
-XPER)UDPHVL]HLV!XQWLO
7\SHUHSUHVHQWV,3'DWDJUDPDW8SSHUOD\HU
UHSUHVHQWV$53SDFNHW
:LUHVKDUN&DSWXUHG(WKHUQHW)UDPH
1.3 Network Connections & Network Devices:
+XE'HYLFHZLWKQRLQWHOOLJHQFHVLQJOHEURDGFDVW FROOLVLRQ
GRPDLQVKDUHGVHJPHQW
6ZLWFK&DQEHFDOOHGDVDQLQWHOOLJHQWKXELWVSOLWVWKH
%URDGFDVW FROOLVLRQGRPDLQVZLWKFRQFHSWRI9/$1DQG
FUHDWLQJGHGLFDWHG6HJPHQW6ZLWFK,QWHOOLJHQFHLVEXLOWZLWKWKH
KHOSRI0$&&$0WDEOH$6ZLWFKDOVRKDVDVSHFLDOFKLSFDOOHG
$SSOLFDWLRQVSHFLILF,QWHJUDWHG&LUFXLW$6,&IRUFDUU\LQJWKH
LQWHOOLJHQWVZLWFKLQJDWWKH:LUHVSHHG0RVWRIWKHFDVHVLWVRQH
RUPDQ\$6,&VFDUU\LQJWKHRSHUDWLRQXVXDOO\VKDUHGE\RU
SRUWVSHU$6,&,WV%DFNSODQHFDSDFLW\WKDWGHWHUPLQHVFDSDFLW\
RIDQ\6ZLWFK
(YHU\SRUWRID6ZLWFKLVD&ROOLVLRQGRPDLQDVZLWFKE\
GHIDXOWLVRQH%URDGFDVWGRPDLQEXWZKHQ9/$1VDUHXVHG
HYHU\9/$1LVDVLQJOH%URDGFDVWGRPDLQ:LWK9/$1VKXJH
EURDGFDVWGRPDLQVDUHVOLFHGLQWRVPDOOHURQHV
&LVFR&DWDO\VWPRGXODUQHWZRUNVZLWFKHVSURYLGH
RSHUDWLRQDOVLPSOLFLW\PHGLDIOH[LELOLW\DQGH[SDQGDELOLW\WR
H[WHQGGHSOR\PHQWOLIHDQGUHGXFHWRWDORZQHUVKLSFRVWV
6ZLWFK%DVLF)XQFWLRQVDUH$GGUHVV/HDUQLQJ)RUZDUGLQJDQG
/RRS$YRLGDQFH
6ZLWFK,QWHOOLJHQFHEHLQJWKH0$&DGGUHVVWDEOHKDV
WZRW\SHRIHQWULHVG\QDPLFWKHRQHWKDWLVOHDUQHG
DXWRPDWLFDOO\VWDWLFWKHRQHZKLFKLVQRWFKDQJLQJ$VVKRZQ
EHORZ
Sw1#sh mac-address-table
Destination Address Address Type VLAN Destination Port
c408.30b0.0000 Self 1 VLAN1
c408.30b0.0000 Self 100 VLAN100
c40a.13b4.0000 Static 1 FastEthernet1/1
c40a.23c0.0000 Static 1 FastEthernet1/5
([DPSOH:LQGRZV;3FRPHVZLWKWKHRSWLRQWR
EULGJHWRQHWZRUNFRQQHFWLRQVZKHQ\RXULJKWFOLFNRQWKH
FRQQHFWLRQ
&XUUHQWJHQHUDWLRQVZLWFKLQJWHFKQRORJ\H[WHQGVLWVFDSDELOLW\WR
/D\HU DERYHWKDWVPRUHWKDQ'DWDOLQN/D\HU
6ZLWFK([DPSOHV
/D\HU6ZLWFK&LVFR&DWDO\VWVHULHV([WUHPH1HWZRUNV
'6HULHV/D\HU6ZLWFK&LVFRVHULHV0XOWL/D\HU
6ZLWFK0/6&LVFR&DWDO\VW6HULHV([WUHPH
6HULHV&LVFR1H[XV6HULHVNNNNZLWK
9LUWXDOL]DWLRQ )&2(6XSSRUW
$5RXWHUKDVDQLQWHUQDOWDEOHFDOOHGDURXWLQJWDEOHWKDW
FRQWDLQVLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHQHWZRUNVDURXQGLWDQGLWXVHV
WKLVWDEOHWRGHWHUPLQHZKHUHWRVHQGHDFKSDFNHW7KH
4XHVWLRQRIZKLFKWKH5RXWLQJ7DEOHGHWHUPLQHVSDWKEDVHGRQ
WKHEHVWURXWHZKLFKLVEDVHGRQ0HWULF/HDVWLVEHWWHU
DOZD\V(YHU\SRUWRIDURXWHURUDURXWHGSRUWLVDVLQJOH
EURDGFDVWGRPDLQ$VDURXWHUILOWHUV%URDGFDVWV
5RXWLQJ3URFHVV$URXWHUFRQQHFWVWZRQHWZRUNVWRJHWKHU
URXWHUVIXQFWLRQDWWKHQHWZRUNOD\HURIWKH26,DUHIHUHQFH
PRGHO5RXWHUVRSHUDWHDWWKHERXQGDULHVRI/$1VURXWHUVGR
QRWIRUZDUGEURDGFDVWPHVVDJHVH[FHSWLQFHUWDLQVSHFLILF
FDVHV$URXWHUIRUZDUGVDSDFNHWEDVHGRQWKHGHVWLQDWLRQ
DGGUHVVLQWKHQHWZRUNOD\HUSURWRFROKHDGHUZKLFKVSHFLILHV
WKHSDFNHW
VXOWLPDWHGHVWLQDWLRQDQGQRWWKHKDUGZDUHDGGUHVV
XVHGDWWKHGDWDOLQNOD\HU
([DPSOH5RXWLQJWDEOHRU5,%ZLWK5RXWHVRIGLIIHUHQW
0HWULFDQ$'RIVKRZVWKH\DUH(,*53URXWHV'LUHFWO\
FRQQHFWHG0HWULFLV
57VKLSURXWH
&RGHV&FRQQHFWHG6VWDWLF55,30PRELOH%%*3
'(,*53(;(,*53H[WHUQDO2263),$263)
LQWHUDUHD
1263)166$H[WHUQDOW\SH1263)166$
H[WHUQDOW\SH
(263)H[WHUQDOW\SH(263)H[WHUQDOW\SH
L,6,6VX,6,6VXPPDU\/,6,6OHYHO/,6,6
OHYHO
LD,6,6LQWHUDUHD
FDQGLGDWHGHIDXOW8SHUXVHUVWDWLF
URXWH
R2'53SHULRGLFGRZQORDGHGVWDWLFURXWH
*DWHZD\RIODVWUHVRUWLVQRWVHW
LVYDULDEO\VXEQHWWHGVXEQHWVPDVNV
'>@YLD
)DVW(WKHUQHW
'>@YLD
)DVW(WKHUQHW
&LVGLUHFWO\FRQQHFWHG)DVW(WKHUQHW
&LVGLUHFWO\FRQQHFWHG)DVW(WKHUQHW
'>@YLD
)DVW(WKHUQHW
'>@YLD
)DVW(WKHUQHW
&LVGLUHFWO\FRQQHFWHG/RRSEDFN
57
1.4. Practical way of looking at a Router:
5RXWHU 5RXQGDERXW&RS3ROLFH 5RXWLQJ,QIRUPDWLRQEDVH5,%RU
5RXWLQJ7DEOHRULQWHOOLJHQFH5RDGV ([LWSDWKV
$5RXWHUFDQEHWKRXJKWDVD5RXQGDERXWZLWKD&RS
,QWHOOLJHQFHVWDQGLQJRQLWFRQWUROOLQJWUDIILFDVZHOODVGLUHFWLQJ
YHKLFOHVFDUU\LQJSHRSOHRQZKLFKZD\WUDIILFVKRXOGH[LWEDVHGRQWKH
LQWHOOLJHQFHRQWKHEHVWSDWKWRUHDFKWKDW'HVWLQDWLRQ
1HWZRUNJDGJHWVSK\VLFDO/RRN IHHOIRUWKRVHQHZ OHDUQLQJ
KHUH
1HWZRUN6ZLWFK7\SHV
2QH5DFN8QLW6ZLWFKHV588VXDOO\FRPHVZLWK6LQJOH
3RZHU6XSSO\RQO\
0RGXODU6ZLWFKHV7KHVHKDYH3&,([SUHVV6ORWVWRILWWKH
0RGXOHVIRUH[SDQVLRQOLNH:,&9,&:$19RLFH,QWHUIDFH
&DUGRU(6:(WKHUQHW6ZLWFK(WF0RGXODUQHWZRUN
VZLWFKHVSURYLGHRSHUDWLRQDOVLPSOLFLW\PHGLDIOH[LELOLW\DQG
H[SDQGDELOLW\WRH[WHQGGHSOR\PHQWOLIHDQGUHGXFHWRWDO
RZQHUVKLSFRVWV
)L[HG&RQILJXUDWLRQ6ZLWFKHV$UHIL[HGVZLWFKHVWKHUHLVQR
H[SDQVLRQVORWVDYDLODEOHIRUH[SDQVLRQ
6WDFNDEOH6HULHV&LVFR6WDFNDEOH6HULHVFRPHVZLWK
0XOWLOD\HUVZLWFKLQJ VWDFNZLVHSOXVIRULQFUHDVLQJWKH3RUW
GHQVLW\
([DPSOH([WUHPH1HWZRUNV6XPPLW;;6HULHV&
6HULHV%6HULHV
$VZLWFKVWDFNFDQKDYHXSWRQLQHVWDFNLQJFDSDEOH
VZLWFKHVFRQQHFWHGWKURXJKWKHLU6WDFN:LVH3OXVSRUWVWRIRUP
D5LQJ$0DVWHUVZLWFKLVHOHFWHGEDVHGRQSULRULW\WKDWZLOODFW
DVD0DVWHU&RQWUROOHURIWKH6WDFN(YHU\VWDFNPHPEHULV
LGHQWLILHGE\LWVVWDFNPHPEHUQXPEHU
7KHVWDFNPDVWHULVWKHVLQJOHSRLQWRIVWDFNZLGHPDQDJHPHQW
)URPWKHVWDFNPDVWHU\RXFRQILJXUH
6\VWHPOHYHOJOREDOIHDWXUHVWKDWDSSO\WRDOOVWDFN
PHPEHUV
,QWHUIDFHOHYHOIHDWXUHVIRUHDFKVWDFNPHPEHU
7KHVWDFNPDVWHUFRQWDLQVWKHVDYHGDQGUXQQLQJFRQILJXUDWLRQ
ILOHVIRUWKHVZLWFKVWDFN
1RWH:KLOHEXLOGLQJVWDFNUHPHPEHUPL[HGVWDFNVVZLWFKHV
UXQQLQJWKH/$1EDVHIHDWXUHVHWDUHQRWVXSSRUWHG
&KDVVLVEDVHG&RPHVZLWK'XDO3RZHURU5365HGXQGDQW
3RZHU6XSSO\ZLWKRSWLRQDO0RGXOHVRU/LQHFDUGLQVHUWLRQ
EDVHGRQQHHGIRU32(SRZHURYHU(WKHUQHWSRUWFDSDFLW\
OLNHJLJSRUWVZLWKJLJXSOLQNVRU)DVW(WKHUQHWZLWK*XSOLQN
$OVRFDQEHEXLOWZLWKGXDO6XSHUYLVRU(QJLQHIRUUHGXQGDQF\
5HGXQGDQF\LVSRVVLEOHDW0RGXOHOHYHOSRUWOHYHO6XSHUYLVRU
OHYHOSRZHUVXSSO\OHYHO ([WHQVLYHVHFXULW\IHDWXUHVLQFOXGLQJ
[1HWZRUN$GPLVVLRQ&RQWURO1$&1HW)ORZFRQWURO
SODQHSROLFLQJ
1RWH0RUHGHWDLOVDURXQGWKH6ZLWFKLQJ$UFKLWHFWXUHZLOOEH
DGGUHVVHGLQWKHODWHUVHFWLRQ
1.5 Protocols for Network Layer & its Practical
Operation
$GGUHVV5HVROXWLRQ3URWRFRO$53'HPRQVWUDWLRQ
$GGUHVV5HVROXWLRQ3URWRFRO$535HTXHVW%URDGFDVW
0HVVDJH
7KH$GGUHVV5HVROXWLRQ3URWRFROHQDEOHVDORFDOKRVWWRGLVFRYHURWKHU
ORFDOKRVWV0$&DGGUHVVFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRLWV,3DGGUHVV$53FUHDWHV
DPHVVDJHWKDWVD\VLIWKLVLV\RXU,3DGGUHVVVHQGPH\RXU0$&
DGGUHVVLWVD%URDGFDVWPHVVDJHDVFDSWXUHGE\WKH:LUHVKDUN
VKRZQEHORZ
$GGUHVV5HVROXWLRQ3URWRFRO$535HVSRQVH8QLFDVWPHVVDJH
7KHQWKH+RVWKDYLQJWKH,3UHVSRQGVEDFNZLWKWKH0$&DGGUHVVDVD
8QLFDVWPHVVDJH
$53&DFKHRU$537DEOHIRXQGRQ/OD\HU WKHHQG8VHU
6\VWHP
&?:,1'2:6?V\VWHP!DUSD
,QWHUIDFH[
,QWHUQHW$GGUHVV3K\VLFDO$GGUHVV7\SH
FGEIFG\QDPLF
IIIIIIIIIIIIVWDWLF
HVWDWLF
HVWDWLF
HIFVWDWLF
HVWDWLF
HVWDWLF
HIIIIDVWDWLF
IIIIIIIIIIIIVWDWLF
$53WDEOHRQD/6ZLWFK
'67VKLSDUS
3URWRFRO$GGUHVV$JHPLQ+DUGZDUH$GGU7\SH,QWHUIDFH
,QWHUQHWFDF$53$9/$1
,QWHUQHWFDF$53$9/$1
,QWHUQHWFI$53$9/$1
,QWHUQHWFII$53$)DVW(WKHUQHW
,QWHUQHWFI$53$9/$1
,QWHUQHW FII $53$
)DVW(WKHUQHW
,QWHUQHW,QFRPSOHWH$53$
3UR[\$53,OOXVWUDWLRQ
$VZHDOONQRZURXWHUVILOWHUV%URDGFDVWVRWKHQKRZGRZHJHWWR
NQRZWKHUHPRWH6XEQHWPDFKLQHV0DFDGGUHVV"
:KHQZHWU\SLQJLQJIURPWRDVDILUVW
VWHS$53EURDGFDVWKDSSHQVLQVWHDGRIVHQGLQJWKHEURDGFDVWIXUWKHU
WKHJDWHZD\'67GRHVDSUR[\IRUE\VHQGLQJLWV9/$1
69,6ZLWFKHG9LUWXDO,QWHUIDFHPDFDGGUHVVFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKH
VRXUFH6XEQHW
)LQGWKH:LUHVKDUNFDSWXUHDVDSURRIRIWKLVLOOXVWUDWLRQ
,QLWLDO$537DEOHHQWU\RQWKHKRVW0DFKLQH
&?'RFXPHQWVDQG6HWWLQJV?PGHY!DUSD
,QWHUIDFH[
,QWHUQHW$GGUHVV3K\VLFDO$GGUHVV7\SH
FG\QDPLF
&?'RFXPHQWVDQG6HWWLQJV?PGHY!
:LUHVKDUN&DSWXUH,&03UHVSRQVHSDFNHWZLWK6RXUFHVHWWR
'67VZLWFKUDWKHUWKDQ57GXHWRWKHSUR[\$53SURFHVV
1RWH3OHDVHUHPHPEHUWKDW'67 '67DUH'LVWULEXWLRQ
VZLWFKHVOD\HU/D\HU57 57DUHFRUHOD\HU6Z6ZDUH
DFFHVVVZLFWKHVOD\HU
9HULILFDWLRQRQ*DWHZD\6ZLWFKVLGHFOHDUO\UHIOHFWVWKH9/$1
69,0$&DGGUHVV
'67VKPDFDGGUHVVWDEOH
'HVWLQDWLRQ$GGUHVV$GGUHVV7\SH9/$1'HVWLQDWLRQ3RUW
FI6HOI9/$1
,QWHUQHW&RQWURO0HVVDJH3URWRFRO,&03
,QWHUQHW&RQWURO0HVVDJH3URWRFRO,&03SURYLGHVHUURUUHSRUWLQJ
PHFKDQLVPWRDGGVRPHOHYHORIUHOLDELOLW\WRWKH,3OD\HU
%SLQJ
7\SHHVFDSHVHTXHQFHWRDERUW
6HQGLQJE\WH,&03(FKRVWRWLPHRXWLVVHFRQGV
6XFFHVVUDWHLVSHUFHQWURXQGWULSPLQDYJPD[ PV
%
1RWHILUVWSDFNHWRIWKHSLQJJHWVGURSSHGDVVKRZQDERYHGXHWR
WKHUHDVRQWKDWLWVWLOOGRHVQWNQRZWKHPDFDGGUHVVRIWKH,3DGGUHVV
ZHDUHSLQJLQJ6\VWHPJRHVLQWRWKH$53SURFHVVWRGLVFRYHUWKHPDF
DGGUHVVRIVRLWFDQQRWEHVXFFHVVIXOXQWLOLWGLVFRYHUV
,&03(UURUPHVVDJHV
6RXUFHTXHQFK%XIIHUIXOOPHVVDJHVORZGRZQPHVVDJH
7LPHWR/LYH77/H[FHHGHG3DFNHW77/LV=HURVRV\VWHP
GURSVWKHSDFNHW
)UDJPHQWDWLRQUHTXLUHG'RQW)UDJPHQWELWVHWEXWWKHSDFNHW
KDVWRJRIUDJPHQWHG
'HVWLQDWLRQ8QUHDFKDEOH+RVW1HWZRUNSRUWSURWRFRO
5HGLUHFW%HWWHUURXWHRUSDWKLVDYDLODEOH
,&03,QIRUPDWLRQDOPHVVDJHV
(FKRUHTXHVWUHSO\
$GGUHVVPDVNUHTXHVWUHSO\
5RXWHUGLVFRYHU\
,&03EDVHG7RROV3LQJ7UDFHURXWHSDWKSLQJ
7UDFHURXWHXVHVWKHORJLFRIVHQGLQJSDFNHWRQHE\RQHZLWK
LQFUHPHQWDO77/VWDUWLQJIURP77/RQHIRUVWSDFNHWQGSDFNHWZLOOEH
KDYLQJ77/YDOXHVHWWR VRRQLGHDLVVWSDFNHWZLOOEHGURSSHG
DWWKH*DWHZD\EHFDXVH77/ZLOOEHGHFUHPHQWHGE\*DWHZD\VR
*DWHZD\ZLOOUHVSRQGEDFNWR6RXUFHVD\LQJKHGURSSHGWKLVSDFNHW
EHFDXVH77/H[FHHGHGWKHVRXUFHZLOOUHDGWKHLGHQWLW\RI*DWHZD\
ZKRUHVSRQGHG ZLOOXVHWKH5RXQGWULSWLPHYDOXHWRGLVSOD\LWDVDQ
LQIRUPDWLRQLQ7UDFHURXWHOLNHZLVHQGSDFNHWZLOOJHWGURSSHGDWQG
KRSUGSDFNHWZLWK77/RQUGKRSDOOWKHKRSVUHVSRQGE\GURSSLQJ
WKRVHSDFNHWV7UDFHURXWHWKXVEXLOGVLQIRUPDWLRQKRSE\KRSZLWKWKH
5775RXQG7ULSWLPHYDOXH
')%LW6HW'RQW)UDJPHQWELWVHWSDFNHWVL]HVHWWRPRUHWKDQ
GHIDXOW078SDFNHWLVGURSSHGEHFDXVHLWFDQQRWEHIUDJPHQWHG
DWWKHVDPHWLPHFDQQRWEHWUDQVPLWWHGZLWKRXWIUDJPHQWLQJ
%SLQJVL]HGIELWUHSHDW
7\SHHVFDSHVHTXHQFHWRDERUW
6HQGLQJE\WH,&03(FKRVWRWLPHRXWLVVHFRQGV
3DFNHWVHQWZLWKWKH')ELWVHW
6XFFHVVUDWHLVSHUFHQW
1R')ELWVHWVR3DFNHWJHWVIUDJPHQWHGVRSLQJLVVXFFHVVIXO
%SLQJVL]HUHSHDW
7\SHHVFDSHVHTXHQFHWRDERUW
6HQGLQJE\WH,&03(FKRVWRWLPHRXWLVVHFRQGV
6XFFHVVUDWHLVSHUFHQWURXQGWULSPLQDYJPD[
PV
%
1RWH%HVWZD\WRKDQGOHWKH0780D[LPXP7UDQVPLVVLRQ
8QLWOLPLWDWLRQVLVHQDEOLQJV\VWHPZLGH078-XPER)UDPH
6XSSRUW
:LUHVKDUNFDSWXUH,&03SLQJUHTXHVW,3)UDJPHQWHGSDFNHW WKH
3LQJ5HVSRQVH
:LUHVKDUN&DSWXUH,3)UDJPHQWHGSDFNHW+HDGHU)ODJVLQGLFDWHV
0RUH)UDJPHQWELWLVRQZKLFKPHDQVGHVWLQDWLRQV\VWHPLVVLJQDOOHG
WKDWWKHUHDUHPRUHIUDJPHQWVFRPLQJRQWKHZD\SRVWIUDJPHQWDWLRQ
ODVWSDFNHWZLOOKDYHQRIODJVHW
,&03XVHV7\SH FRGHLQWKH,&03KHDGHUWRLQGLFDWHWKH0HVVDJH
7\SH
,&039XOQHUDELOLWLHV'HQLDORIVHUYLFHDWWDFNV ,PSHUVRQDWLRQRU
PDQLQWKHPLGGOHDWWDFNV
$IRUJHGGHVWLQDWLRQXQUHDFKDEOHSDFNHWFDQLVRODWHDFRPSXWHUIURP
QHFHVVDU\VHUYLFHV
1RWH
,3YXVHVDSURWRFROFDOOHG,&03YWKDWLVSDUWRI,39SURWRFROVXLWHLW
SHUIRUPVHUURUUHSRUWLQJGLVFRYHU\ GLDJQRVWLFIXQFWLRQV0XFKPRUH
YHUVDWLOHLWKDVPRUHW\SHVRIPHVVDJHVWKDQWUDGLWLRQDO,&03
,&03Y0HVVDJH7\SHV
7\SH 1DPH
5HVHUYHG
'HVWLQDWLRQ8QUHDFKDEOH
3DFNHW7RR%LJ
7LPH([FHHGHG
3DUDPHWHU3UREOHP
3ULYDWHH[SHULPHQWDWLRQ
3ULYDWHH[SHULPHQWDWLRQ
8QDVVLJQHG
5HVHUYHGIRUH[SDQVLRQRI,&03YHUURUPHVVDJHV
(FKR5HTXHVW
(FKR5HSO\
0XOWLFDVW/LVWHQHU4XHU\
0XOWLFDVW/LVWHQHU5HSRUW
0XOWLFDVW/LVWHQHU'RQH
5RXWHU6ROLFLWDWLRQ
5RXWHU$GYHUWLVHPHQW
1HLJKERU6ROLFLWDWLRQ
1HLJKERU$GYHUWLVHPHQW
5HGLUHFW0HVVDJH
5RXWHU5HQXPEHULQJ
,&031RGH,QIRUPDWLRQ4XHU\
,&031RGH,QIRUPDWLRQ5HVSRQVH
,QYHUVH1HLJKERU'LVFRYHU\6ROLFLWDWLRQ0HVVDJH
,QYHUVH1HLJKERU'LVFRYHU\$GYHUWLVHPHQW0HVVDJH
9HUVLRQ0XOWLFDVW/LVWHQHU5HSRUW
+RPH$JHQW$GGUHVV'LVFRYHU\5HTXHVW0HVVDJH
+RPH$JHQW$GGUHVV'LVFRYHU\5HSO\0HVVDJH
0RELOH3UHIL[6ROLFLWDWLRQ
0RELOH3UHIL[$GYHUWLVHPHQW
&HUWLILFDWLRQ3DWK6ROLFLWDWLRQ0HVVDJH
&HUWLILFDWLRQ3DWK$GYHUWLVHPHQW0HVVDJH
,&03PHVVDJHVXWLOL]HGE\H[SHULPHQWDOPRELOLW\SURWRFROVVXFKDV
6HDPRE\
0XOWLFDVW5RXWHU$GYHUWLVHPHQW
0XOWLFDVW5RXWHU6ROLFLWDWLRQ
0XOWLFDVW5RXWHU7HUPLQDWLRQ
)0,3Y0HVVDJHV
53/&RQWURO0HVVDJH
,/13Y/RFDWRU8SGDWH0HVVDJH
'XSOLFDWH$GGUHVV5HTXHVW
'XSOLFDWH$GGUHVV&RQILUPDWLRQ
8QDVVLJQHG
3ULYDWHH[SHULPHQWDWLRQ
3ULYDWHH[SHULPHQWDWLRQ
5HVHUYHGIRUH[SDQVLRQRI,&03YLQIRUPDWLRQDOPHVVDJHV
1.6 TCP/IP Header Illustration
,3+HDGHU/LYHFDSWXUHIURP:LUHVKDUN
'HVWLQDWLRQ0XOWLFDVWDGGUHVVFOHDUO\LQGLFDWHVLWVDQ(,*53UHODWHG
SDFNHWFRXOGEHDQ(,*53KHOORPHVVDJH
:HKDYHDOUHDG\GLVFXVVHGWKHXVHRI)ODJV')0)LQWKH,&03
WRSLF77/LQWKH7UDFHURXWHGLDJQRVLVWRROGLVFXVVHGEHIRUH
/DVWEXWQRWWKHOHDVWLPSRUWDQWKHUHLV'6&3726W\SHRI6HUYLFHRU
OD\HU426ILHOGLQWKH,3+HDGHU'6&3VWDQGVIRU'LIIHUHQWLDWHG
6HUYLFHV&RGHSRLQWSDFNHWVFDQEHPDUNHGWREHSDUWRIFODVV
$VVXUHG)RUZDUGLQJ'DWD&ODVV&ODVV([SHGLWHG)RUZDUGLQJ
9RLFH&ODVV&ODVVLV,QWHUQHWZRUN&ODVVRU1HWZRUNFRQWURO
FODVV&ODVVLV'HIDXOW&ODVV0RUH'HWDLOVRIWKLVZLOOEHFRYHUHGLQ
WKH426 RWKHUFKDSWHUV
7KHDERYHSDFNHWLV(,*53UHODWHGZKLFKLV1HWZRUNFRQWUROFODVVVRLW
LVPDUNHG&ODVV
7&3+HDGHU/LYHFDSWXUHIURP:LUHVKDUN
7UDQVSRUW&RQWURO3URWRFRO+HDGHUZLWKGHVWLQDWLRQSRUWLQGLFDWHV
FOHDUO\LWLVD%*3SDFNHWSOHDVHUHPHPEHU%*3DVDSURWRFRO
RSHUDWHVDW7UDQVSRUWOD\HUXVLQJ7&35HOLDELOLW\EXLOWLQWR%*3ZLWK
$FNQRZOHGJPHQWV LVFRQQHFWLRQ2ULHQWHG
7&3:D\KDQGVKDNH3DFNHWV6<16<1$&.$&.
$IWHUWKHZD\KDQGVKDNHFRQQHFWLRQLVRSHQ WU\LQJWRJR
HVWDEOLVKHGVWDJHDVLQGLFDWHGE\WKSDFNHW
&KHFNRQWKH(QG6\VWHP(6RQWKH7&3FRQQHFWLRQV&RQQHFWLRQV
DUHLQRQHRIWKHIROORZLQJLPSRUWDQWVWDWHV6<16(177,0(B:$,7
(67$%/,6+('RU&/26(B:$,7
&?:,1'2:6?V\VWHP!QHWVWDWQ
$FWLYH&RQQHFWLRQV
7&3(67$%/,6+('
7&3(67$%/,6+('
7&3(67$%/,6+('
7&3(67$%/,6+('
7&3(67$%/,6+('
7&3&/26(B:$,7
6<16HQWZLWKRXW6<1$&.DOZD\VLQGLFDWHDSUREOHPRQWKHRWKHU
VLGHVRSOHDVHFKHFNLIWKHSRUWLVOLVWHQLQJRQWKHRWKHUVLGHLIWKH7&3
DSSOLFDWLRQLVUXQQLQJSURSHUO\RULIFRQQHFWLYLW\H[LVWVWRWKHGHVWLQDWLRQ
7&38'3,33URWRFRO6KHHW
3URWRFRO 7\SH 3RUW1R3URWRFRO1R
%*3 7&3
263) 3URWRFRO
(,*53 3URWRFRO
*5( 3URWRFRO
$+ 3URWRFRO
(63 3URWRFRO
7$&$&6 7&3
5$',86 8'3
66+ 7&3
7(/1(7 7&3
6103 8'3
173 8'3
,&03 3URWRFRO
'16 8'3
VLQJOHE\WHRIGDWDWKDWLVWUDQVPLWWHGLPPHGLDWHO\7KLVFRXOGWXUQ
ZRUVHRYHUVORZHUOLQNVPDQ\VXFKSDFNHWVFDQEHLQWUDQVLWDWWKH
VDPHWLPHSRWHQWLDOO\OHDGLQJWRFRQJHVWLRQFROODSVH
1DJOH
VDOJRULWKPZRUNVE\FRPELQLQJQXPEHURIVPDOOHU
RXWJRLQJPHVVDJHVWRVHQGWKHPDOODWRQFHWKHSURFHVVLVFDOOLQJ
1DJJOLQJ6SHFLILFDOO\DVORQJDVWKHUHLVDVHQWSDFNHWIRUZKLFKWKH
VHQGHUKDVUHFHLYHGQRDFNQRZOHGJPHQWWKHVHQGHUVKRXOGNHHS
EXIIHULQJLWVRXWSXWXQWLOLWKDVDIXOOSDFNHW
VZRUWKRIRXWSXWLGHDKHUH
LVWRVHQGRXWSXWDOODWRQFH$FFXPXODWHRUFROOHFWFKDUDFWHUVWRPDNHLW
DODUJHUFKXQNWRSDFHWKHLUWUDQVPLVVLRQWRWKHQHWZRUNDWDUDWH
PDWFKLQJWKHURXQGWULSWLPHRIWKHJLYHQFRQQHFWLRQ
3OHDVHQRWHWRLPSURYH/DJ\RXPLJKWFRQVLGHUWXUQLQJRIIGLVDEOLQJ
1DJOH$OJRULWKP
1RWH3OHDVHGRQWHGLWDQ\UHJLVWU\NH\VZLWKRXWDJRRG
NQRZOHGJHRILWEHFDXVHLWPLJKWWXUQWKH26XQXVDEOH
%\GHIDXOWWKH1DJOHDOJRULWKPLVQRWHQDEOHGRQ&LVFR6ZLWFKHV
'67FRQILJVHUYLFHQDJOH
1.7 IP Subnetting & Super-netting practical
Illustration
$QRUJDQL]DWLRQLVSODQQLQJWRH[SDQGWKH7HFKQLFDO0DQDJHURIWKH
FRPSDQ\DVNVWKH1HWZRUN6SHFLDOLVWWRVXSSRUWWKHWKUHHQHZ
GHSDUWPHQWVDWWKHUHPRWHVLWH$VSHUWKH+5WKHKHDGFRXQWVRIWKH
GHSDUWPHQWVDUHDVIROORZV7KHUHKDYHEHHQJXLGHOLQHVSURYLGHG
DURXQGQRWWRZDVWHDQ\,3VWRNHHSLWFRQWLJXRXVWRWKHPD[LPXP
SRVVLEOH