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2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of Factory Mutual Insurance Company.
1-29 Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof Components
Page 2 FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
List of Figures
Fig. 1. Hailstorm hazard map for United States (areas between dashed lines subject to severe
hailstorms and need an SH hail rated roof). ...................................................................................... 9
Fig. 2. Insulation and vapor barrier mechanically fastened to steel deck. .................................................. 10
Fig. 3. Fastener placement 2 4 ft (0.6 1.2 m) boards. .......................................................................... 13
Fig. 4. Fastener placement 3 4 ft (0.9 1.2 m) boards. .......................................................................... 14
Fig. 5. Fastener placement 4 4 ft (1.2 1.2 m) boards. .......................................................................... 15
Fig. 6. Fastener placement 4 8 ft (1.2 2.4 m) boards. .......................................................................... 16
Fig. 7. Alternate corner increase for mechanically attached single-ply membranes. Note: Fastener
spacing along all rows is the same as field spacing. ....................................................................... 19
Fig. 8. Fastener layout for 36 in. (914 mm) wide base sheet. ................................................................... 24
Fig. 9a. Side lap fastening: interlocking seam. ............................................................................................ 28
Fig. 9b. Side lap fastening: overlap seam. .................................................................................................. 28
Fig. 10. Two deck fasteners per support, one into each bar joist top flange. ............................................. 29
Fig. 11. Torch application of upper ply to a mechanically fastened base sheet Note adhesive
pooling at the leading edge of the roll. ............................................................................................ 32
Fig. 12a/12b. 4 4 ft (1.2 1.2 m) insulation boards secured with nine fasteners per board. ................ 34
List of Tables
Table 1. Recommended Rating of Field, Perimeter, and Corner Areas (Zones 1, 2, and 3) for
Enclosed Buildings ............................................................................................................................ 6
Table 2. Weight Needed of No. 3 Round Stone Ballast, Parapet 36 in. (914 mm) ............................... 21
Table 3. Weight Needed of No. 3 Round Stone Ballast, Parapet > 36 in. (914 mm) ................................ 21
Table 4. Weight Needed of Paver Blocksnot T&G, Beveled or Strapped to Each Other,
Parapet 36 in. (914 mm) ............................................................................................................ 21
Table 5. Weight Needed of Paver Blocksnot T&G, Beveled or Strapped to Each Other,
Parapet > 36 in. (914 mm). ........................................................................................................... 22
Table 6. Weight Needed of Paver BlocksT&G, Beveled or Strapped to Each Other,
Parapet 36 in. (914 mm) ............................................................................................................ 22
Table 7. Weight Needed of Paver BlocksT&G Beveled or Strapped to Each Other,
Parapet > 36 in. (914 mm) ............................................................................................................ 22
Table 8. Base Sheet Fastener Coverage for Non-FM Approved Combinations, ft2 per Fastener .......... 23
Table 9. Standard 36 in. (0.9 m) Base Sheet Fastening (Non-FM Approved Components). (See Fig. 8.) . 24
Table 10. Minimum Metal Disk or Fastener Head Size (Base Sheet Fasteners) ....................................... 25
Table 11. Allowable2 Uniform Uplift Pressure .............................................................................................. 26
Table 12. Nail pullout strength per in. (25 mm) of penetration ..................................................................... 31
1.0 SCOPE
This data sheet provides recommendations for the proper securement of various roof decks to supporting
members, and for the proper design and installation of above-deck roof components. Items covered include
roof covers, insulation, vapor retarders, fasteners, and recover assemblies. This data sheet is intended to
be used in conjunction with Data Sheet 1-28, Wind Design.
Prefabricated panel roofs, lap seam, and standing seam roofs are covered in Data Sheet 1-31, Metal Roof
Systems. Other data sheets with information on roofing include:
Data Sheet 1-28, Wind Design
Data Sheet 1-30, Repair of Wind Damaged Roof Systems
Data Sheet 1-32, Existing PVC Roof Covers
Data Sheet 1-33, Safeguarding Torch-Applied Roof Installations
Data Sheet 1-49, Perimeter Flashing
Data Sheet 1-52, Field Uplift Tests
Data Sheet 1-54, Roof Loads For New Construction (which covers positive [snow, ponding] loads)
For roofs of buildings divided by maximum foreseeable loss (MFL) fire walls, refer to Data Sheet 1-22, Criteria
for Maximum Foreseeable Loss Fire Walls and Space Separation.
1.1 Changes
August 2007. Changes were made as follows:
Recommendation 2.2.2.2 was revised to clarify its intent.
Recommendation 2.2.1.5.1 was revised to allow prescriptive enhancements for non-hurricane-prone
regions where Class 1-90 systems are needed. In addition, other acceptable enhancements were added
where Class 1-90 systems are needed in hurricane-prone regions.
Recommendation 2.2.20.1 was simplified and related portions of section 3 expanded.
Table 1A was deleted.
Footnote 2 of Table 1 was relocated to make it clearer that it applied to the entire table.
2.1 Introduction
The recommendations provided in this document are not intended to supersede the requirements of any
FM Approval (see Appendix A for definition). FM Approval listings outline the field-of-roof securement
requirements. Some listings also may contain specific roof corner/perimeter fastening methods. This data
sheet outlines other roof perimeter/corner fastening methods. Use the recommendations to supplement the
listings in the Approval Guide, a publication of FM Approvals. Where appropriate, recommendations are
grouped in each section as Design, Installation, and Maintenance.
Roof systems are FM Approved only for certain wind uplift ratings. All recommendations are for systems
used within their FM Approval limits. Generally, recommendations regarding internal fire ratings (Class 1 or
2) are not applicable to structural concrete and gypsum roof decks, as these decks are rated noncombustible
(internally) regardless of the above-deck components due to the substantial thermal barrier offered by the deck
itself. Form boards used with gypsum decks may themselves be combustible.
2.2.1 General
These recommendations are applicable to all systems except as noted.
Table 1. Recommended Rating of Field, Perimeter, and Corner Areas (Zones 1, 2, and 3) for Enclosed Buildings
Minimum Wind Rating for FM Approved Deck/Above-Deck/Entire1 Assembly
Roof Field Area Design Roof Field Area Enclosed Roof Perimeter Area Roof Corner Area
Pressure, p, (psf)2 Bldg. Enclosed Bldg. Enclosed Bldg.
p 30 60 105 150
30 < p 37.5 75 120 180
37.5 < p 45 90 150 225
45 < p 52.5 105 180 270
52.5 < p 60 120 195 300
60 < p 67.5 135 225 330
67.5 < p 75 150 255 360
75 < p 82.5 165 270 405
82.5 < p 90 180 300 435
90 < p 97.5 195 315 480
97.5 < p 105 210 345 510
105 < p 112.5 225 360 540
112.5 < p 120 240 390 585
120 < p 127.5 255 420 615
127.5 < p 135 270 435 660
1
Base the minimum wind rating on the roof field area rating when perimeter/corner areas are enhanced per this data sheet and other pertinent
FM Global Data Sheets (1-29, 1-31, etc.). Base the minimum wind rating on the respective area rating when perimeter/corner area
enhancements are not done, or are not acceptable.
2
For roofs with higher field area design pressures, or to interpolate needed perimeter and corner ratings when the field requirements are
between levels, multiply the needed field area design pressure from Table 3, 4 or 5 (of D.S. 1-28) by a safety factor of 2.0 and the respective
pressure coefficient for perimeter and corner areas (see Table 8), and round up to the next highest 15 psf rating interval.
3
Ratings above apply to enclosed buildings, with roof slopes 7 and roof heights 60 ft (18 m).
Minimum 12 in. (12. 7 mm) thick, FM Approved, water resistant, primed (factory or field primed) gypsum
cover board over the insulation. Primer can be omitted if roof cover / coverboard combination meets a
Class 1-225 or greater without a primer.
Through-fasten both layers to the steel deck with FM Approved minimum No. 14 (14 in., 6.4 mm) screws
and flat-bottom metal stress plates. Use 24 fasteners per 4 by 8 ft (1.2 by 2.4 m) board in the perimeter,
and 32 fasteners per 4 by 8 ft (1.2 by 2.4 m) board in the corners.
Roof cover a fully mopped, minimum 3-ply BUR; or a minimum 2-ply mod bit system with all plies fully
mopped and/or torch applied per FM Approval requirements.
Option 2
Minimum 2 in. (50 mm) thick, FM Approved, Class 1 insulation laid loose directly on the deck. Note: a
lesser insulation thickness may be used if included in any Class 1 fire-rated assembly with the other
components above it, but not less than 1-12 in. (38 mm) thick.
Minimum 716 in. (11.1 mm) thick, oriented strand board (OSB) cover board over the insulation. Ensure
the OSB is APA (American Plywood Association) rated for Exposure 1, with exterior type adhesive.
Through-fasten both layers to the steel deck with FM Approved minimum No. 14 (14 in., 6.4 mm) screws
and flat-bottom metal stress plates. Note: if screws have oversized heads and are specifically approved
for OSB or OSB composite boards, stress plates are not required. Use 24 fasteners per 4 by 8 ft (1.2
by 2.4 m) board in the perimeter, and 32 fasteners per 4 by 8 ft (1.2 by 2.4 m) board in the corners.
Roof cover a minimum 3-ply BUR or minimum 2-ply mod bit system with all plies fully mopped, per
FM Approval requirements.
c) For areas where the criteria in the recommendations above are exceeded, ensure the roof system used
in the perimeter and corner areas is FM Approved for the specific wind rating recommended in the
perimeter and corner areas (see Table 1). Alternatively, install either a mechanically attached single-ply
membrane, or a multi-ply roof cover with a mechanically attached base sheet in accordance with 2.2.7.2.
Note: Insulation and thermal barriers under mechanically fastened roof covers in assemblies that DO NOT
incorporate air or vapor retarders do not have to increase the insulation fastening over the field of roof
spacing.
2.2.1.5.2 For components adhered with urethane-based adhesives, asphalt, or other adhesives in ribbons,
spots, etc., reduce the spacing between ribbons or spots over the FM Approved field-of-roof spacing as noted
below (round down to a dimension that is practical with respect to board sizes, etc.):
In the roof perimeter, not more than 60% of the field-of-roof spacing between rows or area
In the roof corners, not more than 40% of the field-of-roof spacing between rows or area
Note: If the FM Approval rating for wind meets the criteria in Table 1 for the perimeter or corner area, no
further reduction is needed in those areas.
Example: A particular roof cover as FM Approved is adhered with a urethane-based adhesive in ribbons at
1 ft (0.3 m) on center in the field of the roof. The perimeter would need a ribbon spacing of 6 in. (150 mm)
and the corners would need a ribbon spacing equal to 4 in. (100 mm) on-center. Note: these spacings were
rounded down slightly for practicality.
2.2.1.5.3 For mechanically attached single-ply membranes, and multi-ply covers with a mechanically attached
base sheet, refer to section 2.2.7.2.
2.2.1.5.4 For mechanically attached base sheets, refer to section 2.2.9 or 2.2.11 if the base sheet is fastened
directly to a wood deck.
2.2.1.5.5 For ballasted systems, refer to section 2.2.7.4.
2.2.1.5.6 For steel decks, increase the number of deck fasteners at each joist or purlin support over the
field-of-roof FM Approvals RoofNav listing in accordance with 2.2.13. Shorter spans that yield an equivalent
increase in deck securement strength are acceptable, but may not always be practical.
Gander
Churchill
St. Johns
Edmonton S
Prince Charlottetown Sidney
Albert The Pas
AN
Bismarck Albany
Billings
E
Baker City
OC
OC
Providence
40 Aberdeen
Buffalo
Hartford
E AN
IC
Boise
Sheridan Pierre Ludington Philadelphia
NT
Minneapolis Pittsburgh
Detroit
LA
Eureka Pocatello Sioux Mil waukee Harrisburg Trenton
Falls
AT
Baltimore
Red Bluff Cleveland
Lander
Souix City Chicago
Washington DC
Des Moines Fort Wayne
Moline
Reno Cheyenne North Platte Columbus
Sacramento
Salt Lake City Cincinnati Richmond
Kahoka Indianapolis
San Francisco
35 Kansas
Spring field Charleston Norfolk
Joplin Nashville
Memphis Columbia
Los Angeles Santa Fe Oklahoma City Fort Smith
Chattanooga Charleston
Amarillo Atlanta
30 San Diego Phoenix
Little Rock
Birmingham Savannah
Montgomery
Tucson Dallas
Shreveport Jackson
El Paso Mobile Jacksonville
New Orleans
0 200 400 600
Tampa
dary Kilometers
n B oun
25 W ester Hazard San Antonio Houston
of Hail Miami 0 200 400
Miles
O
F M EXIC
GULF O
1-29
Page 9
120 115 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75
Fig. 1. Hailstorm hazard map for United States (areas between dashed lines subject to severe hailstorms and need an SH hail rated roof)
1-29 Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof Components
Page 10 FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
2.2.2.2 On panel-type decks (decks with seams such as steel, wood, pre-cast planks, etc.), if a vapor retarder
is installed below the insulation or coverboard of a mechanically secured single-ply membrane (per
recommendation 2.2.2.1 above), secure the insulation or coverboard with FM Approved insulation fasteners
and plates using one of the following options:
1.A rate of 1 per 2 ft2 (1 per 0.19 m2) throughout the entire roof area, OR
2.A rate throughout the entire roof area that will obtain a minimum 1-90 uplift FM Approval with an
adhered single-ply roofing membrane as specified in a RoofNav listing. The insulation/coverboard type
used below the mechanically secured membrane must match that specified by the RoofNav listing
for the adhered membrane, and the thickness of the insulation / coverboard must be equal to or greater
than that specified by the RoofNav listing.
A vapor retarder is located on the warm side of the roof or sandwiched between insulation layers. The vapor
retarder is sealed to the exterior walls of the building, but not necessarily to the underside of the roof cover.
An air barrier is used with a mechanically fastened roof cover and is located directly above the roof deck.
The air barrier is sealed to the underside of the roof cover, but not necessarily to the exterior walls of the
building. In theory, an air barrier improves wind uplift resistance of the roof assembly by preventing air flow into
the space below the roof cover and transferring a portion of the uplift load to the insulation. It should be noted
that even for properly installed air barrier systems, roof penetrations made after the installation of an air
barrier system can hamper the wind performance of an air barrier system if the air barrier is not sealed to
the underside of the roof cover after the penetration cut is made. Consequently, there are special FM
Approval restrictions on air barrier systems.
2.2.2.3 Fastener penetration of the vapor retarder can be avoided by using an FM Approved fastened/adhered
assembly. Ensure all materials are FM Approved for use in combination. Ensure substitution of
materials is not made.
2.2.2.4 Do not mop asphalt/felt vapor retarders directly on to any deck (this would result in a Class 2 roof)
except structural concrete.
2.2.5.1.2 When reroofing, inspect the existing deck securement and, if necessary, fasten the deck per Data
Sheet 1-28, Wind Design, prior to installation of the above-deck components.
2.2.5.1.3 When reroofing over a steel deck where the original assembly had been adhered with asphalt, do
one of the following:
Use an insulation specifically FM Approved for reroofing; that allows up to 15 lb per square (72 kg/100 m2)
of asphalt to remain on the deck.
Remove all asphalt from the deck and install a system FM Approved for new construction.
2.2.6 Structural Concrete, FM Approved Fiber Reinforced Cement and Lightweight Insulating
Concrete (LWIC) Decks: Design and Installation Recommendations
NOTE: also see section 2.2.14 for LWIC and 2.2.17 for Structural Concrete Decks
2.2.6.1 When an FM Approved asphaltic adhesive or asphalt is used to secure components to these decks,
prime the deck with an FM Approved primer at the FM Approved rate, or with an ASTM D-41 asphalt cut-back
primer at 0.75 to 1.25 gal per square (3.0 to 5.1 L/10 m2).
2.2.7 Single-Ply Membrane Covers and Multi-Ply covers with Mechanically Attached Base Sheets
Loss experience has shown that even properly secured single-ply roof covers can be damaged by windborne
debris such as metal panels and broken glass. In areas prone to hurricanes, typhoons and tropical cyclones
(see DS 1-28), use more durable roof covers. This would include multi-ply roof covers or single-ply
membranes that are considerably thicker than the FM Approved minimum. Many single-ply membranes are
manufactured in thicknesses up to 0.080 to 0.090 in. vs. the minimum FM Approved thickness of 0.045 to
0.060 in.
2.2.7.1 General
2.2.7.1.1 Single-ply membranes can deteriorate when exposed to certain materials commonly discharged
onto the roof. Also separate these membranes from incompatible substrate materials. In particular, ensure
single-ply membranes do not come into contact with asphalt or coal tar-based materials. Ensure EPDM
membranes are not exposed to gasoline, oil, solvents, or animal fats. Ensure PVC membranes are not in
direct contact with EPS. Follow the manufacturers recommendations for protection or separation.
2.2.7.1.2 Some FM Approved single-ply membranes are formulated with fire retardants on the top side only.
Install these systems with that surface up. Membranes with this requirement are labeled on the underside
THIS SIDE DOWN/IN.
2.2.7.2 Mechanically Attached Single-ply Membranes and Multi-Ply Covers with Mechanically
Attached Base Sheets: Design Recommendations
2.2.7.2.1 In the roof corners and perimeter, ensure the distance between rows of roof cover fasteners or
batten bars are the following maximum percentages of the FM Approved spacing. Use the reduced spacing
in all FM Approval classifications:
Roof Perimeter: Distance between rows is 60% of the FM Approved roof field spacing, or one row of
intermediate fasteners is provided in between.
Roof Corners: Distance between rows is 40% of the FM Approved roof field spacing or two rows of
intermediate fasteners are provided in between. An alternative for Class 1-90 and below is to install perimeter
fastener rows (60% of roof field as above) in both directions in the corners. Refer to Figure 7. When the
cover overlaps in the corner areas, install these fasteners from above the uppermost cover layer.
For single-plies fastened along the side laps:
Increased fastening density for single-ply membranes is often obtained by using narrower sheets. For
single-ply membranes or base sheets, intermediate rows of fasteners may be installed through the sheet
with a cover strip or additional plies applied over the fasteners, in accordance with the manufacturers
instructions. Use one intermediate row in the perimeter and two intermediate rows in the corners. Fastening
increase is not always obtained by increasing the number of fasteners along each row, unless substantiated
by FM Approval test data or otherwise done to provide a more practical spacing and distribution of wind
loads. In some cases, such as over wood decks (see 2.2.11) or LWIC, or with mod bit base sheets in high
wind areas, enhanced securement for base sheets is provided by reducing the fastener spacing within and
between rows in order to provide a uniform distribution (see section 3.1.2.1 for examples). When steel deck
is used, the fastener spacing across the deck ribs must be in even multiples of the deck rib spacing (6 in. or
150 mm for 112 in. or 38 mm deep deck) to ensure the fastener engages the top deck flange. See Example 1.
For point-attached membranes:
Increased fastening density is obtained by decreasing the spacing between fastener points in one or both
directions. Ensure total tributary area to each fastener is no more than 60% and 40% in the perimeter and
corners, respectively, of the FM Approved roof field spacing. See Example 2.
Example 1: A batten-attached system with FM Approved fastener spacing for Class 1-60 of rows 6 ft (1.8 m)
on center and screws 6 in. (152 mm) on center would use 3.6 ft (1.1 m) maximum on center row spacing,
with 6 in. (152 mm) on-center screw spacing in the perimeter and 2.4 ft (0.7 m) maximum on-center row
spacing with 6 in. (152 mm) on-center screw spacing in the corners. In this case, rows of roof cover fasteners
should extend across the deck ribs in all areas to properly distribute the load to points of deck securement.
Since the needed wind uplift rating is limited, an option would be to use row spacing of 3 ft (0.9 m) maximum
in both directions in the corners per Figure 7, and 2.2.7.3.2.
Notes: 1. Fastener spacing along all rows is the same as field spacing.
2. See section 2.2.7.3.2. for restrictions on fastener rows parallel to steel deck ribs.
3. If two layers of membrane are installed in the corner areas, all fasteners must secure the top
layer.
Example 2: A point-attached system with FM Approved fastener spacing for Class 1-90 of 24 24 in.
(610 610 mm) could use a spacing of 14 24 in. (356 610 mm) in the perimeter. A 12 24 in.
(305 610 mm) spacing may be needed for steel deck applications depending on deck rib direction.
A spacing of 10 24 in. (256 610 mm) in the corners could be used. A 12 18 in. (305 457 mm) may
be needed for steel deck applications depending on deck rib direction.
2.2.7.3 Mechanically Attached Single-Ply Membranes and Multi-Ply Covers with Mechanically
Attached Base PliesInstallation Recommendations
2.2.7.3.1 Ensure all roof cover fasteners engage the top flanges of steel deck.
2.2.7.3.2 Install batten bars and fastener rows perpendicular to steel deck ribs. Exception: for Class 1-75
and below, fastener rows and batten bars can be installed parallel to the building edge within the defined
building perimeter width if:
a) the distance between fastener rows in this area is 3 ft (0.9 m), and
b) two FM Approved deck fasteners or minimum 58 in. (16 mm) diameter welds are installed through each
lower deck flange (every 6 in., 150 mm on center)
2.2.7.3.3 Where acceptable to the roof cover manufacturer, in lieu of seaming numerous partial single-ply
membrane sheets in the rake areas, an FM Approved batten bar may extend across the perimeter width,
midway between rows of fasteners and be fastened to the deck. Adhere a membrane strip of a minimum width
as recommended by the manufacturer over the batten bar and the edges caulked to maintain water-tightness,
if needed. Similar enhancements may be provided in the corner areas using two intermediate batten bars.
2.2.7.3.4 Provide deck securement as follows when the FM Approved (field-of-roof) spacing between rows of
roof cover fasteners exceeds 6 ft (1.8 m):
a) Use only FM Approved deck fasteners to secure the deck. Ensure the spacing within rows of deck
fasteners in the field-of-roof does not exceed the spacing within rows of roof cover fasteners.
b) Double the deck fastening in the roof perimeter. For example, if roof cover fasteners are 12 in. (300
mm) on center in the field, provide deck fasteners 12 in. on center in the field (per a.) and provide deck
fasteners at 6 in. (150 mm) centers in the perimeter. If cover fasteners are 6 in. (150 mm) on center in
the field, provide deck fasteners at 6 in. centers in the field (per a.) and provide two deck fasteners at 6
in. (150 mm) centers in the perimeter.
c) In corner areas, use the same number of deck fasteners as for the perimeter, but with in. diameter
washers. Ensure washers are carbon steel with a 0.328 in. (8.4 mm) center hole and are minimum 0.065
in. (1.6 mm) thick.
2.2.7.4.6 For ballast application only, the roof perimeter and corners are subject to a minimum dimension
of 8.5 ft (2.6 m) rather than 4 ft (1.2 m) as defined in Data Sheet 1-28, Wind Design. Also, the 10% lesser
building plan dimension limit is not applied in determining the corner dimension. The 4 ft (1.2 m) minimum
and the 10% limit still apply to roof deck securement.
2.2.7.4.7 The structure must be capable of supporting the dead weight of the roof system and ballast without
encroaching on live load capacity or creating or aggravating a ponding problem. Have the load capacity of
the roof verified by a registered civil or structural engineer.
2.2.7.4.8 The roof slope should be 10, 2 in./ft (167 mm/m).
2.2.7.4.9 Stone ballast can be used in the roof field with pavers used at the perimeter and corners, provided
the appropriate weights of stone and pavers are used in each area.
2.2.7.4.10 Ensure flashing systems used with pavers secure the pavers at the building edge.
Table 2. Weight Needed of No. 3 Round Stone Ballast, Parapet 36 in. (914 mm)
Uplift Pressure Ballast Weight, (psf)
(psf) Data Steel or Pre-Cast Panel Deck Cementitious Wet Fill Deck
Sheet 1-28 Field Peri. Cors. Field Peri. Cors.
20 10 12 15 10 10 10
21 to 25 12 15 15 10 12 12
26 to 30 12 15 18 12 12 15
31 to 35 Use FM Approved 1-90 System 12 15 18
36 to 45 Use FM Approved 1-90 System Use FM Approved 1-90 System
Table 3. Weight Needed of No. 3 Round Stone Ballast, Parapet > 36 in. (914 mm)
Uplift Pressure Ballast Weight, psf
(psf) Data Steel or Pre-Cast Panel Deck Cementitious Wet Fill Deck
Sheet 1-28 Field Peri. Cors. Field Peri. Cors.
20 10 10 12 10 10 10
21 to 25 12 12 12 10 10 12
26 to 30 12 12 15 12 12 12
31 to 35 12 15 18 12 12 15
36 to 45 Use FM Approved 1-90 System 15 15 18
Table 4. Weight Needed of Paver Blocksnot T&G, Beveled or Strapped to Each Other, Parapet 36 in. (914 mm)
Uplift Pressure Paver Weight, psf
(psf) Data Steel or Pre-Cast Panel Deck Cementitious Wet Fill Deck
Sheet 1-28 Field Peri. Cors. Field Peri. Cors.
15 12 12 15 12 12 12
16 to 20 12 15 20 12 12 15
21 to 25 12 18 23 12 15 18
26 to 30 15 23 30 12 18 21
31 to 35 Use FM Approved 1-90 System 15 21 23
36 to 45 Use FM Approved 1-90 System Use FM Approved 1-90 System
Table 5. Weight Needed of Paver Blocksnot T&G, Beveled or Strapped to Each Other, Parapet > 36 in. (914 mm).
Uplift Pressure Paver Weight, psf
(psf) Data Steel or Pre-Cast Panel Deck Cementitious Wet Fill Deck
Sheet 1-28 Field Peri. Cors. Field Peri. Cors.
15 12 12 12 12 12 12
16 to 20 12 12 15 12 12 12
21 to 25 12 15 18 12 12 15
26 to 30 15 18 21 12 15 18
31 to 35 Use FM Approved 1-90 System 15 18 21
36 to 45 Use FM Approved 1-90 System Use FM Approved 1-90 System
Table 6. Weight Needed of Paver BlocksT&G, Beveled or Strapped to Each Other, Parapet 36 in. (914 mm)
Uplift Pressure Paver Weight, psf
(psf) Data Steel or Pre-Cast Panel Deck Cementitious Wet Fill Deck
Sheet 1-28 Field Peri. Cors. Field Peri. Cors.
15 12 12 12 12 12 12
16 to 20 12 12 15 12 12 12
21 to 25 12 15 15 12 12 12
26 to 30 12 15 18 12 12 15
31 to 35 15 18 18 12 15 18
36 to 40 Use FM Approved 1-90 System 12 18 18
Table 7. Weight Needed of Paver BlocksT&G Beveled or Strapped to Each Other, Parapet > 36 in. (914 mm)
Uplift Pressure Paver Weight (psf)
(psf) Data Steel or Pre-Cast Panel Deck Cementitious Wet Fill Deck
Sheet 1-28 Field Peri. Cors. Field Peri. Cors.
15 12 12 12 12 12 12
16 to 20 12 12 12 12 12 12
21 to 25 12 12 12 12 12 12
26 to 30 12 12 12 12 12 12
31 to 35 15 15 18 12 12 12
36 to 45 15 18 18 12 12 12
Notes:
2.2.9.2 Ensure fasteners for lightweight insulating concrete are not closer than 4 in. (102 mm) on-center, to
avoid cracking the deck.
2.2.9.3 For base sheets only, fastening increases can be obtained by adding rows of fasteners and/or
additional fasteners along each row.
2.2.11 Mechanically Fastened Base Sheet Assemblies Over Wood DecksDesign and Installation
Recommendations
Currently, there are no FM Approved combinations of a base sheet mechanically fastened directly to a wood
deck followed by a BUR or modified bitumen cover. These assemblies are popular in some regions. They
are considered Class 2 and need automatic sprinkler protection regardless of the FM Approval status of the
deck. They can be acceptable from a wind resistance viewpoint if installed in accordance with this section.
Table 8. Base Sheet Fastener Coverage for Non-FM Approved Combinations, ft2 per Fastener
Field of
Uplift
Pressure
(Data
Sheet < 21 psf 21-30 psf 31-45 psf
1-28 (< 1.0 kPa) (1.0-1.4 kPa) 1.48-2.15 kPa)
Roof Area Field Peri. Cors. Field Peri. Cors. Field Peri. Cors.
Fastener
Strength,
lb(N)
30(135) 0.75 0.43 0.29
40(180) 1.00 0.57 0.38
50(220) 1.25 0.71 0.48
60(265) 1.50 0.86 0.57 1.00 0.57 0.39
70(310) 1.75 1.00 0.67 1.16 0.67 0.45
80(355) 2.00 1.14 0.76 1.33 0.76 0.52
90(400) 2.00 1.29 0.86 1.50 0.86 0.58 1.00 0.56 0.38
100(445) 2.00 1.43 0.95 1.67 0.95 0.65 1.11 0.63 0.43
110(490) 2.00 1.57 1.05 1.83 1.05 0.71 1.22 0.69 0.47
120(535) 2.00 1.71 1.14 2.00 1.14 0.77 1.33 0.75 0.51
140(625) 2.00 2.00 1.33 2.00 1.33 0.90 1.56 0.86 0.60
160(710) 2.00 2.00 1.52 2.00 1.52 1.03 1.78 1.00 0.68
1. To convert to m2 per fastener, multiply by 0.0929.
2. When coverage is less than 0.50, a stronger fastener is suggested. Ensure coverage does not exceed 2.00 unless FM Approved.
3. Less than 40 lb (180 N) pull-out per fastener may indicate unsound deck or improper fastener. Consult manufacturers specifications.
4. If the building has a minimum 3 ft (0.9 m) high continuous parapet and the roof slope is 10 (167 mm/m), the corner areas may be
fastened in the same manner as the perimeter.
Table 9. Standard 36 in. (0.9 m) Base Sheet Fastening (Non-FM Approved Components). (See Fig. 8.)
Fastener Coverage, Maximum Fastener Spacing, in. (mm) On Center
ft2/fastener One Intermediate Row Two Intermediate Rows
(Table 8) At Laps Between Laps At Laps Between Laps
0.30-0.50 4 (102) 6 (179)
0.51-0.70 4 (102) 7 (179) 5 (127) 11 (279)
0.71-0.90 5 (127) 12 (305) 7 (179) 13 (330)
0.91-1.10 6 (152) 14 (356) 8 (203) 16 (406)
1.11-1.30 8 (203) 14 (356) 10 (254) 20 (508)
1.31-1.50 10 (254) 14 (356) 12 (305) 22 (559)
1.51-1.75 12 (305) 16 (406) 12 (305) 22 (609)
1.76-2.00 12 (305) 20 (508)
2.01-2.50 12 (305) 24 (609)
2.51-3.00 12 (305) 24 (609)
3.01-4.00 12 (305) 24 (609)
Fig. 8. Fastener layout for 36 in. (914 mm) wide base sheet.
Table 10. Minimum Metal Disk or Fastener Head Size (Base Sheet Fasteners)
Fastener Pull-Out Strength, lb (N) Minimum Disk/Head Diameter, in. (mm)
< 45 (200) 1.00 (25)
45-60 (200-265) 1.25 (32)
61-70 (270-310) 1.50 (38)
71-80 (315-355) 1.75 (44)
81-100 (360-445) 2.00 (51)
101-120 (450-535) 2.50 (64)
> 120 (535) 3.00 (76)
2.2.11.1 Perform field pull-out tests of the proposed base sheet fastener to determine pull-out performance.
Base sheet fastener spacing and head or disk size is then determined per Tables 8, 9, and 10. An example
calculation is given below.
2.2.11.2 Ensure base sheet fasteners have metal heads or disks.
2.2.11.3 Where non-FM Approved wood roof decks have been used and an FM Approved roof system
(above-deck components) is installed, roof system fastening can be in accordance with the Approval Guide
listings for FR-treated wood decks, provided the deck is nominal 34 in. (19 mm) thick plywood or nominal
2 in. (51 mm) thick lumber. If a thinner deck is used, fastener pull-out tests are needed. Determine the fastener
density per section 2.2.4.1.3.
Example Problem: Wood Deck, Nailed Base Sheet:
Given: The field-of-roof uplift pressure (See Data Sheet 1-28, Wind Design) is 28 psf (1.35 kPa) and the
fastener pull-out strength is 120 lb (535 N). From Table 8, 10th line (120 lb, 535 N), select maximum coverage
area per fastener as follows:
Roof field = 2.00 ft2 (0.2 m2) Roof perimeter = 1.14 ft2 (0.1 m2) Roof corners = 0.77 ft2 (0.07 m2)
From Table 9, select base sheet fastener spacing:
Per Table 10, the fastener head or disk size needs to be at least 2.5 in. (64 mm) in diameter.
Use Table 11 to ensure the allowable wind uplift pressure resistance of the deck is not exceeded.
Use enhanced deck securement for areas with higher wind design pressures as defined by 2.2.13.1.4.
In addition to the recommendations below, for mechanically attached single-ply membranes and multi-ply
covers with mechanically attached base sheets, also refer to section 2.2.7.3.
DOUBLE 22 115 91 76
20 143 113 94 91 78
18 195 154 129 125 106 103 94 87 80
DOUBLE 22 100 89 79 71
20 125 111 99 89 80 72
18 171 151 135 121 109 99 90 83 76
ALLOWABLE UNIFORM UPLIFT PRESSURE (psf) FOR GRADE 33 (Fy = 33,000 psi) STEEL ROOF DECK
3 Type N DEEP RIB (3DR)
SPAN Gage SPAN
TYPE 7-0 7-6 8-0 8-6 9-0 9-6 10-0 10-6 11-0
SINGLE 22 136 118 104 92 82 74 66 60 55
20 165 144 126 112 100 90 81 73 67
18 218 190 167 148 132 118 107 97 88
1. This table includes a 13 increase in normal allowable stress. It should be used specifically for wind and should not be used to determine
gravity load resistance.
2. Compare the values in this table to design pressures per DS 1-28. Do not apply a safety factor to the design pressures as one is
included in this table.
3. Table 11 is based on a yield stress (Fy) of 33,000 psi. For higher strength steels the allowable wind uplift pressure may be determined
by multiplying the values in Table 11 by 1.15 when Fy = 40,000 psi (276 mPa), by 1.35 when Fy = 50,000 psi (345 mPa) and by 1.55 when
Fy 60,000 psi (415 mPa). These multipliers take into consideration both the increase in strength due to Fy and the decrease in strength
due to deformation at higher stresses, so the relationship between yield strength and allowable pressure is not linear.
4. Interpolation by proportioning the square of the spans is most accurate; however, linear interpolation is reasonably accurate for these
span increments.
5. Where the recommended deck design pressure exceeds the capacity shown in Table 11, assemblies in which the combination of
above-deck components and securement act compositely with the deck may be accepted provided they have been satisfactorily tested.
2.2.13.1.2 Secure steel deck to supports for Class 1-90 and below, (unfactored design pressure 45 psf)
as follows:
Space FM Approved deck fasteners or welds a maximum of 12 in. (305 mm) on center (every other rib)
at all supports in the field of the roof.
Space FM Approved deck fasteners or welds a maximum of 6 in. (152 mm) on center (every rib) at all
supports in the roof corners and perimeter.
For Class 1-75 and 1-90 (field rated) construction, use FM Approved deck fasteners or minimum 58 in.
(16 mm) diameter welds in the field and perimeter; and use either one FM Approved deck fastener or two
welds in each rib in the corner area.
For Class 1-60 (field rated) construction, use FM Approved deck fasteners or minimum 12 in. (13 mm)
diameter welds in the field and perimeter, and use FM Approved deck fasteners or minimum 58 in. (16 mm)
diameter welds in the corners.
Secure the deck to supporting members at each deck side lap, regardless of resultant weld spacing.
For interlocking-type side laps (Fig. 9a), secure both sides of the lap (upper and lower).
For overlap-type side laps (Fig. 9b), ensure securement penetrates all deck panels at the laps.
2.2.13.1.3 When Steel Deck Institute (SDI) deck-weld patterns are specified, 24/3 or 36/4 patterns are
acceptable where a maximum 12 in. (300 mm) weld spacing is recommended and 24/5, 24/7, 30/6, 30/8,
36/7 or 36/9 patterns are acceptable where a maximum 6 in. (150 mm) weld spacing is recommended.
2.2.13.1.4 If the recommended field of roof wind rating exceeds Class 1-90 (unfactored design pressure >
45 psf), or if the FM Approved field-of-roof deck fastening requires fasteners/welds at every rib, secure each
rib in the field of the roof. For corner and perimeter areas, enhance deck securement using one or more
of the following:
Two FM Approved deck fasteners per rib (see Fig. 10)
Fig. 10. Two deck fasteners per support, one into each bar joist top flange.
Interlocking-type laps can be fastened by button punching in Class 1-90 and lower.
Do not weld side laps.
2.2.13.1.6 Ensure steel deck end laps are a minimum of 2 in. (51 mm). No additional fastening over that
noted above is needed for end laps. Consider specifying wider (4 in., 102 mm) end laps in the design. This
will make proper field installation easier by compensating for manufacturing and construction tolerances.
2.2.13.1.7 For new construction, the structural design engineer of record is responsible for determining if more
stringent design criteria is needed with regard to the deck type and securement, such as providing design
diaphragm resistance in conjunction with wind uplift resistance.
2.2.16.1 Recommendations
2.2.16.1.1 Use FM Approved fire-retardant (FR) treated lumber and plywood for all new wood roof deck
construction. FM Approved lumber is minimum 1.5 in. (38 mm) thick (nominal 2 in. [51 mm]) and FM Approved
plywood is minimum 23/32 in. (18 mm) thick (nominal 34 in. [19 mm]).
2.2.16.1.2 Where non-FM Approved wood roof decks have been used, roof deck fastening to resist anticipated
wind loads can be as outlined below.
Note: If the deck is thinner than the minimum FM Approved thicknesses, above-deck fastener pullout tests
are needed, as all above-deck fastening Approvals are based on the minimum FM Approved thickness. Refer
to section 2.2.5.2.7 for details on fastener pullout tests. In no case should plywood roof deck be thinner than
1932 in. (15 mm) [nominal 58 in. (16 mm)].
2.2.16.1.3 Above-deck components on wood decks are currently FM Approved only for up to Class 1-90.
Hence, deck fastening recommendations are for these uplift ratings only.
2.2.16.1.4 Ensure plywood fastening is as follows:
Deck panels are staggered in one direction.
Fastening is based on 2 ft (0.6 m) span, with panel ends supported. Refer to RoofNav for guidance on
FM Approved plywood deck fasteners. Where not available nail per guidelines below.
For nominal 58 in. (16 mm) thick deck, minimum 8d nails are used. For thicker decks, minimum 10d nails
are used.
Smooth shank nails are acceptable for all fastening except roof corners in Class 1-75 and 1-90, where
ring shank nails are needed.
For Class 1-60, field-of-roof nails are installed 6 in. (152 mm) on center at plywood panel end supports,
and 12 in. (304 mm) on center at all intermediate supports.
For Class 1-60 perimeter and corners, and Class 1-75 and 1-90 across the entire roof, nails are installed
6 in. (152 mm) on center at all supports.
2.2.16.1.5 Ensure nominal 2 in. (51 mm) lumber fastening is as follows:
Determine the design wind load and multiply by the tributary area of the nail, to determine the design load
on the nail.
Determine nail penetration into support.
Determine nail pullout strength by multiplying penetration length by appropriate value in Table 12 below.
Table 12. Nail pullout strength per in. (25 mm) of penetration
Nail Size (pennyweight) Pullout Resistance per in. (25 mm) of embedment, lb (N)
12d 28 (125)
16d 31 (138)
20d 36 (160)
30d 39 (173)
Ensure pullout strength is at least twice the design load for the nail.
Increase fastening at the roof perimeter and corners per section 2.2.1.5.6.
2.2.18.2 Install torch-applied covers properly to ensure adequate adhesion and wind uplift resistance.
Consider the following where practical and safe:
a) The torch applicator should face the leading edge of the roll and pull the roll toward them. Walking
behind the roll and pushing the roll results in an improper angle for torch flame impingement onto the roll,
and results in damage to the cover from walking on the heated and softened sheet layer.
b) Pass the torch flame back and forth across the leading edge of the roll, with most of the flame impinging
on the leading edge of the roll, and only slight heating of the substrate below.
c) Do not overheat the roll, such as to cause excessive smoke.
d) Allow the bitumen to pool slightly at the leading edge of the roll across its entire width, allowing the
pool to flow very slightly beyond the edge of the roll as the sheet is unrolled (see Fig. 11).
Fig. 11. Torch application of upper ply to a mechanically fastened base sheet Note adhesive pooling at the leading
edge of the roll.
2.2.21.1 Recommendations
2.2.21.1.1 Ensure the deck is secured in the field of the roof in accordance with the FM Approvals RoofNav
listing.
2.2.21.1.2 If deck perimeter and corner fastener density is not specified in the FM Approvals RoofNav, then
ensure it is in accordance with section 2.2.1.5.6.
3.1.2.1 Perimeter and Corner Enhancements for Mechanically Fastened, Multi-Ply Roof Covers
For a mechanically attached roof ensure cover the spacing between rows of fasteners does not exceed
60% of the spacing (of that FM Approved for the field of roof [FOR] rating) in the perimeter and 40% in the
corners. This accounts for the higher pressure coefficients in those areas (1/0.6 = 1.67, 1/0.4 = 2.5). From
a practical standpoint, for a multi-ply cover that is FM Approved when fastened in or through the seams only,
that would relate to adding one intermediate row of roof cover fasteners in the perimeter and two intermediate
rows in the corners. Rows of fasteners should run across the deck ribs to evenly distribute the wind loads
to points of deck securement. Spacing within rows can be the same throughout.
When the FOR FM Approved system already has one intermediate row and the spacing is 12 in. (300 mm)
in the seams and 12 in. (300 mm) in one staggered intermediate row. The average fastener spacing is about
1.5 ft2 (0.14 m2) for the field, and should be no more than 0.90 ft2 (0.084) and 0.60 ft2 (0.056 m2) in the
perimeter and corners, respectively. The spacing between fasteners in rows should be in multiples of 6 in.
in order to hit the top flanges of 1-12 in. (38 mm) deep steel deck. For the perimeter, the fasteners could
be placed 6 in. (150 mm) OC in the seams and 6 in. (150 mm) OC in the intermediate row (0.75 ft2,
0.07 m2). For the corners, the fasteners could be placed 6 in. OC (150 mm) in the seams and 6 in. (150
mm) OC in two intermediate rows (0.50 ft2 or 0.05 m2 per fastener).
When the FM Approved system to be used in the field of the roof already requires one or more intermediate
rows of roof cover fasteners, this becomes a little more complicated.
If the FOR FM Approved system already has two intermediate rows and the Approved spacing is 12 in. (300
mm) in the seams and 18 in. (450 mm) in two staggered intermediate rows, the average fastener spacing
is about 1.25 ft2 (0.12 m2) for the field, and should be not exceed 0.75 ft2 (0.07 m2) and 0.50 ft2 (0.05 m2) in
the perimeter and corners, respectively. The spacing between fasteners in rows should be in multiples of
6 in. (150 mm) in order to hit the top flanges of 1-12 in. (38 mm) deep steel deck. For the perimeter, the
fasteners could be placed 6 in. OC (150 mm) in the seams and 12 in. (300 mm) OC in two staggered
intermediate rows, or 12 in. (300 mm) OC in the seams and in three staggered intermediate rows (0.75
ft2 or 0.07 m2/fastener). If fasteners go thru both layers at the seam, then the latter alternative is
recommended. For the corners, the fasteners should be placed 6 in. (150 mm) OC in the seams and
6 in. (150 mm) OC in two intermediate rows (0.50 ft2 or 0.05 m2 per fastener).
An adhered roof covering obtains its uplift resistance from the tensile strength of the adhesive bond between
the roof cover and insulation. When failure occurs, the result will be separation from the material below, or
fractured insulation boards. Continuing uplift forces lead to peeling of the cover, which can result in the rapid
delamination of large areas of the roof covering.
FM Global research testing has shown that fastener placement on the insulation board has a significant effect
on the ultimate strength of the assembly. For example, research conducted with 4 4 ft 1.5 in.
(1.2 1.2 m 38 mm) polyisocyanurate insulation covered with a BUR showed a dramatic change in
performance simply by rearranging the fasteners on the boards. For both tests, the fastening density was
1 fastener per 1.78 ft2 (0.17 m2). Figures 12a and 12b show the fastener placement for each test.
Fig. 12a/12b. 4 4 ft (1.2 1.2 m) insulation boards secured with nine fasteners per board.
The test of pattern 12a failed at 105 psf (5.0 kPa) by fracture of the insulation board. The test of pattern
12b failed at 160 psf (7.6 kPa) by screws pulling out of the deck.
Mechanically attached single-ply membranes are secured by fasteners that directly engage the deck. This
results in a concentration of forces that are transmitted into the fastener. There also are high stresses in the
membrane at the fastener. If one fastener fails, the load will be transferred to adjacent fasteners, usually
causing these fasteners to be overstressed.
If fasteners are driven into the bottom flange of steel deck, the moment arm is at least 1.5 in. (38 mm) longer
(the depth of steel deck) than with top flange engagement. This longer moment arm can result in increased
fastener back-out and failure.
3.1.2.2 Cold Process Adhesives in Tropical Cyclone Exposed Areas
The installation of roof systems in regions prone to hurricanes, typhoons, and tropical cyclones need to be
completed in sufficient time for the adhesive to cure prior to exposure by these storms. While it is sometimes
difficult to control installation schedules, every effort should be made to minimize the exposure.
The start of hurricane season is June 1 north of the equator and November 1 south of the equator. Hurricane
seasons last six months and the worst storms typically occur during the middle of the season. For some
adhesive types used with multi-layer roof systems, a minimum of 28 days is required for curing. That is the
maximum cure time allowed prior to lab testing. While local weather conditions can vary exact cure times,
allowing 28 days helps to ensure the strength is comparable to that of the sample that was lab tested.
Single-ply covers adhered with contact adhesive may be near full strength within about 7 days. Depending
on local conditions, types of materials, and even the number of roof cover layers, some cold-process, multi-ply
assemblies may continue to increase in strength for 60 days or more after the installation. Scheduling to
avoid hurricane season also allows more time for curing prior to conducting field uplift tests, increasing the
probability of success.
Consult the roof material manufacturer regarding information relating to the percentage of ultimate strength
for the assembly in question vs. cure time. In no case should an assembly be used where it may be exposed
by a tropical storm before reaching at least 50% of its ultimate strength.
0.1 m2) become impractical and yield diminishing returns on wind uplift resistance, as ultimately the roof
cover may peel off the insulation the roof insulation facer may delaminate or the insulation or cover board
itself may delaminate.
Even with a fastener spacing equal to or slightly greater than 1 ft2 (1 per 0.1 m2), the maximum wind resistance
rating may be between 150 and 195 psf, depending on the type of roof cover and insulation or topping board
it is adhered to.Where higher wind ratings are needed for steel deck roofs in perimeter and corner areas,
higher wind uplift resistance can be achieved by using mechanically attached base plies or mechanically
attached single-ply membranes, as they are dependent on the resistance of the interaction of the fastener
stress plate and the membrane, or the pullout of the screw from the deck, and not the insulation board.
Rows of fasteners for mechanically fastened roof covers should run perpendicular to the deck ribs. When
rows of fasteners for roof covers run parallel to the deck ribs, the load is not uniformly distributed to the deck
or its points of securement. In such cases, the wind uplift load is generally shared by the equivalent of only
two or three deck fasteners or welds, which may cause failure of the deck at its point of securement.
Recommendations in this document are intended to provide a safety factor of 2.0 between the rated or ultimate
wind resistance of above deck components and deck securement and design wind pressure. This safety
factor is intended to compensate for defects in workmanship and materials, loads in excess of the design
load, and adverse effects due to aging.
Wind uplift pressure may be influenced by the type of roof deck. If the deck is of panel construction, which
contain joints, such as steel, wood, or pre-cast gypsum or concrete plank decks, the internal building
pressure is allowed to act on the underside of the above-deck components. Decks such as gypsum or
concrete are cast-in-place from a cementitious slurry that hardens into a monolithic material. These decks
have virtually no spaces to allow internal pressure to act on the underside of the roof cover and insulation.
As a result the net load on the above-deck components is less with monolithic decks than for panel-type
decks. Precast gypsum and concrete plank decks do have joints which allow internal pressure to act on the
roof underside. All necessary adjustments for monolithic decks have been considered during Approval
testing.
Insulation that is pre-secured below a mechanically fastened roof cover is subject to internal pressure, which
is constant throughtout the internal plan area. Increases in total uplift pressure at perimeter and corner areas
are due to large increases in external pressures there.
c) Overlay a second layer of grade 33 deck in the corners. Screw the two decks together using side-lap
fasteners at each side lap and every other deck rib. The spacing between fasteners within rows should
be in accordance with 2.2.13.1.5.
Option a) is preferred since the FM Approval for above-deck components rated for such pressures will likely
require a Grade 80 deck, and it is likely the most cost effective solution as well.
Example No. 3. Recommend deck securement for the design pressures noted in Example No. 2, given that
an FM Approved 1-135 roof system (safety factor of 2.0 times 67.5 psf) is proposed and the specific Approval
listing requires 1-12 in. deep, 22 gauge, wide rib, Grade 80 deck with FM Approved deck fasteners every
6 in. (150 mm, every rib) on center.
Solution:
Per the Approval listing, FM Approved deck fasteners should be provided every 6 in. (150 mm, every rib)
on center in the field of the roof. Two fasteners per deck rib should be provided in the perimeter and corner
areas. Side lap fastening should be 30 in. (0.76 m) on center in the field of the roof, and 15 in. (0.38 m)
on center in the perimeter and corners.
4.0 REFERENCES
4.1 FM Global
Data Sheet 1-5, Removal and Shipping of Roof Deck Samples for Calorimeter Testing
Data Sheet 1-12, Ceilings and Concealed Spaces
Data Sheet 1-13, Chimneys
Data Sheet 1-22, Criteria for Maximum Foreseeable Loss Fire Walls and Space Separation
Data Sheet 1-28, Wind Design
Data Sheet 1-30, Repair of Wind Damaged Roof Systems
Data Sheet 1-31, Metal Roof Systems
Data Sheet 1-32, Existing PVC Roof Covers
Data Sheet 1-33, Safeguarding Torch-Applied Roof Installations
Data Sheet 1-49, Perimeter Flashing
Data Sheet 1-52, Field Uplift Tests
Data Sheet 1-54, Roof Loads for New Construction
Approval Guide, a publication of FM Approvals
FM Approvals RoofNav
4.2 Others
American Society of Civil Engineers
ASCE Standard 7-05, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
ASTM D448
UL Fire Resistance Directory, Volume 1, published annually
For locations outside the United States, consider any areas that are in a tropical cyclone region or typhoon
prone region. These include, but are not limited to, parts of Australia, the Bahamas, Bermuda, India,
Indonesia, Bangladesh, the Philippines, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Macau, Vietnam, and Taiwan,
where the basic wind speed per DS 1-28 is greater than 90 mph (40 m/s).
Square: A roofing term meaning 100 ft2 (9.28 m2) of roofing area.
Tropical cyclone prone region: An area prone to tropical storms, in which winds rotate about a center of low
atmospheric pressure (clockwise in the southern hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the northern
hemisphere), where the basic wind speed per DS 1-28 is greater than 90 mph (40 m/s).
Typhoon-prone region: Areas including, but not limited to, the Philippines, China, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea,
Hong Kong, Macau, and Vietnam.