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FM Global

Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets 1-29


August 2007
Page 1 of 40

ROOF DECK SECUREMENT AND ABOVE-DECK ROOF COMPONENTS

Note to Insureds of Factory Mutual Insurance Company: Contact the local


FM Global office before beginning any roofing work.

Table of Contents
Page

1.0 SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................... 3


1.1 Changes ............................................................................................................................................ 3
2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................... 3
2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Construction and Location ............................................................................................................... 4
2.2.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 4
2.2.2 Vapor Retarders (Barriers)Design and Installation Recommendations ........................... 10
2.2.3 Roof Insulation ..................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.4 Insulation and Roof Cover Fasteners ................................................................................. 12
2.2.5 Recover and Reroof ConstructionDesign and Installation Recommendations ............... 16
2.2.6 Structural Concrete, FM Approved Fiber Reinforced Cement and Lightweight
Insulating Concrete (LWIC) Decks: Design and Installation Recommendations ................ 17
2.2.7 Single-Ply Membrane Covers and Multi-Ply covers with Mechanically Attached Base
Sheets ................................................................................................................................. 18
2.2.8 Asphalt and BUR Installation Recommendations ............................................................... 22
2.2.9 Roof Covers Adhered to Mechanically Attached Base SheetsFastener
Installation Recommendations ............................................................................................ 22
2.2.10 Liquid Applied Roof CoversInstallation Recommendations ........................................... 23
2.2.11 Mechanically Fastened Base Sheet Assemblies Over Wood DecksDesign and
Installation Recommendations ........................................................................................... 23
2.2.13 Roof Deck Span and Securement for Wind Loads ............................................................ 25
2.2.14 Lightweight Insulating Concrete Roof Decks .................................................................... 29
2.2.15 Cementitious Wood Fiber Roof Deck Recommendations ................................................. 30
2.2.16 Lumber and Plywood Deck ................................................................................................ 30
2.2.17 Structural Concrete Roof Deck Recommendations ........................................................... 31
2.2.18 Torch Application of Modified Bitumen Roof Covers ......................................................... 31
2.2.19 Field Wind Uplift Tests ....................................................................................................... 32
2.2.20 Cold-Process Adhesives .................................................................................................... 32
2.2.21 Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Roof Deck ................................................................ 33
3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................. 33
3.1 Supplemental Information .............................................................................................................. 33
3.1.1 Class 1 and 2 Roof Decks .................................................................................................. 33
3.1.2 Wind Uplift Resistance, Non-Ballasted Roof Covers .......................................................... 33
3.1.3 Wind Uplift Resistance, Ballasted Systems ........................................................................ 35
3.1.4 Compatibility With Substrate ............................................................................................... 35
3.1.5 External Combustibility ........................................................................................................ 35
3.1.6 Recover Construction .......................................................................................................... 36
3.1.7 Wind Uplift ........................................................................................................................... 36
3.1.8 Wind Damage ....................................................................................................................... 37
3.1.9 Inferior Construction ............................................................................................................ 37
3.1.10 Steel Deck ......................................................................................................................... 38

2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of Factory Mutual Insurance Company.
1-29 Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof Components
Page 2 FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

4.0 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 39


4.1 FM Global ...................................................................................................................................... 39
4.2 Others ............................................................................................................................................ 39
APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS ..................................................................................................... 39
APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY ..................................................................................... 40

List of Figures
Fig. 1. Hailstorm hazard map for United States (areas between dashed lines subject to severe
hailstorms and need an SH hail rated roof). ...................................................................................... 9
Fig. 2. Insulation and vapor barrier mechanically fastened to steel deck. .................................................. 10
Fig. 3. Fastener placement 2 4 ft (0.6 1.2 m) boards. .......................................................................... 13
Fig. 4. Fastener placement 3 4 ft (0.9 1.2 m) boards. .......................................................................... 14
Fig. 5. Fastener placement 4 4 ft (1.2 1.2 m) boards. .......................................................................... 15
Fig. 6. Fastener placement 4 8 ft (1.2 2.4 m) boards. .......................................................................... 16
Fig. 7. Alternate corner increase for mechanically attached single-ply membranes. Note: Fastener
spacing along all rows is the same as field spacing. ....................................................................... 19
Fig. 8. Fastener layout for 36 in. (914 mm) wide base sheet. ................................................................... 24
Fig. 9a. Side lap fastening: interlocking seam. ............................................................................................ 28
Fig. 9b. Side lap fastening: overlap seam. .................................................................................................. 28
Fig. 10. Two deck fasteners per support, one into each bar joist top flange. ............................................. 29
Fig. 11. Torch application of upper ply to a mechanically fastened base sheet Note adhesive
pooling at the leading edge of the roll. ............................................................................................ 32
Fig. 12a/12b. 4 4 ft (1.2 1.2 m) insulation boards secured with nine fasteners per board. ................ 34

List of Tables
Table 1. Recommended Rating of Field, Perimeter, and Corner Areas (Zones 1, 2, and 3) for
Enclosed Buildings ............................................................................................................................ 6
Table 2. Weight Needed of No. 3 Round Stone Ballast, Parapet 36 in. (914 mm) ............................... 21
Table 3. Weight Needed of No. 3 Round Stone Ballast, Parapet > 36 in. (914 mm) ................................ 21
Table 4. Weight Needed of Paver Blocksnot T&G, Beveled or Strapped to Each Other,
Parapet 36 in. (914 mm) ............................................................................................................ 21
Table 5. Weight Needed of Paver Blocksnot T&G, Beveled or Strapped to Each Other,
Parapet > 36 in. (914 mm). ........................................................................................................... 22
Table 6. Weight Needed of Paver BlocksT&G, Beveled or Strapped to Each Other,
Parapet 36 in. (914 mm) ............................................................................................................ 22
Table 7. Weight Needed of Paver BlocksT&G Beveled or Strapped to Each Other,
Parapet > 36 in. (914 mm) ............................................................................................................ 22
Table 8. Base Sheet Fastener Coverage for Non-FM Approved Combinations, ft2 per Fastener .......... 23
Table 9. Standard 36 in. (0.9 m) Base Sheet Fastening (Non-FM Approved Components). (See Fig. 8.) . 24
Table 10. Minimum Metal Disk or Fastener Head Size (Base Sheet Fasteners) ....................................... 25
Table 11. Allowable2 Uniform Uplift Pressure .............................................................................................. 26
Table 12. Nail pullout strength per in. (25 mm) of penetration ..................................................................... 31

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Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof Components 1-29
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets Page 3

1.0 SCOPE
This data sheet provides recommendations for the proper securement of various roof decks to supporting
members, and for the proper design and installation of above-deck roof components. Items covered include
roof covers, insulation, vapor retarders, fasteners, and recover assemblies. This data sheet is intended to
be used in conjunction with Data Sheet 1-28, Wind Design.
Prefabricated panel roofs, lap seam, and standing seam roofs are covered in Data Sheet 1-31, Metal Roof
Systems. Other data sheets with information on roofing include:
Data Sheet 1-28, Wind Design
Data Sheet 1-30, Repair of Wind Damaged Roof Systems
Data Sheet 1-32, Existing PVC Roof Covers
Data Sheet 1-33, Safeguarding Torch-Applied Roof Installations
Data Sheet 1-49, Perimeter Flashing
Data Sheet 1-52, Field Uplift Tests
Data Sheet 1-54, Roof Loads For New Construction (which covers positive [snow, ponding] loads)
For roofs of buildings divided by maximum foreseeable loss (MFL) fire walls, refer to Data Sheet 1-22, Criteria
for Maximum Foreseeable Loss Fire Walls and Space Separation.

1.1 Changes
August 2007. Changes were made as follows:
Recommendation 2.2.2.2 was revised to clarify its intent.
Recommendation 2.2.1.5.1 was revised to allow prescriptive enhancements for non-hurricane-prone
regions where Class 1-90 systems are needed. In addition, other acceptable enhancements were added
where Class 1-90 systems are needed in hurricane-prone regions.
Recommendation 2.2.20.1 was simplified and related portions of section 3 expanded.
Table 1A was deleted.
Footnote 2 of Table 1 was relocated to make it clearer that it applied to the entire table.

2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS

2.1 Introduction
The recommendations provided in this document are not intended to supersede the requirements of any
FM Approval (see Appendix A for definition). FM Approval listings outline the field-of-roof securement
requirements. Some listings also may contain specific roof corner/perimeter fastening methods. This data
sheet outlines other roof perimeter/corner fastening methods. Use the recommendations to supplement the
listings in the Approval Guide, a publication of FM Approvals. Where appropriate, recommendations are
grouped in each section as Design, Installation, and Maintenance.
Roof systems are FM Approved only for certain wind uplift ratings. All recommendations are for systems
used within their FM Approval limits. Generally, recommendations regarding internal fire ratings (Class 1 or
2) are not applicable to structural concrete and gypsum roof decks, as these decks are rated noncombustible
(internally) regardless of the above-deck components due to the substantial thermal barrier offered by the deck
itself. Form boards used with gypsum decks may themselves be combustible.

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1-29 Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof Components
Page 4 FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

2.2 Construction and Location

2.2.1 General
These recommendations are applicable to all systems except as noted.

2.2.1.1 Design Recommendations


2.2.1.1.1 Except for ballasted systems that are not FM Approved, ensure all installations use components
and systems (roof deck, insulation, fasteners, roof cover, etc.) that are FM Approved for use together on the
particular deck. Use of individually FM Approved components, not FM Approved for use together, does not
constitute an FM Approved or recommended assembly. Use of FM Approved systems is universally
recommended and is implied for all applicable assemblies whether or not specifically stated in the
recommendation.
2.2.1.1.2 All FM Approved materials are required to have the FM Approval mark on the packaging or the
material itself. Materials without proper labeling are not FM Approved and cannot be accepted.
2.2.1.1.3 Ensure the roof deck design and installation are in accordance with the Approval Guide, RoofNav
and Data Sheets 1-28, Wind Design, 1-49, Perimeter Flashing (and 1-31, Metal Roof Systems, where
applicable).
2.2.1.1.4 Use FM Approved perimeter flashing systems, where available. Secure wood nailers in accordance
with Data Sheet 1-49, Perimeter Flashing, and follow other guidelines in that document where FM Approved
flashings are not available.
2.2.1.1.5 Ensure roof slope is a minimum of 1 (14 in./ft, 21 mm/m). This can be accomplished by varying
the column heights or using an FM Approved tapered insulation system. Refer to Data Sheet 1-54, Roof Loads
for New Construction.

2.2.1.2 Installation Recommendations


2.2.1.2.1 It is essential that thorough supervision by the building owners qualified representative is provided
during all roof construction to ensure quality of workmanship and adherence to FM Approval standards and
project specifications.
2.2.1.2.2 When installing torch-applied roof covers, follow the recommendations in Data Sheet 1-33,
Safeguarding Torch-Applied Roof Installation, and recommendation 2.2.18.
2.2.1.2.3 Do not store combustible roofing materials in buildings under construction unless an adequate
sprinkler system is in service. Use combustible adhesives and solvents with caution. Use FM Approved safety
cans where appropriate. Do not allow smoking on roofs at any time. Do not allow flammable liquids or solvents
to enter confined spaces. Ensure the facilitys emergency response team oversees all roofing work.
2.2.1.2.4 Make a minimum of two 10 lb (4.5 kg) ABC fire extinguishers available on the roof during roof
construction and repairs.
2.2.1.2.5 Due to possible high concentrated loads from the rolls of membrane and gravel carts, caution is
needed when moving these materials across the roof. To prevent over-stressing the deck when the weight
of individual rolls of single-ply membrane exceeds 1100 lb (500 kg), use precautions such as shorter deck
spans or plywood sheets over steel deck to reduce point loads.
2.2.1.2.6 Fill the space between nailers in roof expansion joints with noncombustible, compressible insulation
such as glass, mineral, or ceramic fiber type.
2.2.1.2.7 Provide adequate separation and/or noncombustible insulation between hot exhaust stacks and
combustible roof deck and above deck roof components. See DS 1-13, Chimneys, for details.
2.2.1.2.8 Ensure roof insulation or cover boards are dry and surfaces are free of debris or dirt prior to adhering
roof covers to them. This will help ensure complete adhesion of the cover to its substrate.

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Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof Components 1-29
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets Page 5

2.2.1.3 Maintenance Recommendation


2.2.1.3.1 Inspect roof systems and flashing semi-annually and after storms. During inspection, note and repair
any holes or deterioration of the covering, opened seams, backed-out fasteners, loose anchorages, loose
flashing, membrane shrinkage, etc. Replace any wet insulation when making roof repairs. Inspect and clean
drains as needed. Maintain written records.

2.2.1.4 Wind Uplift Resistance: Design Recommendations


2.2.1.4.1 Determine the roof wind uplift design pressure and recommended FM Approvals wind uplift ratings
for roof assemblies (decks and above-deck components) per Data Sheet 1-28, Wind Design or RoofNav
Ratings Calculator. Do not use any system beyond its FM Approval rating, except where enhancements are
allowed by this document.
2.2.1.4.2 Ensure all new, re-roof, and recover construction uses an appropriate wind-uplift-rated FM Approved
roof system where available. Ensure the roof field fastening is per FM Approvals RoofNav listing.
Note: For ballasted systems, see sections 2.2.7.4 to 2.2.7.6.
2.2.1.4.3 Because there are higher uplift forces on the roof corners and perimeter, these areas need
additional securement over that, which is FM Approved for the field of the roof. Refer to Data Sheet
1-28 for corner/perimeter definitions and dimensions. Ensure any whole or partial insulation board or roof
cover/base sheet width (when the roll is parallel to the building edge) that falls within the calculated perimeter
or corner has the increased securement applied over the entire board or roof cover/base sheet width. There
are several acceptable methods for increasing the uplift resistance of the roof in the corners and perimeters.
Do one of the following:
Where the FM Approvals RoofNav listing includes a roof perimeter and/or corner fastening method, it can
be used.
Use a roof system with the appropriate FM Approval wind uplift rating in each area per Table 1.
Use the appropriate prescriptive recommendation noted in section 2.2.1.5, within the limits of acceptability.
An alternative is to use an adhered roof cover (adhered across the entire roof) that is adequately wind
rated for the field of the roof and, in the perimeter and corner areas, use a mechanically attached roof
cover (see Table 1 and 2.2.7.2) that is either:
a) FM Approved for wind pressures in the perimeter and corner areas, or
b) FM Approved for the field of roof pressure per Table 1 and enhanced in the perimeter and corner areas
per recommendation 2.2.7.2.1 by reducing the distance between rows of fasteners.
In either case a) or b) above, fasten a termination bar over the cover or base sheet (with suitable
weatherproofing provided) and into the deck every 6 in. (150 mm) on center. Use minimum no. 15 screws
at the junction of the fully adhered areas with the adhered and mechanically fastened areas.

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1-29 Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof Components
Page 6 FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

Table 1. Recommended Rating of Field, Perimeter, and Corner Areas (Zones 1, 2, and 3) for Enclosed Buildings
Minimum Wind Rating for FM Approved Deck/Above-Deck/Entire1 Assembly
Roof Field Area Design Roof Field Area Enclosed Roof Perimeter Area Roof Corner Area
Pressure, p, (psf)2 Bldg. Enclosed Bldg. Enclosed Bldg.
p 30 60 105 150
30 < p 37.5 75 120 180
37.5 < p 45 90 150 225
45 < p 52.5 105 180 270
52.5 < p 60 120 195 300
60 < p 67.5 135 225 330
67.5 < p 75 150 255 360
75 < p 82.5 165 270 405
82.5 < p 90 180 300 435
90 < p 97.5 195 315 480
97.5 < p 105 210 345 510
105 < p 112.5 225 360 540
112.5 < p 120 240 390 585
120 < p 127.5 255 420 615
127.5 < p 135 270 435 660
1
Base the minimum wind rating on the roof field area rating when perimeter/corner areas are enhanced per this data sheet and other pertinent
FM Global Data Sheets (1-29, 1-31, etc.). Base the minimum wind rating on the respective area rating when perimeter/corner area
enhancements are not done, or are not acceptable.
2
For roofs with higher field area design pressures, or to interpolate needed perimeter and corner ratings when the field requirements are
between levels, multiply the needed field area design pressure from Table 3, 4 or 5 (of D.S. 1-28) by a safety factor of 2.0 and the respective
pressure coefficient for perimeter and corner areas (see Table 8), and round up to the next highest 15 psf rating interval.
3
Ratings above apply to enclosed buildings, with roof slopes 7 and roof heights 60 ft (18 m).

2.2.1.5 Prescriptive Enhancement Options: Perimeter and Corner


2.2.1.5.1
a) For all deck types, where roof covers are adhered to some combination of mechanically fastened
insulation, cover board, or thermal barriers, prescriptive enhancements may be used for securement of
the perimeter and corner areas, as long as one of the conditions below applies:
1. The building is in a non-hurricane prone region where the design wind speed does not exceed 90
mph and the roof height does not exceed 75 ft (23 m). Note the roof height is limited to 30 ft (9.1 m) if
the building is located in surface roughness exposure D (see DS 1-28) and the building is partially
enclosed.
Or,
2. The recommended field of roof rating needed per DS 1-28 does not exceed Class 1-75 (3.6 kPa).
Or,
3. The building is in a non-hurricane-prone region (see Appendix A) and the recommended field of
roof rating per DS 1-28 does not exceed Class 1-90 (4.3 kPa).
For any of the three conditions above, increase the number of fasteners per board over the FM
Approved field-of-roof spacing by the following:
50% minimum in the roof perimeter, but at least one fastener per 2 ft2 (1 per 0.19 m2). It is not
necessary to install fasteners closer than one per 1 ft2 (1 per 0.09 m2).
One fastener per 1 ft2 (1 per 0.09 m2) in corner areas.
Round up to the next whole number of fasteners, if necessary
b) For all locations (including hurricane-prone regions), where a Class 1-90 wind rated system is needed
for the field-of-roof, use the following generic assemblies in the perimeter and corner areas to provide
acceptable wind resistance in those areas:
Option 1
Minimum 112 in. (38 mm) thick, FM Approved, Class 1 insulation laid loose directly on the deck.

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Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof Components 1-29
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets Page 7

Minimum 12 in. (12. 7 mm) thick, FM Approved, water resistant, primed (factory or field primed) gypsum
cover board over the insulation. Primer can be omitted if roof cover / coverboard combination meets a
Class 1-225 or greater without a primer.
Through-fasten both layers to the steel deck with FM Approved minimum No. 14 (14 in., 6.4 mm) screws
and flat-bottom metal stress plates. Use 24 fasteners per 4 by 8 ft (1.2 by 2.4 m) board in the perimeter,
and 32 fasteners per 4 by 8 ft (1.2 by 2.4 m) board in the corners.
Roof cover a fully mopped, minimum 3-ply BUR; or a minimum 2-ply mod bit system with all plies fully
mopped and/or torch applied per FM Approval requirements.
Option 2
Minimum 2 in. (50 mm) thick, FM Approved, Class 1 insulation laid loose directly on the deck. Note: a
lesser insulation thickness may be used if included in any Class 1 fire-rated assembly with the other
components above it, but not less than 1-12 in. (38 mm) thick.
Minimum 716 in. (11.1 mm) thick, oriented strand board (OSB) cover board over the insulation. Ensure
the OSB is APA (American Plywood Association) rated for Exposure 1, with exterior type adhesive.
Through-fasten both layers to the steel deck with FM Approved minimum No. 14 (14 in., 6.4 mm) screws
and flat-bottom metal stress plates. Note: if screws have oversized heads and are specifically approved
for OSB or OSB composite boards, stress plates are not required. Use 24 fasteners per 4 by 8 ft (1.2
by 2.4 m) board in the perimeter, and 32 fasteners per 4 by 8 ft (1.2 by 2.4 m) board in the corners.
Roof cover a minimum 3-ply BUR or minimum 2-ply mod bit system with all plies fully mopped, per
FM Approval requirements.
c) For areas where the criteria in the recommendations above are exceeded, ensure the roof system used
in the perimeter and corner areas is FM Approved for the specific wind rating recommended in the
perimeter and corner areas (see Table 1). Alternatively, install either a mechanically attached single-ply
membrane, or a multi-ply roof cover with a mechanically attached base sheet in accordance with 2.2.7.2.
Note: Insulation and thermal barriers under mechanically fastened roof covers in assemblies that DO NOT
incorporate air or vapor retarders do not have to increase the insulation fastening over the field of roof
spacing.
2.2.1.5.2 For components adhered with urethane-based adhesives, asphalt, or other adhesives in ribbons,
spots, etc., reduce the spacing between ribbons or spots over the FM Approved field-of-roof spacing as noted
below (round down to a dimension that is practical with respect to board sizes, etc.):
In the roof perimeter, not more than 60% of the field-of-roof spacing between rows or area
In the roof corners, not more than 40% of the field-of-roof spacing between rows or area
Note: If the FM Approval rating for wind meets the criteria in Table 1 for the perimeter or corner area, no
further reduction is needed in those areas.
Example: A particular roof cover as FM Approved is adhered with a urethane-based adhesive in ribbons at
1 ft (0.3 m) on center in the field of the roof. The perimeter would need a ribbon spacing of 6 in. (150 mm)
and the corners would need a ribbon spacing equal to 4 in. (100 mm) on-center. Note: these spacings were
rounded down slightly for practicality.
2.2.1.5.3 For mechanically attached single-ply membranes, and multi-ply covers with a mechanically attached
base sheet, refer to section 2.2.7.2.
2.2.1.5.4 For mechanically attached base sheets, refer to section 2.2.9 or 2.2.11 if the base sheet is fastened
directly to a wood deck.
2.2.1.5.5 For ballasted systems, refer to section 2.2.7.4.
2.2.1.5.6 For steel decks, increase the number of deck fasteners at each joist or purlin support over the
field-of-roof FM Approvals RoofNav listing in accordance with 2.2.13. Shorter spans that yield an equivalent
increase in deck securement strength are acceptable, but may not always be practical.

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1-29 Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof Components
Page 8 FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

2.2.1.6 External Fire ResistanceDesign Recommendations


2.2.1.6.1 Assemblies having an American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E108 Class A rating are
preferred in all cases, and are specifically recommended as follows:
a) Where the exterior fire exposure to the roof is severe.
b) On the entire roof of buildings subdivided by MFL fire walls. Refer to Data Sheet 1-22, Criteria for
Maximum Foreseeable Loss Fire Walls and Space Separation, for details on additional surface protection
needed adjacent to the wall and roof protection for buildings where MFL space separation is a factor.
c) For occupancies particularly susceptible to smoke or water damage.
2.2.1.6.2 ASTM E108 Class C rated assemblies are not recommended on any roofs >10,000 ft2 (930 m2).
2.2.1.6.3 The use of pea gravel surfacing installed in accordance with 2.2.1.7.1 is considered to provide a
Class A exterior fire exposure rating. While not normally recommended in hurricane-prone regions due to
its potential to become windborne debris, it may be accepted in hurricane-prone regions (such as where
required adjacent to fire subdivisions), provided that all gravel remaining at the end of the installation is fully
embedded into the bitumen and there is no loose gravel nested on top. The following method will provide
such compliance:
a) Aggregate is applied into a flood coat of hot bitumen, and allowed to cool and harden.
b) Loose aggregate is pushed away, a second flood coat is applied, and the loose gravel is applied back
into the second flood coat and allowed to cool and harden.
c) Any remaining loose gravel is removed from the site .

2.2.1.7 Hail Resistance: Design Recommendations


2.2.1.7.1 Use only FM Approved roof cover systems meeting the severe hail (SH) criteria in the hail storm
hazard area shown in Figure 1. Unless specifically FM Approved with other surface treatments, built-up roofs
(BUR) may be used in SH and MH areas, provided:
they are covered with gravel at a minimum of 400 lb per square (19.5 kg/m2) or slag at a minimum of 300 lb
per square (14.6 kg/m2). (See Appendix A, Glossary, for definition of square.)
aggregate is in accordance with ASTM D1863.
aggregate is applied into a minimum 60 lb per square (2.9 kg/m2) bitumen flood coat.
Note: Do not use pea gravel in regions prone to hurricanes, typhoons ancd tropical cyclones except where
installed in accordance with section 2.2.1.6.3. Otherwise, use FM Approved coatings in lieu of pea gravel.
2.2.1.7.2 For U.S. locations outside the hail area, MH or SH rated systems can be used.
2.2.1.7.3 At locations outside the U.S., MH rated systems can be used unless local weather records indicate
the need for greater hail resistance. Generally, consider SH rated systems for locations with an average of
three or more hail storms per year.

2.2.1.8 Internal Fire ResistanceNoncombustible, Class 1, and Class 2 AssembliesDesign and


Installation Recommendations
2.2.1.8.1 As all FM Approved roof systems are Class 1 or noncombustible, Class 1 or noncombustible
assemblies are recommended in all cases. When there is an existing Class 2 deck and an unsprinklered
concealed space below the deck, refer to Data Sheet 1-12, Ceilings and Concealed Spaces, for fire protection
guidance.
2.2.1.8.2 Class 2 steel roof decks can be converted to Class 1 by applying an FM Approved undercoating.
If this is done, adhere to the following recommendations:
Ensure the underside of the deck is clean before coatings are applied.
Ensure FM Approved coatings are applied by applicators licensed by the coating manufacturer.
Do not use cellulose-based undercoatings in high humidity occupancies as the fire retardant chemicals
are water soluble and can leach out of the coating.
Do not use steel deck undercoatings where combustible residue can accumulate on the surface.

2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.


Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof Components
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
55
NEWFOUNDLAND

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2006 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved

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Clayoquot Vancouver
Penticton
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Winnipeg Montreal
Medicine
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Seattle Cranbrook Port Arthur
Spokane
Havre Montpelier
Portland International Ottawa
Sault St Marie
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Williston Falls Hu ntsville


Saranac Concord
Marqu ette Lake Boston
Duluth
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Billings

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40 Aberdeen
Buffalo
Hartford
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Green Bay London

IC
Boise
Sheridan Pierre Ludington Philadelphia

NT
Minneapolis Pittsburgh
Detroit

LA
Eureka Pocatello Sioux Mil waukee Harrisburg Trenton
Falls

AT
Baltimore
Red Bluff Cleveland
Lander
Souix City Chicago
Washington DC
Des Moines Fort Wayne
Moline
Reno Cheyenne North Platte Columbus
Sacramento
Salt Lake City Cincinnati Richmond
Kahoka Indianapolis
San Francisco
35 Kansas
Spring field Charleston Norfolk

Denver Topeka City


Saint Louis
Fresno Pueblo Louisville W ytheville Raleigh
W ichita Knoxville Ashville
Las Vegas Springfield

Joplin Nashville

Memphis Columbia
Los Angeles Santa Fe Oklahoma City Fort Smith
Chattanooga Charleston
Amarillo Atlanta
30 San Diego Phoenix
Little Rock
Birmingham Savannah

Montgomery
Tucson Dallas
Shreveport Jackson
El Paso Mobile Jacksonville

New Orleans
0 200 400 600
Tampa
dary Kilometers
n B oun
25 W ester Hazard San Antonio Houston
of Hail Miami 0 200 400
Miles
O
F M EXIC
GULF O

1-29
Page 9
120 115 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75

Fig. 1. Hailstorm hazard map for United States (areas between dashed lines subject to severe hailstorms and need an SH hail rated roof)
1-29 Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof Components
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2.2.2 Vapor Retarders (Barriers)Design and Installation Recommendations


These recommendations outline vapor retarder applications that maintain Class 1 and appropriate wind uplift
ratings.
2.2.2.1 If a vapor retarder is used, ensure it is FM Approved and applied in a single layer placed directly
on the deck. Side and end laps are sealed using FM Approved adhesive. The remaining roof components
are then installed with fasteners driven through the retarder into the deck (Fig. 2). The components above the
FM Approved vapor retarder can be any combination of materials FM Approved for use together on
the particular deck. Some systems are FM Approved with the retarder installed above a base layer of
insulation; see section 2.2.2.3 below.

Fig. 2. Insulation and vapor barrier mechanically fastened to steel deck.

2.2.2.2 On panel-type decks (decks with seams such as steel, wood, pre-cast planks, etc.), if a vapor retarder
is installed below the insulation or coverboard of a mechanically secured single-ply membrane (per
recommendation 2.2.2.1 above), secure the insulation or coverboard with FM Approved insulation fasteners
and plates using one of the following options:
1.A rate of 1 per 2 ft2 (1 per 0.19 m2) throughout the entire roof area, OR
2.A rate throughout the entire roof area that will obtain a minimum 1-90 uplift FM Approval with an
adhered single-ply roofing membrane as specified in a RoofNav listing. The insulation/coverboard type
used below the mechanically secured membrane must match that specified by the RoofNav listing
for the adhered membrane, and the thickness of the insulation / coverboard must be equal to or greater
than that specified by the RoofNav listing.
A vapor retarder is located on the warm side of the roof or sandwiched between insulation layers. The vapor
retarder is sealed to the exterior walls of the building, but not necessarily to the underside of the roof cover.
An air barrier is used with a mechanically fastened roof cover and is located directly above the roof deck.
The air barrier is sealed to the underside of the roof cover, but not necessarily to the exterior walls of the
building. In theory, an air barrier improves wind uplift resistance of the roof assembly by preventing air flow into
the space below the roof cover and transferring a portion of the uplift load to the insulation. It should be noted
that even for properly installed air barrier systems, roof penetrations made after the installation of an air
barrier system can hamper the wind performance of an air barrier system if the air barrier is not sealed to
the underside of the roof cover after the penetration cut is made. Consequently, there are special FM
Approval restrictions on air barrier systems.
2.2.2.3 Fastener penetration of the vapor retarder can be avoided by using an FM Approved fastened/adhered
assembly. Ensure all materials are FM Approved for use in combination. Ensure substitution of
materials is not made.

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2.2.2.4 Do not mop asphalt/felt vapor retarders directly on to any deck (this would result in a Class 2 roof)
except structural concrete.

2.2.3 Roof Insulation

2.2.3.1 Design Recommendations


2.2.3.1.1 Ensure insulation boards are FM Approved for the specific application, including specific roof cover,
fasten/mop construction, multiple layers, etc. Using assemblies that are not FM Approved can result in a
Class 2 and/or inferior roof construction. However, combinations that may not be FM Approved but can be
accepted are noted in sections 2.2.3.1.2, 2.2.3.1.3, and 2.2.3.1.4.
2.2.3.1.2 It is acceptable to use multiple layers of FM Approved insulation, mechanically secured through
all layers, provided all of the following are true:
All layers are the same insulation.
The total insulation thickness is not greater than the maximum FM Approved thickness of the insulation.
The mechanical fastening and wind uplift rating are per the FM Approval of the top layer.
The roof cover/insulation/fastener combination is FM Approved.
2.2.3.1.3 Insulation board sizes listed in the Approval Guide are the minimum FM Approved sizes. Boards
up to 4 8 ft (1.2 2.4 m) can be used except as noted in section 2.2.3.1.4 (with a proportional increase
in fasteners, adhesive ribbons, etc. rounding up to the next whole number). Do not use boards smaller than
FM Approved except per section 2.2.3.2.2.
2.2.3.1.4 The maximum recommended insulation board size, if the board is adhered with asphalt or adhesive,
is 4 4 ft (1.2 1.2 m). Exception: Flexible boards such as maximum 12 in. (13 mm) thick wood fiber or
58 in. (16 mm) gypsum board may be adhered at board sizes up to 4 8 ft (1.2 2.4 m).

2.2.3.2 Installation Recommendations


2.2.3.2.1 Stagger insulation board joints in one direction (the shorter sides staggered if boards are not square).
Support the two opposite sides of each board on steel deck flanges, as close as practical to the center of
the flange with a minimum bearing width of 1 in. (25 mm). Trim board edges if they veer off the flange center.
2.2.3.2.2 When insulation boards are cut, as is common at the roof edge to produce staggered joints, secure
each piece with the appropriate number of fasteners, adhesive ribbons, etc. for the full board times the
percentage area of the piece, rounding up to the next whole number.
2.2.3.2.3 Install only as much insulation or gypsum-based board as can be covered each working day. Seal
loose roof cover edges at the end of each day to minimize moisture damage. Do not allow water to run in
steel deck ribs under completed roof sections.
2.2.3.2.4 Ensure insulation is set on pallets or dunnage and protected from the weather and sunlight prior
to installation. Do not allow plastic to cover the insulation as it can allow condensation. A breathable material,
such as canvas, is recommended.
2.2.3.2.5 Ensure FM Approved job-mixed material (like LWIC) is installed by applicators licensed by the
manufacturer. Steel deck that meets the insulation manufacturers span and gauge requirements is necessary
to support the application equipment. Such systems are a possible option when penetration of the deck with
mechanical fasteners is not desired.
2.2.3.2.6 Provide preliminary securement of insulation boards when mechanically fastened roof covers are
used (single-plies or multi-plies with fastened base sheets). Install a minimum of two fasteners per 4 x 4 ft (1.2
x 1.2 m) board or four fasteners per 4 x 8 ft (1.2 x 2.4 m) board, unless the manufacturer requires a greater
number. Additional insulation fastening is not required in the perimeter and corner areas. Where a vapor
retarder is used below a mechanically fastened roof cover, see section 2.2.2.2.

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2.2.4 Insulation and Roof Cover Fasteners

2.2.4.1 Design Recommendations


2.2.4.1.1 FM Approved insulation fasteners are the only FM Approved and recommended method of securing
insulation boards or other boardstock materials to steel deck. Some fasteners are FM Approved for other
deck materials.
2.2.4.1.2 When fastener pull-out tests are performed on new construction to evaluate the deck integrity
or evaluate decks that are not FM Approved, run a minimum of five tests and use the average value. See
section 2.2.5.2.6 for the number of tests for recover/reroof construction.
2.2.4.1.3 When pull-out tests are done, base the fastener density on the more conservative of either the
FM Approved spacing for the fastener plate/insulation/roof cover combination, or the spacing needed based
on the average pull-out performance.
Example: An existing deck is oriented strand board (OSB). The fastener/insulation/roof cover combination
is FM Approved for 4 fasteners per 4 4 ft (1.2 1.2 m) board for Class 1-90 on steel deck. The calculated
load per fastener would be 360 lb (1600 N) ([4 ft2/fastener][90 psf] = 360 lb/fastener). If the proposed fastener
achieved a pull-out resistance of 360 lb (1600 N) or more in the deck, the FM Approved spacing would be
used. If the fastener achieved a resistance of less than 360 lb (1600 N), for example 300 lb (1335 N), calculate
the spacing as follows: (16 ft2)(90 psf)/(300 lb) = 4.8 fasteners per board; use five fasteners per board in
the roof field. Additional fasteners would be needed in the corners and perimeter per section 2.2.1.4.3. The
percentage increase would be applied to five fasteners per board, not four.

2.2.4.2 Installation Recommendations


2.2.4.2.1 Install fasteners only through dry substrates. Wet constructions can cause deterioration of fasteners,
including FM Approved corrosion-resistant fasteners. Exception: Fasteners FM Approved for use in new
lightweight insulating concrete decks are designed to be tolerant of the moisture present at the time of
installation.
2.2.4.2.2 Use only FM Approved fastener/plate combinations. Do not install stress distribution plates from
one manufacturer with another manufacturers fastener unless the combination is FM Approved.
2.2.4.2.3 Fasteners must be driven perpendicular to the deck to be effective. Particular caution is needed
with tapered insulations.
2.2.4.2.4 Use the manufacturers proprietary installation tool. A less desirable option is a properly adjusted
screw gun, having a depth-sensing clutch, to avoid over-driving or under-driving screw-type fasteners.
2.2.4.2.5 Recommended Fastener Embedment:
Sructural concrete: 1 to 112 in. (25-38 mm),
Wood decks: Minimum 1 in. (25 mm). Note: For 34 in. (19 mm) thick plywood deck, approximately 14 in.
(6 mm) of the screw will protrude through the deck underside.
Steel deck: For screw-type fasteners in new construction, use the shortest screw that is at least 34 in.
(19 mm) longer than the assembly being secured. Ensure fasteners engage the deck top flange. For recover
steel deck construction, the fastener must be long enough to be driven through the existing roof system and
into the deck at least 34 in. (19 mm). While top flange engagement is recommended in all cases, for recover
construction, it is acceptable for insulation fasteners to engage the bottom flange of the deck. Ensure
fasteners securing mechanically attached roof covers engage the top flange of the deck in all constructions.
For other deck types: Follow the FM Approval requirements and manufacturers specifications.
2.2.4.2.6 Ensure insulation fastener placement is per Figures 3, 4, 5, and 6. If a particular insulation has a
different required FM Approved fastener pattern, use that. Each fastener must engage the intended deck
flange. This results in a spacing tolerance of approximately 1.5 in. ( 38 mm) for wide-rib deck if the edge
of the board was at the centerline of the deck top flange. For smooth decks, such as plywood or concrete and
steel deck in the direction of deck ribs, a maximum tolerance of 1.5 in. ( 38 mm) is acceptable.

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Fig. 3. Fastener placement 2 4 ft (0.6 1.2 m) boards.

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Fig. 4. Fastener placement 3 4 ft (0.9 1.2 m) boards.

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Fig. 5. Fastener placement 4 4 ft (1.2 1.2 m) boards.

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Fig. 6. Fastener placement 4 8 ft (1.2 2.4 m) boards.

For fastening densities not shown, the following guidelines apply:


Ensure edge fasteners are 6 in. (152 mm) from the board edges, with tolerance as above.
Ensure fasteners are evenly distributed over the board area.
Ensure all fasteners engage the top flange of steel deck. (See note for recover construction, section
2.2.4.2.5 above.)

2.2.5 Recover and Reroof ConstructionDesign and Installation Recommendations


This section covers planned recover and reroof operations. For repairs after wind damage has occurred,
refer to Data Sheet 1-30, Repair of Wind Damaged Roof Systems.

2.2.5.1 Reroof ConstructionRemoval and Replacement of Above-Deck Components


2.2.5.1.1 Reroof construction is generally preferred to recover construction due to the potential for moisture
damage with recover construction from existing wet insulation inadvertently left in place.

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2.2.5.1.2 When reroofing, inspect the existing deck securement and, if necessary, fasten the deck per Data
Sheet 1-28, Wind Design, prior to installation of the above-deck components.
2.2.5.1.3 When reroofing over a steel deck where the original assembly had been adhered with asphalt, do
one of the following:
Use an insulation specifically FM Approved for reroofing; that allows up to 15 lb per square (72 kg/100 m2)
of asphalt to remain on the deck.
Remove all asphalt from the deck and install a system FM Approved for new construction.

2.2.5.2 Recover ConstructionExisting Components Remain


All recover recommendations and FM Approvals are based on the assumption that there is only one existing
roof system. If more than one roof system is in place (building has already been recovered), use reroof
construction.
2.2.5.2.1 If recover construction is considered, perform the following actions:
Remove all wet materials prior to application of the new roof system, with wet insulation being replaced
with dry material.
Cut out blisters.
Roof cover blistering or rusting deck may be an indication that the existing insulation is wet. When this is
observed, take one of the following steps:
Reroof, as opposed to recover. See section 2.2.5.1.
Conduct an infrared or nuclear examination to detect any high-moisture content.
If moisture is detected with one of these nondestructive methods, confirm the results by cutting out 1 1 ft
(0.3 0.3 m) samples or roof cores as needed to determine the extent of wet insulation.
2.2.5.2.2 Recovermechanically attached recover systems. If the existing construction is dry, an
FM Approved recover system can be applied over it. Ensure the entire assembly (insulation, fasteners,
and roof cover) is FM Approved in combination for recover construction on the particular deck.
2.2.5.2.3 Ensure the thickness of the recover system is within the FM Approval limits. Most systems are limited
to a maximum 1 in. (25 mm) thick roof insulation. A greater thickness may affect the Class 1 fire rating of
the completed system. Installation of an FM Approved Class 1 recover assembly over an existing Class 2 roof
system will not upgrade the assembly to Class 1. However, it would be possible to upgrade the external
fire resistance rating (E108) with the addition of an FM Approved roof cover system.
2.2.5.2.4 When brooming gravel from the roof, do not pile it in one area. This can overload structural members
causing collapse.
2.2.5.2.5 Do not use recover constructions using additional plies adhered directly to an existing BUR unless
the entire assembly is FM Approved. This would essentially result in a 6- or 7-ply BUR over the insulation
(3- or 4-ply existing BUR plus 3 plies added), most likely creating a Class 2 roof assembly.
2.2.5.2.6 When reroofing or recovering over gypsum, cementitious wood fiber, or lightweight insulating
concrete decks, verify fastener pull-out performance with field tests. Perform 5 pull-out tests per 50,000 ft2
(4650 m2) using FM Approved fastening or a minimum of 5 tests. Run additional tests if inconsistent results
are obtained. On larger roofs, the number of tests above the minimum can be reduced if consistent results
are obtained. Fastener spacing is calculated per section 2.2.4.1.3. It is not necessary to run pull-out tests
of fasteners FM Approved for installation in steel deck, structural concrete, nominal 34 in. (19 mm) plywood,
or nominal 2 in. (51 mm) lumber decks, unless the condition of the deck is in question.

2.2.6 Structural Concrete, FM Approved Fiber Reinforced Cement and Lightweight Insulating
Concrete (LWIC) Decks: Design and Installation Recommendations
NOTE: also see section 2.2.14 for LWIC and 2.2.17 for Structural Concrete Decks
2.2.6.1 When an FM Approved asphaltic adhesive or asphalt is used to secure components to these decks,
prime the deck with an FM Approved primer at the FM Approved rate, or with an ASTM D-41 asphalt cut-back
primer at 0.75 to 1.25 gal per square (3.0 to 5.1 L/10 m2).

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2.2.7 Single-Ply Membrane Covers and Multi-Ply covers with Mechanically Attached Base Sheets
Loss experience has shown that even properly secured single-ply roof covers can be damaged by windborne
debris such as metal panels and broken glass. In areas prone to hurricanes, typhoons and tropical cyclones
(see DS 1-28), use more durable roof covers. This would include multi-ply roof covers or single-ply
membranes that are considerably thicker than the FM Approved minimum. Many single-ply membranes are
manufactured in thicknesses up to 0.080 to 0.090 in. vs. the minimum FM Approved thickness of 0.045 to
0.060 in.

2.2.7.1 General
2.2.7.1.1 Single-ply membranes can deteriorate when exposed to certain materials commonly discharged
onto the roof. Also separate these membranes from incompatible substrate materials. In particular, ensure
single-ply membranes do not come into contact with asphalt or coal tar-based materials. Ensure EPDM
membranes are not exposed to gasoline, oil, solvents, or animal fats. Ensure PVC membranes are not in
direct contact with EPS. Follow the manufacturers recommendations for protection or separation.
2.2.7.1.2 Some FM Approved single-ply membranes are formulated with fire retardants on the top side only.
Install these systems with that surface up. Membranes with this requirement are labeled on the underside
THIS SIDE DOWN/IN.

2.2.7.2 Mechanically Attached Single-ply Membranes and Multi-Ply Covers with Mechanically
Attached Base Sheets: Design Recommendations
2.2.7.2.1 In the roof corners and perimeter, ensure the distance between rows of roof cover fasteners or
batten bars are the following maximum percentages of the FM Approved spacing. Use the reduced spacing
in all FM Approval classifications:
Roof Perimeter: Distance between rows is 60% of the FM Approved roof field spacing, or one row of
intermediate fasteners is provided in between.
Roof Corners: Distance between rows is 40% of the FM Approved roof field spacing or two rows of
intermediate fasteners are provided in between. An alternative for Class 1-90 and below is to install perimeter
fastener rows (60% of roof field as above) in both directions in the corners. Refer to Figure 7. When the
cover overlaps in the corner areas, install these fasteners from above the uppermost cover layer.
For single-plies fastened along the side laps:
Increased fastening density for single-ply membranes is often obtained by using narrower sheets. For
single-ply membranes or base sheets, intermediate rows of fasteners may be installed through the sheet
with a cover strip or additional plies applied over the fasteners, in accordance with the manufacturers
instructions. Use one intermediate row in the perimeter and two intermediate rows in the corners. Fastening
increase is not always obtained by increasing the number of fasteners along each row, unless substantiated
by FM Approval test data or otherwise done to provide a more practical spacing and distribution of wind
loads. In some cases, such as over wood decks (see 2.2.11) or LWIC, or with mod bit base sheets in high
wind areas, enhanced securement for base sheets is provided by reducing the fastener spacing within and
between rows in order to provide a uniform distribution (see section 3.1.2.1 for examples). When steel deck
is used, the fastener spacing across the deck ribs must be in even multiples of the deck rib spacing (6 in. or
150 mm for 112 in. or 38 mm deep deck) to ensure the fastener engages the top deck flange. See Example 1.
For point-attached membranes:
Increased fastening density is obtained by decreasing the spacing between fastener points in one or both
directions. Ensure total tributary area to each fastener is no more than 60% and 40% in the perimeter and
corners, respectively, of the FM Approved roof field spacing. See Example 2.
Example 1: A batten-attached system with FM Approved fastener spacing for Class 1-60 of rows 6 ft (1.8 m)
on center and screws 6 in. (152 mm) on center would use 3.6 ft (1.1 m) maximum on center row spacing,
with 6 in. (152 mm) on-center screw spacing in the perimeter and 2.4 ft (0.7 m) maximum on-center row
spacing with 6 in. (152 mm) on-center screw spacing in the corners. In this case, rows of roof cover fasteners
should extend across the deck ribs in all areas to properly distribute the load to points of deck securement.
Since the needed wind uplift rating is limited, an option would be to use row spacing of 3 ft (0.9 m) maximum
in both directions in the corners per Figure 7, and 2.2.7.3.2.

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Notes: 1. Fastener spacing along all rows is the same as field spacing.
2. See section 2.2.7.3.2. for restrictions on fastener rows parallel to steel deck ribs.
3. If two layers of membrane are installed in the corner areas, all fasteners must secure the top
layer.

Fig. 7. Alternate corner increase for mechanically attached single-ply membranes.


Note: Fastener spacing along all rows is the same as field spacing.

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Example 2: A point-attached system with FM Approved fastener spacing for Class 1-90 of 24 24 in.
(610 610 mm) could use a spacing of 14 24 in. (356 610 mm) in the perimeter. A 12 24 in.
(305 610 mm) spacing may be needed for steel deck applications depending on deck rib direction.
A spacing of 10 24 in. (256 610 mm) in the corners could be used. A 12 18 in. (305 457 mm) may
be needed for steel deck applications depending on deck rib direction.

2.2.7.3 Mechanically Attached Single-Ply Membranes and Multi-Ply Covers with Mechanically
Attached Base PliesInstallation Recommendations
2.2.7.3.1 Ensure all roof cover fasteners engage the top flanges of steel deck.
2.2.7.3.2 Install batten bars and fastener rows perpendicular to steel deck ribs. Exception: for Class 1-75
and below, fastener rows and batten bars can be installed parallel to the building edge within the defined
building perimeter width if:
a) the distance between fastener rows in this area is 3 ft (0.9 m), and
b) two FM Approved deck fasteners or minimum 58 in. (16 mm) diameter welds are installed through each
lower deck flange (every 6 in., 150 mm on center)
2.2.7.3.3 Where acceptable to the roof cover manufacturer, in lieu of seaming numerous partial single-ply
membrane sheets in the rake areas, an FM Approved batten bar may extend across the perimeter width,
midway between rows of fasteners and be fastened to the deck. Adhere a membrane strip of a minimum width
as recommended by the manufacturer over the batten bar and the edges caulked to maintain water-tightness,
if needed. Similar enhancements may be provided in the corner areas using two intermediate batten bars.
2.2.7.3.4 Provide deck securement as follows when the FM Approved (field-of-roof) spacing between rows of
roof cover fasteners exceeds 6 ft (1.8 m):
a) Use only FM Approved deck fasteners to secure the deck. Ensure the spacing within rows of deck
fasteners in the field-of-roof does not exceed the spacing within rows of roof cover fasteners.
b) Double the deck fastening in the roof perimeter. For example, if roof cover fasteners are 12 in. (300
mm) on center in the field, provide deck fasteners 12 in. on center in the field (per a.) and provide deck
fasteners at 6 in. (150 mm) centers in the perimeter. If cover fasteners are 6 in. (150 mm) on center in
the field, provide deck fasteners at 6 in. centers in the field (per a.) and provide two deck fasteners at 6
in. (150 mm) centers in the perimeter.
c) In corner areas, use the same number of deck fasteners as for the perimeter, but with in. diameter
washers. Ensure washers are carbon steel with a 0.328 in. (8.4 mm) center hole and are minimum 0.065
in. (1.6 mm) thick.

2.2.7.4 Ballasted Single-Ply Membrane: Design Recommendations


2.2.7.4.1 Do not use stone-ballasted roofs on buildings taller than 150 ft (46 m) high, or in areas with design
wind speeds 100 mph (45 m/s) (See Data Sheet 1-28, Wind Design) or beyond the acceptable limits of
Tables 2 or 3. These limitations do not apply to paver ballasted systems.
2.2.7.4.2 To ensure the quality of the materials, component compatibility, and Class 1 ratings, ensure
individual components in ballasted systems are FM Approved for use in combination. Typically, the
combination would be FM Approved for adhered or mechanically attached applications. Do not use PVC
membranes in ballasted applications.
2.2.7.4.3 Ensure stone ballast in loose-laid systems is clean, smooth, well-rounded gravel meeting the
gradation requirements of Standard Size No. 3 for Coarse Aggregate per ASTM D448 (nominal 1 to 2 in.
[25 to 50 mm] diameter).
2.2.7.4.4 Ensure the density of stone ballast is approximately 165 pcf (2650 kg/m3). Do not use lightweight
stone such as limestone.
2.2.7.4.5 Apply stone ballast per Table 2 or 3. Install paver blocks per Tables 4 to 7. Ensure square edge
pavers are a minimum of 1 ft2 (0.1 m2). Ensure beveled/strapped pavers are a minimum of 0.89 ft2 (0.08 m2)
(8 16 in., [203 404 mm]). All weights are the minimum recommended weights.

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2.2.7.4.6 For ballast application only, the roof perimeter and corners are subject to a minimum dimension
of 8.5 ft (2.6 m) rather than 4 ft (1.2 m) as defined in Data Sheet 1-28, Wind Design. Also, the 10% lesser
building plan dimension limit is not applied in determining the corner dimension. The 4 ft (1.2 m) minimum
and the 10% limit still apply to roof deck securement.
2.2.7.4.7 The structure must be capable of supporting the dead weight of the roof system and ballast without
encroaching on live load capacity or creating or aggravating a ponding problem. Have the load capacity of
the roof verified by a registered civil or structural engineer.
2.2.7.4.8 The roof slope should be 10, 2 in./ft (167 mm/m).
2.2.7.4.9 Stone ballast can be used in the roof field with pavers used at the perimeter and corners, provided
the appropriate weights of stone and pavers are used in each area.
2.2.7.4.10 Ensure flashing systems used with pavers secure the pavers at the building edge.

2.2.7.5 Ballasted Single-Ply MembraneInstallation Recommendation


2.2.7.5.1 Extreme care is needed when transporting ballast to the roof. Stop the conveying machine if ballast
begins to pile up. Distribute ballast to the specified weight before restarting the conveying machine.

2.2.7.6 Ballasted Single-Ply MembraneMaintenance Recommendation


2.2.7.6.1 Inspect ballasted roofs semi-annually and after storms. Redistribute scoured ballast. Gravel scour
greater than 50 ft2 (5 m2) is considered excessive. See Data Sheet 1-30, Repair of Wind Damaged Roof
Systems, for action to be taken if this type of damage occurs.

Table 2. Weight Needed of No. 3 Round Stone Ballast, Parapet 36 in. (914 mm)
Uplift Pressure Ballast Weight, (psf)
(psf) Data Steel or Pre-Cast Panel Deck Cementitious Wet Fill Deck
Sheet 1-28 Field Peri. Cors. Field Peri. Cors.
20 10 12 15 10 10 10
21 to 25 12 15 15 10 12 12
26 to 30 12 15 18 12 12 15
31 to 35 Use FM Approved 1-90 System 12 15 18
36 to 45 Use FM Approved 1-90 System Use FM Approved 1-90 System

Table 3. Weight Needed of No. 3 Round Stone Ballast, Parapet > 36 in. (914 mm)
Uplift Pressure Ballast Weight, psf
(psf) Data Steel or Pre-Cast Panel Deck Cementitious Wet Fill Deck
Sheet 1-28 Field Peri. Cors. Field Peri. Cors.
20 10 10 12 10 10 10
21 to 25 12 12 12 10 10 12
26 to 30 12 12 15 12 12 12
31 to 35 12 15 18 12 12 15
36 to 45 Use FM Approved 1-90 System 15 15 18

Table 4. Weight Needed of Paver Blocksnot T&G, Beveled or Strapped to Each Other, Parapet 36 in. (914 mm)
Uplift Pressure Paver Weight, psf
(psf) Data Steel or Pre-Cast Panel Deck Cementitious Wet Fill Deck
Sheet 1-28 Field Peri. Cors. Field Peri. Cors.
15 12 12 15 12 12 12
16 to 20 12 15 20 12 12 15
21 to 25 12 18 23 12 15 18
26 to 30 15 23 30 12 18 21
31 to 35 Use FM Approved 1-90 System 15 21 23
36 to 45 Use FM Approved 1-90 System Use FM Approved 1-90 System

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Table 5. Weight Needed of Paver Blocksnot T&G, Beveled or Strapped to Each Other, Parapet > 36 in. (914 mm).
Uplift Pressure Paver Weight, psf
(psf) Data Steel or Pre-Cast Panel Deck Cementitious Wet Fill Deck
Sheet 1-28 Field Peri. Cors. Field Peri. Cors.
15 12 12 12 12 12 12
16 to 20 12 12 15 12 12 12
21 to 25 12 15 18 12 12 15
26 to 30 15 18 21 12 15 18
31 to 35 Use FM Approved 1-90 System 15 18 21
36 to 45 Use FM Approved 1-90 System Use FM Approved 1-90 System

Table 6. Weight Needed of Paver BlocksT&G, Beveled or Strapped to Each Other, Parapet 36 in. (914 mm)
Uplift Pressure Paver Weight, psf
(psf) Data Steel or Pre-Cast Panel Deck Cementitious Wet Fill Deck
Sheet 1-28 Field Peri. Cors. Field Peri. Cors.
15 12 12 12 12 12 12
16 to 20 12 12 15 12 12 12
21 to 25 12 15 15 12 12 12
26 to 30 12 15 18 12 12 15
31 to 35 15 18 18 12 15 18
36 to 40 Use FM Approved 1-90 System 12 18 18

Table 7. Weight Needed of Paver BlocksT&G Beveled or Strapped to Each Other, Parapet > 36 in. (914 mm)
Uplift Pressure Paver Weight (psf)
(psf) Data Steel or Pre-Cast Panel Deck Cementitious Wet Fill Deck
Sheet 1-28 Field Peri. Cors. Field Peri. Cors.
15 12 12 12 12 12 12
16 to 20 12 12 12 12 12 12
21 to 25 12 12 12 12 12 12
26 to 30 12 12 12 12 12 12
31 to 35 15 15 18 12 12 12
36 to 45 15 18 18 12 12 12
Notes:

1. For all tables, to convert to kg/m2, multiply by 4.88.


2. Uplift pressure is that determined from Data Sheet 1-28, Wind Design, and is not factored.

2.2.8 Asphalt and BUR Installation Recommendations


2.2.8.1 Locate heating kettles so that buildings and combustibles will not be exposed.
2.2.8.2 Apply asphalt at the equiviscous temperature (EVT) 25F ( 14C). Ensure asphalt is not
continuously heated to or above the blowing temperature. These temperature limits are generally supplied
by the manufacturer.
2.2.8.3 Immediately roll felt into the asphalt. If the roll veers off line, cut it and start again. Broom organic
felts in place.
2.2.8.4 Keep rolls of felts dry and store on end.

2.2.9 Roof Covers Adhered to Mechanically Attached Base SheetsFastener Installation


Recommendations
2.2.9.1 Increase the number of fasteners securing the base sheet over the FM Approved roof field spacing
by 70% in the perimeter and 160% in the corners. For mod bit base plies secured to steel deck roofs, see
recommendation 2.2.7.3. For other deck types and uniformly reinforced base plies, determine fastening
density on a unit area per fastener basis.

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2.2.9.2 Ensure fasteners for lightweight insulating concrete are not closer than 4 in. (102 mm) on-center, to
avoid cracking the deck.
2.2.9.3 For base sheets only, fastening increases can be obtained by adding rows of fasteners and/or
additional fasteners along each row.

2.2.10 Liquid Applied Roof CoversInstallation Recommendations


2.2.10.1 At the end of each work day, spray-in-place polyurethane must be protected with the coating. At a
minimum, apply the base coat at the end of each day. The foam will be degraded by UV radiation without
the coating.
2.2.10.2 Ensure the roof surface is clean and dry prior to applying polyurethane foam or coating.

2.2.11 Mechanically Fastened Base Sheet Assemblies Over Wood DecksDesign and Installation
Recommendations
Currently, there are no FM Approved combinations of a base sheet mechanically fastened directly to a wood
deck followed by a BUR or modified bitumen cover. These assemblies are popular in some regions. They
are considered Class 2 and need automatic sprinkler protection regardless of the FM Approval status of the
deck. They can be acceptable from a wind resistance viewpoint if installed in accordance with this section.

Table 8. Base Sheet Fastener Coverage for Non-FM Approved Combinations, ft2 per Fastener
Field of
Uplift
Pressure
(Data
Sheet < 21 psf 21-30 psf 31-45 psf
1-28 (< 1.0 kPa) (1.0-1.4 kPa) 1.48-2.15 kPa)
Roof Area Field Peri. Cors. Field Peri. Cors. Field Peri. Cors.
Fastener
Strength,
lb(N)
30(135) 0.75 0.43 0.29
40(180) 1.00 0.57 0.38
50(220) 1.25 0.71 0.48
60(265) 1.50 0.86 0.57 1.00 0.57 0.39
70(310) 1.75 1.00 0.67 1.16 0.67 0.45
80(355) 2.00 1.14 0.76 1.33 0.76 0.52
90(400) 2.00 1.29 0.86 1.50 0.86 0.58 1.00 0.56 0.38
100(445) 2.00 1.43 0.95 1.67 0.95 0.65 1.11 0.63 0.43
110(490) 2.00 1.57 1.05 1.83 1.05 0.71 1.22 0.69 0.47
120(535) 2.00 1.71 1.14 2.00 1.14 0.77 1.33 0.75 0.51
140(625) 2.00 2.00 1.33 2.00 1.33 0.90 1.56 0.86 0.60
160(710) 2.00 2.00 1.52 2.00 1.52 1.03 1.78 1.00 0.68
1. To convert to m2 per fastener, multiply by 0.0929.
2. When coverage is less than 0.50, a stronger fastener is suggested. Ensure coverage does not exceed 2.00 unless FM Approved.
3. Less than 40 lb (180 N) pull-out per fastener may indicate unsound deck or improper fastener. Consult manufacturers specifications.
4. If the building has a minimum 3 ft (0.9 m) high continuous parapet and the roof slope is 10 (167 mm/m), the corner areas may be
fastened in the same manner as the perimeter.

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1-29 Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof Components
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Table 9. Standard 36 in. (0.9 m) Base Sheet Fastening (Non-FM Approved Components). (See Fig. 8.)
Fastener Coverage, Maximum Fastener Spacing, in. (mm) On Center
ft2/fastener One Intermediate Row Two Intermediate Rows
(Table 8) At Laps Between Laps At Laps Between Laps
0.30-0.50 4 (102) 6 (179)
0.51-0.70 4 (102) 7 (179) 5 (127) 11 (279)
0.71-0.90 5 (127) 12 (305) 7 (179) 13 (330)
0.91-1.10 6 (152) 14 (356) 8 (203) 16 (406)
1.11-1.30 8 (203) 14 (356) 10 (254) 20 (508)
1.31-1.50 10 (254) 14 (356) 12 (305) 22 (559)
1.51-1.75 12 (305) 16 (406) 12 (305) 22 (609)
1.76-2.00 12 (305) 20 (508)
2.01-2.50 12 (305) 24 (609)
2.51-3.00 12 (305) 24 (609)
3.01-4.00 12 (305) 24 (609)

Fig. 8. Fastener layout for 36 in. (914 mm) wide base sheet.

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Table 10. Minimum Metal Disk or Fastener Head Size (Base Sheet Fasteners)
Fastener Pull-Out Strength, lb (N) Minimum Disk/Head Diameter, in. (mm)
< 45 (200) 1.00 (25)
45-60 (200-265) 1.25 (32)
61-70 (270-310) 1.50 (38)
71-80 (315-355) 1.75 (44)
81-100 (360-445) 2.00 (51)
101-120 (450-535) 2.50 (64)
> 120 (535) 3.00 (76)

2.2.11.1 Perform field pull-out tests of the proposed base sheet fastener to determine pull-out performance.
Base sheet fastener spacing and head or disk size is then determined per Tables 8, 9, and 10. An example
calculation is given below.
2.2.11.2 Ensure base sheet fasteners have metal heads or disks.
2.2.11.3 Where non-FM Approved wood roof decks have been used and an FM Approved roof system
(above-deck components) is installed, roof system fastening can be in accordance with the Approval Guide
listings for FR-treated wood decks, provided the deck is nominal 34 in. (19 mm) thick plywood or nominal
2 in. (51 mm) thick lumber. If a thinner deck is used, fastener pull-out tests are needed. Determine the fastener
density per section 2.2.4.1.3.
Example Problem: Wood Deck, Nailed Base Sheet:
Given: The field-of-roof uplift pressure (See Data Sheet 1-28, Wind Design) is 28 psf (1.35 kPa) and the
fastener pull-out strength is 120 lb (535 N). From Table 8, 10th line (120 lb, 535 N), select maximum coverage
area per fastener as follows:
Roof field = 2.00 ft2 (0.2 m2) Roof perimeter = 1.14 ft2 (0.1 m2) Roof corners = 0.77 ft2 (0.07 m2)
From Table 9, select base sheet fastener spacing:

Area At Laps Between Laps


Roof field 12 in. (305 mm) 20 in. (508 mm)
Perimeters 8 in. (203 mm) 14 in. (356 mm)
Corners 5 in. (127 mm) 12 in. (305 mm)

Per Table 10, the fastener head or disk size needs to be at least 2.5 in. (64 mm) in diameter.

2.2.13 Roof Deck Span and Securement for Wind Loads

2.2.13.1 Design Recommendations


2.2.13.1.1 Use FM Approved steel deck for all insulated steel deck roofs. Do not use the deck at spans greater
than FM Approved. The FM Approved spans are measured center-to-center. For new construction, ensure
the deck span is adequate for wind pressures in all roof areas, including the perimeter and corner areas (see
DS 1-28 and examples in section 3.1.10), taking into consideration the following (unless specifically tested
and FM Approved):
For roofs with proposed spans and wind design pressures exceeding Table 11, or where a large spacing
between rows of fasteners for mechanically fastened roof covers results in large concentrated loads (as
noted below or defined by the RoofNav listing), this may necessitate the use of steel deck with higher yield
strength or spans less than the FM Approved maximum limit as noted below may be necessary.
Use Grade 80 (FY = 80,000 psi), wide rib, minimum 22 ga. (0.0295 in., 0.749 mm) steel deck with a
maximum span of 6 ft (1.8 m) when roof systems need an FM Approval rating higher than 1-90, or when
the spacing between rows of roof cover fasteners is greater than 6 ft (1.8 m).
When the FM Approval rating needed for the field of the roof is higher than 1-135, use minimum 22 ga.
(0.0295 in., 0.749 mm), Grade 80 (FY = 80,000 psi), wide rib steel deck. Also, in corner areas, either use
spans less than 6 ft (1.8 m), or 20 ga. (0.0358 in., 0.909 mm) or 18 ga. (0.0474 in., 1.204 mm) deck as
needed per Table 11 and as adjusted to reflect the higher grade of steel.

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Use Table 11 to ensure the allowable wind uplift pressure resistance of the deck is not exceeded.
Use enhanced deck securement for areas with higher wind design pressures as defined by 2.2.13.1.4.
In addition to the recommendations below, for mechanically attached single-ply membranes and multi-ply
covers with mechanically attached base sheets, also refer to section 2.2.7.3.

Table 11. Allowable2 Uniform Uplift Pressure


ALLOWABLE UNIFORM UPLIFT PRESSURE (psf) FOR GRADE 33 (Fy = 33,000 psi) STEEL ROOF DECK
1.5 Type B WIDE RIB (WR)
Span Gage SPAN
Type 4-0 4-6 5-0 5-6 6-0 6-6 7-0 7-5
SINGLE 22 207 164 132 109 92
20 267 211 171 141 119 101
18 356 281 228 188 158 135 116 103

DOUBLE 22 205 162 131 108 91


20 254 201 163 134 113 96
18 345 273 221 183 154 131 113 100

TRIPLE 22 256 202 164 135 114


20 318 251 203 168 141 120
18 432 341 276 228 192 163 141 125

1.5 Type F- INTERMEDIATE RIB (IR)


Span Gage SPAN
Type 4-0 4-6 4-11 5-0 5-5 5-6 5-9 6-0 6-3
SINGLE 22 124 98 82
20 151 119 100 96 82
18 199 157 132 127 108 105 96 89 82

DOUBLE 22 115 91 76
20 143 113 94 91 78
18 195 154 129 125 106 103 94 87 80

THREE 22 143 113 95


OR 20 179 141 118 114 97
MORE 18 243 192 161 156 133 129 118 108 100

1.5 Type A NARROW RIB (NR)


SPAN Gage SPAN
TYPE 4-0 4-3 4-6 4-9 5-0 5-3 5-6 5-9 6-0
SINGLE 22 110 98 87 78
20 133 118 105 94 85 77
18 177 156 140 125 113 103 93 85 79

DOUBLE 22 100 89 79 71
20 125 111 99 89 80 72
18 171 151 135 121 109 99 90 83 76

THREE 22 125 111 99 89


OR 20 156 138 123 111 100 91
MORE 18 214 189 169 152 137 124 113 103 95

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FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets Page 27

ALLOWABLE UNIFORM UPLIFT PRESSURE (psf) FOR GRADE 33 (Fy = 33,000 psi) STEEL ROOF DECK
3 Type N DEEP RIB (3DR)
SPAN Gage SPAN
TYPE 7-0 7-6 8-0 8-6 9-0 9-6 10-0 10-6 11-0
SINGLE 22 136 118 104 92 82 74 66 60 55
20 165 144 126 112 100 90 81 73 67
18 218 190 167 148 132 118 107 97 88

DOUBLE 22 118 103 90 80 71 64 58 52 48


20 147 128 113 100 89 80 72 65 60
18 202 176 155 137 122 110 99 90 82

THREE 22 147 128 113 100 89 80 72 66 60


OR 20 184 160 141 125 111 100 90 82 74
MORE 18 253 220 193 171 153 137 124 112 102
Notes for Table 11:

1. This table includes a 13 increase in normal allowable stress. It should be used specifically for wind and should not be used to determine
gravity load resistance.

2. Compare the values in this table to design pressures per DS 1-28. Do not apply a safety factor to the design pressures as one is
included in this table.

3. Table 11 is based on a yield stress (Fy) of 33,000 psi. For higher strength steels the allowable wind uplift pressure may be determined
by multiplying the values in Table 11 by 1.15 when Fy = 40,000 psi (276 mPa), by 1.35 when Fy = 50,000 psi (345 mPa) and by 1.55 when
Fy 60,000 psi (415 mPa). These multipliers take into consideration both the increase in strength due to Fy and the decrease in strength
due to deformation at higher stresses, so the relationship between yield strength and allowable pressure is not linear.

4. Interpolation by proportioning the square of the spans is most accurate; however, linear interpolation is reasonably accurate for these
span increments.

5. Where the recommended deck design pressure exceeds the capacity shown in Table 11, assemblies in which the combination of
above-deck components and securement act compositely with the deck may be accepted provided they have been satisfactorily tested.

2.2.13.1.2 Secure steel deck to supports for Class 1-90 and below, (unfactored design pressure 45 psf)
as follows:
Space FM Approved deck fasteners or welds a maximum of 12 in. (305 mm) on center (every other rib)
at all supports in the field of the roof.
Space FM Approved deck fasteners or welds a maximum of 6 in. (152 mm) on center (every rib) at all
supports in the roof corners and perimeter.
For Class 1-75 and 1-90 (field rated) construction, use FM Approved deck fasteners or minimum 58 in.
(16 mm) diameter welds in the field and perimeter; and use either one FM Approved deck fastener or two
welds in each rib in the corner area.
For Class 1-60 (field rated) construction, use FM Approved deck fasteners or minimum 12 in. (13 mm)
diameter welds in the field and perimeter, and use FM Approved deck fasteners or minimum 58 in. (16 mm)
diameter welds in the corners.
Secure the deck to supporting members at each deck side lap, regardless of resultant weld spacing.
For interlocking-type side laps (Fig. 9a), secure both sides of the lap (upper and lower).
For overlap-type side laps (Fig. 9b), ensure securement penetrates all deck panels at the laps.
2.2.13.1.3 When Steel Deck Institute (SDI) deck-weld patterns are specified, 24/3 or 36/4 patterns are
acceptable where a maximum 12 in. (300 mm) weld spacing is recommended and 24/5, 24/7, 30/6, 30/8,
36/7 or 36/9 patterns are acceptable where a maximum 6 in. (150 mm) weld spacing is recommended.
2.2.13.1.4 If the recommended field of roof wind rating exceeds Class 1-90 (unfactored design pressure >
45 psf), or if the FM Approved field-of-roof deck fastening requires fasteners/welds at every rib, secure each
rib in the field of the roof. For corner and perimeter areas, enhance deck securement using one or more
of the following:
Two FM Approved deck fasteners per rib (see Fig. 10)

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Fig. 9a. Side lap fastening: interlocking seam.

Fig. 9b. Side lap fastening: overlap seam.

Shorter spans, yielding an equivalent increased fastening density


Use 34 in. (19 mm) diameter, (0.328 in. [8.4 mm] diameter center hole; 0.065 in. [1.6 mm] minimum
thickness), carbon steel washers with deck fasteners in corner areas whenever the recommended field of
roof rating exceeds 1-135, or when the combination of needed wind rating and roof cover fastener row
spacing for mechanically fastened single plies (MFSP) warrants it. When this method is used, and the
thickness of the steel purlin is less than 18 in. (3.5 mm) the designer should ensure fastener pullout
resistance from the purlin is not exceeded.
See Section 3.1.10 for an example.
2.2.13.1.5 Provide mechanical fastening at all deck side laps as follows, unless the specific FM Approval
listing requires a closer spacing:
Class 1-90 or lower: Ensure spacing between each side lap fastener or side lap fasteners and supports
is no more than 36 in. (0.9 m) in the field of the roof and no more than 30 in. (0.76 m) on center in the
perimeter and corner areas.
Class 1-105 through 1-120: Ensure side lap fastening is no more than 30 in. (0.76 m) on center in the
field of the roof, and no more than 15 in. (0.38 m) on center in the perimeter and corners.
Class 1-135 and higher: ensure side lap fastening is no more than 24 in. (0.61 m) on center in the field
of the roof, and no more than 15 in. (0.38 m) on center in the perimeter and corners.
Fasten overlap-type side laps with FM Approved side lap fasteners.

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Fig. 10. Two deck fasteners per support, one into each bar joist top flange.

Interlocking-type laps can be fastened by button punching in Class 1-90 and lower.
Do not weld side laps.
2.2.13.1.6 Ensure steel deck end laps are a minimum of 2 in. (51 mm). No additional fastening over that
noted above is needed for end laps. Consider specifying wider (4 in., 102 mm) end laps in the design. This
will make proper field installation easier by compensating for manufacturing and construction tolerances.
2.2.13.1.7 For new construction, the structural design engineer of record is responsible for determining if more
stringent design criteria is needed with regard to the deck type and securement, such as providing design
diaphragm resistance in conjunction with wind uplift resistance.

2.2.13.2 Installation Recommendations


2.2.13.2.1 Place steel deck true and straight so edges of insulation boards will not gradually move off the
deck flanges as the boards are installed.
2.2.13.2.2 Ensure workers stand on the upper deck panel when fastening laps, otherwise permanent
deflection can occur. See Figures 9a and 9b.

2.2.14 Lightweight Insulating Concrete Roof Decks

2.2.14.1 Design Recommendations


2.2.14.1.1 When a lightweight insulating concrete (LWIC) roof assembly is to be used as part of a new roof
or re-roof in non-hurricane prone regions, ensure it is FM Approved for the specific wind pressure
recommended in the field of the roof, with prescriptive enhancements provided for the securement of base
sheets in the perimeter and corner areas in accordance with recommendation 2.2.7.2.1. For regions prone to
hurricanes, typhoons and tropical cyclones, ensure the entire LWIC system is FM Approved for the specific
wind pressure rating needed for the field, perimeter, and corner areas as noted in Table 1.

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2.2.14.1.2 Ensure form deck securement is as follows:


For FM Approved installations using 1.5 in. (38 mm) deep steel deck as the form deck, ensure it is
FM Approved steel deck, designed and installed in accordance with the Approval Guide listing,
FM Approvals RoofNav, and section 2.2.13.
For installations using different form-deck profiles, ensure the deck is secured in the field of the roof in
accordance with the FM Approvals RoofNav listing. If form deck perimeter and corner fastener density
is not specified in the FM Approvals RoofNav then ensure it is in accordance with section 2.2.1.5.6. In
addition, for roof corners in all construction and roof perimeters in Class 1-75 and above, ensure the
maximum distance between welds or fasteners at each supporting member is 4 in. (102 mm), regardless
of the load per weld.
2.2.14.1.3 Ensure all welding on deck less than 22 ga. (0.0295 in., 0.749 mm) incorporates minimum 38 in.
(9.5 mm) hole weld washers.
2.2.14.1.4 Ensure all form decks are of galvanized steel. Do not use aluminum alloy coatings.
2.2.14.1.5 Provide mechanical fastening at all form deck side laps. Ensure side lap fastener spacing is in
accordance with section 2.2.13.1.5.

2.2.14.2 Installation Recommendation


2.2.14.2.1 When installing lightweight insulating concrete on the form deck, the thickness of the initial slurry,
prior to placing the expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulation, is critical. There must be sufficient lightweight
insulating concrete to ensure an adequate bond. Refer to the FM Approvals RoofNav.
2.2.14.2.2 Ensure the following is done in regions prone to hurricanes, typhoons, and tropical cyclones:
a) Have a waste container at the job site. Initial flow of LWIC should be into the waste container until it is
flowing properly and is free of excess water.
b) Pour samples for wet density, dry density, and compression tests just prior to pouring the actual LWIC
deck. Compare wet density results to manufacturers data immediately, and compare other test results
later when they become available.
c) For mechanically fastened (MF) base sheets, conduct pull-out tests on base sheet fasteners after the
deck has set (2-3 days), but just before the base sheet is secured.
2.2.14.2.3 Ensure fasteners driven into lightweight insulating concrete are not closer than 4 in. (102 mm)
on center, to avoid cracking the deck.

2.2.15 Cementitious Wood Fiber Roof Deck Recommendations


2.2.15.1 Ensure deck securement in the field of the roof is in accordance with the RoofNav listing.
2.2.15.2 For decks that are through-fastened to supports, increase the number of fasteners securing the
deck in the perimeter and corners in accordance with, section 2.2.1.5.6.
2.2.15.3 For decks secured with clips at the side laps, use one of the following methods to increase fastening
at the corner and perimeter areas:
The number of clips can be increased in accordance with section 2.2.1.5.6 by installing additional supports
to accommodate the additional clips.
Additional securement can be obtained by installing through-fasteners in the corners and perimeter in
accordance with section 2.2.15.2 above. Determine the number of additional fasteners assuming the deck
was secured with these fasteners in the field of the roof.

2.2.16 Lumber and Plywood Deck

2.2.16.1 Recommendations
2.2.16.1.1 Use FM Approved fire-retardant (FR) treated lumber and plywood for all new wood roof deck
construction. FM Approved lumber is minimum 1.5 in. (38 mm) thick (nominal 2 in. [51 mm]) and FM Approved
plywood is minimum 23/32 in. (18 mm) thick (nominal 34 in. [19 mm]).

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2.2.16.1.2 Where non-FM Approved wood roof decks have been used, roof deck fastening to resist anticipated
wind loads can be as outlined below.
Note: If the deck is thinner than the minimum FM Approved thicknesses, above-deck fastener pullout tests
are needed, as all above-deck fastening Approvals are based on the minimum FM Approved thickness. Refer
to section 2.2.5.2.7 for details on fastener pullout tests. In no case should plywood roof deck be thinner than
1932 in. (15 mm) [nominal 58 in. (16 mm)].

2.2.16.1.3 Above-deck components on wood decks are currently FM Approved only for up to Class 1-90.
Hence, deck fastening recommendations are for these uplift ratings only.
2.2.16.1.4 Ensure plywood fastening is as follows:
Deck panels are staggered in one direction.
Fastening is based on 2 ft (0.6 m) span, with panel ends supported. Refer to RoofNav for guidance on
FM Approved plywood deck fasteners. Where not available nail per guidelines below.
For nominal 58 in. (16 mm) thick deck, minimum 8d nails are used. For thicker decks, minimum 10d nails
are used.
Smooth shank nails are acceptable for all fastening except roof corners in Class 1-75 and 1-90, where
ring shank nails are needed.
For Class 1-60, field-of-roof nails are installed 6 in. (152 mm) on center at plywood panel end supports,
and 12 in. (304 mm) on center at all intermediate supports.
For Class 1-60 perimeter and corners, and Class 1-75 and 1-90 across the entire roof, nails are installed
6 in. (152 mm) on center at all supports.
2.2.16.1.5 Ensure nominal 2 in. (51 mm) lumber fastening is as follows:
Determine the design wind load and multiply by the tributary area of the nail, to determine the design load
on the nail.
Determine nail penetration into support.
Determine nail pullout strength by multiplying penetration length by appropriate value in Table 12 below.

Table 12. Nail pullout strength per in. (25 mm) of penetration
Nail Size (pennyweight) Pullout Resistance per in. (25 mm) of embedment, lb (N)
12d 28 (125)
16d 31 (138)
20d 36 (160)
30d 39 (173)

Ensure pullout strength is at least twice the design load for the nail.
Increase fastening at the roof perimeter and corners per section 2.2.1.5.6.

2.2.17 Structural Concrete Roof Deck Recommendations


2.2.17.1 Cast-in-place and precast structural concrete decks are acceptable in all wind exposures provided
the appropriate above-deck system is used (See Table 1). Use assemblies that are FM Approved over
concrete deck with wind uplift pressure ratings adequate for all areas including the perimeter and corners.
For roof systems using mechanically fastened insulation, see 2.2.1.5.1.
2.2.17.2 Ensure securement of precast structural concrete panels is designed by a professional civil or
structural engineer (PE). Deduct no more than 90% of the dead weight of the panels when calculating the
fastening needed for wind uplift resistance.

2.2.18 Torch Application of Modified Bitumen Roof Covers


2.2.18.1 Safely install torch-applied roof covers to prevent ignition of the roof assembly. Follow guidelines
in FM Global DS 1-33, Safeguard Torch-Applied Roof Installations.

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2.2.18.2 Install torch-applied covers properly to ensure adequate adhesion and wind uplift resistance.
Consider the following where practical and safe:
a) The torch applicator should face the leading edge of the roll and pull the roll toward them. Walking
behind the roll and pushing the roll results in an improper angle for torch flame impingement onto the roll,
and results in damage to the cover from walking on the heated and softened sheet layer.
b) Pass the torch flame back and forth across the leading edge of the roll, with most of the flame impinging
on the leading edge of the roll, and only slight heating of the substrate below.
c) Do not overheat the roll, such as to cause excessive smoke.
d) Allow the bitumen to pool slightly at the leading edge of the roll across its entire width, allowing the
pool to flow very slightly beyond the edge of the roll as the sheet is unrolled (see Fig. 11).

Fig. 11. Torch application of upper ply to a mechanically fastened base sheet Note adhesive pooling at the leading
edge of the roll.

2.2.19 Field Wind Uplift Tests


2.2.19.1 Conduct field uplift tests at FM Global insured client locations where practical, on all new, re-roofed
or re-covered roof installations in hurricane-prone regions where the basic wind speed is at least 100 mph
(45 m/s), except where otherwise noted in DS 1-52, Field Uplift Tests. Conduct tests in accordance with
DS 1-52.

2.2.20 Cold-Process Adhesives


2.2.20.1 Plan roof installations in locations that are prone to hurricanes or tropical cyclones and that use
cold-process adhesives to allow adequate curing time prior to potential exposure from a tropical cyclone. Also,
see section 3.1.2.2.

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2.2.21 Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Roof Deck

2.2.21.1 Recommendations
2.2.21.1.1 Ensure the deck is secured in the field of the roof in accordance with the FM Approvals RoofNav
listing.
2.2.21.1.2 If deck perimeter and corner fastener density is not specified in the FM Approvals RoofNav, then
ensure it is in accordance with section 2.2.1.5.6.

3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 Supplemental Information

3.1.1 Class 1 and 2 Roof Decks


In 1953, a serious fire occurred in which fire spread along the underside of the insulated steel roof deck of
a large industrial facility. There were few combustibles in the building. The fire started at floor level and
heated the underside of the deck. Hot gases (from combustible above-deck components) were forced down
through the deck joints and became ignited. The fire continued to feed on the hot gases and spread along
the underside of the roof throughout the building. The entire building and contents were lost.
Such losses led to the development of the FM Approved Class 1 insulated steel deck roof, in which only
insulations of relatively low combustibility, used with restricted quantities of adhesive, were recommended.
As a result, fire losses from the burning of insulated steel deck roofs have decreased significantly.
The use of mechanical fasteners, as opposed to adhesives, to secure materials to the deck, further decreases
the fire hazard of newly constructed roofs. It should be noted that many Class 2 roofs are still in existence.
Loss experience involving Class 2 insulated steel deck in recent years has been favorable because most
are protected with sprinklers.
While combustible gases are liberated from both Class 1 and 2 roof decks, there are sufficient combustibles
only in Class 2 roof decks to produce a self-propagating fire across the roof underside. The fire propagates
without additional heat input from the occupancy fire. This can result in complete destruction of the building
contents. Sprinkler protection or an FM Approved roof deck undercoating is needed to prevent fire spread
under Class 2 roofs.
Class 2 steel deck roofs can be upgraded to Class 1 by one of two methods:
(1) Remove all above-deck components, including asphalt, down to the deck and mechanically fasten a roof
system that is FM Approved for new construction on the deck.
(2) Apply an FM Approved roof deck undercoating to the entire steel deck underside. These coatings enable
Class 2 roof decks to meet the heat release rate limits of Class 1 roofs. Under-coatings are only FM Approved
and recommended for use on steel decks.
If the combustibility of an existing roof deck is not known, a Class 1 or 2 rating can be determined by cutting
out a sample for testing. For details, refer to Data Sheet 1-5, Removal and Shipping Roof Deck Samples
for Calorimeter Testing.

3.1.2 Wind Uplift Resistance, Non-Ballasted Roof Covers

3.1.2.1 Perimeter and Corner Enhancements for Mechanically Fastened, Multi-Ply Roof Covers
For a mechanically attached roof ensure cover the spacing between rows of fasteners does not exceed
60% of the spacing (of that FM Approved for the field of roof [FOR] rating) in the perimeter and 40% in the
corners. This accounts for the higher pressure coefficients in those areas (1/0.6 = 1.67, 1/0.4 = 2.5). From
a practical standpoint, for a multi-ply cover that is FM Approved when fastened in or through the seams only,
that would relate to adding one intermediate row of roof cover fasteners in the perimeter and two intermediate
rows in the corners. Rows of fasteners should run across the deck ribs to evenly distribute the wind loads
to points of deck securement. Spacing within rows can be the same throughout.
When the FOR FM Approved system already has one intermediate row and the spacing is 12 in. (300 mm)
in the seams and 12 in. (300 mm) in one staggered intermediate row. The average fastener spacing is about

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1.5 ft2 (0.14 m2) for the field, and should be no more than 0.90 ft2 (0.084) and 0.60 ft2 (0.056 m2) in the
perimeter and corners, respectively. The spacing between fasteners in rows should be in multiples of 6 in.
in order to hit the top flanges of 1-12 in. (38 mm) deep steel deck. For the perimeter, the fasteners could
be placed 6 in. (150 mm) OC in the seams and 6 in. (150 mm) OC in the intermediate row (0.75 ft2,
0.07 m2). For the corners, the fasteners could be placed 6 in. OC (150 mm) in the seams and 6 in. (150
mm) OC in two intermediate rows (0.50 ft2 or 0.05 m2 per fastener).
When the FM Approved system to be used in the field of the roof already requires one or more intermediate
rows of roof cover fasteners, this becomes a little more complicated.
If the FOR FM Approved system already has two intermediate rows and the Approved spacing is 12 in. (300
mm) in the seams and 18 in. (450 mm) in two staggered intermediate rows, the average fastener spacing
is about 1.25 ft2 (0.12 m2) for the field, and should be not exceed 0.75 ft2 (0.07 m2) and 0.50 ft2 (0.05 m2) in
the perimeter and corners, respectively. The spacing between fasteners in rows should be in multiples of
6 in. (150 mm) in order to hit the top flanges of 1-12 in. (38 mm) deep steel deck. For the perimeter, the
fasteners could be placed 6 in. OC (150 mm) in the seams and 12 in. (300 mm) OC in two staggered
intermediate rows, or 12 in. (300 mm) OC in the seams and in three staggered intermediate rows (0.75
ft2 or 0.07 m2/fastener). If fasteners go thru both layers at the seam, then the latter alternative is
recommended. For the corners, the fasteners should be placed 6 in. (150 mm) OC in the seams and
6 in. (150 mm) OC in two intermediate rows (0.50 ft2 or 0.05 m2 per fastener).
An adhered roof covering obtains its uplift resistance from the tensile strength of the adhesive bond between
the roof cover and insulation. When failure occurs, the result will be separation from the material below, or
fractured insulation boards. Continuing uplift forces lead to peeling of the cover, which can result in the rapid
delamination of large areas of the roof covering.
FM Global research testing has shown that fastener placement on the insulation board has a significant effect
on the ultimate strength of the assembly. For example, research conducted with 4 4 ft 1.5 in.
(1.2 1.2 m 38 mm) polyisocyanurate insulation covered with a BUR showed a dramatic change in
performance simply by rearranging the fasteners on the boards. For both tests, the fastening density was
1 fastener per 1.78 ft2 (0.17 m2). Figures 12a and 12b show the fastener placement for each test.

Fig. 12a/12b. 4 4 ft (1.2 1.2 m) insulation boards secured with nine fasteners per board.

The test of pattern 12a failed at 105 psf (5.0 kPa) by fracture of the insulation board. The test of pattern
12b failed at 160 psf (7.6 kPa) by screws pulling out of the deck.

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Mechanically attached single-ply membranes are secured by fasteners that directly engage the deck. This
results in a concentration of forces that are transmitted into the fastener. There also are high stresses in the
membrane at the fastener. If one fastener fails, the load will be transferred to adjacent fasteners, usually
causing these fasteners to be overstressed.
If fasteners are driven into the bottom flange of steel deck, the moment arm is at least 1.5 in. (38 mm) longer
(the depth of steel deck) than with top flange engagement. This longer moment arm can result in increased
fastener back-out and failure.
3.1.2.2 Cold Process Adhesives in Tropical Cyclone Exposed Areas
The installation of roof systems in regions prone to hurricanes, typhoons, and tropical cyclones need to be
completed in sufficient time for the adhesive to cure prior to exposure by these storms. While it is sometimes
difficult to control installation schedules, every effort should be made to minimize the exposure.
The start of hurricane season is June 1 north of the equator and November 1 south of the equator. Hurricane
seasons last six months and the worst storms typically occur during the middle of the season. For some
adhesive types used with multi-layer roof systems, a minimum of 28 days is required for curing. That is the
maximum cure time allowed prior to lab testing. While local weather conditions can vary exact cure times,
allowing 28 days helps to ensure the strength is comparable to that of the sample that was lab tested.
Single-ply covers adhered with contact adhesive may be near full strength within about 7 days. Depending
on local conditions, types of materials, and even the number of roof cover layers, some cold-process, multi-ply
assemblies may continue to increase in strength for 60 days or more after the installation. Scheduling to
avoid hurricane season also allows more time for curing prior to conducting field uplift tests, increasing the
probability of success.
Consult the roof material manufacturer regarding information relating to the percentage of ultimate strength
for the assembly in question vs. cure time. In no case should an assembly be used where it may be exposed
by a tropical storm before reaching at least 50% of its ultimate strength.

3.1.3 Wind Uplift Resistance, Ballasted Systems


It is not possible to evaluate the uplift resistance of ballasted systems in the same manner as adhered
coverings. The criterion for failure for the latter system is separation of the covering from the insulation, or
the insulation from the deck. Ballasted systems fail these criteria by definition.
Uplift forces are not uniform over the entire roof. Properly designed ballasted systems take advantage of
the average uplift force in a given roof area. The membrane distributes the uplift force, allowing the ballast
to be effectively utilized. Extreme winds, however, may cause gravel scour, paver dislodgement, and minor
ballooning of the covering. The gravel will pile up around the edges of the ballooned area. The ridges of
stone usually limit the scouring to a small area. Larger ballooned areas are expected when the roof deck
has joints (steel, wood, precast panel, etc.) in it.
When the deck is monolithic, very little air can flow up through the deck and act on the underside of the
covering. In addition, a parapet at least 3 ft (0.9 m) high will help to reduce ballast scour.

3.1.4 Compatibility With Substrate


When most single-ply membranes are used over existing asphaltic roofs, a layer of insulation or slip sheet
is required to separate the single-ply membrane from the old surface. An exception is the use of some modified
bitumen sheets that are FM Approved for direct application to asphalt BURs.
There are other compatibility issues depending on the roof cover material and substrate, which is why only
FM Approved combinations are recommended.

3.1.5 External Combustibility


FM Approved roof covers are required to pass the ASTM E108 external fire test.
During installation, unique fire hazards can occur with some single-ply membranes. Low flash point cleaning
solvents and solvent-based adhesives can be ignited and are particularly hazardous when vapors are
confined, such as at expansion joints. The installation of torch-applied membranes is an inherent fire hazard.

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3.1.6 Recover Construction


As recommended, remove all existing wet material from the existing roof system prior to reroofing. If only a
small amount of existing material is wet, it would be acceptable to remove only the wet areas to the deck,
replace the material with a properly secured insulation FM Approved for reroof or new construction on that
deck, and then apply an FM Approved recover system over the entire roof. There is no preference for either
removing all existing materials or only the wet materials, provided no wet materials remain. Roof vents are not
considered effective in removing existing moisture.
A maximum of one recover roof system is recommended, for the following reasons:
For other than noncombustible decks, if more than one recover system is installed, the roof would be
considered Class 2.
Additional recover systems increase the possibility of trapped moisture.
Most building codes allow only one recover system.

3.1.7 Wind Uplift


See Data Sheet 1-28 for determining the uplift pressure.
DS 1-28 offers various optional design levels for winds that meet or exceed the basic design wind speed.
The intent is to provide an increase in building performance for various incremental construction cost
increases, and the guidance takes into consideration the likelihood of various failure modes occurring based
on past experience.
It is extremely important to recognize that wind blowing over a roof exerts varying uplift forces on different
areas of the roof. For simplicity, the roof can be divided into three areas: (1) corners, (2) perimeter and (3) the
field-of-roof (area inside corners and perimeter). The roof perimeter and corners are exposed to higher uplift
forces than the field of the roof. The maximum uplift force occurs at the corners when the wind blows at an
angle of about 45 to the roof (roughly along the diagonal). The maximum uplift force along the windward roof
perimeter occurs when the wind blows at 90 to the perimeter. Actual pressure coefficients for the corners
and perimeter vary, depending on the building height, parapet height, roof slope, etc.
To compensate for these increased pressures, special roof deck and above-deck component fastening is
recommended in the corner and perimeter areas. To provide adequate resistance for these higher wind
pressure areas, one of the following can be done:
1. A roof system that is rated for that needed in the field, perimeter, and corner areas may be used. This
could consist of the same system used throughout, or a system that is essentially the same throughout
except that more fasteners are listed for the higher-rated version provided for the perimeter and corner
areas. There are many FM Approved assemblies for use on concrete deck, and some assemblies for
use on steel deck (with mechanically fastened covers or roofs adhered to dense cover boards), that are
rated for several hundred psf.
2. A mechanically fastened cover may be used, with a reduced fastener row spacing in the perimeter
and corner areas.
3. For relatively low wind-pressure designs, prescriptive enhancements may be used, consisting of
providing additional insulation fasteners in the perimeter and corner areas for adhered roof covers. This
approach has limitations as described below, but is acceptable where ONE of the following conditions
is met:
a) The NEEDED wind rating in the field of roof is 60 or 75 psf (3.6 kPa or less), OR
b) The roof is in a non-hurricane prone region where the design wind speed does not exceed 90 mph
(40 m/s) and the roof height does not exceed 75 ft (23 m) in Surface Roughness Exposure (SRE) B or
C. For partially enclosed buildings in SRE D, roof height is limited to 30 ft (9.1 m).
Except where otherwise noted, it is not necessary to actually calculate the increased pressure. The
increased fastening recommended for these areas is sufficient to resist these forces.
Prescriptive enhancements, such as providing additional insulation fasteners for adhered roof covers, will
generally increase wind resistance. However, there is a practical limit to the additional wind resistance that
can be achieved and the reduction in area per fastener. Insulation fastener spacings less than 1 ft2 (1 per

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0.1 m2) become impractical and yield diminishing returns on wind uplift resistance, as ultimately the roof
cover may peel off the insulation the roof insulation facer may delaminate or the insulation or cover board
itself may delaminate.
Even with a fastener spacing equal to or slightly greater than 1 ft2 (1 per 0.1 m2), the maximum wind resistance
rating may be between 150 and 195 psf, depending on the type of roof cover and insulation or topping board
it is adhered to.Where higher wind ratings are needed for steel deck roofs in perimeter and corner areas,
higher wind uplift resistance can be achieved by using mechanically attached base plies or mechanically
attached single-ply membranes, as they are dependent on the resistance of the interaction of the fastener
stress plate and the membrane, or the pullout of the screw from the deck, and not the insulation board.
Rows of fasteners for mechanically fastened roof covers should run perpendicular to the deck ribs. When
rows of fasteners for roof covers run parallel to the deck ribs, the load is not uniformly distributed to the deck
or its points of securement. In such cases, the wind uplift load is generally shared by the equivalent of only
two or three deck fasteners or welds, which may cause failure of the deck at its point of securement.
Recommendations in this document are intended to provide a safety factor of 2.0 between the rated or ultimate
wind resistance of above deck components and deck securement and design wind pressure. This safety
factor is intended to compensate for defects in workmanship and materials, loads in excess of the design
load, and adverse effects due to aging.
Wind uplift pressure may be influenced by the type of roof deck. If the deck is of panel construction, which
contain joints, such as steel, wood, or pre-cast gypsum or concrete plank decks, the internal building
pressure is allowed to act on the underside of the above-deck components. Decks such as gypsum or
concrete are cast-in-place from a cementitious slurry that hardens into a monolithic material. These decks
have virtually no spaces to allow internal pressure to act on the underside of the roof cover and insulation.
As a result the net load on the above-deck components is less with monolithic decks than for panel-type
decks. Precast gypsum and concrete plank decks do have joints which allow internal pressure to act on the
roof underside. All necessary adjustments for monolithic decks have been considered during Approval
testing.
Insulation that is pre-secured below a mechanically fastened roof cover is subject to internal pressure, which
is constant throughtout the internal plan area. Increases in total uplift pressure at perimeter and corner areas
are due to large increases in external pressures there.

3.1.8 Wind Damage


Wind can damage roofs in a number of ways. Types of damage include: (a) perimeter flashing components
removed or loosened; (b) roof covering and/or insulation removed; (c) roof covering and/or insulation lifted
and dropped back into place; (d) structural roof deck panels dislodged or lifted; (e) roof covering damaged by
impact from wind blown objects; (f) dislodged roof protrusions such as vents, skylights and pipes; and (g)
roof deck delamination within itself, such as can occur with improperly installed or designed lightweight
insulating concrete. Any or all of the various kinds of damage can occur in one windstorm.
Uplift damage to the roof deck usually results in significant additional damage to above-deck components.
This damage can spread a considerable distance beyond the damaged deck even if the above-deck
components are properly secured. After a small area of deck becomes dislodged, the wind can act on the
loose edges of the roof cover and insulation. The wind can then peel the cover from the deck.

3.1.9 Inferior Construction


When the uplift resistance of the roof is less than that needed for the applicable wind loading, the roof is
vulnerable to wind damage and is termed inferior. This can occur for several reasons, one being deficiencies
in the installation of the roof deck.
When materials that are not FM Approved are used, the construction also may be inferior. In some cases,
inferior construction can be determined from the specifications. The inferior designation is an indication of poor
wind resistance, not fire classification.

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3.1.10 Steel Deck


The roof deck provides the structural support for the roof assembly. It should have sufficient strength and
stiffness to prevent the above-deck layers from flexing excessively and separating due to live loads (snow,
construction, wind) or dead loads. Some decks, such as structural concrete, are inherently stiff. For others,
such as steel, particular attention must be paid to the design to ensure limited deflection and stress within
the deck. This is achieved by: (1) limiting the deck span, (2) fastening the panels adequately to the supporting
members, and (3) fastening the panel side laps.
Other methods of limiting deflection and stress within the deck to acceptable limits, particularly at higher
wind pressures, include using higher strength steel, using thicker or stiffer deck (depth, rib configuration),
or using spans that are further reduced. Excessive deflections can cause fracturing of the above-deck
insulation and delamination of the roof cover, and excessive stress within the deck can cause the deck to
buckle. The combination of a relatively high needed wind rating and relatively long deck spans can result
in buckling of steel deck.
When plug welding is used to secure steel deck to supporting members, care is needed to prevent the hole
from becoming too large. For decks thinner than 22 ga. (0.0295 in., 0.749 mm), this can be prevented by
using weld washers. A typical weld washer is a 16 ga. (0.06 in., 1.52 mm) piece of steel about 1 in. (25 mm)
square, having a hole in the center. The washer is placed on the deck and secured by burning a hole through
the deck and welding the washer to the supporting member. Most experts do not recommend weld washers
on decks that are 22 ga. (0.0295 in., 0.749 mm) or thicker. Research at FM Global has shown no detrimental
effects on tensile (pull-over) weld strength for 22 ga. (0.0295 in., 0.749 mm) deck when weld washers are
used.
Deck side laps also need to be secured. If a worker stands on the bottom panel while fastening the lap, the
workers weight can deflect that panel downward so that adequate fastening may not be possible. If the
mating parts are then fastened, the deflected panel will remain in that position. The result is an uneven deck
surface, voids under parts of the insulation, and a lack of load distribution (Figs. 9a and b). Welding of side
laps of decks thinner than 18 ga. (0.0474 in., 1.204 mm) is not recommended due to the difficulty of obtaining
consistent weld quality.

3.1.10.1 Examples of Design Considerations For Proposed Steel Deck


Example No. 1. A proposed building in a non-hurricane prone region is to use a low slope, steel deck roof
and is to be designed as an enclosed building. The basic wind design pressure for the field of the roof
is 45 psf (unfactored). The respective pressure coefficients for the perimeter and corner areas are 1.68 and
2.53, respectively, so the design pressures for those areas are 76 psf and 114 psf. The building designer
would like to use the same deck type and same center-to-center joist spacing throughout the entire building.
Deck lengths will meet a three span condition. If a 1-12 in. deep, 22 gauge, wide rib deck with a yield stress
of 33,000 psi (grade 33) is proposed, what is the maximum span that can be used?
Solution
The highest pressure needed is 114 psf. Since Table 11 incorporates a safety factor, it is not necessary to
multiply the design pressures by a safety factor such as is done for above deck components. Per Table 11,
for a triple span condition with 1-12 in. deep, 22 gauge, wide rib deck, a span of 6 ft yields an allowable
pressure of 114 psf. That is adequate. This is also the maximum FM Approved span for this specific deck.
Example No. 2. The same circumstances as in Example No. 1 above, except the building owner wishes to
design for a 23% higher wind speed. That results in design pressure that are 1.5 times that of Example No.
1, since the pressure is proportional to the square of the velocity. This yields design pressures of 67.5, 114,
and 171 psf, respectively, for the field, perimeter, and corner areas. In this case, a 1-12 in. deep, 22 gauge,
wide rib deck with a span of 6 ft is adequate for the field and perimeter area, but not the corners. In order
to still use this very common deck type, several options are available. In order of preference they are:
a) A Grade 80 (Fy = 80,000 psi) steel deck could be used. To determine the allowable wind pressure for
the grade 80 deck, multiply the allowable pressure for that of the grade 33 deck by 1.55 (see footnotes
to Table 11). That yields an allowable pressure of 177 psf (114 psf times 1.55), which is adequate.
b) Intermediate steel joist could be installed to support grade 33 deck in the corner areas to reduce the
span to 3 ft (0.9 m), or

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c) Overlay a second layer of grade 33 deck in the corners. Screw the two decks together using side-lap
fasteners at each side lap and every other deck rib. The spacing between fasteners within rows should
be in accordance with 2.2.13.1.5.
Option a) is preferred since the FM Approval for above-deck components rated for such pressures will likely
require a Grade 80 deck, and it is likely the most cost effective solution as well.
Example No. 3. Recommend deck securement for the design pressures noted in Example No. 2, given that
an FM Approved 1-135 roof system (safety factor of 2.0 times 67.5 psf) is proposed and the specific Approval
listing requires 1-12 in. deep, 22 gauge, wide rib, Grade 80 deck with FM Approved deck fasteners every
6 in. (150 mm, every rib) on center.
Solution:
Per the Approval listing, FM Approved deck fasteners should be provided every 6 in. (150 mm, every rib)
on center in the field of the roof. Two fasteners per deck rib should be provided in the perimeter and corner
areas. Side lap fastening should be 30 in. (0.76 m) on center in the field of the roof, and 15 in. (0.38 m)
on center in the perimeter and corners.

4.0 REFERENCES

4.1 FM Global
Data Sheet 1-5, Removal and Shipping of Roof Deck Samples for Calorimeter Testing
Data Sheet 1-12, Ceilings and Concealed Spaces
Data Sheet 1-13, Chimneys
Data Sheet 1-22, Criteria for Maximum Foreseeable Loss Fire Walls and Space Separation
Data Sheet 1-28, Wind Design
Data Sheet 1-30, Repair of Wind Damaged Roof Systems
Data Sheet 1-31, Metal Roof Systems
Data Sheet 1-32, Existing PVC Roof Covers
Data Sheet 1-33, Safeguarding Torch-Applied Roof Installations
Data Sheet 1-49, Perimeter Flashing
Data Sheet 1-52, Field Uplift Tests
Data Sheet 1-54, Roof Loads for New Construction
Approval Guide, a publication of FM Approvals
FM Approvals RoofNav

4.2 Others
American Society of Civil Engineers
ASCE Standard 7-05, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
ASTM D448
UL Fire Resistance Directory, Volume 1, published annually

APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS


Effective wind area: The span length times the effective width. For roof cover, roof deck, or wall panel
fastening, the effective wind area should not exceed that supported by the fastener or clip (generally reflected
in the tables in DS 1-28).
FM Approved: References to FM Approved in this data sheet mean the product and services have satisfied
the criteria for FM Approval. Refer to the Approval Guide, a publication of FM Approvals, and RoofNav for
a complete listing of products and services that are FM Approved.
Hurricane pone regions: Areas vulnerable to hurricanes. Areas in the United States and its territories include:
1. The U.S. Atlantic Coast and Gulf of Mexico Coast, including parts of Mexico and Central America, where
the basic wind speed per DS 1-28 is greater than 90 mph (40 m/s), and
2. Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, Virgin Island, and American Samoa.

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For locations outside the United States, consider any areas that are in a tropical cyclone region or typhoon
prone region. These include, but are not limited to, parts of Australia, the Bahamas, Bermuda, India,
Indonesia, Bangladesh, the Philippines, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Macau, Vietnam, and Taiwan,
where the basic wind speed per DS 1-28 is greater than 90 mph (40 m/s).
Square: A roofing term meaning 100 ft2 (9.28 m2) of roofing area.
Tropical cyclone prone region: An area prone to tropical storms, in which winds rotate about a center of low
atmospheric pressure (clockwise in the southern hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the northern
hemisphere), where the basic wind speed per DS 1-28 is greater than 90 mph (40 m/s).
Typhoon-prone region: Areas including, but not limited to, the Philippines, China, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea,
Hong Kong, Macau, and Vietnam.

APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY


August 2007. Changes were made as follows:
Recommendation 2.2.2.2 was revised to clarify its intent.
Recommendation 2.2.1.5.1 was revised to allow prescriptive enhancements for non-hurricane-prone
regions where Class 1-90 systems are needed. In addition, other acceptable enhancements were added
where Class 1-90 systems are needed in hurricane-prone regions.
Recommendation 2.2.20.1 was simplified and related portions of section 3 expanded.
Table 1A was deleted.
Footnote 2 of Table 1 was relocated to make it clearer that it applied to the entire table.
February 2007. Changes were made as follows:
Guidance was added and modified for steel deck span and securement to implement optional designs
for wind speeds higher than the basic wind speed shown in DS 1-28.
Allowable wind pressure vs. deck span tables were added for common steel deck types, along with
multipliers to determine wind pressures for higher grades of steel.
Example problems for deck design were added.
Recommendations were added to help improve the installation quality of lightweight insulating concrete
(LWIC).
Recommendation 2.2.1.2.6 was relocated from DS 1-29R.
Recommendation 2.2.1.5.1, related to prescriptive enhancements for mechanically fastened insulation
with adhered roof covers, was modified to prevent misinterpretation of intent.
May 2006. Editorial changes were made to the Table 1.
January 2006. Recommendations 2.2.1.5.1, 2.2.1.5.2, 2.2.1.5.3, 2.2.7.2.1, 2.2.7.3.2, 2.2.9.1, 2.2.13.1.1 and
2.2.13.1.2 were revised, and 2.2.7.3.3, 2.2.7.3.4, 2.2.13.1.3 and 2.2.14.1.1 were added. These
recommendations focus on using mechanically attached roof covers with steel deck roofs in high wind areas,
and orientation of roof cover fasteners to properly distribute the wind load to steel deck securement points.
In addition, Table 1 was modified to provide a full safety factor of 2.0 in the perimeter and corner areas in
all cases.
May 2005. Minor editorial changes were made.
January 2005. Editorial changes were made.
September 2003. Minor editorial changes were made for this revision.
January 2002. Deck securement for wind uplift has been relocated here, and was formerly found in Data
Sheet 1-28.
September 2000. This revision of the document has been reorganized to provide a consistent format.

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