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Original Article
ABSTRACT
Background and Objectives: The Kangaroo mother care(KMC) method is the best care method that can provide the newborns skin normal
contact with the mothers skin for all newborns, especially the premature or underweight. However, this method has not still become common
in some countries and many hospitals in Iran. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the impact of KMC method on vital signs and arterial
oxygen saturation of newborns compared to the incubator care method in order to facilitate this method. Materials and Methods:This clinical
trial study was performed on 53 neonates who have been hospitalized in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit; they were randomly divided into two
case and control groups. The KMC was conducted on newborns in the study group for an hour each day for 3 consecutive days. The vital
signs including temperature, respiratory and heart rate per minute, and the arterial oxygen saturation rate were measured and recorded before,
during and after caring process in both groups and then were compared and analyzed. Results and Conclusion: The results showed that
the average temperature variations and the arterial oxygen saturation rate between the two groups had significant differences in 3 days of
examining(P<0/056, P=0/00), but there were no significant differences in the mean heart and respiration rate between the two groups(P=NS).
Thus, the Kangaroo care method is effective in the improvement and stabilizing of vital signs of newborns, and nurses can train this method to
mothers.
Key words:
Body temperature and oxygen level, Kangaroo mother care method, vital signs
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES her lactation enhances, and her conditions and discomforts
will relieve, and her postpartum hemorrhage will be
The Kangaroo care method(Kangaroo mother care[KMC]) prevented.[9] Furthermore, the newborn feeding is performed
is skintoskin contact between mother and infant[1] and a better in this method; the newborn grows faster.[10] Usually,
method of care for all newborns, especially the premature or separating the newborn from the mother and incubator
underweight, and creates better conditions for mother and care will cause the secretion of stress hormones, intense
newborn compared to incubator caring method.[24] KMC crying and despair in newborn, which are harmful to the
was first introduced in Bogot, Columbia by Dr.Edgar Rey newborns health and can decrease the body temperature
and Hector Martinez in 1978 as a way of compensation and irregularity in heartbeat and breathing.[11,12] The KMC
for the overcrowding of incubators in hospitals caring
for preterm infants.[2] This method is based on three
Address for correspondence:
basic principles, including skintoskin contact, exclusive Dr.Khadijeh Nasiriani,
breastfeeding, and support to the motherinfant dyad. To Department of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery School,
establish the skintoskin contact, the newborn is placed Shaheed Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health
Services, Yazd, Iran.
in front of the mothers chest and is guided by a cloth bag, Email:Nasiriani@gmail.com
wrapped around a newborn and the mother. This could be
done from the beginning of birth or anytime during the Access this article online
night and day, but its short and intermittent periods are Quick Response Code:
also useful.[5] Many studies show that skintoskin contact Website:
through KMC leads to breathing regulation and stabilizing, www.jcnonweb.com
can, therefore, be effective in supplying the newborns cooperation during the procedure. Hence, the case
needs and stabilizing the newborns physiological states group mothers were trained properly, and the required
and survival of the preterm neonate.[4,1316] However, some information and explanations along with displaying the
studies indicate no significant differences in physiological video description about the KMC method were provided
measures of newborns under KMC.[17] This indicates for them, and the KMC was applied to their newborns.
the need to further research in this area. What done Thus, the naked newborn, only wearing diaper and
today in most of the newborn units in Iranian hospitals cap, was placed in a straight state between the mothers
is different from that must be done. Mothernewborn breasts and was supported by a cloth bag. The caring was
separation due to hospitalization of newborn in the ward performed for 3 consecutive days and each time for 1h.
and his/her incubator care may have adverse effects on The procedure was conducted for all samples by the head
both mother and the newborn. Furthermore, no study has nurse and with the researchers presence and monitoring
been already conducted in this regard in the city of Yazd. in the morning shift, and the mothers were supported and
Thus, the researchers decided to conduct a study aimed at encouraged during the caring process. The changes in pulse,
determining the impact of KMC on vital signs and arterial respiration, temperature, and arterial oxygen saturation rate
oxygen saturation rate in newborns hospitalized in Neonatal of the case group were controlled and recorded during the
Intensive Care Unit(NICU). It is hoped that the results can care process, at 30min after starting the procedure and at
enhance the improvement of newborns and facilitate the the end of caring process before returning the newborn
implementation of this care method in our hospitals. to the incubator. The mentioned items in the control
group (conventional incubator care) were also measured
MATERIALS AND METHODS and recorded simultaneously with the case group.
This study is a randomized clinical trial study type. This study To measure the pulse and respiration, the 22,004 data scope
is a doubleblind; Infants due to age and statistical analyst passport monitoring system was used. The pulse oximetry
were not informed from groups. That has been posed in the in NICU was used to measure the arterial oxygen saturation
Ethics Committee of the Shaheed Sadoughi University of rate, and a mercury thermometer was used to measure
Yazd city and registered in IRCT138901223679N1. In this the temperature with an auxiliary approach for 3 min. To
study, to determine the sample size by considering test power maintain the reliability of the instrument during the research,
of 80% and significance level of 5% and(s=4, d=3) based on the same pulse oximetry device and monitoring system were
previous studies, the sample size was calculated 50 neonate. applied to newborns in the same situation. The pulse oximetry
Initially, the eligible newborns hospitalized in the NICU, probe was taped to the toe of the left foot of all newborns.
who required incubatorcaring, after getting written consent In addition, the calibration of the monitoring device was
from their mothers and with physicians coordination were performed routinely by the ward. The validity of the pulse
divided into two groups of the case group (27 subjects) of oximetry device and the monitor system was confirmed
KMC and the control group (26 subjects) of conventional and upheld by citing the manufacturer and the brand
incubator care using the random number table. The study standards. The simultaneous observation and recording
inclusion criteria included: Consent and mental and physical method by two researchers were used for the reliability of
ability of mothers for performing KMC, the physicians temperature measurements (r = 0.087). During the care
allowance, weighing more than 1800 g for the newborn, process, no treatment measures and painful procedures were
gestational age of 32weeks and above, no abnormalities and performed in both groups, and the room temperature was
problems of nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory systems retained between 24C and 26C. The newborns could feed
in newborns, no clinical instability and infections, no surgery during the care process as needed. After recording the vital
performed on them, exacerbated crying newborn, and not signs and the arterial oxygen saturation rate, the data were
being NPO. All newborns not meeting the above conditions encoded and analyzed using the SPSS version 15 software
were excluded from the study. In order to gather information, (IBM corporation). The independent samples ttest was
the registration forms, including two sections of demographic used to compare the means of vital signs and arterial oxygen
data(age, sex, birth weight) and vital signs(HRs, respiratory saturation rates between the two groups. The repeated
rate, and the auxiliary temperature) and the arterial oxygen measure test was used to test the means differences in
saturation rate on percentage scale were used. The vital consecutive days due to repeating of variables review.
signs and arterial oxygen saturation rate of newborns in
both groups were recorded 5min before the start of the care RESULTS
process. Mothers were instructed before the procedure.
The results of the study showed that there were no significant
Also during the mother and baby were supported by a differences between the means of gestational age, birth weight,
nurse and researcher. Mothers showed desire and good and sex in two groups of newborns. The mean gestational
Table2: Determining and comparing temperature Table5: Determining and comparing number of
average between two case study groups in different respiratory between two case study groups in different
days before, during and after the care days before, during and after the care
Time Group Independent Repeated Time Group Independent Repeated
t test measure test t test measure test
Control(26) Case(27) Control(26) Case(27)
First day First day
Before 36.150.31 36.410.18 P=0.001 P=0.000 Before 45.5711.55 45.747.61 P=0.951 P=0.586
Between 36.060.36 36.530.14 P=0.001 Between 46.3411.36 45.447.02 P=0.729
After 35.980.34 36.570.22 P=0.001 After 46.1110.93 46.076.66 P=0.987
Second day Second day
Before 36.130.28 36.300.19 P=0.01 Before 45.0710.43 45.076.66 P=0.859
Between 36.050.22 36.500.16 P=0.000 Between 46.389.65 45.296.51 P=0.631
After 35.980.22 36.600.21 P=0.000 After 46.1510.30 44.815.5 P=0.579
Third day Third day
Before 36.090.33 36.280.23 P=0.018 Before 46.8010.03 44.257.15 P=0.291
Between 35.990.25 36.470.13 P=0.000 Between 47.469.78 44.706.82 P=0.238
After 35.910.30 36.600.18 P=0.000 After 4710.02 44.626.20 P=0.304
The research results showed a significant increase in arterial According to the results of this study, there was no significant
oxygen saturation rate during the 1stto 3rddays after KMC difference in the average respiratory rate per minute in the
compared to the control group, which is consistent with KMC group than to the incubator care, which is consistent
the results of many studies.[2833] Increase in arterial oxygen with the results of some studies.[26,12] A metaanalysis
saturation rate can be due to calm and comfortable contact study showed that the rate of respiration during the KC
of the newborn with the mother and possibly the reduced reduces compared to the incubator care method.[12,28,39]
oxygen consumption.[12] In a number of clinical trial studies Almeida etal. 2007 quotes Sontheimer etal., the heart and
on similar preterm subjects, no changes have been reported breathing rates are uncertain data, because the mothers
in the rate of arterial oxygen saturation during KMC.[34,35] respiratory and cardiac patterns may be superimposed on
Furthermore, in a study, no change was observed in the rate the newborns.[12] Reduced breathing number and increased
of arterial oxygen saturation in preterm neonates on heel arterial oxygen saturation rate after KMC can be due to the
prick and during puncturing the heel stick during the KMC upright situation of the newborn during the caring process;
than to the incubator cure.[36,37] Some researchers state that therefore, this status improves the ventilation and perfusion
during neonatal transport to the KMC, the rate of arterial and thus the respiratory functioning.[39]
oxygen saturation may decrease, statistically, but not
clinically, significant and it will become stable in 3min after In short, the results of research suggesting that the cardiac
the beginning of the care process. However, controlling the and respiratory status are clinically in a reasonable range
head and putting it at the sniff situation in the midline in during the KMC and shows more stability compared to the
order to minimize the changes in arterial oxygen during the incubator care; in fact, most clinical trial studies show that
KMC is important. Thus, based on Alevel evidence, oxygen the KMC has been effective in cardiacrespiratory parametric
saturation changes during Kangaroo care(KC) are minimal stability.[34] Schlez et al. showed infants physiological
and remain predominantly within acceptable clinical responses like respiratory rate did not differ significantly.[40]
ranges. Controlling infant head in the slightly sniffing
position and neck in the midline position is mandatory to CONCLUSION
minimize desaturations.[34]
In general, the results of this study showed that the KMC
This study showed no statistically significant differences can contribute in increasing the temperature and arterial
in the average number of HR per minute between the two oxygen saturation rate and the cardiovascular and respiratory
groups, which are consistent with the results of a number stability in newborns. It is suggested: Training of nursing and
of studies.[11,9,38] Nimbalkar and et al. showed the HR was midwifery team in regard to the technique will be developed
statistically significant and lower in KMC group.[36] Cong in hospitals and prenatal clinics, and the mothers knowledge
in this area will be improved. Furthermore, particular 14. Ludington SM. Energy conservation during skintoskin contact
between premature infants and their mothers. Heart Lung
nurses in each ward would be dedicated to this method,
1990;19:44551.
and its performance would be enhanced. It is recommended
15. Moore ER, Anderson GC, Bergman N, Dowswell T. Early skin-
to conduct further research on the longterm impact of to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants.
KMC on multiple variables, like weight gain, period time Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;5:CD003519.
of hospitalization, mothers breastfeeding rate, vital signs, 16. McCall Emma M, Fiona A, Halliday HL, Jenkins JG, Sunita V.
etc., Furthermore, the procedure could be performed for Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low
birthweight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014.
the underweight newborns and lower gestational age under
17. NirmalaP. Kangaroo mother care: Effect and perception of mothers
certain circumstances. A limitation of this study was the and health personnel. JNeotatal Nurs 2006;12:17784.
most crowded ward in the morning shift, so the study was 18. Ibe OE, Austin T, Sullivan K, Fabanwo O, Disu E, Costello AM.
conducted in the evening shift and the quiet hours. Acomparison of Kangaroo mother care and conventional incubator
care for thermal regulation of infants<2000 g in Nigeria using
continuous ambulatory temperature monitoring. Ann Trop Paediatr
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2004;24:24551.
Finally, we have to thank the nursing staff, particularly 19. Gazzolo D, Masetti P, Meli M. Kangaroo care improves
Mrs.Sotodeh, the NICU head nurse, and Dr.Mohammad Golshan, postextubation cardiorespiratory parameters in infants after open
heart surgery. Acta Paediatr 2000;89:7289.
the neonatologist for their help in this research.
20. Bauer K, Pyper A, Sperling P, Uhrig C, Versmold H. Effects
of gestational and postnatal age on body temperature, oxygen
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