NH GI DNG CHY TI THIU VIT NAM

Ng nh Tun1

Tm tt: Vit Nam dng chy ti thiu c quy nh trong cc Ngh nh v Lut Ti
nguyn nc. y l dng chy bt buc cc d n thy li, thy in phi cung cp . Tuy nhin,
cho n nay khi nim v phng php nh gi dng chy ti thiu vn ang c hiu rt khc
nhau. Nhm gp phn vo s thng nht nh gi dng chy ti thiu Vit Nam, bi bo kin
ngh cng thc tng qut biu th dng chy ti thiu theo nh ngha ca Lut Ti nguyn nc
2012, xut cc phng php nh gi cc thnh phn, t vn dng tnh ton cho 12 on
sng c th Vit Nam.
T kha: dng chy ti thiu, dng chy mi trng, nh gi, on sng,

1. M U 1 thu; l gi tr khng b ly mt i v tng i

Trn th gii, dng chy mi trng c n nh trong lng sng. V th c th vit:
quy nh trong cc vn bn nh nc cch y
khong 30 nm, c tng kt trong cun Cm
nang Dng chy mi trng v c IUCN v
Cc Qun l Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam dch v
xut bn nm 2007 [1]. Vit Nam, v php l,
mi n nm 2008 mi c Ngh nh s
112/2008/N-CP, Ngh nh s 120/2008/N-
CP v sau ny Lut Ti nguyn nc nm 2012
[2], Dng chy mi trng vi tn gi l Dng
chy ti thiu bt buc cc d n thy li, thy
in phi cung cp . Tuy nhin, cho n nay
khi nim v phng php nh gi dng chy
ti thiu vn ang c hiu rt khc nhau.
Bi bo trnh by kt qu nghin cu ca tc
gi, mong gp phn vo s thng nht nh gi
dng chy ti thiu Vit Nam.
2. PHNG PHP NH GI DNG
CHY TI THIU
2.1. Cng thc biu t dng chy ti
thiu
Nm 1992, Ng nh Tun [3] biu t
dng chy mi trng di dng tng qut:
Dng chy mi trng Tng ho
(mi trng nn, nhu cu nc cho kinh
t, x hi.)
Trong , dng chy mi trng nn l gi
tr tng ho m bo h sinh thi thu sinh pht
trin, sc kho dng sng, cnh quan mi
trng (xanh, sch, p) v nhu cu giao thng
1
i hc Thy li
Dng chy mi trng nn l dng chy mi
trng khng tiu hao (Qmtkth); v nhu cu
nc cho kinh t, x hi l dng chy mi
trng tiu hao (Qmtth). Vit gn li:
Dng chy mi trng = Tng ho (Qmtkth
+ Qmtth) (1)
Nm 2008, Ng nh Tun [4] a ra
khai nim Dng chy ti thiu di dng tng
qut l:
Qtt = Tng ho min (Qmtkth + Qmtth) (1)
Vic nh gi cc thnh phn dng chy mi
trng khng tiu hao v dng chy mi trng
tiu hao s c trnh by cc mc 2.1 v 2.2
di y.
2.2. Phng php nh gi dng chy mi
trng khng tiu hao (Qmtkth).
Dng chy mi trng khng tiu hao c
nh gi nh trong cng thc 2:
Qmtkth = Tng ho (Qskds, Qstts, Qgt, Qmtcq) (2)
- Nu Qgt > (Qskds, Qstts) th Qgt = Qmtkth (3)
- Nu Qgt < (Qskds, Qstts)
th (Qskds, Qstts) = Qmtkth (4)
- Nu Qgt = 0 th Qmtkth =
= Tng ho (Qskds, Qstts) (5)
Lc :
- Nu Qskds > Qstts th ly Qskds = Qmtkth (6)
- Nu Qskds < Qstts th ly Qstts = Qmtkth (7)
- Nu Qstts = 0 (khng c yu cu)
th Qmtkth = Qskds (8)
Qskds l dng chy mi trng bt buc phi
c cp con sng c sng. V sng c

KHOA HC K THUT THY LI V MI TRNG - S 48 (3/2015) 45

nc chy mi ni ti h sinh thi thu sinh i vi tng dng sng, tng on sng c
(Qstts) v giao thng (Qgt). nhu cu giao thng th c th tra bng yu cu
a. Dng chy mi trng cho sc kho mc nc ti thiu ti cc v tr trn ng thu
dng sng (Qskds) ni a (t Htt tra ra Qtt bng quan h H Q) ca
Theo Ng nh Tun [3], [5], [6] th B Giao thng vn ti.
Qskds = Qndmin = Qthgminmin d. Dng chy mi trng cnh quan (Qmtcq)
v Q0nd = Qtbthngmin (9) y l mt thnh phn ca dng chy mi
Qthgminmin: lu lng thng nh nht trong trng khng tiu hao c b sung thm
chui nm thng k chnh l lu lng nc ti cnh quan nguyn trng khng b ph v qu
thiu cn x nhm p ng yu cu cho con mc gy phn cm cho ngi sng hai bn b
sng c sng, thng thot dng chy thng sng, hoc dng chy b sung to c mi
xuyn, cn Qndmin l lu lng nc di t trng xanh, sch, p theo yu cu ca a
nh nht cung cp cho sng trong chui nm phng v theo kh nng ngun nc c th
thng k. cung cp thm.
- V Qthgminmin ph thuc rt nhiu vo s nm 2.3. Phng php nh gi dng chy mi
quan trc nn thng ly tn sut p = 95% hay trng tiu hao (Qmtth)[6]
90% lm chun c lng gi tr nh nht Cng thc (15) di y biu din cc thnh
chung cho cc lu vc. phn ca fng chy mi trng tiu hao:
+ Nu ly trm thu vn lm tuyn kim sot Qmtth = min (Qti + QSH+DV+CN+ Qthu sn +
Qtt th: Qy mn) (15)
Qskds = Qthgmin95% hay Qthgminmin (10) Trong :
+ Nu tuyn kim sot t ti ca sng hay - Qti = (Qcng ti + Qtrm bm ti) theo tng
h lu on sng xa trm thy vn nc ngt vng cy trng, hoc thng qua tnh ton bng
th: Qskds = Qthgmin90% (11) m hnh ton xc nh mc ti 85% cho tng
+ Nu trm thu vn trn sng c p dng ly vng canh tc nng nghip.
nc thng lu gy ra Qthgmin = 0 th nn ly: - QSH+DV+CN, l dng chy cho sinh hot, dch
Qskds = 3thgminmin95% (12) v, cng nghip c xc nh thng qua cc
nh trng hp ca sng Ly vi trm thu bng qui nh c lin quan theo cc cp thnh
vn sng Lu ph, th x, th t, nng thn (cp nht cn nht
b. Dng chy mi trng cho h sinh thi ngy nh gi).
thu sinh (Qstts). - Qthu sn: dng chy phc v nui trng thy
i vi dng chy ny c kh nhiu phng sn c qui nh theo vng, v do B Nng
php tnh c th vn dng, so snh v la chn. nghip v Pht trin Nng thn ban hnh (Tng
Mt s phng php in hnh nh sau: cc Thu sn).
1) Phng php Tennant [1] c th s dng - Qy mn: dng chy y mn. Trn thc
hai mc: t dng chy ny ch p ng c iu kin v
- i vi cc sng sui nh vng i ni: mn, v tnh quan trng ca on sng v kh
Qstts = 10% Q0 (13) nng ca ngun nc ngt.
- i vi h lu cc sng ln c nhiu nc 3. NH GI DNG CHY TI THIU
v c nhiu loi c khc nhau (khng c c VIT NAM
thng mi gi tr kinh t ln): 3.1. Phn loi sng (Ng nh Tun) [6]
Qstts = 20% Q0 (Q0- chun dng chy nm) (14) a. Sng lin tnh v ni tnh (c v khng
2) Phng php chu vi t, c cng trnh thu in, thu li)
3) Phng php kinh nghim ph hp. 1) Cc sng ven bin min Trung t H Tnh
c. Dng chy mi trng cho nhu cu giao n Bnh Thun.
thng (Qgt). 2) Cc sng Qung Ninh; sng Thi Bnh.

46 KHOA HC K THUT THY LI V MI TRNG - S 48 (3/2015)

 3) H thng sng ng Nai (thng ngun
sng B, sng Si Gn, sng Vm C ng bt
ngun t Campuchia vi din tch v lng
nc b).
b. Ngun nc lin quc gia (c v khng
c cng trnh thu in, thu li).
1) Ngun nc thng ngun nc
ngoi, h ngun Vit Nam nh sng Hng,
sng Mekong (ngun Trung Quc); sng
Lam (Lo); ring sng M ngun Vit Nam
chy sang Lo ri chy tr li Vit Nam ra
Bin ng.
2) Ngun nc thng ngun Vit Nam,
h ngun nc ngoi nh: sng Sesan, sng
Srepok (sang Campuchia), sng Sekong v
sng Nm Rn (sang Lo), sng Bng Giang -
K Cng.
3.2. Phn loi sng theo mc ch, ni
dung nh gi Qtt
1) on sng h lu p dng thu li
(phn ln ly ht nc x xung h lu nh:
Thch Nham, Li Giang, Trm, ng Cam, h
thng bc thang p dng Thu li trn sng
Lng Sng, Sng Lu), k hiu (2-a).
2) on sng h lu p h Thu li (phn
ln nc c dn ti qua 2 knh chnh,
hng nm xut hin mt s ngy n vi thng
khng c nc x qua p xung dng sng h
lu) nh h Ph Ninh, K G, Ayun H, Krong
Buk H k hiu (2-b).
3) on sng h lu p h thu in st
p nh Thc B, Tuyn Quang, Sn La, Ho
Bnh, sng Hinh, sng Ba H, Bnh in,
Hng in, Krong HNng (trng hp
iu tit ngy m), k hiu (2-c).
4) on sng t p n nh my thu in
knh dn (on sng thng b kh hay cn gi
l on sng cht) nh thu in Buon Kuop,
thu in Sng Tranh 2, Vn Chn, Hui
Qung, k hiu (2-d).
5) on sng c h thng thu li chuyn
nc sang lu vc sng khc nh h thng thu
li Ngn Tri- Cm Trang (chuyn nc Ngn
KHOA HC K THUT THY LI V MI TRNG - S 48 (3/2015)
Su sang sng Nghn); h thng thu li Ro
Tr - Lc Tin (chuyn nc thng ngun
sng Gianh sang sng Tr) k hiu (2-e).
6) on sng c nh my thu in chuyn
nc sang lu vc sng khc: H n Dng
chuyn nc sng a Nhim sang sng Ci Phan
Rang; h i Ninh chuyn nc sng ng Nai
sang sng Lu; h Thng KonTum chuyn
nc sng Dakbla sang sng Tr Khc; h An
Kh- KaNak chuyn nc sng Ba sang sng
Kone; h DakMi 4 chuyn nc sng Vu Gia
sang sng Thu Bn k hiu (2-g).
7) on sng c nh my thu in chuyn
nc trong ni b lu vc: thu in Srepok4
v Srepok4A, k hiu (2-h).
8) on ca sng st bin: ca sng Hng,
ca sng Ci Phan Rang, ca sng Lng Sng,
ca sng Lu, k hiu (2-i).
9) on sng ngun nc lin quc gia, h
lu l Lo, Campuchia nh sng Sesan, sng
Srepok, k hiu (2-k).
3.3. Phm vi nh gi dng chy ti
thiu [6]
1) Lu vc p h thu in knh dn +
lu vc khu gia bao trn din tch on
sng kh.
2) Lu vc p h thu in chuyn nc
sang lu vc sng khc + din tch on sng h
lu c ngun nc b sung m bo cp
dng chy ti thiu tng thm + nhu cu nc
cn b sung do a phng yu cu nh cnh
quan mi trng, dch v, l hi v mt s
yu cu pht sinh khc.
3) i vi cc cng trnh thu li yu cu
p ng Qtt = Qskds c nh gi t din tch
lu vc h v cc yu cu dng nc khc do h
thng knh m nhim.
3.4. Kt qu nh gi dng chy ti thiu
Trn c s cc phng php nh gi dng
chy ti thiu c xut trong mc 2 v phn
loi sng trn, bi bo a ra kt qu nh gi
dng chy ti thiu cho 12 on sng c th
Vit Nam (bng 1).
47
 Bng 1. Kt qu nh gi dng chy ti thiu (Qtt) ti 12 v tr kim sot
Dng chy ti thiu
TT V tr kim sot c im on sng Phng php nh gi
c ph duyt
Dng chy mi trng khng
p Tho Long- Cch bin 4km. p ngn mn gi
1 tiu hao: 31m3/s [5]
sng Hng ngt (2-i)
Qmtskds= Qthgmin90%
H lu p Cm
Chuyn nc Ngn Su sang sng Dng chy mi trng khng
Trang- HTTL
2 Nghn. Yu cu x nc qua p tiu hao: 15 m3/s [10]
Ngn Tri- Cm
Cm Trang v h lu (2-e) Qmtskds= Qthgmin90%
Trang
Trc khi c h, thng lu c
H lu p h h thng p dng, mt s nm Dng chy mi trng khng
3 thu li Krong quan trc Q ti trm thu vn 42 tiu hao: 1,17 m3/s [10]
Buk H cho Qmtskds= 3thgmin90%
Qthgmin= 0 (2-b)
H lu trm thu thng lu c h thng p Dng chy mi trng khng
4 vn sng Lu ti dng, mt s nm quan trc Q cho tiu hao: 1,0 m3/s [4], [6]
ca Phan R Qthgmin= 0 (2-a) Qmtskds= 3thgmin90%
H lu p dng Chuyn nc Ro Ny (sng
Lc Tin- HTTL Gianh) sang lu vc h Thng Dng chy ti thiu: Qmtskds +
5 2,1 m3/s [10]
h Ro Tr- Lc sng Tr. Yu cu tr li dng chy Qti + QCN + QSH
Tin ti thiu cho sng Gianh. (2-e)
Dng chy ti thiu: Qmtskds +
H lu p An
Qti + QSH + QCN + Qmtcq
Kh (h thng Chuyn nc t sng Ba sang sng
6 Phm vi: Lu vc h KaNak- Vn hnh theo [7]
thu in An Kh- Kone- H Thanh (2-g)
An Kh + khu gia t p An
Kanak- s. Ba)
Kh n T DakSrong
Chuyn nc t S. DakS Ngh
H lu p h
(DakBla- Sesan) sang sng Tr Dng chy ti thiu Qmtskds +
7 Thng Kontum- Vn hnh theo [8]
khc. Yu cu x tr li h lu Qti + QSH + QCN + Qmtcq
S. DakS Ngh
sng DakS Ngh (2-g)
Chuyn nc sng B sang sng
H lu p Phc Dng chy ti thiu Qmtskds +
8 Si Gn- Vm C ng, yu cu
Ha Qti
x tr li h lu sng B (2-g)
Yu cu x nc y mn h lu Yu cu ca UBND ng Nai
9 H lu p Tr An Qtt = Qy mn = 240 m3/s
sng ng Nai Qmn = 240 m3/s
Sau p Srepok4 X xung h lu sng Srepok pha
Th tc 1995 ca U hi
10 (hoc hp lu Campuchia Vn hnh theo [9]
Mekong [11]
sng Srepok 4A) (2-k)
Sau p Srepok 4 l ni tip vi knh
ly nc vo NMT Srepok 4A vi
Ti tuyn trm TV Qmax = 500 m3/s, on sng qua Dng chy mi trng khng
11 Vn hnh theo [9]
Bn n VQG Yooc n- khu du lch sinh tiu hao (Qmtskds = Qthgmin90%)
thi Bn n, trm TV Bn n ht
nc hoc rt t nc. (2-h)
Theo vn bn tho thun gia
X xung h lu sng Sesan pha Qtt khng nh hn 195
12 Sau T SeSan 4A hai Chnh ph Vit Nam v 3
Campuchia. (2-k) m /s [7]
Campuchia.

48 KHOA HC K THUT THY LI V MI TRNG - S 48 (3/2015)

 4. KT LUN nh my thu in chuyn nc sang lu vc
Trn c s tnh ton phn tch trn c th sng khc th Qtt = Qmtkth + Qmtth.
rt ra mt s kt lun nh sau: 4) Bt k trng hp no, Qtt c chn u
1) i vi cc h thu li hoc on sng t phi c s chp nhn ng thun ca cc bn
p n nh my thu in knh dn min ni c lin quan.
khng c nhu cu v Qmtth th Qtt = Qmtkth. 5) Dng chy ti thiu khng phi l gi tr
2) i vi ca sng thng ra bin ht nhu n nh m c s thay i theo nhu cu thc t
cu v Qmtth th Qtt = Qmtkth. tng thi k, ph thuc vo tng giai on pht
3) i vi cc h, p dng thu li, hoc trin kinh t x hi hoc pht trin ngun nc.

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] IUCN, Dng chy- Cm nang dng chy mi trng, IUCNVN, H Ni, 2007.
[2] Lut Ti nguyn nc 2012.
[3] Ng nh Tun, Dng chy mi trng, Qun l tng hp Ti nguyn nc, tp bi ging cho
cc lp cao hc Thu vn- Mi trng 1992- 2008.
[4] Ng nh Tun, Xc nh nhu cu s dng nc v dng chy mi trng cho h sinh thi h
du, H Ni, 2008.
[5] Ng nh Tun, nh gi tc ng mi trng ca D n h Thu li T Trch, 1998.
[6] Ng nh Tun, nh gi dng chy mi trng Vit Nam, Bi ging ti Vin Mi trng
v Pht trin bn vng, H Ni, 2013.
[7] Th tng Chnh ph, Quyt nh s 1077/Q-TTg, v vic ban hnh Quy trnh vn hnh lin
h cha trn lu vc sng Ba.
[8] Th tng Chnh ph, Quyt nh s s 1182/Q-TTg, v vic ban hnh Quy trnh vn hnh
lin h cha trn lu vc sng S San.
[9] Th tng Chnh ph, Quyt nh s 1201/Q-TTg, v vic ban hnh Quy trnh vn hnh lin
h cha trn lu vc sng Srpk.
[10] B Cng Thng- B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn: cc d n Thu in, Thu li
c lin quan vng ven bin Min Trung v Ty Nguyn (1995- 2014).
[11] y hi sng Mekong, Hip nh Mekong, 1995 v cc th tc lin quan.

Abstract
ASSESSMENT OF MINIMUM FLOW IN VIETNAM

In Vietnam, the minimum flow is defined in the Decrees and the Water Resources Law. This flow
has to be maintained at downstream of irrigation and hydropower projects. However, the conceps
and methods to identify the minimum flow have been understood differrently. This paper gives
general formulars for the minimum flow as defined by the 2012 Water Resources Law and proposes
component assessement methods which are applied for 12 river sections in Vietnam.
Key words: Minimum flow, environmental flow, assessment, river section.

BBT nhn bi: 23/2/2015

Phn bin xong: 27/3/2015

KHOA HC K THUT THY LI V MI TRNG - S 48 (3/2015) 49