Juestions The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.Contents Copyright © 2010 by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Acknowledgments ‘The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, loc. (ASNT) isnot responsible for the ‘authenticity or accuracy of information hercin, Published opinions, and statements do not Recommended References necessarily teflect the pinion of ASNT. Products of secvioes that are advertised or mentioned de not carry the endorsement or focommncidation Of ASNT, Reference Usage No par ofthis publication may be repreducad or tansited in any for, by means electronic o Level | Questions ‘mechanical iacluding photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the expressed prior written permission of The American Society for ‘Noridestructive Testing, Inc, Level II Questions IRRSP, NDI'Handbook, The NDT Technician and worwasatorg are trademarks of The Americn FEE ee ee cep ASNT, Low! I Study Grd etzies FeV! WH Questions Evoluation, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Research in Nondestructive Evaluation and “RNDE axe tepstered trademarks of The American Society for Nondostrutive Testing, Inc. first peinting 1980 second printing 11/87 tbied printing 03/88 fourth printing 09/89 fifth printing 04/90 sixth printing 12/91 seventh printing with revision 04/96 eighth printing 05/99 ninth printing 03705, 10th printing 02/07 i 1th printing 05708 Second edition first printing 10/10 second printing with revision 04/11 Errate if available for this printing, may be obtained fiom ASNT’s web site, wwwasnl.org, ISBN-13: 978-1-37117-199-3 Printed in the United Stetes of America Published by: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Ine. 1711 Axtingute Lane Columbus, Ol 43228-0518 sworeasnt.ong Bdited by: Cynthia M. Leeman, Educational Materials Supervisor “Assisted by: Bob Couklin, Educational Materials Editor Joy Grimm; Desktop Publishing Assistant ‘Tim Jones, Senior Manager of Publications ASNT Miasion Statement: ASNT exists to create & safer world by promoting the profession and technologies of hnonciestructive testing. iv 13 31Recommended References Radiographic Testing Method Acknowledgments wi h the update of this edition of the Supplement The following reterences were used formulating the questions contained in this book. Jerr vate ier RE ne ee eg nok me to Reamer Pas ow soak eng etn ees MING” es Vue, Radeon. kbs OTe Aneran Soa fr Nendestt etre. 2002 few questons and updating references: 2. Sitar, Radeon Testng Gessom Tang Book, Clans, OH: The American Seety fr ary Alderson Joe Mackin c Kinsella, T, ASNT Level ll Study Guide: Radiographic Testing Method, second edition. Columbus, OH: The Gary E. Bass Michael A, Malone Ametican Soctety fr Nondesttive Testing, 2004, Robert Bergman Gory Martin D.* MoCain, D. ASNT Study Guide Industrial Radiography Radiation Safety. Columbus, OH: The American Soclety for eee Tem Munson Nondestructive Testing. 2008, je ee Scott B. O'Connor E. Radiography In Modern industry, fourth edition. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Dominick DaCosta Stach Lier http://www. kodak.com/ekriec/documents/87/0900688a802b3087/Radiography-in-Moder-industry.pdf. 1980. Sieve Dunn weer i. oman * Annusl Book of ASTM Stancards, Volume 03.03, Nondestructve Testing, “Standard Guide for Radiographic Dave Gray Joseph M. Seer Testing," Standard ASTM £ 94. “Standard Method for Controlling Quaiity of Radiogrephic Testing,” Standard Bennett 8. Grimmett Steve Senne ASTM E 142, and “Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Daniel rons Diane Taller Image Qually nestor (Used for Radiology” Standerd ASTM E 4025, Philadelphia, a: Ametoan Society for Edward Kang ‘Tom Tuner Testing and Materials, Latest edition Brad Klenlen ‘Theodore Vidimos (Reference numbers after the questions contain the standard number in them. Example: H.E94.) Gary Larson inn Witor G.* Becker, W.T. and RJ, Shipley. Metals Handbook, ninth edition, Nondestructive inspection and Quality Control, Volume 11, Metals Park, OH: American Society for Metals. 2002. “Ine Publications Review Commitee incluces: * Aue om The Areroe Sooty for Nerden ute Testing ne ary Hoath Glenn M. Lightvw Reference Usage Radiographic Testing Method Reference A: Total = 213 Level | 49 Level 86 ‘Level il 78 Reference B; Total = 28 Level | 7 Level 8 Lovett 13 Reference'¢: Total™= 95 ‘Level | 3 Level Ih 6 Level tl 26 Reference D: Totel = 14 Level ! 5 Level I 0 Lovel IIL 9 Reference E: Total = 174 Level} 40 Love! 36 Levelt 98 Reference F: Total = 43 Level | 3 Level I 4 Level i 6 Reference G: Total= 31 Level | 0 Levelt 4 Level at Level I Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method Level I Questions Radiographic Testing Method 1, Although there maybe other reasons for 4, _ In fila radiography. image quality ‘using caleiam tungstate screens in indicators (penctrameters) ae usually industrial radiography, they are most placed: often used to: fi. between the intensifying screen and ‘4 improve definition and resolution in the film radiographic images . om the source side ofthe test object, ’. impnove contrast in radiographic om the film side of the test object images 4. between the operator and the 6 decrease exposure time radiation source make films respond to multimillion ass woltradiation £8 5, When adiographing to the 2-27 quality level, an ASTM image quality indicator (QK) for 12.7 mim (0.5 in.) thie 2024 aluminum alloy has a thickness of: An excellent radiograph Is obtained under given conditions of exposure with the film located at a distence of 9144 mm (G6 it.) from the target of the X-ray tube. a. 12,7 mm (0.5 in) 1 the film is now placed only 457.2 mm ‘0.051 man (0.002 in.) (QBin.) from the target, and all exposure 0.127 mm (0,005 in.) conditions except time ate held constant, 4. 0.254 mm (6.010 in) thenew exposure time willbe: Feng25 a. urichanged 6. The penetrating ability of an X-tay beam He banger by approximately 809 is governed by: & shorter by approximately 55% only about 25% as long as the original a Kilovoltage exposure time ». time ear milliamperage 4, source-to-film distance ‘An excellent radiograph is obtained asa "under given exposure conditions with a tube cutrent of 5mA and an exposure 7. Co-60 used in nondestructive testing time of 12 min, Ifother conditions are emits ‘ot changed, what exposure time would a be require ifthe Xray tube current 4 aiphapartcles ‘could be raised to 10mA? . neutrons & gammerays a. 24min d. Xrays BR a4, 7475, © 6 min 4, 3min 49 9 SaySupplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Radiographic Testing Method Level | Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 3 tometer san instrument for 12, Theabiityto detect small details yg, Whecdoing gamma ray radiography ——22.-_X-ray tube currents contrlle by ti eemee ten eCHl cal adiographis ae akecty eatin teat " ae best handled 4 the current passing through the 1. Keroyntesty & conta fet b. fim denity bi, sensitivity a: directly by personnel equipped with the distance from the cathode tothe 6. density ofa mates density special protective clothing ‘anode &. tube careent <3. resoluton by byremote handling equipment «. the type of material used in the target A185 A464.47 directly by personnel with special d. the voltage and waveform epplied to a aaaanaaat rote dobing cp en the X-ray ude which areexsetil to 14. Thediflerence between the densi Pidiographs are being made oa a re Pr site : Tow-intensity emitters 23, Lead follin direct comtact with X-ray ‘a. sop bath, acetic acid and water 4 radiographic contra ago ‘ie: x sarbahota + ogee developer ner and water lm contrast 19, Ifa lm is placed ina developer toltion 4. intensifies the scatter radiation more 4, eet ack ixer and stop bath &. defiaition and allowed to develop without any than the primary tadiation A2s0 ‘A800 agitation: bh decreases the contrast of the 7 ae a a radiogcaphic image common causes for 15, ‘The unit of measurement w @ a, the radiograph may not show proper intensifies the primary radiation more aa rely igh density radiographs are coutpat ofa gamma ray source the: contrast than the seater radiation : twill be impossible to fx the 4. should not be used when gamma rays au insuicient washing and a. beoquerel (cule) radiograph permanently are emitted by the source of radiation Pe eecoparest i. sievert (roentgen) there wil bea general “fogging” 3 iy contaminated fixer and insufficient halite condition over the ent radiograph ‘voshing 3 Mev 4. uneven development or streaking 24, Lead intonsiying screens are usually «6, overexposure and contaminated fixer asi4 could occur ‘mounted in pais in tigi holders called 4, overexposure'and overdevelopment 1,108, ‘Riss, 242 16, Exposure to X-rays or gamma rays Heo tke wasy BY Tiestcton eke proper ip offi bb cassetes time required for one-half the a. may havea cumulative effet wl to be used forthe X-ray examination ofa emulsifiers ae eee ina parila sample of sustbe considered particular part depends on: 4. dlaphragus ‘radioactive material to disiniegrateis ty willbe beneficial since they build up : 220 ‘ate Tnimmunify to radiation poisoning a, the thickness of the part i ‘c. will have no effect on human beings___b, the material of the specimen 25, In order ta decrease geometric....._. = a. theinverse square law §, Withave only ashort-term efect on €. thevvolage range of the zvailable unsharpness: b eae Fhomnan tesues Xray machine @, ahallife 8. allofthe above a. radiation should proceed from as exposure time em smal a focal spot as other oe As2 17, Which dose would be dangerous if not sendderatiogs vil alle fu teppei emt boy ins Y, -A.Co-60 source has a halflie of bs, radiation should proceed from as oes the term Ry eft tot short period of tise? farge focal pot as other Ere astocuicetuiiad ie £ Mayan considerations will allow ts for humans a. 15-150 m8v (1.515. Smonths , the film should be as far as possible ‘ Seen prbnee ‘, 250-700 mB (25-70) & Sa a fora the object being radiographed &, Xerayspechour , 5000-800 nSy (500-800 R) 7ASdays 4. the distance from the anode tothe 4, radiation inhydrogen 4. allof the above doses would most am ‘material examined shouldbe as small 089 Iikely be fatal asks practical ° so, 248 rr a a wer trSupplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Radiographic Testing Method, 26, Asthe kilovltage applied to the X-ray tube is raised: a: rays oflonger navn end more penetrating power are prosuce . X-rays of shorter wavelength and ‘more penetrating power ate produced 6. says of sorter wavelength and ss penetrating power are pro 4, Keays of longer wavelength and less is are produced ‘penetrating power are pr fae 27, Tm order to increase the intensity of a. the tube current should be increased ‘the tuibe current should be decreased ‘the test specimen should be moved facther from the film 4. alower kilovoltage should be applied tothe tube aadidae 128, Primary radiation which strikes a film bolder or cassette through thin portion ‘of the specimen will cause seateritg into theshadows of the adjecent ticker “portions producing an effect called: radiation imaging spotting undercut cunsharpness peoe 50 29, Scattered radietion caused by any _material, such asa wall or floor, on the film side of the speciraet is refered to as: a primary scattering b, undercut reflected scarring di backscattered radiation 5051 ¥ wee RE, 30. Which ofthe following materials is suitable for use in containers used to mi processing solutions? stainless steel aluminum galvanized iron tin ea 31, Ofthe following, which would be especialy sensitive to injury by excessive ‘exposure to X-rays or gamma rayst 35, a, blood Db. lens ofthe eve «internal organs 4, allof the above ea 32, Film overexposure from X-ray radiography may be caused by: a. thedirect beam from the X-ray tube target Db. scatter radiation arising from object inthe direct been residual radiation that exists for the first few minutes after the X-ray 36. 34. Tapiece oflead 12.7 may (05 in, thick is plaoed in the path of a beam of radiation emanating from Co-60, it will reduce the dose rate ata givea location by . -one-thied . one-quarter ‘one-half three-quarters Rege ase Excessive exposure of film o light prior Level | Questions - Radiographic Testing Method Cys exposure time of 60s was necessary ing a 1.2.m (4 ft} source-to-film distance for a particular exposure, what time would be necessary ifa 0.6 m (2 f) source-to-film distance is used and all ‘other variables remain the same? a 10s b 305 < bs d. 0s est to development of the flm will most 39. One ofthe general roles concerting the 1ikely result in: application of geometric principles of shadaw formation to radiography is: a afoggy film ee b, improved definition 4. the X-rays should proceed from as streaks lange a focal potas other a. yellow stain considerations will allow e1s2433 », the film should be as far a8 posible Reticalation resulting in a puckered or net-lke film surface is probably caused oy ‘crimping fm after exposure ‘. snidden extreme temperature change while processing in the developer 40. ‘machine has been zeturned othe © ‘Water or developer on unprocessed “off” position film 4, both eand b may he causes 4. excessive object-to-tlm distance :2__. E98 Billing or loosening of the emulsion 35, Ageneril rule oftén employed for determining the kilovoltage 1 be used when X-rayinga pat is thet: ‘the Kilovaltage should be as high as ‘ther factors will permit . the ilovetage should be as owas other factor wil permit the Klovolage is always Fixed vale and cannotbe changed 4. the Kllovoltage isnot an important ‘arable and ean be changed over & wide range without affecting the radiograph Pre | Oe GEC oz a fromt the base ofthe fila is most likely caused by: ‘water or developer on unprocessed fim, ovr temperature of processing 41 solutions developer solution contamination 4. warm or exhausted fixer solution e407 from the object being radiographed © the distance between the anode and the material examined should always beas great as possible 4. allof the above E2228 ‘Asa check on the adequacy of the radiographic technique, itis castornaty to place’ standard test piece on the source side ofthe specimen. This standard test piece is called—- 2 reference plate aed screen, am image quality indicator (1Q1) an luminator Aar2 187 ‘An IQLis used to indicate the: a. size of discontinuities ina part b. density ofthe film amount of film contrast ty ofthe radiographic technique 90 Or ERE PLE OE Poe Oe‘Supplement to Recommended Practice 42, A luocescent intensifying screen will: ‘emit light that may lessen the ‘exposure necessary bes in reticulation ‘&ecrease the graininess ofthe image ‘when using gamma 4. increase the definition in a adiogtaph 59,46 SNETO-1A (Q&A Book): Radiographic Testing Method 47, Te purpose of agitating an X-rayflm 51, Watetapotson ims canbe minimized (ss) . aenew the developer at the surface © the lm ce disperse tmexposed silver grains on the film surface Level | Questions - Radiographic Testing Method ‘With a given exposure time and by: Ialovoltage,« properly exposed radiograph is obtained with 6 mA ‘& the rapid drying of wet film 1. using a wetting agent sokstion «using afresh fixe solution 4d. cascading water during the rinse cyele A208, minutes expost 508 mm (20in.).Itis desired to increase the sharpness of detall in the image by increasing the source-to-film distance to 1016 mm (40 in). The correct atthe distance of ailliamperage-mminutes exposure to a, prevet reticulation 52, ‘Thesmall aren the X-ray tube from ‘oblan the desired radiographic density a 48, Thethree main steps in procesing Ai ihc the radition emanates is called the inreated distance i: radiograph are: the: 48, When manually processing tims, the ee a, developing, frilling end fixation pose for abruptly tapping the hangt 2. diaphragm b. 24mA-minutes 1. developing, fiation and washing Galt the side ofthe tmk after thefil 6. focal spot etsnacuie «exposure, developing and fixation Hehcen lowered into the developers ¢, focusing cup oe ZL. developing, reticulating and fixation to: cathode i 290 no a. aperse unexposed silver grains on : 57. Very short wavelength el tie 44, Kilovotageenpecure tne aad the i aurace 53, Therediation quality fe gamma ray Tadaton producea wher eletrns, source tlm dite ace taée ofthe b. prevent filing ‘ source ix Sa ear uamied most important X-ray exposure factors e._dislodge any ar bubbles dinging te ater iet ‘that can be controlled. A fourth such : beers 7 a ee eet te coe dol ofthe above ee a yb termined by th oop involed & beraditon a. focal point size ‘varied by the operator 1, temperature Gp, Theectivtyofthedeyeloper solution! d. gestern r-192 than in Co-60 lament t0-foel spp distance maintained stabloby: eu on d, milliemperas eee Aso a. constantly agitating it” ‘4. Theradiation intensity of a radioisotope, 58. The exposure of personnel to X-radition 1 heating procssing solutions and gamina radiation can be measured or 45, When the minute silver grains on which o eesrngcentamiatin from the & Hereaes with time cup euaantee the X-ray film images formed group ‘wash bath °b, decreases with time together nelly lange masses, they 4, adding eplensher arate as ime eases ape ice SHH prog visual pression called: ai. noneof thesbove borin Aa2.4se——c. raditon exposure survey meters a airbells 50. "The purpose of Gxation 2 Hee Pe erent on guess 5. A.cutieis the equivalent of eae ¢. reticulation 2, wremoreaihewoatidored alt fll sali of the ennsion a ee es —b, toleavethe deveopedsiverara ~ & 37 GBa ceetmedatascringof Oran el permanent image &, 37000000784 hhow mach time would be necessary to 46, Staticmarks, which are black tree-like or ‘eto harden the gelatin . 3700000 ‘obtain one equivalent radiograph if the é circular marks ot a radiograph, are often @. allofthe sbove 30,31 rliamperageis changed to 5 ms (all ebuied bo ‘ other conditions remaining constant)? a. fin being bent whe Snort in tie cassette or holder b. 10s bo. foreign materia dit embedded in ae screens d. 1608 .c. sctatches on lead foil screens te 4, fproper flan handling techniques 98 pos) Gy OBR me PoP gy Pr acy res. eS aNg asg aS (SES aes ats 7ae 8 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-LA (Q&A Book): Radiographie Testing Method Level | Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 9 60. Agtiph éhowingthe elation between #,-_ In order toachieve uniformity of 68,. Fhaotoscopy differs from radiographyin 72, Whan'producing radiographs, ifthe material thickness, kilovoltege and development over the area of an X-ray. thats kilovottage i increased, the: exposute is called: film during manual processing: 4 fluoroscopy uses @ much lower a. subject contrast decreases a aber chaet a the film should be placed in a dryer ‘llovoltage than radiography film conteast decreases ’, anexposuce chart ater being developed ', Auoroscopy is much more sensitive subject contrast increases ‘c adharacteristic curve ba the developer should be agitated by than radiography 4. film contrast increases 4. alogarithmicchart using mechanical stierers or the X-ray imoge is observed visually Asai, £70 E84 sircalating paps ‘ona fluorescent screen rather than «the im should be agitated while in recorded on ¢ film 73, The accidental movement ofthe 61, A graph which expresses the relationship the developer 4. fluoroscopy permits examination of specimen or flm daving exposure or the between th logarithm of the exposure 4. the film should be transferred directly thicker parts than does radiography use of afocus-flm distance thats too applied toa photographic material and from the developer tothe fixer Ene sonal il the resulting photographic density is eo called: 69, Anadvantage of the packet dosimeter produce a radiograph with poor 65, When sefering toa 27 or 41 hole in the type of ionization chamber used to contrast. & abarchart ASTMIQL the Txefers tothe: sionitor radiation received by personnel bs, make it impossible to detect lage ’, anexposare chart is discontinuities ce the characterintic curve &. parttbicksess result in unsharpness of the 4. logarithmic chart i. plaque thickness 4. itprovides« permanent record of radiograph E83 «time of exposure accamulated dosege A. result in fogged radiograph 4. time for developing ', itprovides an immediate indication of baa 62, Short wavelength clectromagnetic 858,405 dosage radiation produced daving the itis the most sensitive detector 74, Lead sereens in intimate contact withthe Gisintegration of nuclei of radioactive «66. A sheet of lead with an opening eut in the available film during exposure: substances is called: ‘ape of the part tobe radiographed may _—-«@. all ofthe above areadvantages be used to decrease the effet of scattered o2e a. reduce erposure time and improve a. X-ridiation radiation which undercuts the specimens. radiographic quality ‘gamma radiation Such a device is called a: "The density difference between two b. absorb the shorter wavelength . scatter radiation 7 selected portions ofa xadiogeaph is seatered radiation more than the long 4. backscatter radiation ‘a. mask known es wavelength primary radiation eu bb. fiter ‘© intensify the photographic effect of «. backscatter absorber a _unsharpness the scatter radiation more than that of 63. A photographic image recorded by the 4. lead foil screen. ‘8 radiographic contrast fe a ‘passage of -rays or gamma rays through ese © specificactivity aspecimen onto a film is called a(n): subject density AAB9 67. Two X-ray machines operating at the ato 1, fluoroscopic image same nominal klovoltage and 75, The sharpness ofthe outline in the imag b. radiograph ailiamperage settings: 71, Pluorescent screens have the ability to: of raiographisemeesuecf . fsotopicteproduction 4. none of the above & willproducethe sume intensities and + _thsorb electrons subject contrast er ‘qualities of radiation 1. emitelecteons 1, radiographic definition », willproduce the seme intensities but 6 increase exposure time radiographic contrast say produce different qualities of 4 none the above &. film conirest radiation a8 70 7 «: will produce the seme qualities but may produce different intensities of | radiation 4. may give not only diferent intensities . but also diferent qualities of radtation Asst pis 809 asp aye weg az MPL MR HL wh aes BD10 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Boo! radiographic Testing Method Level | Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 44 76, Anunshielded isotope source gives a 81; Thelead symbol “BYisnttached to the 96, During manual film processing, the 91. Theimage ofthe required image quelit donee 80 Sy 3 backifthe lm holder to determine: purpose ofthestop bath st indicator end hole on te rdiogesph (900 maRvh at 10-8). What would the indicates thatthe radiograph has the tnthielded dosage rate be at 9mm G0 0% a. sensitivity change the exposed silver salts to required: . whether excessive backscatter is back metalic sitver 4 3000 Swf (300 mR) present ' neutralize the developer and stop the contrast b, 6000 uSw/b (600 mR) cc. radiographic contrast developing process b. definition cc, 1000 pSvfh (100 mR/h) @. density ‘eliminate most water spots and c. sensitivity <4. 27 000 pv (2700 rah) Fe streaks a. Iatitude Aaa 4. none of the above eer 82, Image quality indicators for_are E85 77. ‘Which has the shortest wavelength considered Group I Materials and do not 92, ‘The primacy parts of an atom ate need tohave an identification notch. g7,_A-thin metallic sheet (brass, copper lead, a. visible fight etc} placed atthe source to reduce the 2. proton, neuizino and electron b, microwaves a. igh temperature nicke-chromium effects of softer radiation is known as bi. proton, electron and gamma ray ©. 100 pea X-rays alloy «photon electron and neutron 4. inftared radiation b, nickel 2. anintensifying screen 4. proton, electron and neutron er stainless steel b, filter on 4, slominum bronze anectron induces 78, Beta partices are Fesom | d. « focusing cup 93. K-rays and gamma rays travel in: 56-156 neutrons 63, The purpose ofa dated decay curve ist: pairs . electrons 88. "The reason a shim is used in a by otbital spheres «. positrons a determine the source size at anytime radiographic setup i to: . straight lines 4 protons calculate shielding requirements 4. curved lines As «. determine the source strength ‘a improve the IQK image 245 (ectivity) at anytime b, ede diffraction 79, The velocity ofall electromagnetic 4. mark the dateand length of time or _c._ simulate weld thickness 94, A large sourcesize can be compensated radiation iss each exposure 4. intensify the image forby: . 8 88 1, 299338 km per second ‘increasing the souree-to-specimen (186-000 miles per second) 84, Why is Co-60 used as radiation source 89. The density of «radiograph image refers distance }. 29934 km per second for medium-weight metals of thickness tothe: b. addition of lead sereens (18 600 miles per econd) ranges from 38.1 to 228.6mm (1,5t0, ————_ ‘increasing the specimen-to-fl’ 299 338km per minute Sint a, thickness ofthe film distance (186 000 miles per mite) b. thickness ofthe specimen 4. increasing the penumbra ‘@. 2093 km per second 1 because ofits short hal life weight of the film BA, 99.460; 6.99 (1860 miles per second) b, because ofthe limited amount of degree of film blackening Aer shielding required At84 95, Radiation arising directly from the target , because of its penetrating ability ‘of an X-ray tube or an accelerator, or 80, Unexposed bores of X-ray film should be d. none of the above 90. Gamma rediation and X-radiation from a radioactive source; is usually ed: Aveasad4, «i interact with matter and may be referred 0s: absorbed by: a. fat 85, The cause for poor image definition a. secondary radiation Fh cavedge ated could be. a. photoelectric absorption ». primary radiation c. inaplle ‘, compton scattering . backscatter 4. it doesnot matter too short soutce-to-flm distance 6 paie production & inherentradidtion en by. sereeas and fim notin close contact allof the above a c._filmgrsininess ast 4. allofthe above : aati er Te )12 __ Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TO-1A (Q&A Book): Radiographic Testing Method 96, To produce X-rays electrons are accelerated 10a high velocity by an clectrcal field and then suddenly stopped bya collision witha solid body. This body is called a cathode ». filament & target 4. generator ASE, 59 97. The best X-ray efficiency is produced when the target material has a: a. lovratomic number b. high atomic munber © lowhardness 4 high hardness ead 98. What is sometimes ueed to charge the alternating current from the high-voltage transformer to direct current for the Purpose of increasing the X-ray machine 101, The tein used to describe the oss of excess energy by the muicletis of radioactive atoms is calleds a. decay (disintegration) , ionization ‘6. scintillation a. activation ast 102, X-rays, gamma rays and alphe partictes al hrave one thing in common; they are all: ‘particulate radiationa b, electromagnetic radiations «. microwave radiations 4 ionizing radiations ‘A390, 656 103. The term used to express the number of ccuries of radioactivity per gram or ounce of source weight a decay b. emissivity Low voltage X-ray tubes are generally fitted with windows made of a. plestic b. beryllium glass d. lead 6263; 306 ‘The projected area ofthe target of an X-ray tube is called: a. focal pot b. focus effective focal spot 4. geometric ansharpaess 5. Level Il Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 4a Level II Questions Radiographic Testing A Co-60 gamme ray source has an approximate practical thickness limit of # 63.5 mm (25 in.) of steel or its equivalent B. 101.6 mm (4in.) of steel ot its equivalent © 203.2.mm (8in.) of steel orits equivalent 4. 279.4 mam (11 in.) of steel or its ‘equivalent ars ‘The absorption of gemma rays froma given soutoe when passing through matter depends on the: arpurt © specific activity es 4. source output | stomic nuinber, density and thickness ae AA13. ‘The general method oF producing X-aays of the matter i 7 i. cathode X-ray tubes involves the sudden deceleration of . Young’ modulus value ofthe matter e. gukenytibe High-velocityelectoons in sold body & Poisson fatio value of the aster d, vacuum X-ray tube ___eallled a: . specific activity value of the source esate 48.51, 87 & focus cup 99, In Xradiogrephy, the eblity to penetrate i. filament ‘The fact that gases, when bombarded the teat object is governed by: & tatpet ratition,ionte and become dectncay sathode ‘conductors makes them usefil ns 4 souree-to-flm distance Ase Db. time : 8, Xray transformers a jdeseiess 4 iewetenecestary to radiogzph an 3, xray tee & millargorage Ze 7 in) thick tel product, © masks £26 hich ofthe folowing gamma ray 6. radiation detection equipment sources would most likely be uses? eeeiiggs 100, Which of the following types of radiation 4s emitted by Co-60 and used in ft mat idestructive testin 70 nondest ca « Iriga neutrons a C5137 b. gummasays Azer c. Kexays : 4. alpha particles ipha ps ce « Or PEO PLOT Gog; 66 eae —«GG GPL a) & 8 a oFa * 14 ‘Supplement to Recommended Practic 8, Thevelocity of electrons striking the target in an X-ray tube is a function of the: a, atomic number of the cathode mateti >. atomic number ofthe fllament material e voltage difference between the cathodeand anode &, current Dow in the rectifier eicuit eat ‘The uneven distribution of developed grains within the emulsion of a processed ‘X-ray flm causes the oubjective ‘napression of a graininess streaks spots white scum aaa ‘Note: If questions similar to 10 or Lt are sed ‘ona test the examinee should be furnished ‘with semilogarithmic coordinate paper. ice SNE-TC-IA (Q&A Book): Radiographic Testing Method fx, A source of 1r-192, whose half-life is 75 days, provides an optimum exposure ‘ofa given tst object today ina period 20 min, Five months from nov, what fexpomire time woukd be required for the same radiographic density under smi exposure conditions? a 10min b. 20min & thand20) 4, 6h & 12, Of the following, the source providing ‘most penetrating radiation ls: a, Co-60 b, 220kVp X-ray tube 15 MeV X-ray betatron electrons from t-192 1s. 16. A876, 87, GB “he gamma roy net 300 mi 2 from #37 GBq (1 Ci) source of radioactive Co-60 is nearest to: In an Yoray tube the filament and 20. focusing cup aze the two essential pars of he: a. anode cathode rectifier 4, Xeray transformer Ago “The quantity of radiation tha ill produce, by means ofionization, one a. electrostatic unitof electricity in 0.001283 gof dry air s known ao: a millicusie gamma 5. roentgen 4. cutie asta2 “The specific activity of an isotopic source ‘susuelly measured in: 2. million electron volts (MeV) b. cuties per gram (Cig) 6 roentgen per hour (R/A) Level I Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 15 ‘The slope of a straight line joining two poinits of specified densities on a characteristic curve of a film is known a¢ the: a. speed of the curve b. latitude . average gradient . density 538 An Xery rng wie ate ao a. poor definition B, low contrast high speed 4. none of the above 35 "The purpose for citculating ol in some. types of X-ray tubes isto: a lubricate moving parts Be, absorb secondary radiation c. decrease the need for bigh current GL dissipate heat a. 150mSrperhour (ISR perhow) —d, counts per mints ( com) A i) o »’. Hiren aul ‘A455; B27; C.24 a 10) Go.60 is reported to have ahallitof per hou 22. An Xray tube with . i _ An Xr abe with aaa fcal pot Codeine wee loeome ———& fomevyernin( Remi) 1B Whit efowingboopesbaihe Sinise boterthanone hele tha be increased (over hat used initially 4. 100 u8v per day (10mR pee day) longest halter focal pot when is desired oobtaie 10 produce excellent radiographs when aaa 7 or the Co-60 source was new) when the & Tni70 a greater penetr i sure isto years old? 4. Thefocal spin an Xray tube b cosa R bmerdiation e ein no change in exposure time needa a, isincined atanangleof30° fram, Co-137 gener den b. exposure time should be about 1196 normal tothe fube axis ann 7 a longer ‘a. ismaintained ata high negative bead ‘e. exposuite time thould be about 31% voltage during operations 9. Theprimary form of energyconversion 24, One method of a d. exposure time should be about 62 to censnreanarrow beam of primary ~ tuberesults in the production of: 7 1008 longer radiation 2 naease the distance : Am 4, should be as small as possible wih 2. primaryX-rays AGoucnscutcradeecht fA ‘unduly shortening thelifecf thew —&. secondary X-rays ieee cence nares ae wat i paaronecengi X-rays: object and the film. : decrease the wavelength of the. 35,06 rdlation used d, increase development time within manufacturers recommendations a8 7 ae tor hee re 0a aaarended Practice SNT-TO-1A (Q&A Book): Radiographic Tésting Method Level Il Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 1.7 16 Supplement to Recomm 25, Thin sheets of lead foil in intimate 29. When tadiographing to the 2-2T qualits, 17 comparison with lower voltage 37. Besides serving asa filter, screens of high contact with X-ray film during exposure level an ASTM IOT for 65.5 nm (2.5in adie high-eoiy 6ogrphs atomic nombers such asead end led” increase film density because they steal has a thickness of shout sntimony also: ‘a. fluoresce and emit visible light which a, 12.7 mm (0.5in) a: [greater contrast ‘a. decrease the source-to-film distance helps expose the film 'b, 0,064 man (0.0025 in.) ‘bo: greater latitude needed for'a proper radiograph Bb, absorb the scattered 1a c, 0.127 mm (0.005 in.) ‘6, greater attiounts of scatter radiation b, provide some image intensifying 4. 127mm (0.05in.) ‘élative to primary beam intensity action prevent backscattered radiation from foggingthe film emit dlecttons when exposed to FR d, none of the above 84,170 . permit the use of higher speed film 4. decrease the greininess ina SCradition and garima radiation, 30, A.goodCo-60 radiograph ismade on radiograph ‘which help darken the film 76:2 mam (in) ste casting using an }4, Rikers used atthe port of the Xmay tubes i A54 exposure time of 10 min ands Soncce-to-fim distance of 144mm, datensify the X-ray beam by 38, The range of thickness over which 26, Xeraytubesare often enclosed in a (36 in). IFit is necessary to change the ‘¢oritributing secondary radiation. densities are obtained that are ‘shockproof easing i order to: source-toflm distance 10 609,61m ser short wavelength X-ray beams to satisfactory for interpretation is « (24:n.) what exposure time would provide softer radiation measure ofthe: a dissipate eat produces similar radiogragh ifall othe 6, provide the most readily adjusted Bi. protectthe opetator from conditions remain the same? ‘neatis of modlfying X-ray intensity 4. subject contrast of «radiograph igh voltage shock 4, fer out soft radiation to provide a sensitivity of eradiograph ce. shield the tube from secondary a. 16min _mipte homogeneous X-ray beer, «. Tetitude of a radiograph radiation i & dtmin ess 4. definition of radiograph crease the efficiency ofthe retilier © 64min , 0-458 — 403 4. 88min 5. An ASTMIQK for ase when inspecting « fa E YZ7inm (05 in.) thick tee! platetothe 39, Almostall gamma radiography is 127, The lope ofthe characteristic curve ofa 2.2 quality level using 406-4 mo performed with vradiographic film is called: 31. When sharp, black, bird-foot shaped (16 in.) source-to-film distance would be marks Which areknownnotio—madeof 4. satutel otopes a. speed ‘correspond with any discontinuities b. Ir-192 oF Go-60 », Inttade ‘appear at random on radiogtaphs, the}. a» 0.127'mun (0.005 in. thick aluminum . radium gamma ot gradient are probably caused byt B. 1.27 ram (0.05 in.) thi alurainem or a. To-l70 4. density : en vera Aza a. prolonged developmentin old _¢. 0.254 sim (0,01 i.) thick stl eee Be Heveloper “4, 0.051 mm (0.002 in) stip of any 40. The amount of unsharpness or biurring 28, Ia X-ray radiography. alternating current 1. exposure of the flm by natural metallic material cof aradiogsaph is aust be changed to pulsating direct costnic ray showers during storage eos: €1025, ‘current in order to satisfy the need for static charges caused by friction '& directly proportional to the ‘oidirectional eurrent. This change may G. inedequate rinsing after fixing | Biltersplaced between the X-ray tube and object-o-flm distance and inversely beaccomplied by € shiecimen tend to reduce scater ‘proportional tothe size ofthe focal + -tadiation, undercutting the specimen by: spot transformers 32, Theadjustment of tube curtentin i , directly proportional to the size of the be, rectifiers coaventional X-ray tube circuits is mat, & hsorbing the longer wavelength focal epot and inversely proportional ty seat oy “components of the primary beam to the source-to-object distance : § ee 1 absorbing the shorter wavelength . inversely proportional tothe 4 a2 a adjusting current supplied to filany Components of the'primary beam object-to-film distance and directly : b. adusting the targetto-cathode —_& ¢bvotbing beckecater radiation ‘proportional tothe source-to-object distance 4, decreasing the intensity ofthe beam distance . inserting resistance in the anode le ess 4. inversely proportional tothe size of 4, opening the shutter on the X-ray t# the focal spot and the object-to-film : port distance 5 Atea.an6; 0.36: a3i4-343 7 > Wee ae pee ee e:SC« ME RE Geeta‘Suppiem 4 2, 4. a, 45. ‘images of discontinuities ose to the source eid ofthe specimen become less dearly defined as: ‘a. source-to-abject distance increases by the thickness ofthe specimen sincreases i the size ofthe focal spot decreases d, the thickness ofthe specimen decreases Aaan.se X-ray films with large grain size: will produce radiographs with better definition than film with small grain size b. have slower speeds than those with a relatively small grain sive ce have higher speeds than those with 9 relatively small grain size 4, willtake longer to expose properly than film with relatively small grain size Asmara As the effective enengy ofthe radiation increases: a film graininess increases ', Bm graininess decreases ‘radiographic definition increases 4, film speed decreases air ‘The hal€lue of radioactive Cs-157 is nearest to: a. 36 days b. Syeats © 30 years 526 days Ama “The most commonly used target material inan Koray tubes: copper carbon carbide tungsten aere sz Por, ey Ly ‘ent to Recommencied Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Radiographic Testing Method 4. 48, 2, oy “The purpose for including a dise-shepaQ, Twoserious obstacles to high-intensity target that zotates rapidly during operation in some X-ray tubes ia to: 4 increase the intensity of X-radiaton i, decrease the voltage needed for a specific quality of radiation «. increase the permissible Toad 4, none of theabove ‘ ‘A device which is basically @ combinat of magnet and transformer designed we guide and accelerate electrons in a Circular orbit to very high energies is called a. anlectostatic belt generator bi, allinear accelerator & abetatron GL. a toroidal lecuromegnetictype Xt tube ‘ a ‘Two isotropic sources ofa given streng havertio diffrent specific activity val ‘The source with he higher specific sctvity value will a. havea smaller physical siz than ty source with a lower specific activi, b. haves shorter halflife than the sot with alower specifi activity «produce harder gamma rays than 3 source with alower specific actvit 4. have a larger physical size than the cutee with the lower specifi att 1 ‘A gos-filled region located in an elect field created by electnodes across whid potential difference is applied forms t saa portion of a low-voltage Xray tube amegger ahot cathode X-ray tube ‘an ionization chamber 1 ‘luorescopy are: ate the inability t0 reproduce renulteand ‘the need for periodic replacement oF ‘screens ’. the limited brightness and large grin site of fludrbscopic screens 6 costandelow speed 4. the need for using long wavelength “Xerays and the lack of X-ray intensity sociated with this method ett In general, the qulity of fluoroscopic iqulipment is best determined by: a. densitometer readings be, lL sensitivity measurements discontinuity aces measurements vd reference standards Agt In Buoroscopie esting, a fundamental slificuly isthe relative low brightness Ievelof the images. One method for Sneesing rghinesuses_—_ ‘which converts Tight energy from the ‘initial phosphor surface fe doctors, ‘which ate in turn accelerated and focused. ‘otto a smaller fluorescent screen. a abetatron gb raretecwron‘amplitier ‘G. enimage amplifier or intensifier od. an electrostatic belt generatot A264 53. 5a, 55, Level il Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 19 ‘A general rule governing the application of the geometric principles of shadow formation states that the: ‘a. X-rays should proceed from at large a focal spot as other considerations will atlow b, distance between the radiation source and the material examined should be 5 small as practical «. film should be as far as possible from “te object being radiographed 4. central ray should bes nearly ppetpencicular to the film as possible to preserve spatial relationships Asea ‘The developer solution is a. acidic ». alkaline saline 4. colloidal 22 ‘The tadiographic absorption ofa raterial will tend to become less dependent upon the composition of the materia when: 4 the Kilovoltage is increased . thesource-o-flm distance is decreased Scene c the Kilovoltage is decreased . afikeris used aasa The formula (milliamperes x time) + distance? is 7 se to calculate film gradient the reciprocity aw 6 sed fo determine radiographic contrast a. the exposure fector Aas 93 Gees aesLevel ll Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 24. 57. Thelosd that can behandled by en X-ray 61. When radiographing steel witha |] 64. ta theimicroradiographic technique 68, Improper geometric factors por contact tube focal spots governed by: ‘thickness less than 25.4 mi (1 in.) coer mate ee cea 4. soft X-ray are ually aed stinines of film ere possible causes of 4 the composition ofthe cathode 2 Co-60 would gve greater 5. akilovoltge ratige 075.50 KV is 1 the sizeof de focal spot and the radiographic sensitivity than 250 EV ‘oualy used 2 high tn densicy efficiency ofthe coolog yen ofthe ee the photographic material soften poor dean anode , A250 kV X-ray machine would give Gner grained than an odinaty Xray fogged fm the distance frm the anode othe areterradiogrophie sensitivity than Sim low fim density the di ed 4 allofthe above ‘Asta, asoaso, 70474 4. the high-voltage waveform the ue of fluorescent sercens would nase Aes; 0208 result in radiograph of better qually 69. Aradiograph ofa ste! weldments made than would lead fl screens 53. In order fora radiograph ta heve an IQ using 13 MeV betetron When the 58, X-ray exposure holders and cassettes 44. the use oflead fl crens wil require sensitivity of 2-27 or betters, radiograph is developed there san often incorporste a sheet of lead fal in a shorerexposue tine than il overall ln mottling. A posible use for the bac which snot in intimate contact fluorescent screens 4. the radiographic procedure has to be such mottling is withthe Gln The purpose ofthis hee of ar Able to deena 2% derencein ee specimen thickness 4 incorrect exposure tine radiograph made with an expose of b. the radiographic procedure must be , excessive object-to-im distance 4, toactas an intensifying sreen 12m per minute hass density of 08 in able to define the 27 hoe in an TQ © flare to use lea screen during ®. to protect the film from backscatter the region of maximum ites Its hat 295 of he thickness of the emoeure €. both aand!s ested to increase te density to 2. specimen 4. excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays 4. neither anor this area, By reference to a cheractersic 6 the radiograph must beable to ase Aas6———exevpor the fm, itis found tha he distinguish a dscontinkty with difference i log , between a density of Jengt equivalent to 2% of the 70. Abasic dierence between a sadiogtaph 59. _Alead sheet containing a pinhole maybe 08 and 2080.78 The entlogaithn of specimen thicknese and a Buoroscopic image i plied hatiay betiveen the X-ray tube 1o§ 076 is 58. What ust the new 2 none of te sbove bn the fim honda to expose timebe to produces At72 a. the fuorosopic images more radiograph with a density of 2.07 sensitive @ determine the approximate size of the ., © For practical purposes, the shape of the i. the faoroscopic image isa positive foodlapot 4, 912mA per minute characteristic curve of an X-ray fim is whereas the radiograph iss negative by measre the intensity ofthe central b 21.2mA perminute transparency i © 698 mA per minute 4. Independent ofthe type of film used 6: the uoroscopic image bight: 7 «: filler scatter radiction 4. 6mmA per minute . independent of the quality of 4, there is no basic ference Betwoen . soften the X-radiation Asseeo Xeradition or gemma radiation the two a dtasicaly changed when the quality eset 63, ‘The absorption of radiation bya material of X-ray radiation i changed 60. In certain cases, it may be advantageous varies & Primary determined bythe subject 71, A 1000.kVp X-ray machine use in topacklead sot eround a specimen. The contrast conjunction with afead foi sereen has en prpoce for doing this so: directly with the square ofthe E127 approvimate practical hikes lime distance om the source 2. prevent movement ofthe specimen by wit dhe thickness of the mata 9. ‘The interval besween the time afm is 4. 38.11mm (LS) of sel orits 2. increase the subject contrast «inversely with the amount of placed ina fee solution andthe tinue equivalent generate enllr wavelength scattering ia the material ‘when the original dts, yellow b, 762mm (3in) of tec ort Keradiation 4. inan approximately exponential milkinssdisappesrs is knows a: cpu . 4. decrease the eect of scattered smannet with dhe lckness of the 6 127 men (6 in.) of tee! or ts ie "adltion undercutting the epecimen atrial, 2. clearing time tee ‘dss Asnasa fixing tine 4 406.4 mm (16 in.) of eee ocits © hardening time equivalent 4. oxidation time eas ext Pe 8S —-wIg ~~ eas aaE ale ok 869g POO Bed22 — Suppiemer 74, Roce | Bs sounce siz, soure-to-specimen distance and specimen-to-flm distance, tere can be alec of perfect shapes atthe edges of indications. The unsharpness caused ty geometrical factors may be referred to asthe: a astigmatic effect b, penumbral shadow cc focus vatiation 4. mone of the above 8.43, 14, 99,173; 69899, “Two factors which great affect the suitability ofthe target material in an Xray tobe ares a. tensile strength and yield strength i. melting point and megietic strength electrical resistance and tensile strength 4, stoniie number and meting point E10 ‘The reason the exposure time must be increased by «factor of four when the source-to-film distance is doubled i that: 4, the intensity of radiation decreases at an exponential fate when the souree-torfilm distances inereeved by the quality of radiation is inversely proportional tothe square root ofthe distance from the sovtee tothe film the intensity of radiation is inversely ‘proportional tothe square ofthe distance from the source tothe film 44 the scattered radiation exec is greater asthe source-o-flm distance increases AsesTs 048; 045 ‘The most important factor for ‘determining the amount of X-ray absorption of a specimen s the: a, thickness ofthe specimen b. density of the specimen atomic nmber of the material 4. Young's siodulus of the material eat int to Recommended Practice SNT-TO-1 (Q&A Book): Radiographic Testing Method 72, Because of geometric factors such as &e “The approximate radiographic equivalent factors for steel and copper at 220 RV are 1.0 and 1.4 respectively. Ifitis desirable 4 radiograph a 12.7 mm (0.5:n) plate of ‘copper what thickness of steel would require about the same expastze characteristics? a, 17.8: (0,7 in) of steel b, 89mm (035i) of steel c 356mm (din) of steel & 254mm (1.0in) of steel Ags24s3 77. Which of the following technique ‘variables is most commonly used to adjust subject contrast? a. source-to-film distance b. milliamperage s kilovoliage &. focal point size Assi 76, ils that are left betwee lee screens too long in high-temperatare and -humidity atmosphere mays a show ingeased speed but decreased ‘quality characteristics ', become fogged ¢. become martied al show tree-shaped light sreas in the finished radiograph Aas 79, "The quantitative meature of flim blackening is refered toes: 4. definition photographic density «. film contrast 4. radiographic contrast Asse if 80. A-curve that elates density wit the logetthym of exposure or of relative exposures called a. a sensitivity curve , adensity-exposure curve 6 acharacteristic curve 4d. Kerey intensity carve Ass7 81, Subject contrast is affected by 4, thickness differences in specimen bi, radiation quality c. scattered ra 4. all of theebove aszoars, 52, Which ofthe following instruments ‘would exhibit the best sensitirity and most ial be used to detect small leaks in aredistion barrier? a, afilmbadge '. a fountain pen type ionization chamber ageiger counter d. adosimeter As 83, _Atvoltages above 400 KY; the use of lead to provide protection may present serious problems. Ithis is. serious problem, ‘which ofthe following materials would most likely be used asa substitute? a. aluminum, B. concrete &. steel 4. boron, aaa 84, A qualitative term often used to indicate ‘te size ofthe smallest detail that can be seen in aradiograph ist a. radiographic sensitivity b. eadiographic definition © radiographic contrast i. subject contrast Lovel i! Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 23 85. The slope (steepness) ofa characteistic curve is # measure of a. subject contrast ». radiographic definition «. radiographic contrast 4. fil contrast E70 86. A special radiographic method requiring ‘hwo radiographs taken during separate ‘exposures from two different positions to sive the visual impression of a three-ditensional display when viewed in an optical device simoltaneously is called: fluoroscopy bs. xeroradiography «, sterearadiography . parallel rediogeaphy a2, 25 87, Thedepth ofa discontinuity can be -estimated by making two exposes on a single film from two different positions of the X-ray tube. The depth of the discontinuity is computed from the shift in the shadow of the discontinuity with respect to the images of fixed markers on the front and back of the specimen. The method is called: stereoradiography xeroradiography Auoroscopy the parallax method of depth location 419, a2 pose 88; Agitation ofthe developer duting the development process may a speed the developing eyele i. help replenish the developer cause undesiable, preferential flow of developer along certain paths cause reticulation Aza éLevel Il Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 25 89, Theactivity ofthe fixer diminishes afer 93, As the development time increases: 97, Radiographic undercutting is caused by; 101. Which of the following not «factor in cing. used for «period of time because . Aetermining subject contrast! begs Te li pid i and moves to the left » poor geometry 44. neture of the specimen active ingredients evaporate 1 the characteristic curve grows steeper & lead vereens Db. theradiation quality used Seti ngedins ave abvorbed by the tnd moves to the ight 4. fie cectrons babes inden * Sdlograph the characteristic curve semains the 0 4. iaendy and aistebttion ofthe . fier solution accumulate soluble same in shepe but moves tothe lft ; eeatpoed dation * silver salts 4. thete i litle effect onthe 98, When other operating conditions are aso < uctve ingredients settle to the bottom characteristic curve hale constant, a change in tube current L sae ng A206 causes change in radiation intensity 102. Ifan exposure time oF 60 sand a emitted from an X-ray tube; the intensity soutee-to-il distance of 1.22.m (4) is 94, A distinctive characteristic of high- being approximately proportional to tube necessary fora paticuler exposure, what 90. In processing radiographs, the hourly ‘oltoge radiography is that current. Whats the primary factor that exposure time would be needed for an Bees inthe wash tank shouldbe: ; prevents this from being exactly equivalent exposure ifthe source-to-flma a, itresults in comparatively high Proportional? distance is changed to 1.83 m (6 £2 a. 23 times the volume of the tank ‘subject contrast & Cetimes the velume of the tank b. itsesults in comparatively high 4 the voltage and voltage waveform of a. 27s €. at east 1514 L (40 gal) perhout radiographic contrast e an X-ray machine transformer varies b 49s 4. varied continuously in proportion to it isapplicable to comparatively thick vith load «1388 the namber ofradiographs being or highly absorbing specimens >, wavelength changes are not exactly a 4008 developed a. allofthe above are distinctive proportional ae Ans characteristics of high-voltage curmenteannot be changed ata linear radiography vate 103. Developer soktion should be discarded 91, ‘The equation for determining geometric asso 4, scatter radiation does not vary ata ‘when the quantity of replenisher added tunsharpness Upis Up/P = d/D,, Which 7 proportional eate equals: Change below isetease the geometric 95, Lead screens are used for almost ll ae arpness? exposures When using: : a. the orginal qua suasharpness 7p 99, When viewings radiograph, an image of b. 2-3 thes the or 4 soutce-to-object distance increases 2, the fivorosoopic technique the back of the cassette superimposed on developer >. objection dstane increases «low-voltage radiography the image of the specimen is noted. This & 5-6 times the original quantity of ¢. size of adintion source decreases high-voltage radiography {is most likely veto: developer ‘L thickness of test specimen decreases 2. setoradiogeaghy 4. 10times the original quantity of Anas 9, 160 a undercut ddevlepee ii Secor & orterponte paso Increasing the Xray or gamma-ray 96. Which ofthe following glasses would &. the X-ray intensity was too igh apreperseaoadecandaneineiatt ‘most likely be used as an X-ray barrier 4, backscatter tee window on fluoroscopic equipment? Ase, 454 a. significantly dec average aeonot cancer ore a eres gas 100. The hala layr fea for Co i ts. significantly increase the averege be ead glass approximately 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) Ifthe gradient of a characteristic carve optical glass radiation level on the source side of cc. increase the slope ofa characteiic &. barium oxide gass 38.1 mm (1.5 in.) lead plat is 640 mSv/h oe e268 {64 Rh), the radiation level on the A. havellttle effect on the shape of ¢ opposite side is: Seer eeeeeeeee eopaa &. 80m5s/h (Rik) ’, 213 mSvih (21.33 B/h) & 106msvib (10.66 R/b) & 320 mSvh (2 Rh) : Ass or TTYSupplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Radiographic Testing Method 104, Ifa specimen is radiographed at 40k and again 30 KV with time compensation to give the radiographs the same density, which ofthe following statements would be true? a. the dO kV exposure would have a Jower contrast and a greater latitude than the 50 KV exposure b, the 40 KV exposure would havea higher contrast and greater latitude than the 50 kV exposure the SOKV exposure would havea . lower contrast and a greater latitude than the 40KV exposure 4. the 5D KY exposure would have a higher contrast and greater latitude ‘than the40 KV exposure 20 105, A250 kVp Xray machine used in conjunction with alead foil sereen has an approximate practical thickness limit of 167. In milion-vole radiogeaphy fkeation at ‘the tube: a. increases the generation of short wavelength Xrays '. decreases the generation of short ‘wavelength X-rays improves the rediographic quality by decreasing scatter radiation @ offers no improvement in radiographic quality Eas 108, Film selection for an X-ray exposure depends on: 2 the thickness ofthe part ’, the material ofthe specimen the voltage range ofthe X-ray machine 4, allofthe above Atos 109, While using an X-ray tube or 111, ‘The main purpose of the X-ray generator controls on the equipment isto: maintain the direction and width of the X-ray beam 'b. enable the operator obtain the intensity, quality and duration of ‘exposure desized allow the operator to adjust fm focl distance remotely 4. change alternating current w increase Xray intensity Aas 112. When X-rays, gamma rays light or electrons stele the photographic cmmulsion, a change takes place in the silver halide crystals. This change is called: &. photographic density b. photographic sensitivity © latent image characteristic curve Level Il Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 27 125, A larger physical siz source may produce ‘an equivalent quality rsdiograph a. the source-to-film distance is increased ‘more backing lead is used fester fl is used ‘exposure time is decreased 843.44;£20 116, A lightimage of a backing"BY on a [processed radiograph is probably caused by: excessive density bb. backscatter &. killovoltege set too Tow 4. poor film handling Feo 117, Co-59 becomes Co-60 when its placed {n a nuclear resctor where it eaptaces: a andlectron 38.1 mim (1.5) of steel ores radiography; the operator wants to Ano b. aneutroa equivalent increase the radiation intensity. To dos0, © aproton b. 508 mm 2.0in} of steel or its the: 113. With respect to quality what three factors 4 contemination Saonew rmusthe considered in selectinga ane 6. 152A mn (6.0 in) of steel ots 4. Kilovoltage should be lowered soutce-tocfilm distance? equivalent '. tube current should be increased 118, When faster speed fm is substituted <4. 180 mm (7.5) of steel orts ©. testspecimen should be moved 4. source activity type of film, type of for slower one to improve the equivalent farther from the film screens ‘economics ofthe expasure, which ofthe es a. tube current should be deereased, , source activity sizeof film, thickness following conditions occurs? ee AzB ‘of material Peet 106. ‘The degree of cancentration of the : 5. source size, sonmce activity, specimen 8. thefil mast receive special sadioactive matetial in a gamma ray 110, Lead sereens are pot in direct contact to-film distance source is referred to as the: ‘with the film to: 4. source size, source side of abject-to- ton will improve film distance, required geometric the image resotution will be reduced 4. specific activity of the source 1, increase the photographie action on unshaxpness 4. none ofthe abave will be experienced . quality of the source thefilm AA5:146; 52029 48 & slomic weight ofthe source ». absorb the longer wavelength a, halflife ofthe source scattered radiation 114, Ona radiograph ofa pipe weld, there isa 119, Fora given chenge in the radiation eas <. intensify the photographic efvet of very light irregularly shaped small image ‘exposure film contest isthe inherent the primary niore than the scattered: in the weld, This image would most likely ability to shown: radiation be due to the presence of 4. doall of the above 4. adifferencein density Asso a. porosity b, no graininess &seginion graininess © tungsten indusion . no appreciable change in densi 4. inadequate buildup siaeee ” aaa : A208 BOVE 460F BOE PGT OOF acor >FOT eorr OTE Girt art eaTr oye120, The ability of « material to block or partially black the passage of X-rays and ‘gamma rey is called: penetration absolution absorption Jatitade page ean 121, Source siz, specimen thickness and source-to-specimen distance are the threz factors that determine fhe: a density ofthe rediograph ’. exposure of the radiograph «film size 4 ussharpness recorded on the radiograph Baa 122, The range of specimen thicknesses that can be adequately recorded on the radiograph is called: a. sensitivity of theradiograph latitude ofthe radiograph accuracy of the radiograph 4. intensity of the source 0.329 123. Approximately how long would it take for 18370 GBq (10 Gi) Cos60 source to decay 10 93 Gig (2.5 CE a. 53 years b. 7.9 years & 106 years d, 159 years Awe 124, The photodectrc effect involves the vistble electromagnetic spectraun an electric camera ‘complete absorption of aphoton photodisintegration pooe ase 125, An exposure technique is established to ‘obtain a2.0 density using type"D” fis ‘and automatic processing at 27°C (81 °F). In order to obtein comparable results using manvel processing at 20°C (68°F) and 5-min development time, it ‘would be-necessary forthe original exposure time to be: ssded by approximately 30% increased by approximately 99% increased by approximately 20% reduced by appraximately 99% 8722096 Note: Tho two characteristic curves ‘of Figures 1 and 2 on pages 29 and ‘30 may be used in solving this problem. eer over eet eet TET (OEE NOTE: Using Figure 1, answer question 127. Level I Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 28 Figure 1 Exposure: 200 KVp Lead Screens Developer ‘Automatic provessing Density 5 10 15 Log Relative Exposure 20 + 27.7 °C (81 *F) with 11 min Dry-to-Dry Cycle 25 30, ‘CounteyKosraun Kodak Co40 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-LA (Q&A Book): Radiographic Testing Method | 30 NOTE: Using Figure 2, answer question 127. Figure 2 Exposure: 200 KVp Lead Screens Developer: 5 min at -15 °C (68 °F) 40 Manual processing Level fil Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 34 Level II! Questions Radiographic Testing Nature of Penetrating Radiation Interaction Between Penetrating Radiation and Matter Smin development 1 Atoms ofthe same element that have a5 different numbers of neutrons arecallee! —5._A.consequence fa series of single events ofthe element. ‘occurring asa radiation beam passes through material is decrease in 1, molecules intensity. The process is calleds Bb. isotopes 2». © isotones a. photoelectric effect &, isomers b. ionization ct . absorption 4, halé-value thickness 2. The number of postive charges on the 8s nucleus of an atom equals the: 25 6 The mumber ofion pars produced by a. umber of neutrons particle per unit path is called: b. stomic number & number of photons 4. secondary ionization 2 4. atomic weight '. total ionization 2 20- ca specific ionization & 4. roentgen 3, Unlike beta and alpha particles; neutrons AaB, 84569 hhave no: 7, Peir production ageuts'when 15: a charge clectromagnetic radiation consists of 5. mass photons in what energy range? © spin hal te fe, 0,025 100.1 MeV A30 b. 301050 MeV < LO2orgreater MeV 10 4. Radiation scattering increases as: 4. 0.110 10 MeV Aso.08 1 the energy of the incident radiation decreases 8. In the photoelectric interaction process: the size of the radiation field increases 3 & the angie of scatter decreases 1 electrons are emitted a allof the zhove 'b. characteristic X-rays are emitted Aas «. secondary photons are emitted 4. allofthe above ax03 : 5 10 15 20 25 30 Courtesy Basan Kodak Co ‘ Log Relative Exposure 8 OF‘Imaging by Film Level Ili Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 38 17. When comparing fluorescent intensifying 20, A fundamental difficulty of fluorescent 9. ‘The compton interaction process is characterized by: screens with leed fol sereens, their ‘maging is the relatively low brightness 14, According to accepted theory, the spots at primary advantage is Tevel ofthe images Electronic, a. absence of secondary radiation ‘whch the latent image i localized on the Auoroscopy can help to eliminate this bs. no transfer of energy upon interaction cermalsion are local concentrations of a. improved image resolution problem by all but which one of the production of anelectron-positton bb, markedly inereased exposure times following? ait a. silver sulfide ‘& markedly decreased exposure times 4. partial eansfer of energy upon b silverbromide 4. relative insensitivity to scatered 4. using X-ray tubes of lower operating ‘alison «. silver iodide radiation, potentiat Basics ver sitrate Feo ', usingian image tobe eaar . using X-ray tubes of greater effective 10." Themmajor component of scatter is the 18, Fluoroscopy ofa specimen using @ loading fow-energy electromagnetic radiation M0 kVp 10 mA X-ray source results in an using the X-ray television system produced by photons weakened inthe; ‘Imaging by Fluorescent Materials intensity of 660 mSv/thin (66 Rmin) at A254 the screen surface. Of the seen 8. photoelectric process 15, ‘The Bunsen-Rosene reciprocity la brightness values and appreximate screen b, compton process ‘which states that the developed film «colors below (for the stated radiation Radiometry «pair prodnction process density depends only on the product of level), which represents the mast ¢, ionization process radiation intensity times exposture desirable sereen for use in dixect viewing 21. The roentgen is defined as the amount of aa;04 duration fails for: ‘uoroscopy? radiation emitted by 1 Ci of 1-192 at 11, The incteese in radiation pasting through a. direct gamma ray exposes a. brightness 9.8 6e(0.91 fe): distance off m (3.3) ‘matter due to scatter in the forward i. fluorescent sereen exposures color ~ green by X- or gamma radiation of 0.2 WI ection isealled: ‘6, lead screen exposures ‘brightness ~ 8.5 1x (0.79 £2); (Lerg) of energy in 1 gof dry air at a. direct X-ray exposures ‘color yellow standard temperature and pressure per 6 rightness ~ 7 x (0.65 fs & X-orgamma radiation that will color ~ bine produce 1 electrostatic unit of charge ce. backscatter 16, Inphotoflvorography where @ 4. brightness — 4.6 (0.43 3}: in| cm of dry air et standard a. bremsstrahlung fluoroscopic screen is used for color green seomperature ind pressure am radiographic imaging, itis important to 287,267 4, X- or gamma radiation ebsotbed by choose a screen that has a visible ight 1m} of water 0 °C-(32°P) and 12. High-energy photons of L02 MeV or emission thats relatively high atthe i‘ 101 KPa (760 rm of Hg) ‘greater typically interact with matter by ‘X-ray wavelengths to be used and that Imaging by Electronic Devices ce 24 ‘which one of the following? a. matches the wavelength sensitivity of 29, Unlike other commercially available ‘operators and Thies. as-an oy hose process thehuman eye X-ray intensification eystems,thedirect Integrated System '. compton process b, has aminimum decay time X-ray pick-up tube: «pair production process can be viewed directly without the ase 4. thermionic proceset of leaded gass or mirors has quantum energy losses exceeding Xray generators built to provide X-rays 50: B23;04 4. matches the wavelength sensitivity of afactor of 500 at very low energy levels are used in ‘the particular image detector being b. has extremely low sensitivity special areas in nondestructive testing, 13, fa Which ofthe following processes vill wed ‘ . converts the X-ray image directly into “The singe section X-ray tubes in these some energy ofthe interacting photon be axsr anclectrcal signal low voltage mits are usnally built with vsed to dislodge the electron from the K converts X-rays to light and light to ‘thin windows of what material to persait ‘of Litsell and the remainder used to give clectvica signals soft X-rays 1o emerge from the vacuum the electron kinetic energy? As eavelopet a photoelectric process a. beryllium 1b. Compton process b. germaniam «© pair production process . selenium 4, ionization process . heat-tesistent glass A381; 099 812,530 4 . a a | eee «wOESCTSC SSCa4 ae 3 ba eD ac an 24, Thefilament transformer is shown by: 27, "The timer is shown by: ac a] bL bi ac oF © ae ay i 25, Theautotransformer is shown by: 28, The focal spot should be as smill as conditions permit, a order to obtais kr ashe hares posible definion ec b. ‘the minimum size of the unit ae the maximumyensigy density 23, ‘Theameter that typically shows thebenm currentis: 26, The kilovoltege selectors shown byt di. none of the above ‘Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Radiographio Testing Method kav NOTE: Using Figure 3, answer questions 23 through 27, SA Figure 3: Schematic ofa basic Xray chour. Cx Ramet Performer ‘Sources of Electrons 29, The focusing cup ofthe cathode in an Xray tube determines the sie ofthe slectron beam by: |. surrounding the emerging beam with an electronic field that repels the ‘beam into a more localized forma », limiting the maximum amperege of ‘the filament current ‘, reducing the negative charge on the ‘glass walls ofthe tube caused by secondaty electrons sattered by the target 44, controlling the electric eld between the anode and the cathode Aso 30. Early X-ray tubes used a cold cathode fiom which electrons were zelessed by: 4 reflection from the target the anode of the tube b increasing the Kllovltage ‘positive ion bombardment 4. heatinga filament Ase Electron Accelerating Methods 31, The betutton accelerate elect Level Ili Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 35 33, Inabetatron, electrons are accelerated by Which of the following? 4. field emission D. high-frequency magnetic field high-frequency electrical save od. accelerating magnets bea 34, Ina linear accelerator, the electrons are accelerated by which ofthe following? a. high-frequency electrical wave accelerating magnets «neutron bombardment changing magnetic fields of an AC electromagnet ett 35. In ahigh-volige generator ofthe electrostatic generator van de grafftype, by which method are the particles seceerated? 2. accelerating magnets , high-frequeticy electrical waves siatic negative charges 4. none ofthe above psa 26, Flash X-ray tubes are usually designed to produce lectrons for acceleration by which one of the following methods? 2 hotemission 4, radiofrequency energy b. magnetic induction b. cald-cathode field emission use ofa nonconducting charging belt changing magnetit field of a 4, resonating the high voltage tothe transformer primary frequency of the AC power @. high-frequency elecirical waves 4.09; 648 pez 32, What method is used for generation of “X-rays in the multimillion volt ange? a, electrostatic generator b. betatron linear accelerator 4. allof the above Ds Coumeny of Genera Dynamics Corp a a a eT 7 ez Oe ez, owe ee‘Target Materials and Characteristics 37, Tungsten is the preferred terget material for Xay tubes used in industrial X-ray aachines because it provides double advantage. One of the advantages i that, 4. the efficiency of the tungsten material in the production of X-raysis proportional to fits atomic number », ithe 2 low melting point the efficiency ofthe tungsten material in the production of X-tays is inversely proportional to its atomic umber 4. ithas a high curie point er 38, Gold and platinum are also used in X-ray tubes for radiography, but targets made of these metals must: 4. be more effectively heated than targets madeof tungsten 1. be more efectively cooled than targets made of tungsten «. be ableto withstand increasing pressure 4, have low thermal conductivity see 39, ‘Theelficieney ofthe target material ia the production of X-rays is proportional to: kilovoltage spacing of electrodes atoraic number Avogadro’s nusnber enat 40, Inchoosing.e suitable metal fora target materiale principal properties to be coasiieted ate al but which one ofthe following? high atomicnumber bs. igh meting point high thermal conductivity +d. high vapor pressure Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book}: Radiographic Testing Method Equipment Design Considerations a. ‘Another way to alleviate the localized, heating ofthe target is with at a. rotating anode b. hotanode ©. hooded anode 4, line-focias anode Ae An important design comsideration of X-ray tubes, based on thelow efficiency of X-ray production, is: a. targetangle focal spot size © acederating otage é heat dissipation ae In choosing a sultable metal for an X-ray tube target, which ofthe following is not 1 property that is normally considered? atomic number smelting point ‘mass attenuation coefficient ‘thermal conductivity Radioisotope Sources 44 Because itis fequently supplied asa water-soluble compound which of the following is considered to have an additional radiological hazard potential associated with it? a Co-60 b. Tm-179 Te192 4, C5137 Level ill Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 37 45, Which one ofthe following radioisotope 50. ‘The principal gamma rays e sources would be the best choice for seve anna tndiography ofa tee! specimen 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) thick from an eneigy 4. 006,086 and0.91 MeV standpoint? . 031,047 and 0.60 MeV © 008,005 and 0.65 Mev a Co-60 4. 0.15, 1.12 and 0.18 MeV b. Tm-170 Ab, THEA © i192 ce 252 51, Which ofthe following strue fora 220 smaller isotopo source of higher specific activity? 46, Thehalt-ite i a useful characteristic of « radicisotope. After 6 half-lives, the a, suffers less from self-absorption of its amount of decaying atoms is reduced to ‘own gamma radiation approximately what percent ofthe '. less geometric unsherpeis in the amount a the beginning? radiograph «allows shorter source-to-film 22% distances b. 3% 4. all af the above © 6% en7 a 1% s2;042 52, Which ofthe fellowingis an edvantage of radiography with gamma rays as 47. Generally, sources of high specific compared to X-rayst activity ae more desirable because they ave. self-absorption, 4. simplicity of apparatus Bb. compactness of the radiation source a. higher . independence from ontside power by the same 4. allof the above «. lower es6 dno Ear 53, Of he lsotopeslisted belowwhich ise fission feagmont rom the induced fission 48, Radistion output, also known as dosage of Ur235t rae or characteristic intensitysis usually expressed as effective output in what unit 2. Co-60 per cutie? b. C5137 e Ir192 2. REM 4. Tn-170 b. Rhr are myn pat 49. Co-SO emits gamma rays of a. 1.17and 1.33 MeV , 0.65 MeV & 109 and 1.29 MeV 4. 1,36and2.75 MeV A475 aes pes ~~«PES~~COSSCeaYSCYSCYPaYCG4.0 35 Film Principles and Properties ‘4. Suppose a radiograph is made using fim eos characteristic graph is shown in Figure 4, The fm is exposed for 12 mA per minute and has a density of 0.8 in the area of interest. Is desived to increase the donsity to 2.0. What miliamperage per minute would produce such a change? a be 6 50 4, impossible to determine from data est Figure 4: Characteristic graph. 05 10 15 20 25 30 Log Relative Exposure 55, The agent that actually exposes a photographic grain (film) is a., gamma and/or X-ray quantum, ’" alpha particles «. dlecttors 4. photon Azar 56, Which ofthe following is governed by the sovree sie, object-to-bim distance, and source-o-object distances? geometric unsharpness b, inherent unsharpness «, radiographic contrast 4. effective graininess a8, 673 57, Caution should be exercised to avoid removing film too rapidly from cartons, holders, or cassettes. This would help to eliminate objectionable circular or ‘tree-ike black marks caused by: a. imps bs reticulation static clectrcity a. scratches 2,98 Solid-State Detectors 58. The obtainable counting speed using « scintillation counter is limited fundamentally by the: a. energy level ofthe incident radiation ', intensity ofthe incident radiation c. delay between electron excitation and deexcitation 4, spatial distribution of the ineldent quanta Asoo 59, ‘The scimtllations {light photons) emitted by a radiation detection phosphor are ‘converted to electrical pulses by: a. aphotomultiplier tube ', an ionization chamber . aselenium photoelectriccell 4. alight pulse amplifier abt Cr a cd Level ll Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 39 TV and Optical Systems 60, A Buoroscopic system forthe inspection (of welds in 25.4 mm (1 in.) thick steeT has the following features: + X:tuy source-to-imoge plane spacing of 431.8 mm (17 in) + Xetay focal spot size of 3.8 mm (35in) + steel (weld) to image plane spacing of 76.2.mi (3 in.) + mage plane length of 228.6 mm (9 in) in vertical sean direction of TV system used to view image plane + TV system with $25 line san, with ‘image fly focused on image tube Ding tests, itis found that this fluoroscopic system does very poorly in resolving wire 1Qis and imperfections of Jess than 0.89 mam (0.035 in.) when they are oriented parallel tothe horizontal scar lines of the TV. Assuming thatthe ‘mage screen, optical system and TV frequency response are capable of much Detter resolution than this, which of the following will increase the resolution of the system the most? a incteese the TV scan ate to 1029 lines, with an appropriate increese in frequency response = ————" > ', increase the X-ray source-to-Image plane spacing to 508 min (20 in.) decrease the stel weld-to-image plane spacing to 50.8 mm (2 in.) 4. change to an X-ray source having a 7.6 mtn (0.3 in) focal spot 261.262 ‘Other Nontilm Devices. 61, Inthe past, several companies have designed TV cameras with large faceplates and phosphors that directly convert the received X-rays to electron scanning-beam variations, The thickness ofthe glass faceplate is recognized to prevent use at lover kilovoltage applications, bt use a higher Ialovoltages nas never gained acceptance either, compared with other techniques. Which ofthe fellowing is not correct for this type of system? 4 the quantum energy losses associated ‘with converting the X-rays to lectricl signals s improved over other systemsby a factor of as much as 500 times '. incompatison to systems using image orthicons with sereens or with image intensifier system, the image presented is noisier the extreme simplicity of this systema and need for few controls or adjustments makes maintenance easier than other types.of systems utilizing intermediate conversion dl. the extreme sensitivity of this system allows display of 296 1Qis over the range of 40-300 kVp A2ts Gaseous lonization Detectors 62. One desirable property fora gas to be used in an jonization detector isa: 4. low saturation potential at which recombination of postive ions with ‘lectrons becomes negligible ». low ionization potential density appremimately equivalent to the density of the chamber walls 4 density equivalent to that of air at standard temperature and pressure ase eo PI POD40 163. The greatest problem which arises in the routine use of a pocket dosimetet is: a. its relatively lat reponse to radiation of eifferent energies by its inherently inconsistent sensitivity ©. clectrical leakege that tends to discharge the electrometer and give {alse high readings 4. negative dvift caused by changes in stmospheric conditions (temperature, humidity, ete.) aden 64, Asa portable radiation survey instrament, the main disadvantage of a sgeiger counters its: nonlinear response with changes in radiation energy b. large size and delicate construction poor sensitivity to Low radiation levels 4. warm-up drift during the frst few minutes of operation 496,125 67. 68 ‘Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Radiographic Testing Method ‘Which ofthe following detectors would f be most suitable for use with a gamma or Xray energy spectrom analyzer? 4. ‘nt ionization detector », a.scintilation detector &. aproportional detector 4. a geiger-miller counter Asti Which of the following radiation ‘measurement instruments does not employ gas detection as its operation mechanism? proportional counter semiconductor detector ionization chamber gelger-miller counter ‘Gaging and Control Processes 6, Assystem of X-ray thickness gaging in which X-rays are collimated and '65.__Airsilled proportional counters are used projected through a tester and the { ‘extensively for monitoring: quantity of unabsorbed radiation is measured is referred tas: ‘gamma ray ecth ’, fastneutron activities a. fluorescence method © slow neutron activities b, absorption difirentil method a. slpharbeta dose rates altenaation “buildup” method Aoto5 4. transmission method Asre Instrumentation 70. Generally the sensitivity and accuracy of thickness gaging of homogeneous 65, An anaplifier tobe used ina survey smaterials by reflection methods is: instrument designed to measure high levels of radiation should have the 2, superior to transmission gaging following characteristics: », supetior to fluorescence methods © inferior to transmission gaging a a fastrise time and a tinear response 4. approximately the same as with ba fast rise time and an exponential transmission gaging response asta €. slow rise time anda linear response 6. slow rise time and an exponential response : aes ¥ a ee ee | Level Ill Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 44. ‘A. The two types of detectors used most 75, The half-life of a radioactive substance is ‘commonly in X-ray thickness gages are fluorescent screens and ionization chambers . proportional counters and geiger counters © phosphor-photornultipliers and ionization chambers 4. fluorescent sereens and phosphor-photomultipliers ASTESTS Exposure Hazards 72. Sources of radioactive material used for radiography are required by regulation to be leal tested at intervals not to exceed: equal to the: 2. reciprocal ofthe disintegration ‘constant 1 average lifetime of an atom in the substance time required for half ofthe original ‘atoms to-disintegrate 44, number of atoms present divided by the rete of decay 2a A tenth value thickness fora specific {gamma Source is 25.4 mom (Lin. of lead. ‘The radiation intensity is 5000 mSv7n (500 Rs) at 609.6 mm (24n,} rom the source. How many inches of lead would be required to redice the intensity t0 50 nSv/h (5 mR/h) at 609.6 mm (24 in) a, months b. Smonths a $0.8 mm (2in.) & 12 months b 127mm Gin) . 24 months © 254mm (20in.) cat 4d. 101,6mm (4in,) asa Methods of Controlling Radiation Exposure ‘Operational and Emergency Procedures 73, Distance is an effective meens of externel radiation protection because: 77. Survey instruments used to monitor -gamma radiation must be capable of measuring tadiation inthe range of: 4 ir absorption reduces the radiation intensity +. radiation intensity varies inversely as a, 1-2mSwfh (100-200 meemh) the squae ofthe distance . 20-500 000 S/n & Xeruys and gamma rays havea fitite ‘@-50000:mR/) range 0-2000 Sv (0-200 mB/A) 4. the wavelength ofthe photons is 4. 0,62-10 mith (2-1000 mrem/h) decreased by their interaction with 29 snatter ©3078. A radiatioit area refer to the perimeter of any area in which the radiation level 74, X-tay photons diffe from gamma exceeds: ‘Photons ofthe same energy only in their a. 20 u8v (2 mrems) biological effect 'b, 1mSv (100 mrems) ». origin SO pSv (S mi) dd, 5 mSv (500 mers) a. wavelength aaae 22 SL «PLLSCLSSCGSCMSCL:SC«SC*«Level ill Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 43, Sensitivity 82, Radiographic sensitivity istotally 56. Radiogrphicsensitvtyisatected by: 50, Poor defo canbe improved by controlled by: doing all but which one of the following 79. Radiographic sensitivity depends on the a subject contrast combined effects of to independent 2. film and screen combinations geoinetrc and film graininess factors 4 increase source-tocfilm distance fects, One is radiographic contrast the by those factors which contro! © film contrast, b. usee smaler physical soureesise other radiographic contrast und definition 4. lof the above change from Cis ito Clas fim © Kilovoltsge and miliamperage ess 4. change from lead to foyeseone 4. radiation quality 4. kilovoliage and fin processing paras density ast ane © IQtimage 87, Theimage quality indicator &. defiition 83, The vshilty ofa certain IQU hole on the (penetramete) should norbeused to: 1, ‘Based onthe characteristic curve ofthe ees rediograph may mean that: films shown in Figure 5, which fm 4 judge the size or establish acceptance ‘provides the highest contrast? 4% cavity ofthe same diameter will be limits of dscontinaties visble 5. Jge the adequtcy of eadographic ax 0, Using the equation ', acavity ofhatthe hole diameter will exporute by a be wile © elermine flm/screen combinatfons 2 10 © acavity ofthe same diameter may be adequacy i. cannot be determined from the x invisible 4. judge the adequacy of part:to-Aim curves where 4. the hole and cavity will have equal distance Asse detectability arrose asiars x = 32mm (1.25 n,) = section BA, The QL iswsed to: Contrast and Definition Figure 8: Characteristic curves, thickness to be radiographed 40 7 = 1QKthidenese, 4 determine te sive oF eracks and pores 88. Which of the folloving parameters does h = 1.5mm (0061 tharcan be detected { not ditecty alec radiographic diameter determine the crack depths that can definition? bedetected Determine 10 thickness: & deermine critical fey size focal spat or source size 4. indicate the quality ofthe b. density > 2. di mm (in) radiographic technique © type of screen z b. 05mm (002 in.) Aare radiation quality z & 04mm (0015in.) nao 44. 08mm (003 in) 85, The sensitivity requirement 227 res02s represents 88. Usinga filter atthe Xray tube, masking to lessen the thickness range anda ‘1, ‘Radiographic sensitivity i: 3 IQ thickness 2 the specimen sliple-film technique are ways of thickness with the required 101 hole corsecting is * sgl gi emg a, hehe pesinen hes ai i: ‘i : to the size ofthe snaest detail which Or thickness 296 of specimen 2 low density : oe ‘am be seen on a radiograph thickness with the required LOY hole B. lowlatitade {0 Relative Exncoure (Exposure Time) 5 b. onlye measure of the contrast 2x the YOT thickness poor definition properties ofthe radiographic system © IQ thickness 2% af the specimen 4. low adiogtaphic contrast aterm usualy applied tothe contrast thickness withthe required 10 hele E255 Gou4ous properties ofthe radiographic system. 256 ofthe specimen thickness 4. aterm which flects fm speed and 4. 10 thickness 29 ofthe specimen comast properties thickness with the required 101 hole Axo 49% of the 1QF thickness agra { a a a a a93, 92. 95. Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TO-1A (Q&A Book): Radiographic Testing Method Subject contrast depends on: 4. mA, source strength, distance and film type ’, fim-screen type nature of the specimen, radiation quality (kV) and the intensity and distribution of te scatered radiation 4d. Lamberts law Aare Which ofthe followingis not factor in radiographic contrast? a. flim type bb radiation quality degree of film development 4. none ofthe above Ast: RED Film contrast refers to: a. the density diffrence in two adjacent regions of film b. thesteepness (slope) of the characteristic curve theratio of X-rapor gamma ray intensities transmitted by two selected portions oF aspecimen <4, minimum perceptible density change AnTo In general, the contrast of radiographic. fils (except those designed for use with ‘uorescent screens): 4 increases continuously with fm density in the usable density range by decreases es the density is increased ‘cremains practically unchenged for diferent density levels 4, is inversely proportional to fit density aa “The graininess of ell films: 4. increases as the kilovoltage is inceeased up to approximately 200 kV decreases as the kilovoltage is Increased is not dependent on kilovoltage i is totally controlled by Lambert’ law a7 97, Specimens with uniform thickness and composition by definition haves a “igh subject contrast '. good definition «high film contrast 4. low subject contrast E95 $8. The sharpness of ouiine ina radiographic image is called: aso 99, Poor radiographic definition could be the result of a, focal spot size », source-to-film distance ‘poor film-screen contact 4. all of thesbove asas Geometric Factors 100, Which of the followingis not e factor to ‘be considered to reduce geometric uunsharpness? source-to-film distance -object-to-film distance ‘source atrength source size pooe Aaa 101, Using igure 6, determine the geometrical unsharpness under the following conditions. Maximum specimen thickness is 38mm (1.5in), source t-film distance ie 1016 mm (40 in.) and the focal spot size is 1 mun (@04ix.), The geometrical unsharpness 0.010 mm (0,0004 in.) bb. 0.102 mm (0.004 in.) © 0.051 mm (0,002 in.) 4. 025.mm (0.01 in.) Aa6 102, In the following equation for geometric unsharpness, what docs U, represeat? uaF a 2. image size %. penumbra © source-to-ilm distance 4, specimen-to-film distance 190,487 103, The size ofthe penumbral shadow can beste reduced by: using alarger diameter source asin a faster speed film increasing the source-to-film distance |. increasing the specimen-to-fil distance, B43:037 104. Deviation from the true shape of an object 2s exhibited in its shadow image is celled: a. definition », latitude © contrast . distortion aay SS ee ee Level ill Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method Figure 6: Nomogratn for solving the equation U, 2 Mat | SP Pivot Line op ae Distance! ocal Thickness | Geomesical in) | Spot ‘Ga S$ 8 2 sues ‘s00r PBS BBE re a Prot EOF Zor BTOT105, Which ofthe following rules of shadow formation is not truet a. the effective focal spot or source size shoald bes small as practical . the distance between the focal spot oF source and the test object should be as great as practical «. the central ray should be as nearly peipendicularto the film as possible to preserve spatial relations AL the test objects plane of maximum interest should be perpendicular to the plane of the film e22 106, Given an {1-192 source 3 mam (0.13 in) i diameter a geometrical unsharpness of (0.5mm (0,02 in.) and a material thickness of 63 mm (2.5 in,), determine ‘he minimum soarce-to-object distance. a. 320mm (12.6in.) b. 620mm (24.6 ia) 412.7 mm (16.25 in.) i. 460:mm (18.1 in.) 24 107, Projection magnification resulting from Increased object to-film distance i also ‘acetal in reducing seater radiation ‘Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (QA Book): Radiographic Testing Method 109, Geometric unsharpnese (Us) is obtainable from: wheres au att Pesouresize Ad =source-to-abject d distance b Uae objectto-flmn - distance « U,= ? coe Fd A860, 487 110, Using the formula Ft Ue cd ifP=3 mm (0.1 i), t= 127 mm (5m), and d= 1090:mm (43 in.), Uy is approximately: a. 05: (0.019 in.) b. 07mm (0.027 in) « 03mm (0012 in) d. 02mm (0.006in) 526 TIL. Lage distortion refers to: 4. acombination of geometric 113, The Bunsen-Roscoe reciprocity law states that the procict of a photochemical reaction is dependent only upon the product ofthe radiation intensity and the uration of exposure and is independent ofthe absolute values of ether of these quantities separately. This law is invalid for which ofthe following? a, Xerays, b, gamma rays fluorescent screens lead fol seréens e490 114, The quality of the radiation necessary to ‘obtain an appreciable intensification from lead screens depends upon all the following except: 4. film type B. kilovoltage milliamperage 4. thickness and material of test object E40 115, Amalloy of 6% antimony and 9496 load should be used for screens instead of pure lead beceuse it provides: a, greater definition . less mottling effect Level Ill Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 47 117. Variation inthe thickness of lead screens from 0.1 mm (0.005 in.) to 0.2 mm (0.01 ina, 4 has very slight effect on intensification Bb. has very significant effect on intensification actually has no effect on intensification 4. only serves to increase geometric ansharpness E90 Scattered Radiation 118. The major component of scatter i the low-energy rays represented by photons ‘weakened in what process? a photoslectric . pair productive c. Compton seattering 4. ionization 2304 119, The influence of low-energy scatter from the film holder is most noticeable just inside the borders of the image, This condition is called: 2. inherent unsharpness ¥ eer arte . ‘unsharpness and magnification ee by deillan om he ru ape ofthe better wear resistance be mndereut ———~ 7 a increasing definition ‘object. 4. ahigher intensification factor ©. geometric unsharpness by reducing physical some size 6 mgpiion mins geometric eat a motling & thea gn cunsharpness| aaa 5 ee ty Lee il ln tal ott ae A367 unsharpness,and magnification lead screens, radiographs made using £20 uorescent sereens wontd show: terete 4. beuerconnat Intensifying Screens b. good definition a. are actuslly the same thi «higher density Blane diataguthed sallow: 112; Fluorometallic intensifying screens 4. poor definition magnification refers to the degree of ‘compared wit lea fll screens, can E35 ‘enlargement, and unsharpness refers reduce the exposure time by up to: to the penumbra ¢. arenot directly related a. one-hal? 4. can be combined to yield total , one-seventh + unsharpness ‘e, one-swentieth 28 a one-hundredth sair BOT 860 —WGOF OOF SGOT SOF ‘err 8rs eT PORT GTR OnnT ETT‘Supplement fo Recommended Pt 120, The difterence in natrov-beam and ‘broad-beam conditions is that: natsow-beam conditions imply that both scattered and unscattered radiation reach the detecton while broad-beam conditions imply that only the unscattered radiation reaches the detector bb. narrow-beam conditions imply thst only the unscattered radiation reaches the detectos, while btoad-beam conditions imply that both scattered ‘and unscattered radiation reach the detector ¢ narrow- and broad-beam conditions relate only to source size 4 both terms depend on film and screen cornbination A333 “Which is genereliy the greater source of scatter radiationt 12 ractioe SNT-TC-IA (QBA Book): Radiographic Testing Method 123, 1. ‘Alena sheetis usually placed behindthe —{ film easette tw a. intensify the fi image and shorten the exposure time >. prevent bending and crimping ofthe ‘il «. reduce forward scatter and absorb ‘unwwanted radiation to preventit from reaching the flim 4. minimize radiation scatered ftom the Alvor, walls, equipment, and other jams from reaching the beck ofthe film esa “The larger the activity (in caries) and the lange (physically) the source isthe emitted ganune ry intensity per eurie: a, becomeslower b. becomes higher , remains unaffected Exposure Curves 126, Which one of the following is not a specific condition which applies to a given exposure chart? X-ray machine used film type processing conditions radiation intensity Film density on which the chart is based pee est 127. Exposure chats ace fairly adequate for dotermining exposures in the radiogrephy of a. complicated structural items by uniform plate cz step wedges &. allof the above £80 Level Ill Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 48 Darkroom Procedures 10, tn manval processing, the ideal temperature i 20°C (68°). At whet tensperature would the chemical action be slowed, resulting in wwaderdevelopment? a. 21°C (70°F) b. 16°C (60°F) & 32°C G0°R) d. none of the above e407 131, The shape ofthe film characteristic curve isrelatively insensitive to changes in X- or _gemuna radiation quality but is affected ‘by changes in the: a, geometric factors b, film graininess & subject contrast degree of development A. increases inversely to activity ee a. lead fll screens ear 128. A gamina ray exposure chatt differs from by lead backing plate an X-ray exposure chart in that there is 132. Light ctimmp miarks appeeting ox loo onal 125, When diogrphingaspedmenwitha | no vatabe actor corresponding Seelped ooops ek 4. the specimen tinder examination radiographic source itis found that itis ph ave the result of E98 desirable to lengthen the source-to-m a. thickness a siticuneke distance. With the sour atthe new by, illiamperage Beane 9 scratches oa cen ‘Source Factors reaching the ile will: 4. Blm-density 4. oor handing afer expoure esa 122, Short wavelength photons are noranally a vary inverse with the square of the em ‘used on thide sections of steel instead of distance 129, An exposure chart isa graph sh is wowing the 133. Physical damage tothe film emulsion wd on cn fe + a th ete Anzu ag owiehe 1 Piel amg i distance following? change is called: ea 4, short wavelength photons are hard . will not change ae ‘aye and heve grater penetrating <4. vary inversely with the distance a, exposure ie eticuieton as 29 b. density ». felling by shott wavelength photons create @ & ‘Kilovoltage ¢, listers greater secondary radiation and help 4. material thickness 4. streaks {prove image contrast «, allofthe above eae long wavelength photons are hard rays 280 and have greater penetrating ability <4. they both have equal penetrating ability ea | 7 weer ewer Reet Beer Prey OCT aSupplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-LA (Q&A Book): Radiogrephic Testing Method 138, The most commonly used acid in Al. Better quality radiographs can be Level Ill Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 52. 145, Wetting agents are used primarily as a 134, The ftequency with which ¢ developer solution needs replacement is dependent preparing stop baths to arrest the ‘obtained when expertly done by mantal deterrent for on the ate and density of films processed development process is: processing rather than by automet butasa rule the solution should be rocessing, but most procesing is a. reticulation replaced: a, sulfuric performed automatically because: b, changes in density By lacial acetic : water spots a. whenever the density of processed muriatic 4. manual processing is time consuming 4. felling {lms is consistently too great 4. hydrochloric sad automate processing produces mass 1. when the quantity of developer 583 consistency replenishes used squats 2-3 anesthe 5: itis dittcult to win andl keep manual 146. In automatic processing, ifthe film original quantity of developer, or processing personnel emulsion becomes swollen, sot, or sticky, Film Processing © automatic processors ace easier to the reslt may be: every 3 months, whichever is shorter every 6 months 4. whenever the processed films show streaking dae to uneven development 82 Darkroom Equipment and Chemicals 135, When using acid to make the stop bath mixture, the acid is added slowly to the 139, In manual processing, if itis not possible to-use a stop bath, films should be: a. placed directly in the fixer solution i. placed directly inthe fixer salution With amin. eduction in evelopnent time rinsed in running water for atleast 2 min before fixing 4, rinsed in running water for atleast maintain 4. chemical temperatures and solaions are difficult to maintain in darkrooms ‘where manual processing is practiced asa 142, The fnction ofthe developer is tos stop the process harden the emaleion recover silver «slowdown of the transport system and overlap i, film sticking on a roler film wrapping aroun a roles 4. alloftheabove ean an 147. Ideally after processing, radiograpt should be stored ata relative hui ‘water for vbich of the following reasons? 2. min with a 1 min reduction in change exposed ailver halide crystals a. 10% @, to produce a more uniform mixture development time before fixing ‘to metallic silver b, 30t0.50% & toprevent rapid oxidation resting in ess tie 70108008 acloudy stop bath . 4, relative humidity is not an inn wnt , topreventaaptd se of thesolution 140, The primary reason why visual (andes 143, The best method of arestng the consideration ae temperature Salelght conditions) development of development process isto place the film eae dh topevent the acd fom peering Tadiograps shoal be evided i 148, In manual processing. the"easeade 29 tis dfical vo decern the image with a. amacid stop bath rethod!” of washing fim is desirable, To 136, Ceitain materials cause contamination the light output provided bya b. afixer solution be effective the hotly low of water sd rel in fog inthe radiograph, safelight © a water rinse should be: 4. aweting solution ‘Which one of the following should not be sed as 2 material for holding processing solutions? 4. AIS! Type 316 stainless stel . the appeerance of a developed but unfized radiograph willbe dffent in the dried state ‘removal of the film from the eveloper wil affect te development time Eto 144, The most important function of the fixer isto: & Is2times the volume ofthe tack 5 water low rate has no bearing on film washing 12-16 times the volume ofthe tank 4. 48 times the volume ofthe tank >. enamebvace ¢. aluinuas €2 film type and speed afer the 8. neutralize all from developer sees 4. plastic appearance ofimages when exposed remove undeveloped svt set 78 toa safelight © increase density 4. harden the emlsion 137. Processing tanks should be periodically cleaned and sterilized. Which of the following agents in solution is recommended? 4. sodium hypochlorite . acetone: & household detergent hydrochloric acid (€ituted) E80 80 eat aovr set Ber Bley Oger PRET aver abr GuvTROVTSobE Gyr EERE papr ETT52 ‘Supplement fo Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Radiographic Testing Method 149, Holdingsll other parameters constant,an increaee in time of development of given fil will esut in a characteristic cenrve showing: 44 increased contrast and increased speed ‘, increased contrast and decreased speed & decreased contrast and increased speed 4. decreased contrast and decressed speed ean Illuminator Requirements 150, Which ofthe following sot a requirement for luminators used inthe interpretation of radiographs? a. alight sousce of sufficient intensity to Yew the area of interest ofthe radiograph i. suiicient masking to avoid glare ftom the edges of the radiograph ‘ea foot-operated ON-OFF switch 4. none of the above E98 151, For the rotine viewing of high-density films a high intensity laminator with an 152. When viewing radiographs, the fm ( ‘viewer should provide light of an intensity thats evenly distributed with ‘an adjustment to vary the intensity. In addition, the film viewer should have: a. aviewing surface ata 90-degree angle , fresh bulbs ¢. adiffusing medium a. a light green color asst 153: ‘fo prevent damage to Slims, which of the following should be provided when viewing radiographs? a matks or scteens B, footswites het ter 4k opal gas asa Background Lighting 154, The contast sensitivity ofthe human eye Js greatest when the surroundings ‘compared to the area of interest on a radiograph bave: a. about the same brightness be. alower brightness ahigherBrighiness adjustable ight source should be used a. brightness ie nota factor in contrast Sacha viewer should allow viewing of sensitivity “densities at last up to: £70 a. LSH&D 155, For best contrast sensitivity the film b 25H8D viewing room should have lighting: « 40H&D a. 100 H&D a. asderk as posible e170 . approximately 38m , approximately 70m ¢. aslightas the aea of interest inthe film being reviewed E73, REG pace evar SeGr ocar oVST s0ST OvT 156. When ceviewing film, background lighting should = a bevirtually eliminated . ‘not eflect on the film under examination . bescarefully filtered 4d. be epproximately 20 km 99; FESe Optical Aids 157, A stereoscope isa device that: 8. projecis the contents of pair of stereoradiographs on a screen giving ‘spatial resol tions i the radiographs . permits each eye to see only one ofa pair of stereoradiographs 6 by exposing two film cassettes simultaneously from different angles, Level Ill Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 53 159, Incident light of intensity of 2.2 ke {200 f) on en area of film of 1.3 density transmits an intensity of 107. x (10 ‘What isthe intensity transmitted inthe area ofthe lm measuring 2,3 density? 2 53.8K(5 £2) b, Salix (0.5%) & 1081K( fe) ad. 11 (0.1 fe) aes Contrast 160, The relationship between film exposure and the resulting fil density of eny perticuar film i: a theunsharpness . the film contrast . the subject contrast none ofthe above enables the production of radiographs 49,638 4. allows accurate measurements of tie shift of an intage ina set of 11, As the kilovoltage is increased, the the kilovoltage is ine 5 stereoradiographs made for the costes a purpose of parallax ease 4. increases bi. decreases ‘remains the sarse Judging Radiographic Quality Density d. increases diectly with EZ i 158, The density of any radiographic image is in primatily dependent upon: 162, Radiographic image quality may be acversely affected by poor subject 4. the kilovoltage ofthe source of contrast; this may be caused bj radiation fe a b. the amount of radiation absorbed by 4 insufficient absorption diferenices in the emulsion of the film meses « bothaandb bi. excessive radiation energy for the 4. neither anorb application perry & scatter a. allofthe above 66 peor aver ager ceoT aneT alar 9st ee osSupplement to Recommended Practive SNT-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Radiographic Testing Method Level Ill Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 85 163. ‘The film contrast for the specimens being radiographed mey be determined from: a. the ize of fim ‘the radiation quality <. the slope ofthe characteristic curve forthe film 4, allof the above 67 164, Which ofthe followingis independent, for most practical purposes of the ‘wavelength and distribution ofthe radiation reaching te film? subject contrast radiographic contrast ‘lm contrast éefinition poee eer Definition 165. By increasing the soureé-to-flm distance in given exposure, the image sharpness increased decreased not affected decreased by a negligible amount asa pee 166, What is the eflect of the sensitivity of a 167, ‘Theimage sharpness of an object may be affocted by: a. typectfilm . type ofscreen ©. radiation quality d.-all of the above 87-90 168. When alead screen radiograph of an object shows a poorly defined image of the object, one course of action to correct this may be to: change to a course-grain film uusean X-ray tube of larger focal spot increase source-to-film distance change to fluorescent screens 87.90 Artifacts 169. During the oaing ofa film cassette the lead fel screens ae seratched. The resting rediograph would show: ‘a, mo change since deep scratches are not related to the film », broad fuzzy light lines corresponding to thescratches . defined dark lines corresponding to deep sevatches 4. random fim indication due to scatter caused by scratches aa I71, The appeatance of colored stains ona form radiograph could be caused 4. neutralization of the acd in the fixer solution 5, neutralization of the alkaline content in the fixer solution © acidification ofthe fixer solution 4, underdevelopment eats 172, Prolonged washing of film in water above 20°C (68 *F) has a tendency to: crystallize the gelatin b, soften the gelatin © cause yellow stein cause the imege to fade easzaas 173, When using lea foil intensifying screens, «fuzzy radiographic image ia sign + of oil or grease on the screens 1, that tin coating was used on the screens © of poor scteen-to-film contact 4, of forcign material between the screen and the fm. ea 174, A mottled radiograph can be caused by: 8. not removing the paper interleav before the exposure ad Image Quality Indicators 00 = VIh/2 Given @=— where: x = material thickness inches) 1QI thickness (inches) +h = essential hole diameter (inches) juivalent sensitivity (percent) 178. Using the formula given above, calculate the equivalent sensitivity of an ASTM #20 1QI showing the27 hole ona 32mm (1.25in) thick specimen. a 2.0% b 1.6% 18% 14%, Fetoas 176, Using the formula given above, esleulate ‘the specimen thickness ifthe eqnivalent sensitivity is 2.6% based on seeing the 4" hole in en ASTM #40 101, a. 34mm (1.35 in.) b. 80mm (3.17 in.) © 65 nm (2.56 in.) d. 55mm (2.17 in.) Fe1025 4177. The DIN type IQl is which type of image quality indicator? a, a plaque type :adiograph when the physical size of ‘ gama sonnets incredted whhiat '. using tin-coated lead screens ', a stepped type changing any other exposure factors? 170, Deep seratehes in lead screens resultin © Xoray difraction effects © awite ype dark lines on the radiograph, These are a. alloftheabove 4, anindirect imaging type 2. sensitivity and geometric unsharpness dueto: 82,69 sa some ei F absorbing ch the '. geometric sharpness and definition «Joss. of absorbing characteristic of felsosted lead fol resulting in more of the X-tay Uneaten ny Radon whe physical source size does not affect source reaching the film isfactory Radiograpk sensitivity . the seratch resulting in greater 4. geometric sharpness is increased and sanrface-erea of lead, causing alarger 178. Omission ofthe stop bath or rinsing of Sensitivity is decreased clectron emission area which affects the film may cause: Aas ‘exposure ofthe film ce. air gap between the deep scratch and a. streaking of te film 5 film b. yellow staining ofthe film 4. none of the above fogging of the film ea 4. filling ofthe emulsion extotn ‘ Woly 869F SGT. BLOT FOOT Gar FOr COT (Be OLE PLT GGLt his Dezy aly eal‘Supplement to Recommended Practice SNI-TC-1A (Q&A Book): Radiographic Testing Method Level It Questions ~ Radiographic Testing Method 87 178, Tmantomatic processing, poor drying of film can be attributed to which of the follwing ifthe drying temperature td arcirelation in the drying section are found tobe acceptable? a. underreplenishment ofthe fixer solution infrequent use of the processor ¢ tolleraligament in the wash section 4, overdevelopment eaeait 180, In automatic processing, sireaks on the film canbe attributed t 1. along interval between feeding of films bb. clogged developer recirculation system ity deyer tubes &. allofthe above eas 181. A milky appearing fixer solution could be cased by: the fier being too warm or exheusted 9. a sudden change in temperature use of acarbonate developer use of fine-grained fim aoge Exposure Calculations 182, Ifan exposure time of 1 min was necessary usinga L8m (6 ft) source-to-film distance for a particule ‘exposure, what time would be necessary ifa.09 m (3 f) source-to-filn distance is seed and all other variables remain the same? a. 2min b 15s <4min a. 308 2090 183, Themathematical rule of exposure which ‘governs the time-distance relation of the besic exposure calculator is: ‘a, the exposure time (1) required for a given exposure is directly ‘proportional to the squaze ofthe soutee-to-film distance (D) '. the exposure time (T) required for a given exposure is inversely proportional to the square of the soutce-to-ilm distance (D) ce. the exposure time (1) required for a sven exposure isinvereely proportional to the milliamperage 00 4. none of the above 4062 Blocking and Filtering 184, ‘The primary function of « fiers to: a reduce the penetrating ability ofthe radiation 'b, absorb longer wavelengths, which can produce increased seater «reduce exposure time ‘dL. eliminate most of the undercut caused by scatter Ass5458 185. Which ofthe following materials are typically used for filtration purposes in industrial radiography atenergies of 150-400 kV? a alumiaurn/magnestora i, leadlcopper atainlessstel/steel . cadmivm/zine E43 186, TOe60 Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-LA (Q&A Book): Radiographic Testing Method Gaging 208. In routine thickness gaging setups vsing gamma ray sources, which one of the following radiation detectors is most commonly used? a. anthracene crystal , ionization chamber © sodium iodige crystal sd. geiger-miller tube Abts 210, Of the following, which gaging application i most suitable for using samme rays? a. cigarette density gaging 1 thickness gaging of thin foils such as condenser papers. & paper thickness gage 4. liguid density gage Ars Imaging * 211, In asystem using a high-resolution screen and low-light level TV, real-time ‘maging must be conducted on 12,7 mam (05 in,} steel at 20 fpin, The motion Reabtime 212. Jn compating electronic image intensifies -systems that use TV presentation with those using telid-state screens and high-sensitivity closed-circoit TV systems, which ofthe following statements is false? a. the overall gain of an image intensifer/TV combination usually ‘excoods that ofthe soreen/'V combinations , the overall resolution of the intensifier/TV combination usually ‘exceeds that ofthe screen/T'V increases for either, the overall system ‘gain must also increase 4, the single crystal scintillating screens and the fine-grain fluorescent sereens have better resolution thaa the leetronic image intensifier tubes but mich lover light output agro Image-Object Relationships 213. Using geometric enlargement principles, determine the image ie if the objects 150mm (6 in, in diameter, the source Unsharpness must be held to 0.2 mm torfilm distance is 910 mn (36 In.),and (0.008 in), ‘the source-to-object distance is 760m (30 in), Source-to-object distance = 410 mam, (16 in.) and focal spot is 0.7 mara a. 180mm (72in.) (0.03 in,). Using the formula U,,= will, ’. 130mm (5 in) etermine the Width ofthe radiation 370mm (14.4in.) beam in the direction of motion: 250 mm (10in) 520 ‘e160 min (6.4in) b, Bimm(G.2in) 214, The focal spot should be as small as 63mm (2.5in) possible, because there is a definite 4. 234mm (1in) xelatiouship between the focal spot size, esse and: a. radiographic contrast », total radiation ootpat c. subject contrast : a. radiographic definition E20 if pore were Wie orre POLE G00e 215. Which of the following influences the amount of radiation that falls on the recording plane in the umbral region of the image? a the thickness characteristics of the test specimen b, theangle ofthe incident radiation 6 the size ofthe recording plane 4 the thickness of the recording plane cass Material Processing 216. A consequence of insufficient heat or the presence of scale on the sion face of the ‘weld bevel may be: 2 incomplete penetration i. oot concavity ‘c, excessive oot reinforcement 4. lackof fasion Aas7-498 217. Aweld made with an excessive number of passes or inarlequate speed of travel could result in: root concavity ). oxidation cexezsive root reinforcement incomplete penetration 0407-498 Discontinuities: Their Causes and Effects Level Ill Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 4. 219. A digcontinuityin welds caused by ges centrapmentin the molten metal, ‘moistare, improper cleaning, or lack of preheat is called: a. dross 1 lack of penetration ©. porosity cag inclusion 6.104:108; 6.350, 583, 220, A discontinuity consisting of one or ‘several parallel fissures caused by the internal rupture or facture of material ‘while inthe hot semiplstic tate is called: 2. lick of fusion b, tear unfused chaplet i. hoterack ea0as0s; .s82585 221. Cacks or fractures formed in a casting prior to completion of solidification because of restricted contraction is : indicative of : a shrinkage cavity b. hot tar © misean 4. cold shut 6300 222. AA discontinuity that may be the result of improper pouring temperature or alloy ‘composition is indicative of &. gas porosity 218, Discontinuities that develop in the base b shrinkage porosity metal during a welding process dispersed discontinuities employing materials with high material 4. unfused chaplets hardness, excessive restraint and the eas presence of hyirogen in the metal promotes the development of; | a, heat-affected zone cracking porosity &. lack of fusion 4 micro-shrinkage 585 wee Wee PORE «Fer CBTE:SCMLTe« CPOE eae‘Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1 (Q&A Book): Radiographio Testing Method 223, Adiscontnaity caused by gos reased lazing solidification or bythe ‘evaporation of moistare or volatile material from the mold surface is indicative of a microshrinkage b. shrinkage porosity & aninelusion 4. gas porosity caar 224, allure of the metal to fill the mold cavity, ‘thus creating a casting that is not Radiographic Appearance of Discontinuities 228, An indication on. casting radiogreph that appears as distinct dark tines ora ‘band of variable length and width, with & definite smooth outline, is indicative of a. shrinkage i. segregation cold shuts d. tears caer 228, Voids that are readily recognizable as 232, Indications on a radiographs that appear ph ‘a dark, ragged lines of variable widths and numerous branches with no definite Tine of continuity are indicative of cold eracks cold shuts hot tears core shifting aaa 233. A dark line of verying width on a radiograph that folloves the edge of the fusion zone of a weld is indicative of: Leve! Il Questions - Radiographic Testing Method 63 237, A narrow, dark line traveling in irregular directions would generally indicate the presence of a. acrack >. shagline & aligned porosity lack of fusion a0 238, Avery thin, straight, dark line, either continuous or intermittent, located parallel to'and normally on one side of ‘weld would be indicative of complete, =, sragoth, dark, round or oval-shaped 4. undercutting a. slag inclusion a acore shit pons with radiographiccontrast varying | &, incomplete fasion i, suck-up . acold shut disety with their diameter are: © porosity © aligned porosity eden | a. Shrinage & plgped poros a. buckles 2. gasporesity ous ae e209 '. shrinkage porosity <. segcegdiion | 234, Anindicaton appearing on aradiograph 239, The term used to deseribea groove or 225, A definite discontinuity that exists a. core shifting | asa dark, elongated area of varying depression located atthe junction of the because of imperfect fusion of two ous Jength or width located at the center of ‘weld and base material on the weld streams of metal that have convenged is weld would probably be cassified as: surfer 280, Anuneven yall thicknessin-oninternal & amisrin passage of casting as viewed in a a aligned porosity a sonpatty i. acold shut fadiograph is indicative of Db. slagline be. undercut c rattalt wagon tracks ©. lackof fusion 4. buckles a. misrans 4. lack of penetration 4. concavity ea0es08 0249 bh segregation | 204-105; 6.360, 582 ase fused chaplets : 226. Voids in «casting caused by inadequate cove shifing | 238, An onl oe circular dar spotwit au eto cre the Sides and feeding to compensate fr the volumetric ous | ‘smooth edges appearing on the ‘other solids which ate shown sinkage that occurs during | radiograph would most probably be radiographically ss elongated or rounded solidification are: 231, Wen elongated dak atea of varying indicative of inchualow is length and width that is either continuous > | shrinkage cavities or intermittent appears in the center of « 2. bura through ig bb. shits radiograph ofa weldment,itisindicatve | by crater crack >. porosity «© hottears of © porosity & suck-ap 4. Blowholes 4. lack of fsion @. worm holes e209 a cracks | ©0408; 6.250, 683 fener b. ‘compete penetration 227. Pacticles of foreign material sich aa sand «inclusions 236, An intermittent or continuous dark line ‘or slag that ate embedded in the cast 4. shdnkage i found ut the edge ofthe weld groove or metal te: ous bevel would probably be classified as a gasholes | aligned porosity buckles 1. slg line +g rata | &, root concavity &. inlosione J aL crater cracking e209 aaro | 7 ae a a ad