Intelligence has been defined in many different ways including as one's capacity

for logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, planning, creativity,

and problem solving. It can be more generally described as the ability to perceive information, and to
retain it as knowledge to be applied towards adaptive behaviors within an environment or context.
Intelligence is most widely studied in humans, but has also been observed in non-human animals
and in plants. Artificial intelligence is intelligence in machines. It is commonly implemented
in computer systems using program software.
Within the discipline of psychology, various approaches to human intelligence have been adopted.
The psychometric approach is especially familiar to the general public, as well as being the most
researched and by far the most widely used in practical settings.[1]

Why study intelligence?

Humans are unique in their intelligence.

Intelligence is arguably the most significant individual difference.
The study of intelligence is historically central to modern psychology. Intelligence theory and testing has
played a very important role in the history and evolution of modern psychology.
Intelligence is widely measured & used in decision making, e.g. clinical, education, job selection, etc.
Intelligence arguably underlies all other aspects of human psychology.
Intelligence is a ubiquitous psychological difference between people which is often overlooked.
Intelligence has been considered as a 6th personality factor to be added to the "Big 5" personality
factors.
Intelligence theory and testing has had a checkered history which illustrates important ethical issues in
science and psychology.

1 Alfred Binet (French: [bin]; July 8, 1857 October 18, 1911) was a French psychologist who invented
the first practical IQ test, the BinetSimon test
2Thodore Simon (French: [sim]; 10 July 1872 4 September 1961) was a French psychologist who
worked with Alfred Binet to develop the Binet-Simon scale
3Dury is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
4pinay-sur-Orge is a commune in the Essonne department in le-de-France in northern France.
5Neuilly-sur-Marne is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 13.1 km
(8.1 mi) from the center of Paris.
6Charles Samson Fr (13 July 1852 in Auffay 22 April 1907) was a French physician.
7Sigmund Freud (/frd/ FROYD;[3] German: [zikmnt ft]; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6
May 1856 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a
clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a
psychoanalyst
8Josef Breuer (German: [b]; 15 January 1842 20 June 1925) was a
distinguished Austrian physician who made key discoveries in neurophysiology
9ean-Martin Charcot (/rko/; French: [ako]; 29 November 1825 16 August 1893) was a
French neurologist and professor of anatomical pathology
10Jean Piaget (French: [ pja]; 9 August 1896 16 September 1980) was a Swiss clinical
psychologist known for his pioneering work in child development. Piaget's theory of cognitive
development and epistemological view are together called "genetic epistemology".
11Carl Gustav Jung (/j/; Swiss German pronunciation: [karl staf j]; 26 July 1875 6 June
1961) was a Swisspsychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology
12Thodore Simon (French: [sim]; 10 July 1872 4 September 1961) was a French psychologist
who worked with Alfred Binet to develop the Binet-Simon scale, one of the most widely used scales
in the world for measuring intelligence
13Lewis Madison Terman (January 15, 1877 December 21, 1956) was an American psychologist
141883, years of unaccompanied study ended when Binet was introduced to Charles Fere
15Sir Francis Galton, (born Feb. 16, 1822, near Sparkbrook, Birmingham,
Warwickshire, Eng.died Jan. 17, 1911, Grayshott
House, Haslemere, Surrey), English explorer, anthropologist, and eugenicist,
known for his pioneering studies of human intelligence. He was knighted in
1909.
16Charles Darwin, in full Charles Robert Darwin (born February 12, 1809,
Shrewsbury, Shropshire, Englanddied April 19, 1882, Downe, Kent),
17Clark Wissler, (born September 18, 1870, Wayne county, Indiana, U.S.
died August 25, 1947, New York, New York), American anthropologist who
developed the concept of culture area.
18James McKeen Cattell, (born May 25, 1860, Easton, Pa., U.S.died Jan.
20, 1944, Lancaster, Pa.), U.S.psychologist who oriented U.S
19A.R. Luria, (born July 3, 1902, Kazan, Russiadied 1977), Soviet
neuropsychologist. After earning degrees in psychology,
20Lewis Terman, in full Lewis Madison Terman (born January 15, 1877,
Johnson county, Indiana, U.S.died December 21, 1956,
Amplified
Where is the wise man (the philosopher)? Where is the scribe (the scholar)? Where is
the investigator (the logician, the debater) of this present time and age? Has not God
shown up the nonsense and the folly of this world's wisdom?