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CATExamReview
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Question39of41
Studiesoftherotationalvelocityofagalaxyatvariousdistancesfromtheircenterofmasshaveshownthatninety
percentoftheuniversesmasscouldexistintheformofdarkmatter.
rotationalvelocityofagalaxyatvariousdistancesfromtheircenterofmasshaveshownthatninety
percentoftheuniversesmasscouldexistintheformof
rotationalvelocityofgalaxiesatvaryingdistancesfromtheircentersofrotationhaveshownthatasmuch
asninetypercentofthemassoftheuniverseexistsintheformof
rotationalvelocityofgalaxiesatvaryingdistancesfromtheircenterofmasshasshownthatuptoninety
percentofthemassoftheuniverseismadeof
rotationalvelocityofgalaxiesatvaryingdistancesfromtheirrotationalcentershasshownthatasmuch
asninetypercentofuniversalmassmightexistas
galacticrotationatvariousdistancesfromthegalacticcenterofrotationhaveshownuptoninetypercent
ofthemassovertheuniverseexistintheformof
HideExplanation
Theprimarypurposeofthissentenceistodiscussthefindingsofagroupofstudies,namely,thatmuchofthemass
oftheuniverseexistsasdarkmatter.ThemainsubjectandverbofthesentencearethereforeStudieshave
shown.Thefindingsofthestudyaredescribedbytheclausethatasmuchas,containingthesubjectverb
pairingninetypercentexists.
(A)Thissentenceincorrectlyusesthepluralpronountheirtoreferbacktothesingularantecedentgalaxy.
(B)CORRECT.Thissentencecorrectlymatchesbothsubjectverbpairings.
(C)Thissentenceincorrectlypairsthesingularverbphrasehasshownwiththepluralnounstudies.
(D)Thissentenceincorrectlypairsthesingularverbphrasehasshownwiththepluralnounstudies.
(E)Thissentenceincorrectlypairsthesingularsubjectninetypercentwiththepluralverbexist.Further,this
sentenceincorrectlystates,studieshaveshownuptoninetypercent(omittingthewordthatfromtheanswer)
implyingthatthestudiesthemselvesrevealedninetypercentinsteadofrevealingthatninetypercentexists.Inorder
tocorrectlypairthefindingsofthestudiestotheentireclause,thewordthatmustbeinserted.
EndExamYoumustselectananswertoproceed.Next>>ProblemList<<Prev
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Question32of41
Inrecentyears,scholarsofpsychologyhavebeguntoexaminemoreseriouslythenotion,firstproposedbyJohn
Keats,of"negativecapability"theideathatmaintainingcalmnessamiduncertaintyanddoubt,ratherthan
experiencingananxiousurgetofindsolutions,isagenuinetalentandpossiblyevenatherapeutictool.
Inrecentyears,scholarsofpsychologyhavebeguntoexaminemoreseriouslythenotion,firstproposed
byJohnKeats,of"negativecapability"the
ProposedfirstbyJohnKeats,thenotionof"negativecapability,"whichscholarsofpsychologybeganto
examinemoreseriouslyinrecentyears:thisisthe
Thenotionof"negativecapability,"whichJohnKeatsfirstproposedandscholarsofpsychologyrecently
begantotakemoreseriouslythe
ProposedfirstbyJohnKeats,andrecentlyscholarsofpsychologybegantotakeitmoreseriously,the
notionof"negativecapability"isthe
FirstproposedbyJohnKeats,scholarsofpsychologyhaverecentlybeguntotakethenotionof"negative
capability"moreseriouslythisisthe
HideExplanation
ThesentencenotesthatJohnKeats'sideaof"negativecapability"hasreceivedmoreattentionfromscholarsin
recentyears,andthengoesontoprovideadefinitionofthatterm.
(A)CORRECT.ThemodifierfirstproposedbyJohnKeatsproperlydescribesthenotion,andtheexplanationsetoff
bythedashisproperlyplacednextto"negativecapability,"thetermthatitdefines.Inaddition,iftheexplanation
followingthedashisremoved,theremainingportionisacompletesentenceasrequired.
(B)Theportionofthesentenceprecedingthecolonisafragment,consistingonlyofthenotionandmodifiers.
(C)Theportionofthesentenceprecedingthecolonisafragment,consistingonlyofthenotionandmodifiers.The
explanationsetoffbythedashisunnecessarilyfarawayfrom"negativecapability,"thetermitisintendedtodefine.
(D)Inthissentence,amodifier(ProposedfirstbyJohnKeats)isplacedimproperlyinparallelwithacomplete
clause(scholarsofpsychologybegantotakeitmoreseriously).Inaddition,thesentencecontainsarunon
structure:scholarsbegantotakeitseriously,thenotionof"negativecapability"istheidea.Itsincorrecttoconnect
twoindependentclausesbyacommawithoutanyconjunction.
(E)TheopeningmodifierFirstproposedbyJohnKeatsisfollowedbyscholarsofpsychology,illogicallysuggesting
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thatKeatssomehow"proposed"thescholarsthemselves.
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Question26of41
Policymakersremainconcernedabouttheprospectofinflation,althoughtherearefewsignsofincreasingenergy
pricesdrivingupthecostofothergoodssofar.
remainconcernedabouttheprospectofinflation,althoughtherearefewsignsofincreasingenergyprices
drivingupthecostofothergoodssofar
stillremainconcernedabouttheprospectsofinflationthereareasyetfewsignsthatincreasingenergy
pricesarecurrentlydrivingupthecostofothergoods
remainconcernedabouttheprospectforinflation,eventhoughasyetfewsignsofhigherenergyprices
aredrivingupthecostofothergoodssofar
stillremainconcernedaboutinflation,eventhoughtherearecurrentlyfewsignsthatincreasingenergy
pricesdriveupthecostofothergoods
remainconcernedabouttheprospectofinflation,despitethedearthofsignsthusfarthatincreasing
energypricesaredrivingupthecostofothergoods
HideExplanation
Themeaningofthissentenceisthatpolicymakersareconcernedaboutinflation,eventhoughtherearenosigns
thatcurrenttrendsinenergypriceshaveyetcausedanyactualinflation.Toconveythismessageeffectively,the
sentenceshouldmodify"signs"withaconstructionthatreferstotheactofdrivingupcosts,andotherdescriptive
elements(suchas"sofar"oranequivalentexpression)shouldbeplacedinalocationwhereitisclearwhattheyare
modifying.Finally,thesentencemustexplicitlyexpressthecontrastbetweenthepolicymakers'concernsandthe
statedlackofsignsinthecurrenteconomy.
(A)"Ofincreasingenergypricesdriving"isnotacorrectconstructionaprepositionalphrasecannothaveanoun+
verbingconstructionasitsobject.Toexpressthiskindofreferenceinwhichtheentirefollowingideaisthe
intendeddescriptionof"signs"aclauseshouldbeused.(Interpretedinagrammaticallyproperway,thissentence
suggeststhat"signsofhigherenergyprices"arethethingsthatcouldpotentiallydriveupthecostofgoods.)In
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addition,theplacementof"sofar"createsambiguityitcouldmeanthatthereare,thusfar,fewsigns(theintended
meaning),butitcouldalsomeanthattheenergypricesaredrivingupthecostofothergoodsbyagreatdeal(driving
themupsofar).

(B)Thecombinationof"still"and"remain"isredundantonlyoneofthesewordsisnecessary.Thecombinationof
"asyet"and"currently"isalsoredundant.Additionally,byconnectingthetwoclauseswithasemicolon,the
sentencefailstoindicatethecontrastbetweenthepolicymakers'concernsandthelackofactualsignstowarrant
thoseconcerns.Finally,inflationisasingleprospect,sotheplural"prospects"isinappropriate.
CATExamReview
(C)Inthissentence,thesubjectof"aredrivingupthecost"is"signs(ofhigherenergyprices)"illogically
suggestingthatindicatorsofhighenergyprices,ratherthanhighenergypricesthemselves,candriveupthecostof YouwereINCORRECT
othergoods.Theuseofboth"asyet"and"sofar"isredundantonlyoneoftheseconstructionshouldbeused.
Finally,"prospectfor"isunidiomaticthecorrectidiomis"prospectof". Question24of41

AccordingtotheNationalScienceFoundation,in2003therewere198,113femalescienceandengineeringgraduate
(D)Thecombinationof"still"and"remain"isredundantonlyoneofthesewordsisnecessary.Thesubstitutionof
students,almost42%ofthegraduatestudentsinthosefields,twiceasmuchas1981.
"inflation"for"prospectofinflation"createsanunacceptablechangeinmeaningthischoicesuggeststhatinflation
isactuallyhappeningintheeconomy,ratherthantheoriginallyintendedmeaning(expertsareconcernedthatitcould twiceasmuchas1981
happen).Finally,thepresenttense"driveup"isillogical.Thattensesuggestsageneral,permanentlytruefactabout
twiceasmanyas1981
theeconomyinotherwords,thiswordingmeansthatthereisn'tmuchevidencethatincreasingenergypricesdrive
upthecostofgoodsingeneral.Theintendedmeaningisthatthecostofgoodsisnotbeingdrivenupatthecurrent doublethefigurefor1981
moment,sothepresentprogressive"aredriving"shouldbeusedinstead. doublewhatitwasin1981
anumberdoublethatof1981s
(E)CORRECT.Thischoiceusesaconcise,nonredundantconstruction("remainconcerned")toexpressthe
analysts'stateofmind.Thesentenceuses"despite"toexpressthecontrastbetweenthatconcernandthelackof
explicitsignstowarrantit.Finally,"thusfar"isplacedinalocationwhereitsmeaningiscleartherearefewsigns HideExplanation
thusfarandtheclause"thatpricesaredriving"isproperlyusedtodescribe"signs".
Intheoriginalsentence,muchincorrectlyreferencesthequantityoffemalegraduatestudents.Studentsare
countable,somanyisthecorrectterm.Additionally,as1981incorrectlycompletesthecomparison,illogically
ThecorrectanswerisE.
comparingthenumberofpeople(the198,113femalescienceandengineeringgraduatestudents)toayear(1981).
EndExamYoumustselectananswertoproceed.Next>>ProblemList<<Prev
(A)Thischoiceisincorrectasitrepeatstheoriginalsentence.

(B)As1981incorrectlycompletesthecomparison,illogicallycomparingthenumberofpeople(the198,113female
scienceandengineeringgraduatestudents)toayear(1981).

(C)CORRECT.Doublethefigureplacestheemphasisonthenumberoffemalegraduatestudents,andcorrectly
completesthecomparisonbetweenthenumberofpeopleinoneyear(198,133in2003)andthenumberofpeoplein
anotheryear(thefigurefor1981).

(D)Whatitwasiswordy,awkward,andunclear.Thesingularpronoun"it"hasnoclearantecedent.

(E)Doublethatof1981siswordy,awkward,andunclear.Thesingularpronoun"that"hasnoclear
antecedent.Thepossessive"1981's"isnotfollowedbyanountopossess.

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ambiguousinthischoice,whilethemeaningintheoriginalsentenceisquiteclear:werecomparingthosewho
speakEnglishasasecondlanguagetothosewhospeakEnglishasafirstlanguage.

(E)CORRECT.ThischoicecorrectlycompareschildrenwhoseparentsspeakEnglishasasecondlanguagewith
thelogicallyparallelchildrenwhoseparentsarenativeEnglishspeakers."
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Question19of41

Studiesoftestscoresshowthatwatchingtelevisionhasamarkedlypositiveeffectonchildrenwhoseparents
speakEnglishasasecondlanguage,ascomparedtothosewhosenativelanguageisEnglish.

tothosewhosenativelanguageisEnglish
withchildrenwhosenativelanguageisEnglish
withthosewhoarenativeEnglishspeakers
tochildrenwhoseparentsdonot
withchildrenwhoseparentsarenativeEnglishspeakers

HideExplanation
Comparisonsmustcomparelogicallyparallelthings,butthissentencecompares"childrenwhoseparentsspeak
Englishasasecondlanguage"with"those(children)whosenativelanguageisEnglish.(Notethatthepronoun
"those"referstochildrenlogicallyandstructurally,becauseoftheparallelismrequiredinacomparison.Thereisno
pronounerror.)Logictellsusthatachildcanbeinbothofthesecategories:achildwhoisanativeEnglishspeaker
canhaveparentswhospeakEnglishasasecondlanguage.Becausethefirstiteminthecomparisonchildren
whoseparentsspeakEnglishasasecondlanguage,isnotunderlinedweneedtofindachoicethatcontainsa
comparisonbetweentwothingsthatareactuallycomparable(anapplestoapplestypeofcomparison).

Notethat"comparedto"and"comparedwith"areequivalentidiomsfromthepointofviewoftheGMATeitheris
correct.Thissplitismerelyanattempttogetustowastetime.Accordingtosomeusageexperts,thesetwoidioms
differslightlyintheiremphasisonsimilaritiesvs.differences,butthisdistinctionisnotuniversallyrespected.

(A)Thischoiceisincorrect,forthereasonsgivenintheparagraphabove.

(B)Thischoicecontinuestocompare"childrenwhoseparentsspeakEnglishasasecondlanguage"with"children
whosenativelanguageisEnglish."

(C)AlthoughthischoicereplaceswhosenativelanguageisEnglishwiththeequivalentphrasewhoarenative
Englishspeakers,thechoicedoesnotfixtheoriginalcomparisonerror.Thesentencestillcompareschildren
whoseparentsspeakEnglishasasecondlanguage"withchildrenwhoarenativeEnglishspeakers.

(D)Thesecondgroupisnowchildrenwhoseparentsdonot(speakEnglishasasecondlanguage).Dotheparents
inthissecondgroupspeakEnglishasanativelanguage,then?OrdotheynotspeakEnglishatall?Themeaningis

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(C)Thischoiceincorrectlyusesthegerundpullingtheverbshouldbeinparallelformtoconceded,asthese
verbsareusedinalogicallyparallelmannerinthesentence.

(D)Thischoiceincorrectlytreatsthefinalverbclauseledtoasharpdropinthecompanyssharepriceasathird
iteminthelist,whenitservesadifferentfunctioninthesentence.Theconstructioninthischoicealsoincorrectly
suggeststhatthesoapmanufactureritselfledtoasharpdropinthecompanyssharepricemoreprecisely,itwas
theconcessionofthesoapmanufacturer,notthesoapmanufactureritself,thatledtothedrop.

CATExamReview (E)Theuseoftheverbconstructionhavingledisunjustifiedinthesentence,andalsoincorrectlyattributesthe
dropinsharepricetothesoapmanufactureritselfasopposedtothemanufacturersactions.

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Question1of41

Thesoapmanufacturerconcededthatitsproductmayhavecontributedtotherecentoutbreakofskinirritation
experiencedbyitsconsumersandhavingpulledtheproduct,ledtoasharpdropinthecompanysshareprice.

havingpulledtheproduct,ledto

pulledtheproduct,leadingto

pullingtheproduct,leadingto

pulledtheproduct,ledto

pulledtheproduct,havingledto

HideExplanation

Theoriginalsentenceisincorrectinitstreatmentoftheverbshavingpulledandled.Theverbsconcededatthe
beginningofthesentenceandpulledservelogicallyparallelfunctionsinthesentence,andsoshouldadopta
parallelstructure.Theconstructionhavingpulledisunparallelinthesentence.Also,theuseofledafterthe
commaisincorrect,asthecommaindicatesthatledtoasharpdropinthecompanyssharepriceisnotservingas
athirditeminthelist,butasadistinctclausedescribingtheresultsoftheactionsofthecompany.Theuseofled
inthissentenceincorrectlysuggeststhatthesoapmanufactureritselfledtoasharpdropinthecompanysshare
pricemoreprecisely,itwastheconcessionofthesoapmanufactureranditspullingoftheproduct,notthesoap
manufactureritself,thatledtothedrop.Ledismoreappropriatelytreatedasdistinctfrom,andnotparallelto,the
verbsconcededandpulled.

(A)Thischoiceisincorrectasitrepeatstheoriginalsentence.

(B)CORRECT.Inthischoice,pulledistreatedinastructurallyparallelmannertoconceded.Also,leading
correctlybeginstheverbclauseafterthecommaingrammaticalfashionandcorrectlyattributesthedropinshare
pricetothemanufacturersactions.

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no"and"between"attended"and"received,"asthereshouldalwaysbebetweentheitemsinatwoitemlist.

(E)Thisanswerchoicecreatesanincompletesentencethatlacksthemainverbandconsistsmerelyofaseriesof
"ing"forms:attending,receiving,anddeveloping.

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Question35of41

AftermovingtoSwitzerlandinthe1890s,AlbertEinsteinattendedtheSwissFederalPolytechnicSchoolinZurich,
receivingindepthtraininginquantitativeanalysisanddevelopingafoundationforhisfutureworkinmathematical
physics.

attendedtheSwissFederalPolytechnicSchoolinZurich,receivingindepthtraininginquantitative
analysisanddeveloping
attendedtheSwissFederalPolytechnicSchoolinZurich,receivingindepthtraininginquantitative
analysisanddeveloped
attendedtheSwissFederalPolytechnicSchoolinZurich,receivedindepthtraininginquantitative
analysis,andhedeveloped
attendedtheSwissFederalPolytechnicSchoolinZurich,receivedindepthtraininginquantitative
analysis,developing

attendingtheSwissFederalPolytechnicSchoolinZurich,receivingindepthtraininginquantitative
analysis,anddeveloping

HideExplanation

Theoriginalsentenceexpressesthemainverbattendedinthepasttenseandthetwosubordinateactionsinthe"
ing"form.Thisconstructioncorrectlyindicatesthatreceivinganddevelopingfollowedasaconsequenceof
EinsteinsattendanceoftheSwissFederalPolytechnicSchoolinZurich.

(A)CORRECT.Thisanswerchoiceiscorrectasitrepeatstheoriginalsentence.

(B)Thisanswerchoicebreaksthecorrectparallelismof"receiving"and"developing"presentintheoriginal
sentence.

(C)Thisanswerchoiceexpressesalltheverbsintheunderlinedportioninthesameform:attended,received,
anddeveloped.Thischangealterstheoriginalmeaningofthesentencebymakingtheseactionsindependentand
sequentialratherthandemonstratingthatreceivinganddevelopingoccurredasaconsequenceofthefactthat
AlbertEinsteinattendedtheSwissFederalPolytechnicSchoolinZurich.Further,thisanswerchoiceintroduces
theredundantpronounhe,whichunnecessarilyrepeatsthesubjectofthesentenceandbreaksparallelism.

(D)Thisanswerchoicemakes"attended"and"received"parallel,leaving"developing"asasubordinateaction.This
changealtersthemeaningofthesentence,asdescribedaboveintheexplanationforchoice(C).Moreover,thereis
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discus,butthendescribesthediscusasmoredangerous.Thisversionalsosetsupacomparisonbetweenthe
javelin'ssharppointandthediscus.Thiscomparisonisnonparallelthesentenceshouldcomparethediscuswith
thejavelinitself,notwiththejavelin'spoint.

(E)CORRECT.Thischoiceplacesobviouslyinfrontofdangerous,correctlyconveyingtheintendedideathatthe
dangerposedbythejavelinismoreobviousthanthatposedbythediscus.Themodifierwithitssharppointis
correctlyusedtoexplainwhythejavelinissoobviouslydangerous.Finally,thesecondclauseisintroducedby
however,atransitionthatcorrectlyindicatesthecontrastbetweenthetwoclauses.
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Question34of41

Thejavelinhasasharppoint,whichismoreobviouslydangerousthanthediscusmoreover,thediscusisactually
morelikelytoinjurebystandersbecause,especiallywhenwet,itcanslipoutofthethrower'shandandflyina
randomtrajectory.

javelinhasasharppoint,whichismoreobviouslydangerousthanthediscusmoreover,
javelinhasasharppointandisobviouslymoredangerousthanthediscushowever,
javelin'ssharppointisobviouslymoredangerousthanthediscus,eventhough
javelin'ssharppointmakesitobviouslymoredangerousthanthediscus,eventhough
javelin,withitssharppoint,ismoreobviouslydangerousthanthediscushowever,

HideExplanation
Thissentencedescribesacontrastbetweenappearanceandreality:thejavelinseemsmoredangerousthanthe
discus,becauseofitsphysicalappearance,butthediscusisactuallymorelikelytoinjurebystanders.Thesentence
mustexpressthiscontrastwithanappropriatetransition.Additionally,theadverbobviouslymustbeplacedwith
care:ifobviouslyisplacedinfrontofmoredangerous,thentheresultingsentencecontradictsitself.Theintended
meaningisnotthatthejavelinisactuallymoredangerous,but,rather,thatthedangerposedbythejavelinismore
obviousthanthatposedbythediscustherefore,obviouslyshouldbeplaceddirectlyinfrontofdangerous.

(A)Therelativepronounwhichreferstoasharppoint,thussettingupacomparisonbetweenasharppointandthe
discus.Thiscomparisonisnonparallelthesentenceshouldcomparethediscuswiththejavelinitself,notwiththe
javelin'spoint.Theconnectormoreover,whileacceptablefromthestandpointofpuregrammar,isillogical,sincethe
followingobservationdoesnotreinforcetheprecedingone.

(B)Thissentenceisselfcontradictory:itbeginsbystatingthatthejavelinis"obviouslymoredangerous"thanthe
discus,butthendescribesthediscusasmoredangerous.Additionally,theconnectorandillogicallysuggeststhat
theobviousnessofthedangerposedbythejavelinisindependentofitshavingasharppoint.

(C)Thisversionsetsupacomparisonbetweenthejavelin'ssharppointandthediscus.Thiscomparisonis
nonparallelthesentenceshouldcomparethediscuswiththejavelinitself,notwiththejavelin'spoint.Also,this
sentenceisselfcontradictory:itbeginsbystatingthatthejavelinis"obviouslymoredangerous"thanthediscus,but
thendescribesthediscusasmoredangerous.

(D)Thissentenceisselfcontradictory:itbeginsbystatingthatthejavelinis"obviouslymoredangerous"thanthe

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Question15of41 Question14of41

Since1989,aftertheBerlinWallhadbeendemolished,oneofthemostproblematicethnicgroupsinthereunified Therelationshipbetweencellphoneuseandtheincidenceofbraintumorsisstillunclear,thisisbecausesome
Germany,inculturalandeconomicassimilationterms,weretheformerEastGermans,whohavehadtoacclimate studiesshowacausalrelationshipwhileothersdonot.
toanentirelydifferentpoliticalsystem.
isstillunclear,thisisbecausesomestudiesshow
aftertheBerlinWallhadbeendemolished,oneofthemostproblematicethnicgroupsinthereunified isstillunclearsomestudiesshow
German,inculturalandeconomicassimilationterms,weretheformerEastGermans
arestillunclearbecausesomestudiesshow
aftertheBerlinWallwasdemolished,oneofthemostproblematicethnicgroupsinthereunified
Germany,inculturaltermsaswellasthoseofeconomicassimilation,weretheformerEastGermans isstillunclearbecause:somestudiesshow

whentheBerlinWallwasdemolished,oneofthereunifiedGermany'smostproblematicethnicgroups,in
termsofculturalandeconomicassimilation,wastheformerEastGermans
whentheBerlinWallwasdemolished,oneofthemostproblematicethnicgroupsinthereunified
Germany,intermsofculturalandeconomicassimilation,hasbeentheformerEastGermans
aftertheBerlinWallhadbeendemolished,oneofthemostproblematicethnicgroupsinthereunified
Germany,inbothtermsofculturalandeconomicassimilation,havebeentheformerEastGermans
isstillunclearthereasonisthatsomestudiesshow
HideExplanation
Theoriginalsentenceincorrectlyusesacommatojointwoindependentclauses.Asisthecasewiththetwo
clausesinthissentence(Therelationshipisstillunclearandthisisbecausesomestudiesshowwhileothers
donot),independentclausescontainasubjectandaverbandcanstandaloneasindependentsentences.While
semicolonscanjointwoindependentclauses,commascannot.Further,thisisbecauseisunnecessarilywordy.

HideExplanation
(A)Thischoiceisincorrectasitrepeatstheoriginalsentence.
Thesubjectofthesentenceis"oneofthemostproblematicethnicgroups",asingularnoun.Theverb,however,is
"were,"whichisplural.Weneedtofindachoicethatusesasingularverbinstead. (B)CORRECT.Thesemicoloncorrectlyconnectstwoindependentclauses.Also,thesingularverbisagreesin
numberwiththesingularsubjectrelationship.
(A)Thischoiceisthesameastheoriginalsentence.
(C)Thepluralverbaredoesnotagreeinnumberwiththesingularsubjectrelationship.
(B)Thischoicedoesnotcorrectthesubjectverbissueitstilluses"were"toreferto"group."

(C)Thischoiceusesthesingular"was,"butthesimplepastisnottheappropriatetenseherebecauseofthe
ongoingnatureoftheproblem.Moreover,"thereunifiedGermany'smostproblematicethnicgroups"isanawkward
construction.
(D)CORRECT.Thischoiceusesthesingular"hasbeen,"whichisalsointhepresentperfecttense,indicatingthe
ongoingnatureoftheproblem.Moreover,"intermsofculturalandeconomicassimilation"isamoreidiomaticand
elegantphrasingthanthatoftheoriginal.
(E)Thischoicedoesnotcorrectthesubjectverbissueituses"havebeen"toreferto"group."
EndExamYoumustselectananswertoproceed.Next>>ProblemList<<Prev
(D)Whileisagreesinnumberwiththesingularsubjectrelationship,thecolonisusedincorrectlyinthischoice.
Colonsmustbeprecededbyindependentclauses.Independentclausescontainasubjectandaverbandcanstand
aloneasindependentsentences.Inthiscase,however,thecolonisprecededbyTherelationshipisstillunclear
because,whichisnotaclausethatcanstandaloneasanindependentsentence.
(E)Whilethesemicoloncorrectlyconnectstwoindependentclauses,andwhileisagreesinnumberwiththe
singularsubjectrelationship,thereasonisthatisunnecessarilywordy.Themoreconciseversioninanswer
choice(B)ispreferred.
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(E)Thewordvariablesisacountablenoun,soitneedstobemodifiedbytheadjectivemany,nottheadjective
much(whichisusedforuncountablenouns).Thischoicemayseemmoreconcisethanothers,butitintroducesa
modifiererror.
EndExamYoumustselectananswertoproceed.Next>>ProblemList<<Prev

CATExamReview
YouwereINCORRECT

Question13of41

Manyoftodaysmathematiciansusecomputerstotestcasesthatareeithertootimeconsumingorinvolvetoo
manyvariablestotestmanually,allowingtheexplorationoftheoreticalissuesthatwereimpossibletotesta
generationago.

areeithertootimeconsumingorinvolvetoomanyvariablestotestmanually,allowingtheexplorationof
eithertaketoomuchtimeorinvolvetoomanyvariablestobetestedmanuallyallowingthe
mathematicianstoexplore
wouldeithertaketoomuchtimeorinvolvetoomanyvariablestotestmanually,allowingthemtoexplore
wouldeitherbetootimeconsumingorwouldinvolvetoomanyvariablestotestmanuallythiscapability
allowsthemathematicianstoexplore
taketoomuchtimeorvariablestotestmanuallythiscapabilityallowsthemathematicianstoexplore

HideExplanation
Accordingtothissentence,manyoftodaysmathematiciansusecomputerizedtestingfortwokindsofcases:first,
thosethattaketoomuchtimeformanualtesting,and,second,thosecontainingtoomanyvariablesformanual
testing.Thestructureusedtointroducethesecases,eitherXorY,demandsparallelism.

(A)Tootimeconsumingandinvolvetoomanyvariablesarenotparallel.Becausetheverbareappearsbeforethe
parallelismmarkereither,parallelismdictatesthefollowingreadingoftheseconditem:totestcasesthatareinvolve
toomanyvariables.Theseconditemhastwoverbs!

(B)Asemicolon()isusedtoconnecttwocompletesentences.Inthischoice,thesecondportion(allowing)is
notacompletesentence.

(C)CORRECT.Taketoomuchtimeandinvolvetoomanyvariablesareproperlyparallel.Thechangetothe
hypotheticalformwouldisacceptablebecausethesentenceindicatesthatthesecaseswouldnotbetestedifthey
hadtobetestedmanually.Thepronounthemisalsoacceptable,asitpointsbacktothesubjectofthefirsthalfof
thesentence(manyoftoday'smathematiciansusecomputers,allowingthemtoexplore...).

(D)Betootimeconsumingandwouldinvolvetoomanyvariablesarenotparallel.Becausetheverbwouldappears
beforetheparallelismmarkereither,parallelismdictatesthefollowingreadingoftheseconditem:totestcasesthat
wouldwouldinvolvetoomanyvariables.Theseconditemrepeatsthewordwould!

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(E)Thischoiceisincorrectbecause,whileitreplacesthe"lessavailability"with"decreasedavailability,"itleaves
"greaterdemand.""Remainsataconsistentlyhighprice"isredundant.Itisalsomoreconcisetocomparethe
platinumtothegold,ratherthanthehighprice(ofplatinum)to"thatofthegold"asisattemptedinE.
EndExamYoumustselectananswertoproceed.Next>>ProblemList<<Prev

CATExamReview
YouwereINCORRECT

Question12of41

Becauseoflessavailabilityandgreaterdemandforscientificresearch,platinumremainsconsistentlyexpensive,
likegold.

Becauseoflessavailabilityandgreaterdemandforscientificresearch,platinumremainsconsistently
expensive,likegold.
Becauseoflessavailabilityandincreaseddemandforscientificresearch,platinumremainsconsistently
expensive,likethatofgold.
Becauseofdecreasedavailabilityandincreaseddemandinscientificresearch,platinumremains
expensive,likegold.
Becauseofdecreasedavailabilityandincreaseddemandforscientificresearch,platinumremains
expensive,likegold.
Becauseofdecreasedavailabilityandgreaterdemandinscientificresearch,platinumremainsata
consistentlyhighprice,likethatofgold.

HideExplanation
Theoriginalsentencecontainsseveralerrors.First,"lessavailability"isincorrectwhennotusedinadirect
comparison:itbegsthequestion"Lessthanwhat?""Decreasedavailability"wouldbebetterhere.Second,"greater
demand"alsobegsthequestion"greaterthanwhat?""Increaseddemand"wouldbebetter.Third,"Demandfor
scientificresearch"impliesthattheresearchisindemand,wheninfactitistheplatinum."Demandinscientific
research"wouldbebetter.Fourth,"remainsconsistentlyexpensive"isredundant."Remainsexpesnive"wouldbe
enoughtoconveytheidea.

(A)Thischoiceisincorrectasitrepeatstheoriginalsentence.

(B)Thischoiceisincorrectbecausewhileitreplacesthe"greaterdemand"with"increaseddemand,"itleaves"less
availability.""Demandforscientificresearch"shouldbechangedto"demandin."Theredundancyof"consistently"
remains,andaillogicalcomparisonisdrawnbetweenplatinumand"thatofgold."Itisunclearwhatthe"that"refers
to.

(C)CORRECT.Thischoicereplaces"lessavailability"with"decreasedavailability"and"greaterdemand"with
"increaseddemand."Theword"consistently"isremoved,and"demandfor"ischangedto"demandin."

(D)Thischoiceincorrectlykeeps"Demandforscientificresearch,"whichshouldbechangedto"demandin
scientificresearch"
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(D)Thischoicecomparesthenumberofcaraccidentscausedbyfaultybrakestoaccidentscausedbyfaulty
wiring.Thecorrect(i.e.,logicallyandstructurallyparallel)comparisonisbetweenthenumberofcaraccidents
causedbyfaultybrakestothenumberofcaraccidentscausedbyfaultywiring.Third,thepastperfect"hadbeen
relaxed"canonlybecorrectlyusedtoindicatethattheregulationswererelaxedpriortosomeotheractioninthe
past.Inthissentence,thereisnootherpastaction,sotheuseofthepastperfecttensecannotbejustifiedandthe
simplepast"wererelaxed"shouldbeusedinstead.

(E)CORRECT.Thenumberiscorrectlyusedtorefertocaraccidents,acountablequantity.Also,alogicallyand
CATExamReview structurallyparallelcomparisonismadebetweenthenumberofcaraccidentscausedbyfaultybrakestothe
numbercausedbyfaultywiring.Finally,thischoiceusesthecorrectsimplepastwererelaxed.
YouwereINCORRECT EndExamYoumustselectananswertoproceed.Next>>ProblemList<<Prev

Question3of41

Theamountofcaraccidentscausedbyfaultybrakes,likeaccidentscausedbyfaultywiring,hasincreased
significantlysinceregulationsonmanufacturinghavebeenrelaxed.

Theamountofcaraccidentscausedbyfaultybrakes,likeaccidentscausedbyfaultywiring,has
increasedsignificantlysinceregulationsonmanufacturinghavebeenrelaxed.
Theamountofcaraccidentscausedbyfaultybrakes,likethosecausedbyfaultywiring,haveincreased
significantlysinceregulationsonmanufacturingwererelaxed.
Thenumberofcaraccidentscausedbyfaultybrakes,likethenumbercausedbyfaultywiring,have
increasedsignificantlysinceregulationsonmanufacturingwererelaxed.
Thenumberofcaraccidentscausedbyfaultybrakes,likeaccidentscausedbyfaultywiring,has
increasedsignificantlysinceregulationsonmanufacturinghadbeenrelaxed.
Thenumberofcaraccidentscausedbyfaultybrakes,likethenumbercausedbyfaultywiring,has
increasedsignificantlysinceregulationsonmanufacturingwererelaxed.

HideExplanation
Theoriginalsentencecontainsseveralerrors.First,itisincorrecttoreferto"theamountofcaraccidents"because
"amountof"isusedonlywithuncountablequantities,suchasamountofsalt.Sinceaccidentsarecountable,the
correctquantityreferenceis"thenumberofcaraccidents."Second,theoriginalsentencecomparestheamountof
accidentstoaccidentscausedbyfaultywiring.Thecorrect(i.e.,logicallyandstructurallyparallel)comparisonis
betweenthenumberofonetypeofaccidentandthenumberofanothertypeofaccident.Third,thepresentperfect
"havebeenrelaxed"isincorrectlyused.Thisactionoccurredexclusivelyinthepast,sothesimplepast"were
relaxed"isneeded.

(A)Thischoiceisincorrectasitrepeatstheoriginalsentence.

(B)First,itisincorrecttoreferto"theamountofcaraccidents"because"amountof"isusedonlywithuncountable
quantities,suchasamountofsalt.Sinceaccidentsarecountable,thecorrectquantityreferenceis"thenumberof
caraccidents."Second,thischoicecomparestheamountofaccidentstoaccidentscausedbyfaultywiring.The
correct(i.e.,logicallyandstructurallyparallel)comparisonisbetweenthenumberofonetypeofaccidentandthe
numberofanothertypeofaccident.Finally,theantecedentofthepluralpronounthoseisambiguous:itcouldrefer
tocaraccidentsorfaultybrakes.

(C)Thepluralverbhaveincreaseddoesnotagreewiththesingularsubjectthenumber.

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(D)TheconstructionjobsthatX(pay)butY(requiring)shouldbeparallel,butpayisnotparalleltorequiring.What
wasalistofthreethings(longhours,physicallabor,orrelocation)intheoriginalsentenceturnsintoalistoffour
thingshere(longhours,physicallabor,relocating,andlowerpayingjobs).Becauseofthis,thereisnolongeranand
YelementtocompletethebetweenXandYidiom.(Note:youcouldalsointerpretandlowerpayingjobstobethe
andYportionofbetweenXandY.Ifso,however,thenthethreeitemlistA,B,orCismissingthewordor.)Finally,
themodifierinlargermetropolitanareasillogicallymodifiesarelessphysicallyintensethejobsarenotless
physicallyintenseonlywhenperformedinlargermetropolitanareas.

CATExamReview (E)CORRECT.TheidiombetweenXandYisusedproperly.Theconstructionjobsofferingbutrequiringisparallel.
Thethreepossibledrawbacksofthehigherpayingjobs(longhours,physicallytaxinglabor,andrelocation)arealso
YouwereINCORRECT properlyparallel.Themodifierinlargermetropolitanareascorrectlymodifiesjobs.
EndExamYoumustselectananswertoproceed.Next>>ProblemList<<Prev
Question40of41

Manyemployeesintheenergysectormustchoosebetweenjobsthatoffersubstantiallyhigherpay,butrequiring
longhours,physicallytaxinglabor,orrelocationtoremote,sparselypopulatedareas,orlessphysicallyintense
thoughlowerpayingjobsinlargermetropolitanareas.

thatoffersubstantiallyhigherpay,butrequiringlonghours,physicallytaxinglabor,orrelocationto
remote,sparselypopulatedareas,orlessphysicallyintensethoughlowerpayingjobs
thatoffersubstantiallyhigherpay,butthatrequirelonghours,physicallytaxinglabor,relocationtoremote
orsparselypopulatedareas,orlessphysicallyintenseandlowerpayingjobs
offeringpaythatissubstantiallyhigher,butthatrequireslonghours,physicallytaxinglabor,orrelocating
toremote,sparselypopulatedareas,orlowerpayingjobsthatarelessphysicallyintense
thatpaysubstantiallyhigherbutrequiringlonghours,physicallytaxinglabor,relocatingtoremoteor
sparselypopulatedareas,andlowerpayingjobsthatarelessphysicallyintense
offeringsubstantiallyhigherpay,butrequiringlonghours,physicallytaxinglabor,orrelocationtoremote,
sparselypopulatedareas,andlessphysicallyintense,butlowerpaying,jobs

HideExplanation
Ononehand,energysectoremployeescanchoosehighpayingjobs,butmustthenfacetheprospectofseveral
negatives(longhours,demandingphysicallabor,orrelocationtoremoteruralareas).Ontheotherhand,theycan
optforlessphysicallydemandingjobsincities,butthosejobsdon'tpayasmuch.

(A)ThestructurebetweenXorYisunidiomaticthecorrectidiomisbetweenXandY.TheconstructionjobsthatX
(offer)butY(requiring)shouldbeparallel,butofferisnotparalleltorequiring.

(B)ThestructurebetweenXorYisunidiomaticthecorrectidiomisbetweenXandY.Whatwasalistofthree
things(longhours,physicallabor,orrelocation)intheoriginalsentenceturnsintoalistoffourthingshere(long
hours,physicallabor,relocation,orlowerpayingjobs).Becauseofthis,thereisnolongeranandYelementto
completethebetweenXandYidiom.Thesentencesays,ineffect:betweenXthatofferA,butthatB,C,D,orE.

(C)ThestructurebetweenXorYisunidiomaticthecorrectidiomisbetweenXandY.Inaddition,thischoice
placespaythatissubstantiallyhigherinparallelwith(pay)thatrequireslonghours,etc.Thejobrequiresthese
things,notthepay.Thewordrelocatingisnotparalleltothetwoearliernounsonthelist(hours,labor).Finally,the
modifierinlargermetropolitanareasillogicallymodifiesarelessphysicallyintensethejobsarenotlessphysically
intenseonlywhenperformedinlargermetropolitanareas.

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notappearinaclearlydemarcatedparallelstructureinstead,thatparallelstructureseems,illogically,tocontainfour
items(theorigin,directobservation,hearsay,andintuition).Finally,thewordingsourceofattributionhasthewrong
meaningitappearstorefertothesourceoftheattribution,ratherthantothesourceofthefactitself.

(C)CORRECT.Thetwotypesofinformationencodedbytheverbsareproperlyexpressedinparallel(notonlythe
timeframe...butalsotheorigin).Inaddition,theparallelconstructionwhetherx,y,orziscorrectlyusedtolistthe
threepotentialsourcesofthespeaker'sknowledge.Thissentenceusesasemicolontoseparatetwopartsthatare
themselvescompletesentences(independentclauses).
CATExamReview
(D)Thefirstclauseincorrectlyimpliesthattheverbsactuallydonotencodethetimeframeofanevent.Notonlyis
YouwereINCORRECT thismeaningillogicalincontext,butthetransitionalsocannotlogicallybeusedtoconnectanegativestatementand
apositivestatement.Inaddition,theparallelstructurefactsandnotattributionsillogicallysuggeststhatfactsand
Question35of41 attributionsaretwoindependententities.

InsomeAfricanlanguages,verbsnotonlyencodethetimeframeofaneventbutalsoimplytheoriginofthe
(E)Thethreepotentialsourcesofthespeaker'sknowledgedonotappearinaclearlydemarcatedparallelstructure
speaker'sknowledge,whichmaybedirectobservation,hearsay,orintuition,resultinginspeakersofthose
instead,thatparallelstructureseems,illogically,tocontainfouritems(theorigin,directobservation,hearsay,and
languageswhocannotstatefactswithoutanattributiontosomesource.
intuition).Inaddition,theverbphrasedonotstate...doesnotproperlyconveytheideathatthespeakersactually
notonlyencodethetimeframeofaneventbutalsoimplytheoriginofthespeaker'sknowledge,which cannotstatefactswithoutattributionsitmerelysuggeststhattheydonotdoso,byhabitorcustom.
maybedirectobservation,hearsay,orintuition,resultinginspeakersofthoselanguageswhocannot
statefactswithoutanattributiontosomesource
EndExamYoumustselectananswertoproceed.Next>>ProblemList<<Prev
notonlyencodethetimeframeofaneventbutalsotheoriginofthespeaker'sknowledge,direct
observation,hearsay,orintuitiontherefore,speakersofthoselanguagescannotstateafactwithout
somesourceofattribution
encodenotonlythetimeframeofaneventbutalsotheoriginofthespeaker'sknowledge,whetherdirect
observation,hearsay,orintuitionasaresult,speakersofthoselanguagescannotstatefactswithout
attributingthemtoasource
donotencodethetimeframeofaneventtheyalsoimplytheoriginofthespeaker'sknowledgewhether
directobservation,hearsay,orintuitionresultingintheinabilityofthoselanguages'speakerstostate
factsandnotattributionstosomesource
notonlyencodethetimeframeofaneventbutalsoimplytheoriginofthespeaker'sknowledge,direct
observation,hearsay,orintuitionspeakersofthoselanguages,therefore,donotstatefactswithout
attributingthemtosources

HideExplanation
Accordingtothesentence,verbsincertainAfricanlanguagesservetwofunctions:first,theyplaceeventsinto
certaintimeframes,and,second,theyimplythesourceofthespeaker'sknowledgeofthoseevents.These
functionsshouldbeplacedinparallel,withaconstructionthatemphasizestheadditionalfunctionalityofthese
verbs.Thethreepotentialsourcesofthespeaker'sknowledgeshouldalsoappearinaclearlydemarcatedparallel
structure.Finally,thesentenceshouldaccuratelydescribetheresultnamely,thefactthatspeakersofthese
languagescannotdescribefactsalone,butmustinsteadattributethosefactstosomesource.

(A)Itisunclearexactlywhatisdescribedbythemodifierresulting....Moreover,themodifieritselfdoesnotmake
sense:thephrasingresultinginspeakers...seemstosuggestthattheexistenceofthespeakersthemselves,rather
thantheirinabilitytostatefactswithoutattributions,istheresultofthelinguisticsdescribedinthesentence.

(B)Thisversionlacksproperparallelism:theparallelmarkernot(only)isfollowedbyaverb(encode...),butits
counterpartbut(also)isfollowedbyanoun(theorigin...).Thethreepotentialsourcesofthespeaker'sknowledgedo
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(B)Thesingularsubjectneitherdoesnotmatchthepluralverbwant.Inaddition,havevisitedisthewrongtense.It
ispossibleingeneraltosaythattwopeoplehavevisitedVenice.Thisconstruction,however,shouldnotbe
attachedtoaspecifictimeframe(lastspring).Eithertheyvisitedlastspringortheyhavevisitedatsome
unspecifiedtimeinthepast.

(C)Thesingularsubjectneitherdoesnotmatchthepluralverbwant.Theconstructionhadvisitedisalsoincorrect
theusageofpastperfectrequiresasecondpasteventortimemarkerthattakesplacelaterinthepastthanthepast
perfectevent.Lastspringiswhentheyvisited,notlaterinthepast,andthesentencedoesnotcontainanotherpast
CATExamReview timemarkerorsimplepasttenseverb.

YouwereINCORRECT (D)CORRECT.Thesingularsubjectneithermatchesthesingularverbwants.

Question32of41 (E)Thesingularsubjectneithermatchesthesingularverbwants.However,havevisitedisthewrongtense.Itis
possibleingeneraltosaythattwopeoplehavevisitedVenice.Thisconstruction,however,shouldnotbeattached
Neitherofmyaunts,bothofwhomvisitedVenicelastspring,wanttoreturn.
toaspecifictimeframe(lastspring).Eithertheyvisitedlastspringortheyhavevisitedatsomeunspecifiedtimein
thepast.

visitedVenicelastspring,want

EndExamYoumustselectananswertoproceed.Next>>ProblemList<<Prev

havevisitedVenicelastspring,want

hadvisitedVenicelastspring,want

visitedVenicelastspring,wants

havevisitedVenicelastspring,wants

HideExplanation
Theunderlineisprettyshort,soyoumaywanttocomparetheanswersbeforereadingthequestionstem.Thereare
twomainsplitsintheanswerchoices:visited/havevisited/hasvisited,andwant/wants.Intheoriginalsentence,
visitediscorrect.

Themainverbwant,however,isproblematic.Anynouninaprepositionalphrase,suchasofmyaunts,cannotbe
thesubjectofasentence.Norcananouninamodifier(bothofwhomvisitedVenicelastspring).Thesubjectofthe
sentencemustbeneither,whichisalwayssingular(thinkofitas"neitherone"),sothesingularwantsisthecorrect
verb.

(A)Thesingularsubjectneitherdoesnotmatchthepluralverbwant.

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intimeinthepast)andwouldtakemorethan60years(fromthatpointintimeforward)tocomplete.

(E)Thischoiceincorrectlyadoptstheconstructionwasabouttobeborn,whichconflictswiththenonunderlined
portionofthesentence.Thefirsthalfofthesentenceindicatesthattheprojectwaslaunchedin1860inthepast
tense,makinganyreferencetothebookbeingabouttobebornatsomefuturepointintimeincorrect.
EndExamYoumustselectananswertoproceed.Next>>ProblemList<<Prev

CATExamReview
YouwereINCORRECT

Question28of41

In1860,thePhilologicalSocietylauncheditsefforttocreateadictionarymorecomprehensivethantheworldhad
everseenalthoughtheprojecttookmorethan60yearstocomplete,theOxfordEnglishDictionarywasborn.

tookmorethan60yearstocomplete,theOxfordEnglishDictionarywas
wouldhavetakenmorethan60yearstocomplete,theOxfordEnglishDictionaryhadbeen
tookmorethan60yearstocomplete,theOxfordEnglishDictionarywasbeing
wouldtakemorethan60yearstocomplete,theOxfordEnglishDictionarywas
tookmorethan60yearstocomplete,theOxfordEnglishDictionarywasabouttobe

HideExplanation
Thesentencediscussesseveralactionsusingthesimplepasttense:theSocietylaunchedaproject,theDictionary
wasborn,andtheprojecttookmorethan60yearstocomplete.Logically,theseactionscannotallhavehappenedat
thesamemoment,soitisinappropriatetousethesimplepasttenseforeveryaction.Thebirthandlauncharethe
samething,andsotookplaceatthesametime,butthecompletiontookplace60yearslater.Lookforachoicethat
indicatesthisdifferenceintime.

(A)Thischoiceisincorrectasitusesthesimplepasttenseforactionsthatmusthavetakenplaceatdifferenttimes
inthepast.

(B)Thefirstverbhaschangedtowouldhavetaken.Thisconditionalformchangesthemeaning,implyingthatthe
bookscompletionwasonlyhypotheticalitdidnotactuallyoccur.Considerthisexample:thetestnormallywould
havetaken3hourstocomplete,butshefinishedearly.

(C)Thepresentparticiplebeingisusedwiththeprogressivetensetoindicateacontinuingorongoing
action.Logically,however,theDictionary'sstartmusthavebeenatasinglepointintime,ratherthanoverthe
courseofthebook'sdevelopment.Thesentencealsoillogicallyimpliesthatthelaunchedandtook60yearsactions
occurredsimultaneously.

(D)CORRECT.Thischoiceusesanunusual(butcompletelyacceptable)construction.Wouldtakeisanexample
ofafuturetensewrittenfromthepointofviewofthepast.Forexample,considerthisconversation:Iwillgotothe
movieswithyou.What?Ididnthearyou.IsaidIwouldgotothemovieswithyou.Inthelastsentence,the
wordwouldisanexampleofafuturetensefromapastpointofview:Isaid(inthepast)thatIwould(inthefuture)
gotothemovieswithyou.Thistimeframefitstheactionsgivenintheproblem:theDictionarywasborn(atapoint

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(E)TheopeningmodifierWithbrainsseemstodescribethegravityofmorenebulousthreatsthisisillogical,as
gravitydoesnothavebrains.Thesingularsubjectthegravitydoesnotagreewiththepluralverbare.Finally,evenif
thatverbwerechangedtois,thesentencewouldstillnotmakesense,sincethethreatsthemselves,notthegravity
ofthosethreats,aremenacing.
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CATExamReview
YouwereINCORRECT

Question19of41

Withbrainsshapedbyevolutiontorespondprimarilytoimmediatephysicalperil,individualhumanbeingsoften
ignoreorunderestimatethegravityofmorenebulousthreats,suchasclimatechange,yetarenolessmenacing.

individualhumanbeingsoftenignoreorunderestimatethegravityofmorenebulousthreats,suchas
climatechange,yetarenolessmenacing
individualhumanbeingsarepronetoignore,orelsetounderestimate,thegravityofmorenebulousyetno
lessmenacingthreats,suchasclimatechange
individualhumanbeings,oftenignoringorunderestimatingthegravityofmorenebulousthreats,suchas
climatechange,arenolessmenacing
thegravityofthreats,suchasclimatechange,thataremorenebulousyetnolessmenacingareoften
ignored,orelseunderestimated,byindividualhumanbeings
thegravityofmorenebulousthreats,suchasclimatechange,arenolessmenacing,yetareoften
ignoredorunderestimatedbyindividualhumanbeings

HideExplanation
Thissentencepresentsanunfortunateconsequenceoftheevolutionofthehumanbrain:Becausethebrainevolved
torespondtoimmediatephysicalthreats,humansarelesslikelytoappreciatetheseriousnessofthreatsthatare
lessimmediatelyapparent.

(A)Thecorestructureofthissentenceisindividualhumanbeingsoftenignoreorunderestimateyetarenoless
menacing.Accordingtothefirstportionofthesentence,thehumanbeingsarerespondingtothreatstheyarenot
themselvesthethreats.Thischoiceillogicallyconveysthatthehumansthemselves,ratherthanthenebulous
threats,arenolessmenacing.

(B)CORRECT.Toignoreandtounderestimateareproperlyparallel,asaremorenebulousandnolessmenacing.
TheopeningmodifierWithbrainsiscorrectlyplacedtomodifythesubjectindividualhumanbeings,andthemodifier
suchasclimatechangeisproperlypositionedafterthreats.

(C)Thecorestructureofthissentenceisindividualhumanbeingsarenolessmenacing.Accordingtothefirst
portionofthesentence,thehumanbeingsarerespondingtothreatstheyarenotthemselvesthethreats.This
choiceillogicallyconveysthatthehumansthemselves,ratherthanthenebulousthreats,arenolessmenacing.

(D)TheopeningmodifierWithbrainsseemstodescribethegravityofthreatsthisisillogical,asgravitydoesnot
havebrains.Inaddition,thesingularsubjectthegravitydoesnotagreewiththepluralverbareignored.
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aclearantecedent.

(E)CORRECT.Thisanswerchoicecorrectlyusesthesemicolontoconnecttwoindependentbutclosely
relatedclauses.Inaddition,thepronounitsclearlyandunambiguouslyreferstothelabormarket.

EndExamYoumustselectananswertoproceed.Next>>ProblemList<<Prev

CATExamReview
YouwereINCORRECT

Question15of41

Duringthepastdecade,thelabormarketinFrancehasnotbeenoperatingaccordingtofreemarketprinciples,but
insteadstiflingfunctioningthroughitsvariousgovernmentregulationsrestrictingthehiringandfiringofworkers.

principles,butinsteadstiflingfunctioningthroughitsvariousgovernmentregulationsrestrictingthehiring
andfiringofworkers
principles,insteadithasbeenfunctioninginastifledmannerasaresultofvariousgovernment
regulationsthatrestrictthehiringandfiringofworkers
principles,ratherfunctioningdespitebeingstifledasaresultofgovernmentregulationsthatvariously
restrictworkerhiringandfiring
principlesthehiringandfiringofworkersisrestrictedtherebyvariousgovernmentregulations,its
functioningbeingstifled
principlesinstead,itsfunctioninghasbeenstifledbyvariousgovernmentregulationsrestrictingthehiring
andfiringofworkers

HideExplanation

Theoriginalsentenceisproblematicinitsuseofthepossessivepronounits.Theantecedenttoitsisthelabor
market,whichincorrectlyandillogicallysuggeststhatthelabormarketissomehowpossessingorpassing
governmentregulationsitself.Inaddition,theoriginalsentenceincorrectlyusesactiveratherthanpassivevoiceto
describetheeffectsimposedonthe"labormarket"bygovernmentregulations,thusillogicallysuggestingthatthe
"labormarket"itselfisstiflingfunctioning,ratherthanbeingstifledbyotherforces.

(A)Thischoiceisincorrectasitrepeatstheoriginalsentence.

(B)Thischoiceincorrectlyusesacommatoconnecttwoindependentclauses,thuscreatingarunonsentence.
Twoindependentclausesmustbeconnectedeitherbyaconjunction,suchasandorbut,orbyasemicolon.

(C)Thischoiceincorrectlyusesstifledtomodifythelabormarketitself,asopposedtoitsfunctioning.Also,
variouslyrestrictisawkwardvariousisusedmoreappropriatelytomodify"governmentregulations,"ratherthan
themannerinwhichtheregulationsrestrictworkerhiringandfiring.

(D)Inordertoproperlyuseasemicolon,boththeclausebeforeandafterthesemicolonmustbeindependent
clausesorsentences,andtheclausesmustbecloselyrelatedinmeaning.Inthischoice,theunderlinedportion,
thoughgrammaticallycorrect,doesnotstandaloneasaneffectiveindependentclause.Also,thepronounitslacks

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Question2of41
Intheirlatestpressrelease,thecompany'snewmanagementstatedaplanforexpansionofitsoperationsintothe
globalsoftwaremarketviaaseriesofacquisitionsinAsiaandLatinAmerica.
thecompany'snewmanagementstatedaplanforexpansionofitsoperations
thenewcompany'smanagementstatedthattheyplannedonexpandingitsoperations
thecompany'snewmanagersstatedtheirplantoexpanditsoperations
thenewcompanymanagersstatedtheirplanforitsoperations,expanding
thecompany'snewmanagementstatedthattheyplannedtoexpanditsoperations
HideExplanation
ThissentencebeginswithIntheirlatestpressrelease,sothenextclausemustcontainapluralnountoserveas
aproperreferentforthepronountheir.Company(s)andmanagementaresingularnouns,sothepluralnoun
managersmustbeusedinstead.Inaddition,thesentencemustproperlyexpresstheideathatthemanagers
plannedtoexpandtheoperationsofthecompany.
(A)Company(s)andmanagementaresingularnouns,sothepluralpronountheirhasnoreferent.Additionally,a
planforexpansionofitsoperationsisunnecessarilywordyandawkwardcomparedtothephrasingofthecorrect
answer.
(B)Company(s)andmanagementaresingularnouns,sothepluralpronounstheirandtheyhavenoreferent.
(C)CORRECT:Thetwoinstancesoftheirproperlyrefertomanagersthemanagers'intentionisexpressed
correctlyandconcisely.
(D)Themodifierexpanding,setoffbyacomma,mistakenlysuggeststhatthemanagersthemselvesexpanded
intotheglobalsoftwaremarket.
(E)Company(s)andmanagementaresingularnouns,sothepluralpronounstheirandtheyhavenoreferent.
ThecorrectanswerisC.
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Question30of41
Thateveryworkerhasacleancriminalrecordisofsomeimportancetoinvestmentbankswhichiswhyastringent
backgroundcheckisanecessaryprerequisiteforalloftheirjobapplicants.
Thateveryworkerhasacleancriminalrecordisofsomeimportancetoinvestmentbankswhichiswhya
stringentbackgroundcheckisanecessaryprerequisiteforalloftheirjobapplicants
Cleancriminalrecordsoftheiremployeesisimportanttoinvestmentbankshence,astringent
backgroundcheckarenecessaryprerequisitesforemployment
Becausetheyconsideritimportantthatalloftheiremployeeshaveacleancriminalrecord,investment
banksrequireeachjobapplicanttoundergoastringentbackgroundcheck
Itisofsomeimportancethatallinvestmentbanksworkershavecleancriminalrecordswhichiswhy
manyofthemundergostringentbackgroundchecks
Thereasonthatinvestmentbanksrequirebackgroundchecksoftheirapplicantsisbecausetheyrequire
cleancriminalrecordsoftheiremployees
HideExplanation
Thesentencehasseveralerrorsofconcision.First,thestructureXisofimportancewhichiswhyYisa
prerequisiteisawkwardandwordy,andcanbemoreconciselywrittenasfollows:Because[Xisimportant],[Y
isnecessary].Second,bothsomeimportanceandnecessaryprerequisiteareredundant:ifsomething
isimportantithas"someimportance"similarly,aprerequisiteisbydefinitionnecessary.
(A)Thischoiceisincorrectasitrepeatstheoriginalsentence.
(B)Thesingularverbisdoesnotagreewiththepluralsubjectrecords.Inaddition,thepluralverb"are"doesnot
agreewiththesingularsubject"backgroundcheck."Finally,thephrasenecessaryprerequisiteisredundant.
(C)CORRECT.TheredundantandpassiveclauseXisofsignificantimportancetoinvestmentbanksisreplaced
bythemoreconciseandactiveclausethey[investmentbanks]considerXimportant.Inaddition,theredundant
andpassiveclauseabackgroundcheckisanecessaryprerequisite[ofinvestmentbanks]isreplacedbythemore
conciseandactiveinvestmentbanksrequirebackgroundchecks.Finally,theentiresentenceisrewritteninthe
conciseformBecauseX,Y.
(D)Thephrasesomeimportanceisredundantandwordy.Inaddition,themeaningofthesentencehasbeen
changedtostatethatmanyoftheemployeesunderwentabackgroundchecktheoriginalsentenceassertedthat
thebackgroundcheckwasrequired,and,therefore,wassubmittedtobyall.
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(E)ThestructurethereasonXisbecauseYisredundant.TheproperidiomiseitherthereasonXisYorYis
becauseX.Inaddition,itisnotclearwhetherthepronounstheyandtheirrefertoinvestmentbanksor
applicants.
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Question17of41

Basedonrecentboxofficereceipts,thepublic'sappetitefordocumentaryfilms,likenonfictionbooks,seemstobe
ontherise.

likenonfictionbooks
asnonfictionbooks
asitsinterestinnonfictionbooks
liketheirinterestinnonfictionbooks
likeitsinterestinnonfictionbooks

HideExplanation
Theoriginalsentencecontainsafaultycomparison.Nonfictionbooksiseitherillogicallycomparedtothepublics
appetite,orimproperlyusedtosuggestthat"nonfictionbooks"areexamplesofdocumentaryfilms.Theproper
comparisonshouldbebetweenthepublic's"appetite"forxandits"appetite"fory.

(A)Thischoiceisincorrectasitrepeatstheoriginalsentence.

(B)Inthischoice,"nonfictionbooks"isillogicallycomparedtothepublic's"appetite."Thepropercomparisonshould
bebetweenthepublic's"appetite"forxandits"appetite"fory.Moreover,theuseofthecomparisonword"as"is
incorrect."As"isusedtocompareverbphrases,notnounsinthiscase,twonouns("appetite"and"interest")are
comparedsothecomparisonword"like"shouldbeusedinstead.

(C)Thischoicelogicallycomparesthepublic's"appetite"fordocumentaryfilmstoits"interest"innonfictionbooks.
However,theuseofthecomparisonword"as"isincorrect."As"isusedtocompareverbphrases,notnounsinthis
case,twonouns("appetite"and"interest")arecomparedsothecomparisonword"like"shouldbeusedinstead.

(D)Thischoicelogicallycomparesthepublic's"appetite"fordocumentaryfilmstoits"interest"innonfictionbooks.
However,thischoiceincorrectlyusesthepluralpronoun"their"torefertothesingularnoun"thepublic."

(E)CORRECT.Thischoicelogicallycomparesthepublic's"appetite"fordocumentaryfilmstoits"interest"in
nonfictionbooks.
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(D)Whenfacilitatingillogicallyimpliesthatpercapitastatisticsthemselvescanfacilitatecomparisonsbetween
cities.Inaddition,thissentenceisafragment,consistingonlyofthenounpercapitastatisticsandmodifiers.

(E)Fortheirusefulnessdoesnothavethesamemeaningastheidiomforalltheirusefulness.Thelatterindicatesa
contrasttheformerdoesnot.Different,anadjective,cannotbeusedtodescribesizedtheadverbdifferentlyshould
beusedinstead.
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Question39of41

Foralltheirusefulnessinfacilitatingcomparisonsbetweencitiesofdifferentsizes,percapitastatistics,especially
crimerates,oftenshineanunfairlyharshlightonsmalltowns,inwhichasingleincidentcancausesuchfiguresto
skyrocket.

Foralltheirusefulnessinfacilitatingcomparisonsbetweencitiesofdifferentsizes,percapitastatistics,
especiallycrimerates,often
Despitetheyareusefulinfacilitatingcomparisonsbetweendifferentlysizedcities,percapitastatistics,
andespeciallycrimerates,often
Becausetheyarequiteusefulinfacilitatingcomparisonsbetweendifferentsizedcities,percapita
statistics,especiallycrimerates,canoften
Quiteusefulwhenfacilitatingcomparisonsbetweendifferentlysizedcities,percapitastatistics,and
especiallycrimerates,whichfrequently
Fortheirusefulnessinfacilitatingcomparisonsbetweendifferentsizedcities,percapitastatistics,
especiallycrimerates,frequently

HideExplanation
Thissentencepointsoutashortcomingofpercapitastatistics:inspiteoftheirusefulnessincomparinglargerand
smallercities,thesestatisticsmayunfairlyhighlightsmalltowns,whosemodestpopulationsizescancause
anomaliesinthedata.

(A)CORRECT.TheexpressionForalltheirusefulnessisaproperidiomitisusedtointroduceacontrast.(Forall
hisstudying,heperformedpoorlyontheexam.)Theoverallsentenceisgrammaticallylegitimate,withasinglemain
subject(percapitastatistics)andasinglemainverb(shine)amidaseriesofmodifiersandsubordinateclauses.

(B)Despiteisaprepositionandmustbefollowedbyanounornounphraseitcannotbefollowedbyaclause,asit
ishere.Thewordandisinappropriatebetweenpercapitastatisticsandespeciallycrimerates.Thewordand
indicatesthatthetwoconnecteditemsareseparatebutequal.Thisisntthecasecrimeratesareaparticularkind
ofstatistic,notseparatefromtheideaofthestatistics.

(C)Thewordbecauseisillogical.Thestatisticsaregenerallyusefuldespitethefactthattheycansometimesbe
misleading,notbecausetheyaresometimesmisleading.Different,anadjective,cannotbeusedtodescribesized
theadverbdifferentlyshouldbeusedinstead.Finally,whenfacilitatingillogicallyimpliesthatpercapitastatistics
themselvescanfacilitatecomparisonsbetweencities.

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Question37of41
Inthewakeofseveralseriouscasesofmercurypoisoningcausedbytaintedfish,thestategovernmentorderedthat
alllakesandstreamsshouldbetestedformercurylevels.
alllakesandstreamsshouldbetestedformercurylevels
alllakesandstreamsshouldhavetheirmercurylevelstested
themercurylevelsbetestedforalllakesandstreams
themercurylevelsofalllakesandstreamsshouldbetested
themercurylevelsofalllakesandstreamsbetested
HideExplanation
Thenonunderlinedportionofthesentencecontainsthephrase"orderedthat,"whichrequiresaclausecontaining
thesubjunctivemood.However,theoriginalsentenceuses"shouldbetested"insteadofthesubjunctivebetested.
Inaddition,itisillogicaltotestalakeorstream"formercurylevels":thisimpliesthatoneistestingtoseewhether
mercurylevelsexist.Instead,onewouldtestthemercurylevelsofthelakeorstream,measuringtheamountof
mercury.
(A)Thischoiceisincorrectasitrepeatstheoriginalsentence.
(B)Theactiveconstructionalllakesandstreamsshouldhavetheirmercurylevelstestedisillogical:lakesand
streamscannotdosuchathing,ratherapersonwouldhavetotestthemercurylevelsofthelakesandstreams.
(C)Thischoicecorrectlyusesthesubjunctivebetested.However,theplacementoftheprepositionalphrasefor
alllakesandstreamsafterbetestedisawkwardandcanbemisinterpretedtomeanthatthetestingisfororon
behalfofthelakesandstreams.Instead,onewouldtestthemercurylevelsofalllakesandstreams.
(D)Thenonunderlinedportionofthesentencecontainsthephrase"orderedthat,"whichrequiresaclause
containingthesubjunctivemood.However,thischoiceuses"shouldbetested"insteadofthesubjunctivebe
tested.
(E)CORRECT.Thischoicecorrectlyusesthesubjunctivebetested,andcorrectlyreferencesthetestingof
mercurylevels,replacingtheincorrecttestedformercurylevels.
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Question30of41
Thenewhouse'sfrontdoorissecuredbyanelectroniclockafeaturethatnotonlyallowsresidentstolockand
unlockthedoorwithoutphysicalkeys,butalsomaypreventthemfromenteringthehouseduringapoweroutage.
afeaturethatnotonlyallowsresidentstolockandunlockthedoorwithoutphysicalkeys,butalsomay
prevent
afeatureallowingresidentswithoutaphysicalkeytolockorunlockthedoor,butalsopossibly
preventing
afeatureallowsresidentslockingorunlockingthedoorwithoutphysicalkeys,butalsopossibly
preventing
thisfeatureallowsresidentstolockandunlockthedoorwithoutaphysicalkey,butmayalsoprevent
thisfeaturenotonlyallowsresidentswithoutphysicalkeystolockorunlockthedoor,butalsoprevents
HideExplanation
Thissentencedescribestwoeffectsoftheelectroniclock:oneadvantage(residentscanlockandunlockthedoor
withoutaphysicalkey)andonedisadvantage(theymaynotbeabletogetintothehousewhenthepowerisout).
(A)Theportionofthischoicefollowingthesemicolonisafragment,consistingonlyofafeatureandmodifiers.The
idiomnotonlyXbutalsoYisusedtoindicatethattwoideasreinforceeachotheritsusagedoesntmakesensefor
twocontrastingideas.
(B)Theportionofthischoicefollowingthesemicolonisafragment,consistingonlyofafeatureandmodifiers.The
modifierwithoutphysicalkeysismisplacedthepointisthattheresidentscanlockandunlockthedoorwithout
usingakey,not(asthischoiceimplies)thatresidentswithoutkeyscanlockandunlockadoorbysomeother,
unexplainedmeans.
(C)Allowsresidentslockingorunlockingisunidiomaticthesentenceshouldsayallowsresidentstolockorunlock.
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Allowsresidentsisnotparalleltopreventingthem.

(D)CORRECT.Thischoicecontainscompletesentencesbeforeandafterthesemicolon,asrequired.Thisfeature
iscorrectlyusedtorefertotheimmediatelyprecedingelectroniclock.Theuseofbut(also),withoutnotonly,
correctlyindicatesthecontrastbetweenthetwoparallelelements.Allowsandmaypreventareparallel.

(E)TheidiomnotonlyXbutalsoYisusedtoindicatethattwoideasreinforceeachotheritsusagedoesntmake
sensefortwocontrastingideas.Themodifierwithoutphysicalkeysismisplacedthepointisthattheresidentscan
lockandunlockthedoorwithoutusingakey,not(asthischoiceimplies)thatresidentswithoutkeyscanlockand CATExamReview
unlockadoorbysomeother,unexplainedmeans.
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Question41of41

AmongthesportsplayedprimarilybywomenintheUnitedStatesisfieldhockey,whichisoneofthemostpopular
men'ssportsinSouthAsia,andvolleyball,thesportofmanymaleathletesinEuropeandSouthAmerica.

AmongthesportsplayedprimarilybywomenintheUnitedStatesisfieldhockey,whichisoneof

IntheUnitedStates,amongthesportsplayedprimarilybywomenarefieldhockey,oneof

PlayedintheUnitedStatesprimarilybywomen,fieldhockeyisamong

SportsplayedprimarilybywomenintheUnitedStates,includingfieldhockey,oneof

OneofthesportsplayedintheUnitedStatesprimarilybywomenisfieldhockey,among

HideExplanation

Thissentenceisintendedtohighlightacontrast:intheUnitedStates,fieldhockeyandvolleyballareprimarily
women'ssports,but,inotherareasoftheworld,theyareheavilycontestedbymen.Toconveythismessage
effectively,thesentencemustemployseveralgrammaticalelementsproperly.

First,modifiersmustbecarefullyplaced.Forinstance,theconstructionplayedprimarilybywomenintheUnited
States,presentintheoriginalprompt,suggeststheinterpretationthatwomenintheUnitedStatesconstitutemostof
theparticipantsinthesesportsanillogicalinterpretation,giventheimmediatelyfollowingfacts.Thesentencemust
thereforeberearrangedtoclarifytheideathatintheUnitedStatestheseareprimarilywomen'ssports,but
elsewheretheyarenot.

Second,fieldhockeyandvolleyballisacompoundnoun.Therefore,ifthisnounisthesubjectofaverbinthe
sentence,thatverbmustbeplural.

Finally,fieldhockeyandvolleyballarebothfollowedbydescriptivemodifiersideally,thosemodifiersshouldbe
expressedinformsthatareassimilaraspossible.

(A)Thesingularverbisdoesnotagreewiththepluralnounfieldhockeyandvolleyball.Additionally,themodifiers

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describingfieldhockeyandvolleyball(whichisoneofandthesportof)arenotexpressedinsimilarforms.
Finally,themodifierintheUnitedStatesappearstodescribewomen,thusillogicallyimplyingthatAmericanwomen
makeupmostoftheworld'sfieldhockeyandvolleyballplayers.

(B)CORRECT.Inthissentence,themodifierIntheUnitedStatesisclearlyplacedsoastomodifytheentire
followingclause,clarifyingtheideathatthestatusoffieldhockeyandvolleyballaswomen'ssportsisa
phenomenonlimitedtotheUnitedStates(andnotillogicallyimplyingthatAmericanwomenconstitutemostofthe
world'sfieldhockeyandvolleyballplayers).Thepluralsubjectfieldhockeyandvolleyballiscorrectlypairedwith
thepluralverbare.Finally,themodifiersfollowingfieldhockeyandvolleyballarebothappositivemodifiers, CATExamReview
strengtheningthecohesivenessofthatparallelstructure.
YouwereINCORRECT
(C)Thischoicecreatesthecompleteclausefieldhockeyisamongthemostpopularmen'ssportsinSouthAsia.As
aresult,theelementfollowing"and"consistingonlyofvolleyballandamodifierisnotparalleltoanything,andthe Question37of41
resultingconstructionisarunonsentence.Inaddition,themodifierPlayedintheUnitedStatesprimarilybywomen,
whichisintendedtodescribebothsports,appearstodescribeonlyfieldhockey. Duringthetwentiethcentury,thestudyofthelargescalestructureoftheuniverseevolvedfromthetheoreticaltothe
practicalthefieldofphysicalcosmologywasmadepossiblebecauseofbothEinstein'stheoryofrelativityandthe
(D)ThemodifierintheUnitedStatesappearstodescribewomen,thusillogicallyimplyingthatAmericanwomen betterabilitytoobserveextremelydistantastronomicalobjects.
makeupmostoftheworld'sfieldhockeyandvolleyballplayers.Additionally,thischoicecreatesasentence
fragment.Thenounsportsisfollowedonlybymodifiersthereisnomainverb.
becauseofbothEinstein'stheoryofrelativityand
(E)Thesingularverbisdoesnotagreewiththepluralnounfieldhockeyandvolleyball.Additionally,thischoice
illogicallydescribesfieldhockeyandvolleyballas"oneofthesports...",buttheseareinfacttwodifferentsports.
bybothEinstein'stheoryofrelativityand
EndExamYoumustselectananswertoproceed.ProblemList<<Prev

byEinstein'stheoryofrelativityandalso

becauseofEinstein'stheoryofrelativityandalso

asaresultofbothEinstein'stheoryofrelativityand

HideExplanation

Theunderlinedportionofthesentenceintroducestwoidioms:madepossiblebyandbothXandY.Theformer
idiomisincorrectlypresentedinthesentenceasmadepossiblebecauseof.

(A)Thechoiceisincorrectasitrepeatstheoriginalsentence.

(B)CORRECT.Thischoiceusesbothidiomscorrectly:madepossiblebyandbothXandY.

(C)Thischoicecorrectsthefirstidiom(madepossibleby)butintroducesanewerrorbyremovingbothandreplacing
itwithandalso,whichisredundant.

(D)Thischoicerepeatstheoriginalidiomerrormadepossiblebecauseof.Italsointroducesanewerrorbyremoving
bothandreplacingitwithandalso,whichisredundant.

(E)Thischoicepresentstheincorrectidiom(madepossibleasaresultof)ratherthanthecorrectidiom,made
possibleby.

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Question30of41

AccordingtothewritingsofThorsteinVeblen,theeconomist,themostreliablesignalofatrulywealthyindividualis
hisorherabilityandwillingnesstoengagein"conspicuousconsumption"tospenditinawaythatispatently
absurdorirrational.

ThorsteinVeblen,theeconomist,themostreliablesignalofatrulywealthyindividualishisorherability
andwillingness
ThorsteinVeblen,theeconomist,themostreliablesignalthatoneistrulywealthyiswhetheroneis
capableandwilling
economistThorsteinVeblen,themostreliablesignalofone'struewealthiswhetheranindividualis
capableandwilling
theeconomistThorsteinVeblen,anindividual'struewealthismostreliablysignaledbytheirabilityand
willingness
theeconomistThorsteinVeblen,themostreliablesignaloftruewealthisanindividual'sabilityand
willingness

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HideExplanation
ThissentencedescribesanassertionfromthewritingsoftheeconomistThorsteinVeblen:namely,thatindividual
wealthismostreliablysignaledbytheabilityandwillingnesstoengagein"conspicuousconsumption,"aconcept
thatthesentencethendefines.
(A)Thepronounitinthephrasespenditinawayshouldlogicallyrefertowealthormoneyhowever,nosuchnoun
existsinthesentence(wealthyisanadjective).
(B)Thepronounitinthephrasespenditinawayshouldlogicallyrefertowealthormoneyhowever,nosuchnoun
existsinthesentence(wealthyisanadjective).Whetherisalsoillogical,suggestingthatwhethersomeoneiswilling
orisnotwillingtoengagein"conspicuousconsumptionisasignalofwealth.Rather,someonemusthaveboththe
abilityandthewillingnesstodoso.Finally,intheparallelstructurecapableandwillingtoengage,theidiomwillingto
+verbisacceptable,buttheidiomcapableto+verbisnot(thesentenceshouldsaycapableofengaging).
(C)Theshiftfromone'stoanindividualisunacceptableitillogicallysuggeststhatthepersonpossessingthe
wealthisnotnecessarilythesamepersonwhoengagesin"conspicuousconsumption."Whetherisalsoillogical,
suggestingthatwhethersomeoneiswillingorisnotwillingtoengagein"conspicuousconsumptionisasignalof
wealth.Rather,someonemusthaveboththeabilityandthewillingnesstodoso.Finally,intheparallelstructure
capableandwillingtoengage,theidiomwillingto+verbisacceptable,buttheidiomcapableto+verbisnot(the
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sentenceshouldsaycapableofengaging).

(D)Thepluralpronountheircannotrefertothesingularnounanindividual's.

(E)CORRECT.Thissentencecontainsthesingularnounwealth,whichservesasalogicalantecedentforit.Both
abilityandwillingnesscombineidiomaticallywithto+verb.
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Question26of41

ThoughFrankLloydWrightisbestrememberedtodaybecauseofbolddesignsliketheGuggenheimMuseumin
NewYorkCity,mostofhisbuildingswereintendedtoblendintotheirsurroundings.

becauseofbolddesignsliketheGuggenheimMuseum
forbolddesignssuchastheonefortheGuggenheimMuseum
becauseofbolddesignssuchastheGuggenheimMuseum
becauseofbolddesignssuchasthatfortheGuggenheimMuseum
forbolddesignsliketheGuggenheimMuseum's

HideExplanation

Theoriginalsentencecontainsseveralerrors.First,thephraserememberedbecauseofisunidiomaticthecorrect
idiomaticconstructionisrememberedfor.Second,"like"isincorrectbecausetheGuggenheimisaspecific
exampleandtheuseof"suchas"wouldbemoreappropriatetointroduceexamples.Third,thesentenceincorrectly
suggeststhat"theGuggenheimMuseum"isa"design."Moreproperly,thesentenceshoulddiscussthedesign"for"
themuseum.

(A)Thischoiceisincorrectasitrepeatstheoriginalsentence.

(B)CORRECT."Becauseof"isreplacedby"for.""Like"isreplacedby"suchas."Andtheuseof"theonefor"
makesclearthatthedesignisforthemuseumandisnotthemuseumitself.

(C)Thischoicedoesnotcorrect"becauseof."Moreover,itincorrectlyimpliesthatthemuseumitselfisadesign.
However,theuseof"suchas"inplaceof"like"iscorrect.

(D)Thischoicedoesnotcorrect"becauseof."Moreover,therelativepronounthatlacksaclearantecedent.It
wouldbecorrecttosay"Thedesignforthehouse,likethatforthefactory,isbeautiful,"forexample.Butsucha
parallelstructuredoesnotexistinthissentence.However,theuseof"suchas"inplaceof"like"iscorrect.

(E)Thischoicedoesnotcorrect"like."Moreover,thepossessiveconstruction"GuggenheimMuseum's"isawkward
andunidiomatic.However,theuseof"for"ratherthan"becauseof"iscorrect.

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