Chapter 1

BACKGROUND OF STUDY

INTRODUCTION

Commercial facilities and institutions produces used water. It is characterized in

terms of physical, chemical and biological composition. The main purpose of a

wastewater treatment facility is to enable waste water to be disposed safely, without

being a danger to public health and without polluting watercourses or causing nuisance.

This also aims to recover energy, nutrients, water and other valuable resources from

wastewater.

Wastewater treatment is a process used to convert wastewater - which is water

no longer needed or suitable for its most recent use - into an effluent that can be either

returned to the water cycle with minimal environmental issues or reused. The latter is

called water reclamation and implies avoidance of disposal by use of treated

wastewater effluent for various purposes. Treatment means removing impurities from

water being treated; and some methods of treatment are applicable to both water and

wastewater. The physical infrastructure used for wastewater treatment is called a

"Wastewater Treatment Plant" (WWTP).1

The principal objective of wastewater treatment is generally to allow human and

industrial effluents to be disposed of without danger to human health or unacceptable

damage to the natural environment. Irrigation with wastewater is both disposal and

utilization and indeed is an effective form of wastewater disposal (as in slow-rate land

treatment).2 However, some degree of treatment must normally be provided to raw

municipal wastewater before it can be used for agricultural or landscape irrigation or for

1
aquaculture. 3 The quality of treated effluent used in agriculture has a great influence on

the operation and performance of the wastewater-soil-plant or aquaculture system. In

the case of irrigation, the required quality of effluent will depend on the crops to be

irrigated, the soil conditions and the system of effluent distribution adopted.4

The proponents came up with the research entitled Waste Water Treatment

Equipment Design, Fabrication and Evaluation for Carwash Water which is a

device that will filter used water from car wash to be reused as first wash for cars. This

will be composed of several filtering stages that aim to lessen the basicity of the used

water in order for it to be disposed safely and properly to the environment and

conserving water as well.

Statement of the Problem

The main aim of this study is to create an innovative wastewater treatment facility

that is low cost and affordable that will treat waste water from respective car wash

companies. Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions:

1. What is the design consideration for the proposed Waste Water

Treatment Equipment Design and Fabrication?

2. How will this equipment be fabricated?
3. What is the performance of this equipment in terms of
3.1 Turbidity
3.2 Color
3.3 pH Level
3.4 Volume Flow rate of water

Objectives of the Study

2
 The main objective of this research is to be able to recycle waste water from K &

L carwash. This also aims to create a cheaper water recycling system that will lessen the

waste water that is disposed in the environment and come up with a filtering system with

is made from indigenous materials.

Scope and Delimitation

The research is mainly concerned about the treatment of waste water from K & L

car wash. This will focus on the treatment of waste water, not purifying it. Purifying

means making the water potable for human consumption. The variables in this research

are limited to the thicknesses of the filters and the materials to be used and the time it

would take for the water to undergo the filtration process and have a neutral pH or

nearest.

A tank will be used where the filters will be placed in the following order starting

from the bottom to top: charcoal, abaca fibers, gravel then sand.

This research is limited only to the treatment of waste water from K & L carwash

at Camalig, Albay. The waste water sample has a base pH since it is a mixture of soap

and other materials. The product of the waste water treatment will only be used as the

first wash in washing the car and will not be potable. It is expected that the water to be

produced from the treatment system will have a high turbidity compared to drinking or

tap water.

Significance of the Study

3
 This study should be beneficial not just to the subject of the study but all other

whose nature of service is related to it.

Furthermore, findings of this research will bring significant bearings or

complication on the following:

TO THE CARWASH SECTORS: This study will help the carwash sectors in the

sense that this device will be able them to reuse their used water therefore less

expense, more profit.

TO THE ENVIRONMENT: This study will lessen the pollution in the environment

and help in the conservation of water since nowadays this is one of the major concerns

of environmental groups. Thus, this study will be significant for the conservation of the

environment.

TO THE STUDENTS: This study will give ideas and concepts and will trigger

their interest this field. Further, this could serve as a reference material to students

conducting research.This study could serve as a basis for further researches and other

innovative proposals.

END NOTES

4
1
Jainie Lynne Rivera, SBR (Sequence Batch Reactor) Waste Water Treatment Facility

2015
2
Wastewater treatment. (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2017, from

http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0551E/t0551e05.htm
3
Kumar, Arvind. (2004). Environmental contamination & bioreclamation. New Delhi,

India: APH Publishing Corporation.

4
FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, (Vol. 47). (1997). Retrieved March 3, 2017.

Chapter 2

5
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter is a presentation of the review of related literature and

studies which have direct bearing on the present research study. This includes

the purpose of the literature review, a review of the literature on academe and

other literature sources. Some relevant theory and background information were

gathered that investigates the problem. This chapter also highlights recurring

themes and recommend practices that evolve from literatures reviewed that

supported the study in comprehending the research.

Review of Related Literature

Wastewater
Pollution Articles (2010) explained that wastewater is used water.1 It includes

substances such as human waste, food scraps, oils, soaps and chemicals. In homes,

this includes water from sinks, showers, bathtubs, toilets, washing machines and

dishwashers. Businesses and industries also contribute their share of used water that

must be cleaned.
Filtration
The Lenntech (2009) explained that filtration is the process of separating

suspended solid matter from a liquid called a filter.2The filter may be paper, cloth, cotton-

wool, asbestos, slag- or glass-wool, unglazed earthenware, sand, or other porous

material causing the latter to pass through the pores of some substance.The liquid which

has passed through the filter is called the filtrate.

Activated Charcoal

According to Dr. Axe (2016), Activated Charcoal traps impurities in water

including solvents, pesticides, industrial waste and other chemicals. 3 This is why its

6
used in water filtration systems throughout the world. However, it doesnt trap viruses,

bacteria and hard-water minerals. Activated charcoal is a favored water treatment

technique because of its multifunctional nature and the fact that it adds nothing

detrimental to the treated water.

Sand Filtration

Emis (2010) explained that sand filtration is a process of water treatment

4
purification where it removes suspended solids from water. In this process, the

wastewater flows vertically through a fine bed of sand and/or gravel. Particles are

removed by way of absorption or physical encapsulation. The sectors where this process

is implemented includes swimming pools, carwash, groundwater treatment and etc.

Abaca Fiber

Textile Learner (2014) explained that Abaca Fiber known as Manila Hemp is a

bust fiber that is extracted from a stalk of the plant that is used to produce ropes, woven

fabrics, tea bags, etc.5 Abaca Fiber is used mainly is filtering waste water considering

this fiber is an excellent raw material in the processing machinery filters.

Coco coir

Coco Coir is the name given to the natural fibre extracted from coconut husks. It

has long been used in the manufacture of brushes, stuffing for automobile seats and

mattresses, drainage pipe filters, twine and other products.6

Human Hair

Human hair is a very efficient oil adsorbant. It gathers oil from scalp, the face,

and places where oil is produced.7 Hair clings to to the many tiny scales of each strand

7
of hair instead of soaking up as what absorbants do. This is the reason why use

shampoo to remove oil where dirt has also gathered. Each strand of hair has a great

amount of surface area. It is not really soaking up the oil but the oil is coating the outside

of the hair strand.

RELATED STUDIES

To acquire broader outlook about the wastewater treatment system on small

industries, the researcher cites in this portion related studies that have relevance with

the present undertaking and similarities and differences were then noted to put a

distinction of the different studies.

The study of Kandhari (2016) entitled Process For Complete Conversion Of

Multiple Industrial Wastes To Sustainable Alternatives And Usable Products8 the study

showed that is directed towards a process for complete conversion of multiple industrial

wastes to sustainable alternatives and usable products resulting in water in-soluble

product alike chemical gypsum useful for cement manufacturing used in construction

industry. The inventor has utilized industrial wastes from multiple industries together

taking into consideration their chemical and physical properties without using any form of

energy. The whole process is carried out at ambient temperature under open sky. In

described two exemplary processes, the inventor has disclosed process comprising the

steps of mechanically mixing metallurgical inert waste of aged dry Jarofix containing

crystallized Gypsum with freshly generated Jarosite or dry / wet Red Mud followed by

addition of adequate acidic concentration waste water, calcitic wastes, pozzolanic

property enhancers & lime treatment. The multiple wastes mix crystallized chemical

gypsum mass on drying is used as a whole without any leftover.

Treatment for Domestic and Industrial Waste Water9, a study conducted

SJOGREN RAAB, Matas Carlos (2016), present invention refers to a method and

8
system for the treatment of wastewater from domestic and industrial sources that

effectively remove the water pollutants, thus reducing the generation of organic residues.

The method comprises the stages of: providing wastewater in a wastewater collector (1);

conveying at least a portion of said wastewater to a separating unit of coarse solids (2);

making said portion of water to undergo filtering in said unit; collecting at least part of the

water from the stage (iii), preferably through gravity medium in a first conveying plant (3);

conveying at least a portion of the water from the stage (iv) to the separating unit of fine

solids (4); making said portion of water to undergo filtering in said unit; collecting at least

part of the water from the stage (vi) in a second conveying plant (5); conveying at least a

portion of the water from the second conveying plant (5) to the biologic treatment unit (6)

through pumping mediums and distribute the water to be treated preferably in

homogenous way over said biologic treatment unit (6); making said portion of water to

undergo the biologic treatment unit (6); collecting the water treated at the bottom of the

biologic treatment unit (6) and optionally convey it to a chemical disinfection unit (8);

making said portion of water to undergo treatment in said chemical disinfection unit; and

optionally collecting the water treated in the stage (xi) in a container.

Fracking Waste-Water Filtration Apparatus and Method10 a study of water

treatment system for fracking waste water, the system providing a combination of

treatment units adapted to be provided in the form of one or more transportable

modules. A corresponding method of treating waste water by the use of such a system,

and water that has been treated by the use of the method. (Erickson, David Ralph 2016)

Carwash effluent treatment plant11 a study where the utility of model relates to a

carwash effluent treatment plant. The utility model discloses silt in the effective

segregation carwash waste water, oils, organic matter, the anion got rid of in the

carwash waste water synthesize a large amount of pollutants such as washing liquid,

with the carwash water of carwash purification of waste water for satisfying the

9
reutilization, water economy resource, ecological protection environment. (Manhong,

Tian 2015)

Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

The related literature and studies have paved on some process,

principles, ideas and concept in which their research on the development of the

device for the convenience of the user and the creation of useful innovations

integrating the concepts in Science and Technology.

The gathered data made the researchers understand what particulars

components of filters is necessary in eliminating the contaminants in the water. Based on

the related literature, Waste water treatment is one of the most effective way to remove

the water pollutants discharged by domestic and industrial sources.

Water becomes contaminated once used. These contaminants must be removed

before water can be reused or be brought back to the environment. Water treatment is

the common way eliminate the existing contaminants in the water or reduce the

concentration of such contaminants so the water becomes fit for its specific purposes.

The ideas asserted by Erickson and Manhong discussed the method of treating

waste water by the use of such a system, and water that has been treated by the use of

the method. On other hand, Kandhari and SJOGREN RAAB, Matas Carlos exploited the

concept of treating the waste water from domestic and industrial sources that effectively

remove the water pollutants.

The study above stated the water treatment or water recycling which describes

the processes used to make water more acceptable for a desired end-use.

Gap Bridged by the Study

10
 While most of the presented literature and studies have exploited the

water waste treatment in most of industry uses chemical compounds to treat the

liquid waste discharged by domestic residences and commercial properties, none

of them, however, dealt on making waste water in carwash station.

Hence, this study intends to focus on greywater recycling to eliminate use

of fresh water on specific applications which does not necessarily require tap

water, thus reducing the cost on water bills. This was the gap bridged by the

study.

Theoretical Framework

11
 Revolvy discussed that the Theory of Sedimentation is a physical water

treatment process which uses gravity to remove suspended solids from water.12

Solid particles entrained by the turbulence of moving water may be removed

naturally by sedimentation in the still water of lakes and oceans. Clarifiers are

tanks built with mechanical means for continuous removal of solids being

deposited by sedimentation.

Moreover, Revolvy also explains that Stokes' law is the relationship

between the settling rate and the particle diameter. 13 Under specific conditions,

the particle settling rate is directly proportional to the square of particle diameter

and inversely proportional to liquid viscosity. The settling velocity, defined as the

residence time taken for the particles to settle in the tank, enables the calculation

of tank volume. Precise design and operation of a sedimentation tank is of high

importance in order to keep the amount of sediment entering the diversion

system to a minimum threshold by maintaining the transport system and stream

stability to remove the sediment diverted from the system. This is achieved by

reducing stream velocity as low as possible for the longest period of time

possible. This is feasible by widening the approach channel and lowering its floor

to reduce flow velocity thus allowing sediment to settle out of suspension due to

gravity. The settling behavior of heavier particulates is also affected by the

turbulence.

The action of filter is also explained by the ionic theory. It states that when two

substances with opposite electric charges are brought into contact with each other, the

electric charges are neutralized and in doing so, new chemical substances are formed. 14

It is observed that some of the sand grains of filter are charged with electricity of some

polarity. Hence, when particles of suspended and dissolved matter containing electricity

12
of opposite polarity come into contact with sand grains, they neutralize each other and it

ultimately results in the alteration of chemical characteristics of water. After some

interval of time, the electrical power of sand grains gets exhausted. At that time, it

becomes necessary to clean the filter and restore it with its property.

The relationships among Stokes Law and Ionic Theory largely influence the idea

of process of filtration which is the most important stage in the purification of water.

Theory of
Sedimentation Stokes Law

TREATED WASTE
WATER

Ionic Theory

13
 Figure 2.1

Conceptual Framework

In this study, it plays a very important role to the researcher as to obtain a good

result and quality of work. It includes the variables involved in the study conducted by

the proponents. It is the best guide in the field of operation and development of the study

to make it easy.

Waste Water

FILTERS
1. Manila Hemp
2. Sand Filter
3. Gravel
4. Activated Carbon

Reduced Turbidity
Normal pH
Color

Treated Waste Water

14
 Figure 2.2

The placement of different types of filters with varying thickness, the number of

filters used are the independent variables that greatly affect the turbidity of the waste

water, the pH level and the duration it takes for every process to filter, hence, they are

the dependent variables.

Definition of Terms

The following words were defined conceptually and operationally for better

understanding of the terms used in the study.

Grey water. Used water from your bathroom sinks, showers, tubs, and

washing machines. It is not water that has come into contact with feces, either

from the toilet or from washing diapers.

Waste Water. Spent or used water with dissolved or suspended solids,

discharged from homes, commercial establishments, farms, and industries.

Contaminant. Something that makes a place or a substance (such as

water, air, or food) no longer suitable for use: something that contaminates a

place or substance.

Car Wash.A place or structure having special equipment forwashing automobiles

Filter. A porous device for removing impurities or solid particles from a liquid or

gas passed through it.

Activated Carbon. A form of carbon having very fine pores: used

chiefly for adsorbing gases or solutes, asin variousfilter systems for purification, d

eodorization, and decolorization.

Abaca Fiber. A strong fiber obtained from the leafstalk of a banana.

15
 Sand Filter. A filter used in water purification and consisting of layers of

sand arranged with coarseness of texture increasing downward.

Purification. To make pure; free from anything that debases, pollutes,

adulterates, or contaminates.

END NOTES

Haluzan, N. (1970). Wastewater definition. Retrieved December 12, 2016, from

http://pollutionarticles.blogspot.com/2010/09/wastewater-definition.html
2
Water Treatment Solution. (2009). Retrieved February 12, 2017, from

http://www.lenntech.com/chemistry/filtration.htm
3
Top 10 Activated Charcoal Uses & Benefits. (2016). Retrieved December 12, 2016,

from https://draxe.com/activated-charcoal-uses/
4
Energie- en milieu-informatiesysteem voor het Vlaamse Gewest. (2010). Retrieved

February 12, 2017, from https://emis.vito.be/en/techniekfiche/sand-filtration

5
Kiron, M. I. (n.d.). Abaca Fiber (Manila Hemp) | Uses/Application of Abaca Fiber.

Retrieved February 12, 2017, from http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2013/04/abaca-

fiber-manila-hemp-usesapplication.html
6
CANNA USA. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2017, from http://www.canna-

uk.com/how_use_coco_coir_as_concept
7
Human Hair: A Highly Absorbent Material to Clean Off Oil Spill. (2010, June 5).

Retrieved March 04, 2017, from https://environment.knoji.com/human-hair-a-highly-

absorbent-material-to-clean-off-oil/
8
KANDHARI, H. (2016). PROCESS FOR COMPLETE CONVERSION OF MULTIPLE

INDUSTRIAL WASTES TO SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVES AND USABLE

PRODUCTS. Retrieved February 13, 2017, from

16
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?

docId=WO2016108245&redirectedID=true
9
RAAB, %. S., & FUENTES, A. V. (2016). 20160176736 TREATMENT FOR DOMESTIC

AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER. Retrieved February 13, 2017, from

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?

docId=US174234640&recNum=1&office=&queryString=FP%3A%28Treatment%2Bfor

%2BDomestic%2Band%2BIndustrial%2BWaste%2BWater

%29&prevFilter=&sortOption=Pub%2BDate%2BDesc&maxRec=210
10
Erickson. (2016). 20160176737 FRACKING WASTE-WATER FILTRATION

APPARATUS AND METHOD. Retrieved February 13, 2017, from

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=US174234641&redirectedID=true
11
MANHONG, T. (2015). 204644030 Carwash effluent treatment plant. Retrieved

February 13, 2017, from https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?

docId=CN159314199&recNum=2&office=&queryString=FP%3A%28Carwash

%2Beffluent%2Btreatment%2Bplant%29&prevFilter=&sortOption=Pub%2BDate

%2BDesc&maxRec=2
12
Revolvy, L. (n.d.). "Sedimentation (water treatment)". Retrieved February 12, 2017,

from https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Sedimentation%20(water

%20treatment)&item_type=topic
13
Revolvy, L. (n.d.). "Sedimentation (water treatment)". Retrieved February 12, 2017,

from https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Sedimentation%20(water

%20treatment)&item_type=topic
14
Water treatment - Filtration. (2013). Retrieved February 12, 2017, from

http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=2582

17
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter comprises the deliberation of the research design and

methods of the current study, Waste Water Treatment in Carwash Station at K &

L, Camalig Albay. The research design, sources of data and developmental

research process are presented in this chapter. The topics are given a deeper

explanation in this chapter and the researcher will present the study. It consists of

the materials and set up, research procedures, research design, data collection

procedures, statistical tools and analysis.

The experimentation will take place at the Bicol University College of

Engineering, Legazpi, City, Albay where the thesis advisers may be found to whom the

researchers may ask guidance regarding the study.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This chapter will elaborate the process used in conducting the research. The

proponents used the Experimental Research Method in which the researcher will

manipulate one or more variables, and controls and measures any change in other

variables. The proponents included the material to be used, the time frame, the process

of treating the waste water, the design, experimentation, observation, analysis and

presentation of the result.

18
PROCEDURES

1.) Collection of waste water sample from the perspective carwash.

2.) Then the waste water collected will be poured in the tank containing filters.
3.) Using sand as the first filter, supported by a chicken wire with stand that will

remove pathogens and suspended solids.

4.) The fourth step, the proponents used gravel as a filter for the remaining solid

matter included in the waste water and other debris that the sand cannot

withhold.
5.) Next is the separation of oil and other foreign matters filtered by an indigenous

material, the abaca fiber (Manila hemp).

6.) And lastly, the activated charcoal, a chemical compound in which absorbs odors

and toxins gases. The medical use of activated carbon is mainly the absorption

of poison or contaminants from the waste water. Eliminating organics in waste

water, such as humic and fulvic acid, prevents chlorine in the water from

chemically reacting with the acids and forming trihalomethanes, a class of

known carcinogens
7.) Treated waste water will be stored in another tank, which will be used for the first

wash in the next car availing the service of the carwash station.

Materials/Equipment:

Tank

Manila Hemp

Sand

Gravel

Activated Carbon

Faucet

Chicken wire

Flat Bar

19
Rivets

The machines and hand tools used for fabrication were the following

-Welding Machine

-Hand Hacksaw

-Drill Press

-Grinder

-Sheet and Metal Cutter

-Files and Farm Shop Tools

FABRICATION OF THE PROTOTYPE

COLLECTION OF RAW MATERIALS

FABRICATION

MEASURING

CUTTING

BENDING

WELDING

BORING

GRINDING

ASSEMBLY OF COMPONENTS

PAINTING

20
 CONSTRUCTED PROTOTYPE

Figure 3.1

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES

Proceeding from general to specific research questions, makes the research

activities in any project more focused - in terms of data needed to answer the research

questions. Hence questions associated with data collection are some of the most

important in any research enquiry.The researchers researched and knows the possible

time interval of the said experiment; the potential of the device, the researchers set the

time range.

The research data was the source of information in the study process. The

primary source of information was derived from the undergraduate theses. Other

information and concepts were the books, encyclopedias, magazines, and the internet

which happen to be the secondary source of information. Also, the researchers have

flexibly advanced to several libraries that in return provides additional details and

information that surely is a help for the progress of the present study.

Experimental Procedures

For a systematic conduct of the study, the following experimental procedures will

be employed:

Experiment 1: Filter Thickness, Time to Filter and pH Level

The proponents set different filter thickness for each material to be used for

different set ups

21
Table 3.1 The Filters and their corresponding thickness

Filters Set-up 1 Set-up 2 Set-up 3

Sand
Gravel
Abaca Fiber
Activated Charcoal

Each set-up was tested by running waste water from K&L Carwash in it. The

proponents then measured the time it took for the waste water to be filtered. Results are:

Table 3.2 Filtering time for each set up.

Set-Up No. Time

1
2
3

The filtered water for each set-up then undergone Physical and Chemical

Analysis to determine the turbidity, pH level and other parameters to satisfy question

number 3 in Chapter 1 Statement of the Problem. The following table are the results:

Set-Up No. Turbidity pH Remarks

1
2
3
Table 3.3 Turbidity and pH Level of Treated Water.

STATISTICAL TOOLS AND ANALYSIS

The researchers conducted series of trial experiments. The statistical tool the

researchers use is called the Pearson product-moment correlation

22
coefficient (PPMCC). The results gathered from the three experiments were interpreted

using the statistical means namely positive and negative correlation. Positive correlation

relates two variables whose values both increasing while negative correlation describes

a situation where as one variable increases, the other variable decreases. The

computed value called correlation coefficient, r signifies if the computed value falls on

negative or positive correlation.

N ( XY ) ( X )( Y )
r= 1
{[ N ( X 2 ) ( X )2 ][ N ( Y 2 )( Y )2 ] }2

SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITES

23
 The researchers were guided by the following stages in the development of the

Waste Water in carwash station at K & L, Camalig Albay.

Planning and Designing. The planning and designing is made to assure that

the waste water treated will be useful and can be used for other purposes.

Preparation. The need in collecting the materials used in the research by the

proponents to do some experiments to ensure the efficiency and functionality of the

system.

Construction. Based on the design, the researchers had carefully and manually

executed precise steps in the construction of the prototype.

Integration. After construction, the parts of the system has been manually

assembled to assure accurate filtering of water from the other substance. The parts are

carefully assembled to make the system fully operational.

Pre-Testing. The researchers have examined the system operationally, to

determine the deficiencies if there are any, and avoid any malfunction during final test.

Modification and Revision. In this stage, the proponents removed the non-

functional filter components (if there are any) in the system and fixed it with the

appropriate replacement to function properly.

Final Testing. The researchers determined the effect and function and also the

changes to be certain that the study will be a success.

Time Frame

24
 This project study will covered two semesters, including the preparation (for one

semester), the execution of experiment and the waste water testing for the following

semester. Several different experiments shall be conducted with changing variables to

have an appropriate needed result.

Table 3.4 Time Frame

Activity June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March
Planning and

Designing
Preparation
Construction
Integration
Pre- Testing
Modifications

and

Revisions
Final Testing

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULT/FINDING

Presentation and Interpretation of Findings.

25
 What are the appropriate thicknesses of the filters to be able to acquire water

with the most neutral pH that will be used as the first wash in the car wash? What

combination of filters produced the most neutral water in the least amount of time?

Table 4.1 Experiment Number 1 with respect to the thickness of filters

Filters Set-up 1 Set-up 2 Set-up 3

Sand 5 7 10
Gravel 3 6 8
Abaca Fiber 2 3.5 5
Activated Charcoal 3 5 7

Each set-up was tested by running waste water from K&L Carwash in it. The

proponents then measured the time it took for the waste water to be filtered. Results are:

Table 4.2 Experiment Number 2 with respect to time duration

Set-Up No. Time

1 5 secs
2 7 secs
3 10 secs

The filtered water for each set-up then undergone Physical and Chemical

Analysis to determine the turbidity, pH level and other parameters to satisfy question

number 3 in Chapter 1 Statement of the Problem. The following table are the results:

Table 4.3 Experiment Number 3 with respect to pH and Turbidity

Set-Up No. Turbidity pH Remarks

1 500 10 Failed
2 150 8.7 Failed
3 65 7.38 Passed

26
Figure 4.1

27
Figure 4.2

28
 The researcher measures the velocity of the water used in experimentation after

it was installed on the 3 sets of filter with different layer thickness, the volume flow rate

of the water which respect to different filter was then computed.

Table 4.3 VELOCITY OF THE WATER

Velocity (cm/s)

MEAN

THICKNESS TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 AVERAGE

(cm) VELOCITY

(cm/s)

3.75 1.0 1.33 1.43 1.253

5.75 0.8 1 1.14 0.98

7.5 0.6 0.67 0.71 0.66

29
Table 4.4 VOLUME FLOW RATE OF WATER

VOLUME FLOWRATE of Water with respect to different filter

THICKNESS CROSS SECTIONAL VELOCITY VOLUME FLOWRATE (

(cm) AREA ( cm 2 ) (cm/s) cm3 /sec)

3.75 0.0767 1.253 0.0961

5.75 0.06 0.98 0.0588

7.5 0.04 0.66 0.0264

Table 4.5 CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF THICKNESS AND VOLUME FLOW RATE

WITH RESPECT TO THE FILTER

30
 X Y XY X2 Y2

Thickness (cm) Volume flow

rate (cm3/s)
3
9.235 x 10
3.75 0.0961 0.3604 14.0625
3
3.457 x 10
5.75 0.0588 0.3381 33.0625

7.5 0.0264 0.198 56,25 6.9696 x 10

3

X= 17 Y=0.1813 XY= 0.8965 X2= Y2= 0.0197

103.375

N ( XY ) ( X )(Y )
r= 1
{[ N ( X ) ( X ) ][ N ( Y )( Y ) ] }
2 2 2 2 2

3 ( 0.8965 )(17)( 0.1813)

r= 1
{[ 3 ( 103.375 ) ( 17 ) ] [ 3 ( 0.0197 ) ( 0.1813 ) ] }
2 2 2

r = -0.0264849 ~ 0

31
Interpretation:

The result r = 0;

There is a degree of correlation between the thickness and the water flow with

respect to the thickness of the filter. The proper interpretation should be more

specific, that is:

Correlation is negative but near to zero since the value falls

between -1 and 0.

The value -0.0264849 or zero has no linear relationship between

the variables

There exists no linear relationship between the thickness and the

water flow at the filters.

32
 CHAPTER V

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

The chapter discusses the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations of

the study.

Summary of Findings

The purpose of the study entitled Design and Fabrication of Waste Water

Treatment in Carwash Station at Camalig, Albay was to be able to recycle waste

water from K & L carwash. This also aims to create a cheaper water recycling system

that will lessen the waste water that is disposed in the environment and come up with a

filtering system with is made from indigenous materials Specifically, it should answer

the following questions:

1. What is the design consideration for the proposed Waste Water

Treatment Equipment Design and Fabrication?

2. How will this equipment be fabricated?
3. What is the performance of this equipment in terms of
3.1 Turbidity
3.2 Color
3.3 pH Level
3.4 Volume Flow rate of water

The sample carwash waste water which is untreated undergone series of test.

The researchers used different kinds of indigenous filters based on their appropriate

thickness. Several trials were made in each set-up for every variable. The data gathered

are then recorded for observation and interpretation of the data. Once these

33
fundamental steps were achieved, this research was able to go forward. This chapter

reports the conclusions and recommendations that resulted from this study.

Based on the data gathered on the course of the experimentation, the following

results were found out:

1. During the testing of the device, the researchers found out such indigenous

material like abaca fiber will be a great help to filter waste water from carwash

station in separating oil and grease from the contaminated water. The

proponents also used coarse sand to remove pathogens and other solid

material. The third filter we used is gravel, because of its ability to hold back

precipitates containing impurities and lastly, the activated carbon which

removes organic compounds and/or extracting free chlorine from water,

thereby making the water suitable for discharge or use in manufacturing

processes.

2. The equipment will be fabricated by means of collecting raw material,

measuring, cutting, bending, welding, boring, grinding, and assemble of

components and lastly painting the fabricated prototype.

3. The researchers determined that from sample from K & L Carwash unfiltered

and undergone test found out that it is clear but with sediments and with pH

of 11.5. From set-up 1, the sample from K & L Carwash was filtered for 5

seconds and its turbidity is 500 and pH is 10. From set-up 2, the sample was

filtered for 7 seconds and its turbidity is 150 and pH is 8.7. From set-up 3, the

sample was filtered for 10 seconds and its turbidity is 65 and pH is 7.38. The

result from set-up 3 was the only sample which passed the desired pH of

water which is safe to discharge in the environment.

34
 The turbidity and the pH of the resulting water of each set up was measured and

tested at College of Science, Chemistry Department and the last set up undergone

Physical and Chemical Test at Metropolitan Naga Water District.

Conclusion

Based on the data gathered, the researchers arrived at the following conclusions.

The results of all experiments helped the researchers in determining the best

possible design for the Waste Water treatment system for K & L Carwash. The

researchers therefore conclude that the best design for this is set-up 3 having the

following filter thicknesses: sand- 10cm, gravel- 8cm, abaca fibers- 5cm, activated

charcoal- 7cm. This set up resulted in the reduction of the pH level and turbidity of the

sample water from basic to a pH that is safe to be release in the environment which is

7.38.The time duration in filtering the waste water is 10 secs which is directly

proportional to its thickness.

35
Recommendations

From the result and conclusions of the study, the following

recommendations were to be considered:

1.) The researchers recommends to consider other filters that may further

reduce the bacterial component of the water possibly making it potable and

reducing the turbidity level of the water.

2.) The device may be used to conduct another study about waste water

treatment in the field of agricultural and aqua-cultural area.

3.) The proponents also recommend to study and enhance further the efficiency

in filtering waste water.

4.) The proponents recommend to loo for a proper disposal area for the

remaining sediments attached to the filters.

36
 Appendix A

MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS

Figure 1. Tank

Figure 2. Manila Hemp

Figure 3. Coarse Sand

37
 Figure 4. Gravel

Figure 5. Activated Carbon

38
 Figure 6. Faucet

Figure 7. Chicken Wire

39
 Figure 8. Flat Bars

Appendix B

PREPARATION OF THE SET UP

40
Figure 9. Setting up the tank

41
 Figure 10. Welding of the Flat Bars

Figure 11. Putting Chicken Wire in the welded flat bars

42
Figure 12. The welded flat bars was fitted and placed into the tank

Fig. 14 Constructed Prototype

43
 CURRICULUM VITAE

ALFRED M. AON

alfred_madara27@yahoo.com

09102335403

Age:21 years old

Date of Birth:May 27, 1995

Place of Birth:Malobago Daraga, Albay

Religion:Roman Catholic

Address:Malobago Daraga, Albay

Name of Father:Wilfredo M. Anon Sr.

Name of Mother:Elvie M. Anon

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary

School: Seventh Day Adventist Elementary School

Place: Legazpi City

Year: 2008

Secondary

School: Daraga National High School

Place: Daraga, Albay

Year: 2012

Tertiary

44
 School: Bicol University College of Engineering

Place: Legazpi City, Albay

Year: 2017

CURRICULUM VITAE

MARK OWEN C. FLORES

markowenflores.mof@gmail.com

09289006502

Age:20 years old

Date of Birth:September 10, 1996

Place of Birth:Tabiguian, Tabaco City

Religion:Roman Catholic

Address: #97 Zone 3 Tabiguian Tabaco City

Name of Father:Lorenzo Flores

Name of Mother:Amparo Flores

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary

School: Tabiguian Elementary School

Place: Tabiguian Tabaco City

Year: 2008

Secondary

School: Tabaco National High School

Place: Tabaco City

Year: 2012

Tertiary

School: Bicol University College of Engineering

45
 Place: Legazpi City, Albay

Year: 2017

CURRICULUM VITAE

ALYSSA ZSCHARINA N. TORRES

Alyssazscharina.torres@bicol-u.edu.ph

09173622060

Age: 21 years old

Date of Birth: June 19, 1995

Place of Birth: Camalig, Albay

Religion: Roman Catholic

Address: #191 P-2 Libod, Camalig, Albay

Name of Father: Efren C. Torres

Name of Mother: Josephine N. Torres

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary

School: Libod Elmentary School

Place: Libod, Camalig, Albay

Year: 2007

Secondary

School: Marcial O. Raola Memorial School

Place: Guinobatan, Albay

Year: 2011

Tertiary

46
School: Bicol University College of Engineering

Place: Legazpi City, Albay

Year: 2017

47