T

Duy Phn Bin Critical Thingking

05/08/2011 1 Comment

ThS. L Tn Hunh Cm Giang

Vin Nghin cu Gio dc

Critical thinking c chng ti tm dch l t duy phn bin. y l mt ni dung c trong tiu chun u ra

ca nhiu trng i hc, c bit l cc hc vin k thut c thc hin xy dng v qun l chng trnh o to

theo phng thc tip cn CDIO. Bi vit ny tng hp v dch thut mt s ti liu gii thiu v khi nim ny.

Thut ng critical thinking thng c dch l t duy ph phn. Ph phn l t ch hnh ng ch ra ci

cha tt, ci sai lm, t ny khng bao hm ngha nh gi. nh gi l phi nhn nhn c cc gi tr, cc kt

qu t c bn cnh nhng thiu st v tn ti. Quan im ph phn vn c hiu l ng trn lp trng

ca mt h phi v ph nh cc l thuyt khc bit vi t tng chnh thng, khng chp nhn kh nng tip cn

vn t nhiu phng din khc nhau. Thut ng critical thinking trong cc ti liu m chng ti tham kho

c ni hm rng hn cch hiu ph phn theo ngha nu trn, do cn phi tm mt cch dch khc.

Theo t in Oxford Advanced Learns Dictionary th critical l tnh t dng din t:

- ngh l khng tt, ch bai, bt ng, khng tn thnh, phn i

- cc k quan trng, s c nhiu nh hng trong tng lai

- nghim trng, nguy him

- a ra phn on cn thn, cng bng v cht lng tt hay km (involving making fair, careful judgements

about the good and bad qualities of somebody or something).

Vi ngha ny v d c nu ra nh sau: Sinh vin c khuyn khch pht trin t duy phn bin thay v ch

chp nhn cc quan im m khng xem xt (Students are encouraged to develop critical thinking instead of

accepting opinions without questioning them).

- ph bnh (ngh thut, m nhc, vn hc)

Qua tham kho cch gii thch ca t in Oxford dn, chng ti cho rng t critical trong thut ng critical

thinking khng c dng vi ngha ph phn, m mang ngha a ra phn on. Chng ti s dng cch

dch khc l t duy phn bin ph hp hn vi ni dung vn c cp.

1. T duy phn bin l g?

Chng ti m u bi lc kho ny bng on trch t ti liu ca Alec Fisher.A. Fisher (2001) im li nhng

pht biu nh ngha v t duy phn bin ca nhiu tc gi, ng thi phn tch cc nh ngha ny cho thy

nhn thc v t duy phn bin qua mt chng ng pht trin lch s kh lu di, khi u t s tip cn ca

trit gia c i Socrates, v quan im cui cng c cp l ca Michael Scriven.

Mc d Socrates tip cn vn t duy phn bin t cch y hn 2000 nm, nhng nh ngha ca John

Dewey nh trit hc, tm l hc, gio dc hc ngi M v t duy phn bin mi c bit n mt cch rng

ri. J. Dewey gi t duy phn bin l reflective thinking (suy ngh su sc) v nh ngha l:

S suy xt ch ng, lin tc, cn trng v mt nim tin, mt gi nh khoa hc c xt n nhng l l bo v n

v nhng kt lun xa hn c nhm n

nh ngha ca John Dewey nhn mnh n tnh ch ng ca t duy phn bin. Khi mt ngi t duy phn bin,

h t ny ra cu hi, t i tm cc thng tin lin quan, .., hn l hc hi th ng t ngi khc. J. Dewey cng

nhn mnh n tnh lin tc ca t duy phn bin. T duy phn bin i hi phi xem xt mi vn , mi thng

tin lin quan trc khi i n kt lun hoc ra quyt nh. Quan trng nht, nh ngha ca J. Dewey ni rng nim

tin ca chng ta b chi phi bi s suy lun. Suy lun c vai tr quan trng to ln trong t duy phn bin, c suy

lun v nh gi suy lun u c ngha tch cc. Trong t duy phn bin, kh nng suy lun l yu t then cht.

Edward Glaser, ng tc gi ca mt trc nghim t duy phn bin c s dng rng ri nht th gii l Watson-

Glaser CriticalThinking Appraisal pht biu v t duy phn bin nh sau:

(1) l thi sn lng quan tm suy ngh chu o v nhng vn v ch xut hin trong cuc sng c nhn;

(2) l s hiu bit v phng php iu tra v suy lun c l; v (3) l mt s k nng trong vic p dng cc

phng php . T duy phn bin i hi s n lc bn b kho st nim tin hay gi thuyt bt k c xem xt

n cc bng chng khng nh n v nhng kt lun xa hn c nhm n.

tng ca E. Glaser rt ging vi tng ca J. Dewey. E. Glaser cp n cc bng chng thay cho cc

tng trong mt cu tng t nh pht biu ca J. Dewey. E. Glaser nhn nhn rng k nng t duy l mt thnh

phn tt yu ca t duy phn bin.

Mt ngi rt ni ting trong nghin cu v t duy phn bin l Robert Ennis. Alec Fisher cho rng nh ngha ca

R. Ennis v t duy phn bin c s dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc:
T duy phn bin l s suy ngh su sc, nhy cm, thc t v hu ch quyt nh nim tin hay hnh ng.

Cc tc gi trc cp n s suy ngh su sc, nhng chnh R. Ennis nhn mnh quyt nh hnh

ng. Do , ra quyt nh l mt yu t ca t duy phn bin theo nh ngha ca R. Ennis.

Richard Paul pht biu v t duy phn bin t mt gc nhn khc bit so vi cc tc gi trc ng:

T duy phn bin l mt m hnh t duy v mt ch , mt vn , mt ni dung bt k trong ch th t

duy ci tin cht lng t duy ca mnh bng vic iu khin mt cch thnh tho cc cu trc nn tng c sn

ca t duy v p t cc tiu chun ca hnh ng tr tu ln qu trnh t duy ca mnh.

Pht biu ny th v bi n li cun ngi ta quan tm n mt c im ca t duy phn bin c cc nh gio

dc v cc nh nghin cu trong nhiu lnh vc ng rng ri, l: Cch thc c ngha thc t duy nht

pht trin kh nng t duy phn bin ca mt ai l thng qua t duy v t duy ca chnh h (thng c

gi l siu nhn thc (metacognition), vi mc tiu c quan tm l ci tin n bng cch tham kho mt s m

hnh t duy thnh cng trong cng lnh vc.

Michael Scriven th cho rng t duy phn bin l mt nng lc hc vn c bn, tng t nh l c v vit vy,

v pht biu nh sau:

T duy phn bin l kh nng, hnh ng thu hiu v nh gi c nhng d liu thu thp c thng qua

quan st, giao tip, truyn thng, v tranh lun

Hnh ng phn tch thu hiu v din t li ni dung tip thu bng ngn ng ca mnh hoc bng mt

hnh thc khc (vit, v, lm film nh, ngn ng c th), v hnh ng nh gi (c on gi tr, kh nng, tin

cy ca cc tuyn b) l nhng hnh ng c xem l i hi phi s dng cc k nng t duy phn bin. T duy

phn bin cn c hiu l mt loi t duy nh gi, n bao gm s ph phn v c t duy sng to. hiu

tt mt vn m ch pht hin li trong tng v lp lun ca ngi khc l cha . iu quan trng l nhng

kt lun thn trng ch a ra khi c xy dng trn c s cc lun c vng chc. V th, cn phi thng xuyn

suy ngh v mi yu t c lin quan, tm kim thm nhng thng tin mi, ch khng ch l nhng g c phi

by. Hn na, cn phi xem xt vn nhiu kha cnh khc nhau, phi tin on nhng kh nng c th xy ra

trong tng lai, iu cng c ngha l cn phi c kh nng t duy sng to.

Tc gi tip theo m chng ti mun gii thiu l Mathew Lipman. M Lipman (2003) c mt hnh ng tm lc

mt cch vn tt mt s pht biu ca cc tc gi khc v t duy phn bin nh sau:

- T duy gii quyt vn v ra quyt nh (Sternberg)

- T duy n lc a ra mt phn on sau khi tm cch thc ng tin cy nh gi thc cht v mi

phng din ca cc bng chng v cc lun c (Hatcher)

- L kh nng ca ngi t duy pht trin cc tiu chun nng lc hot ng tr tu v vn dng vo qu trnh t

duy ca chnh h (Paul)

- S n lc tm kim mt cch c h thng nhng nguyn nhn v l l gii thch nhng iu m c th c

ngi khc cho l ng

- L loi t duy bo v chng ta khng b ngi khc la phnh v khng t la phnh chnh mnh (Paul)

- L s nh gi ng cc pht biu (Ennis)

- L s vn dng cc l thuyt v t duy vo thc tin v cc tnh hung c vn

- Hiu c nguyn nhn v tin trnh ca cc s kin

- Xem xt cc cch gii thch khc nhau v kt qu kho st t cc tnh hung, l thuyt, v quan im khc nhau

V Diane F. Halpern (2003) pht biu mt nhn nh rt khi qut nh sau:

C th tp hp c rt nhiu pht biu ca cc nh tm l hc v cc nh khoa hc nhiu lnh vc khc v thut

ng t duy phn bin. Tuy nhin, cc pht biu ny c khuynh hng ging nhau v ni dung. Tc gi ny cng

dn ngun ti liu t Fischer v Spiker cho rng phn ln cc nh ngha v thut ng t duy phn bin c dng

cc t nh l suy lun (reason)/logic, phn on (judgment), siu nhn thc (metacognition), phn nh

(reflection), t vn (questioning), v qu trnh nhn thc (mental processes).

D. Halpern cng cho bit theo trong mt nghin cu ca Jones v cc ng nghip cng b th c 500 nh

hoch nh chnh sch, nh gio dc, ngi s dng lao ng ng rng: T duy phn bin l mt phm tr

ch s suy lun theo li m, khng b hn ch, s lng cc gii php l khng gii hn, bao hm c vic xy

dng cc iu kin, cc quan im v tng ng n i n kt lun vn .

2. T duy phn bin c g khc bit?

K. B. Beyer (1995) nu ln cc c im thit yu ca ngi c t duy phn bin, l:

- Khng c thnh kin: ngi c t duy phn bin l ngi ham tm hiu, bit lng nghe v c th chp nhn

kin tri ngc vi mnh, cao gi tr cng bng, tn trng bng chng v l l, thch s r rng chnh xc, bit

xem xt cc quan im khc nhau, v s thay i quan im khi s suy lun cho thy phi lm nh vy

- Bit vn dng cc tiu chun: cn phi c cc iu kin c tho mn nht nh mt pht biu tr thnh c

th tin cy c. Mc d cc lnh vc khc nhau c th c cc tiu chun khc nhau, nhng c mt s tiu chun

c th c p dng chung cho nhiu vn , v d nh: mt khng nh bt k phi c da trn nhng s

tht chnh xc c lin quan, t cc ngun ng tin cy, r rng, khng thin lch, thot khi logic ngy bin, hp

logic, l l vng chc

- C kh nng tranh lun: a ra cc l l vi cc bng chng h tr. T duy phn bin bao gm c vic nhn

dng, nh gi, v xy dng cc l l

- C kh nng suy lun: c kh nng rt ra kt lun t mt hoc nhiu chi tit. lm c vic ny cn phi nhn

thy c mi quan h logic gia cc d liu.

- Xem xt vn t nhiu phng din khc nhau: ngi c t duy phn bin cn phi tip cn hin tng t

nhiu quan im khc nhau

- p dng cc th thut t duy: T duy phn bin s dng nhiu th thut t duy khc nhau, bao gm t cu

hi, a ra cc phn on, thit lp cc gi nh.

M. Lipman (2003) a ra mt danh sch cc c im ca ngi c t duy phn bin nh sau:

* Cc c im quen thuc:

- S dng cc bng chng mt cch am hiu, khng thin lch

- Sp xp v din gii cc tng mt cch ngn gn r rng d hiu

- Phn bit gia cc suy din logic c th chp nhn c v khng th chp nhn c

- a ra phn on khi khng c cc bng chng c th kt lun

- N lc d kin cc tnh hung c th xy ra i vi cc phng n hnh ng trc khi quyt nh chn

phng n no

- Vn dng cc k thut gii quyt vn thch hp vo cc tnh hung mi hay lnh vc khc
- Lng nghe cn thn cc tng ca ngi khc

- Tm kim cc cch tip cn khc thng cho cc vn phc tp

- Hiu nhng khc bit trong cc kt lun, gi nh, gi thuyt

- Thng xuyn hi quan im ca ngi khc v n lc hiu c nhng gi nh v hm ca h

- Nhn ra c nhng sai lm trong quan im ca ngi khc, nhng thin lch c th trong cc quan im ,

v nguy c ca vic nh gi cc bng chng mt cch sai lch do nh hng ca cc quan tm c nhn.

** Cc c im c bit hn

- Hiu s khc bit gia suy lun v c gng suy lun c l

- Hiu cc kin biu l cc mc khc nhau ca s tin cy

- Nhn thc v gi tr v gi c ca thng tin, bit cch tm kim thng tin

- Nhn thy v phn bit c nt khc bit trong s tng ng, khng b lm ln bi cc du hiu b ngoi

- C th dng li cu trc khng chnh thc ca vn c trnh by trong cch thc m cc k thut chnh

thc c th c dng gii quyt chng

- Hiu s khc bit gia thng trong s tranh ci v c chn l

- Nhn thc rng cc vn trong thc tin c th c nhiu hn mt gii php v nhng gii php khc nhau

v mt vi phng din v c th kh chn ra gii php tt nht

- C kh nng lt b cc cu ch hay l l t lin quan

- Nhy cm vi s khc nhau gia s c th chp nhn c v sc mnh ca mt nim tin

- C th trnh by li cc quan im khc nhau m khng thay i, cng iu hay t v thm

- Nhn thc rng s hiu bit ca c nhn lun lun l hn ch cho nn vi mt thi khng quan tm tm hiu

v hc hi th thng xuyn l phi lm ln

Mathew Lipman (2003), i su vo phn tch mt s c im bn cht ca t duy phn bin nh sau:

- Sn phm ca t duy phn bin l cc phn on:

Phn on l hnh thc din t chung ca mi quan im, c lng, v kt lun, do , cng bao hm c cc

cch thc gii quyt vn , quyt nh c a ra, s thng hiu khi nim. V vy, ni rng sn phm ca t

duy phn bin l cc phn on th c ngha rt khi qut. Tuy nhin, t duy phn bin hng n s khn

ngoan nn cc sn phm c nhm n ca t duy phn bin phi l cc phn on tt. S phn bit c bn gia

mt phn on tt v mt phn on khng c gi tr l tnh ng dng thc tin ca n. Mi ngi, cho d h l

bc s hay nng dn, h u phi thng xuyn a ra cc phn on trong cng vic cng nh trong i sng.

Mt bc s gii khng th ch chn bnh tt m cn phi k n thuc v tin lng phn ng ca bnh nhn,

cng nh l cc cn nhc v vn o c. Mt phn on tt l kt qu ca s xem xt n tt c mi vn

lin quan, bao gm c chnh phn on . Mt phn on tt phi l sn phm ca mt tin trnh t duy thun

thc v k nng v c s dng cc th thut v cng c h tr thch hp.

T duy phn bin l loi t duy ng dng. Do , n khng ch nhm n vic t c s hiu bit, m cn l

vic vn dng kin thc to ra nhng thay i tch cc. Mt cch tm tt: sn phm ti thiu ca t duy phn

bin l cc phn on, v sn phm ti a ca n l s ng dng thc tin ca cc phn on .

- T duy phn bin l loi t duy da vo tiu chun

C mt mi quan h logic gia cc khi nim t duy phn bin, tiu chun, v phn on, l: T duy phn bin

c nhn nh nh l mt loi t duy ng tin cy, thun thc v k nng v kh nng nh gi, do vy, khng

th hiu t duy phn bin m thiu quan tm n tiu chun.

- T duy phn bin l loi t duy t iu chnh

Phn nhiu nhng suy ngh ca chng ta l rt ch quan, chng ta khng thng t tranh lun vi mnh xem iu

mnh ngh l ng hay sai. Chng ta thng suy ngh mt cch chung chung, t vic ny lin tng n vic

khc, nhng khng quan tm y n vn chn l hay gi tr, v thm ch t quan tm n kh nng c th

mc sai st. Mc d chng ta c th t phn nh chnh suy ngh ca mnh, nhng vn c th lm iu mt cch

ch quan. V th, vic pht hin ra nhng mu thun, thiu cn c, nhm ln trong tin trnh t duy ca mnh v

sa cha tt c cc li l mt mc tiu ca t duy phn bin.

- T duy phn bin th hin s nhy cm trc bi cnh

T duy nhy cm vi bi cnh c ngha l phi:

 Nhn thc c cc tnh hung ngoi l hay khc thng. Chng ta thng suy ngh n tnh chn thc hay gi

di ca mt pht biu c lp vi tnh cch ca ngi ni, nhng trong to n, tnh cch ca nhn chng c th l

mt yu t c lin quan xem xt.

Nhn thc c cc gii hn c bit, cc bin c, cc ro cn ca suy lun c l (nhng thnh kin, nh kin).

V d nh hai ng thng song song khng bao gi gp nhau, iu ny l chc chn trong hnh hc Euclidean,

nhng trong hnh hc phi Euclidean th khng.

Nhn thc c tnh tng th v nhy cm vi nhng ci c bit v n nht

Nhn thc c cc du hiu khng in hnh

Nhn thc c rng c mt s thut ng c th c s thay i v ngha khi chuyn sang bi cnh khc hay lnh

vc khc, c mt s thut ng khng c t tng ng trong ngn ng khc, hay ch c ngha trong bi cnh

c bit

Ti liu tham kho:

1. Alec Fisher (2001), Critical thinking, An Introduction, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom

2. K. B. Beyer (1995), Critical thinking, Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation

3. Mathew Lipman (2003), Thinking in Education, New York: Cambridge University Press

4. Oxford University Press (2005), Oxford Advanced Learns Dictionary 7 th Editio