ASME Section V Study Notes Article 2— Radiographic Examination (For API 510, 570, & 653 students) Background: Radiograph is a great method for examining a part tor subsurface discontinuities. A RT source, normally Iridium 191, is used to create gamma radiation. Gamma rays that strike an RT Tilm exposure the film. ‘The more rays that strike the film the greater the exposure and the darker the image on the film, Any object between the RTF source and the film will absorb or reflect some of the gamma rays, so less rays strike the film, What determines how many ra reflected by an object? It’s called the “mass” of the object. The muss of an object is a combination of are absorbed or 1) the density of the component being examined, and 2) the thickness of the obje The greater the mass, the fewer number of gammu rays mal strike the film, ‘Thus the is lighter since it was less exposed. ¢ il through the object and Since the physical density of the weid metal is the same throughout the weld, differences in the film darkness are a result of different thicknesses, For example, porosity appears as dark spots in the radiograph, since the total weld metal thickness. at the porosity Jocations is somewhat thinner than in adjacent areas, RT Source Object with differing thicknesses / ‘and an internat disconinuiy Developed Pilon Where there is less Mass ~ More gamma rays strike film, makes the film darker Key! Dark images mean thinner spots MSTS-Training.comASME Section V Study Notes RT Sensitivity — The Image Quality Indicator: In NDE, the term Eiensiiiviti” describes the ability of 2 NDE method to ‘See’ Sinall ‘discontinuities, More sensitive methods, can find smaller discontinuities. During an RT exam, it is important that an radiograph has appropriate sensitivity. Otherwise some important discontinuities may be missed, During an radiography, an Image Quality Indicator (101) is placed bn the component being Examined. Its purpose is to check the sensitivity of the film. An IQL is also called a penetrometer or a “penny ‘There are two types of IQI’s, a hole-type and a wire-type. Here’s a picture of the hole- type IQI. It’s « relatively thin plate that is 0.75" wide and 1.5” in length and has 3 holes of different diameters. The thickness of the plate is called “7”, The diameter of the holes is based on the thickness of the IQI. The smallest hole is called the IT hole, meaning the hole diameter is the same as the LQI thickness. The next larger is the 2T hole and the largest hole is the 4T hole: 4 28 hole Yaa Hole-Type 1Q1 How does the 11 indicate film sensitivity? The 1OL is basically a small plate with a discontinuities of known size, ic. the holes in the [QL During a RT examination an 1Q1 is placed on the component. When the radiograph is developed, if the 2T hole is visible on the IQI, then any discontinuity the dimensions equal 10 or greater than the 2T hole should be visible in the radiograph. Basically, the TOT his discontinuities of knows size and is used 10 validate whettict the RT has sufficient sensitivity Llp oe ial Wire-type 1QI's work similar. A wire-type 10] actually is a small piece of clear plastic containing 6 different wire diameters. When a wire-type is used, the examiner is looking, to see that the specified wire is Visible int the radiographASME Section V Study Notes Filin Density: When the film is developed, the darkness of the film is called film density. This has nothing i do with the weight of the film, just the lightness or darkness of the film, The density of the film in the weld and of the IQH should be measured. Why? 1) Bilin that és too light or too dark can mask discontinuities 2) Since the IOI iy the sensitivity check, then the film density of the IQL and the weld should be similar Hi-light the following sections in your code book. Por this article we will cover specific topics and bounce back and forth through the different pages A) Examination Technique 1-271 Radiograph Technique ‘A single-wall exposure technique shall be used for radiography whenever practical, When not practical, ... a double-wall technique shall be used. ‘£-271.1 Single-Wall Technique Jn the single-wall techniyne. the eadiation passes through only one wall ‘1-271.2 Double-Wall Te (a) Single-wall Viewing. .« technique may be used in which the radiation passes through two walls and only the weld on the film-side wall is viewed for acceptance ique Wien complete coverage is required for circumferential welds, a minimum of three exposures taken 120 degrees 10 each other shall be mace (b) Double-wall Viewing. For ... weids in components 3-1/2 inch or less in nominal diameter a technique may be used in which the radiation passes through two walls and the weld in both walls is viewed for aceeptance....” (1) For welds. the radiation beam may be offiet ...a minimum of nwo expasures taken 90 degrees to each other shall be made for each joint Single-wall Viewing Double-wall Viewing 3 MSTS-TrainilASME Section V Study Notes MSTS Notes: lonmandatory Appendix A. This appendix shows the set-up for each of these shots. Exposures Arrangements A-C ase single-wall techniques, with single-wall viewing. Exposurey Arrangements D-E ere double-wall techniques, with single-wall viewing. (The RT's will look similar to the previous ones) Exposures Arrangements F-G ace double-wall techniques, with double- watl viewing. meaning you will be able to see the image of the complete pipe in the film. (similar to # Profile RT) Exposure Arrangement F is commonly called the Eliptical shor B) Image Quality Indicator - Types ‘7-233.1 Standard 1QI Designs 10ls shall be either the hole type or the wire type. T-276.1 Material IQs shall be selected from either the same alloy material group, MSTS Notes: The IQ should have a similar physical density of the part that is being examined. Remember physical density affecis the amount of radiation that passes Urough a part. Good news, carbon steel, chromes, and stainless steets all have almost identical physical densities, so an 11 that works for & SS component is also acceptable component for a C) Image Quality Indicator - Placement °T-277.1 Standard 1Q1 D (a) Source-Side IQKs). The IQI(s) shall be placed on the source side of the part being examined, (b) Film-Side IQs). Where inaccessibility prevents placing the IQI{(s) on the source side, the IQIG) shall be placed on the film side A lead letter “F” shail be placed adjacent to or on the IQI(s) (c) 1QI Placement for Welds ~ Hole IQls. The IQI{s) may be placed adjacent to or on the weld. (d) 101 Placement for Welds ~ Wire IQIs. The IQs) shall be on the weld so that the Jength of the wires is perpendiculur to the length of the weld. D) Image Quality Indicator - Selection MSTS Notes: Sec Table 1-276. Highlight “Source Side” and “Film Side”. Remember it is preferred location for the [QI is on the source side, but this requires assess to both sides of the component. A couple things to notice on the chart 1} As the component thickness increases, the IOI size increases. The IOI is relatively thin, only about 2% of the thickness Of the component being examined 4 STS-Training,ASME Section V Study Notes 2) Fora given thickness, the required Fifi’ side (QL swill'dlwways be thinner than'a Source side 1Q1. The closer the 1QI is to the film, the easier it is t0 see the IQI holes. So Since a film side 11 is easier to see (in RT terms - a sharper image), the code penalizes film side IQs by making the examiner use a thinner 1QL The number designation for a hole type }Qhrepresents the 1OL thickivess, e.g. a 20 101 is 0,020" thick. The number designation fora wire type IQI is deseribed in Table T-233.2 Selection Example 1 ~ Hole Type [Ql A weld is 1” thick and the RT examiner has ‘access to both sides of the component Solution: Since the RT ech has access t0 both sides, the IO should be placed on the source side. The correct size is « 25 hole type IQL. Note! If there was not access, then a 20 hole type 11 should be selected Selection Example 2 ~ Wire ‘Type IQ: A weld is 0.625" thick and the RT examiner has access to both sides af the component Solution: Sinice the RT tech has acvess to both sides the IQL should be placed on the source side, The correct size is an 8 wire. But there is still one more step to do. Since the wires come in set of six wires, we must determine whieh wire set to select. Go to Table T-233.2. Highlight in the Title “Wire 1Qf Designation”, and highlight Set A through Set D. Now let’s pick the correct set for the #8 wite. The correct set is Set B, it contains wires 6 through 11 E) Image Quality Indicator - Miscellaneous ‘T-276.2 Si e (a) Welds with Reinforcements. The thickness on which the IQL is based is the nomtinal single-wall thickness plus the estimated weld reinforcement. MSTS Notes: Weld reinforcement is weld-cap height. 1'a pipe wall is 0.500” and the weld cap is an 0.062”, then an IQI could be selected on Table 7-276 based on a thickness of 0,562” thick. But don’t just automatically add and estimated weld cap height for the APL exam! The questions on the API exam will probably not mention weld cap height, so pick the 1QI based on actually plate/pipe nominal thickness. ‘277.3 Shims Under Hole 1QIs For welds, a shim of muterial radiographically similar to the weld metal shall be placed between the part and the 101, if needed so that radiographic density throughout the arew of interest isino more that minus 15%: from (lighter than) the radiographic density through the 1OL The shin dimensions shall exceed the IQI dimensions such thet the outline of at least three sides of the IOI image shail be visible in the radiograph. MSTS Notes: The film density (lightness or darkness of the film) of the 1Q1 and weld should be similar. This requires that the IQI be at about the same height us the weld cap. ‘To get the 1QI film density correct, a shim is usually placed under a hole-type 11 5 MSTS-Training.comASME Section V Study Notes ‘T-277.2. Number of 1QIs When one or more film holders are used for an exposure, at least one IQT image shatt appear on each radiograph, except MST Notes: Every radiograph needs an IQ1. Read through the exceptions when RT'ing long welds or large diameter circumferential welds. F) Film Evaluation - Fi MSTS Notes: When evaluating a radiograph, the first step in film interpretation is to determine whether the quality of the image in the radiograph is acceptable. Poor tadiographs can mask defects. Once we agree that the film is good, then the examiner can evaluate the weld, ASME Section V specifies criteria for determining whether the film quality is acceptable, ‘The Primary Code specifies acceptance criteria for the weld (e.g. limit on inclusions, etc.) m Density The first Section V criteria to determine whether the film has sufficient quality pertains to film density, Films too light or to dark can mask defects. There are two acceptable ways to measure film density. First, is a densitometer. A densitometer has a light box that allows the examiner {© position the film in specific locations, and provides @ digital display of the film density at specific spots on the RT. The second method is with a step wedge comparison film. ‘This is an RT of a step wedge with various film densities, The density of each step is recorded on the film. The film density in field RT is compared to those of the step wedge RT. ‘T-262.1 Densitometers ‘Densitometers shall he calibrated at least every 90-day T-262.2 Step Wedge Comparison Films ‘Step wedge comparison films shall be verified prior to first use ‘T-282.1 Density Limitati 2.0) miniman” ... “meccioum density shall be 4.0 MSTS Notes: ‘These limits apply to both the [OL and the weld, tn Seetion V the weld is called the “area of interest". Any time you see the term “akea of interes? just translate it as: “the sel". This is a difficult paragraph to read, but the bottom line is the density limits are 2.0 - 4.0 for the weld and [OL T-282.2 Density (a) General. If the density of the radiograph anywhere through the area of iuerest varies by more than minus 15% or plus 30% from the density through the body of the hole IOI ... then an additional 11 shall be used, ns ‘ation MSTS Notes: The film density of the [QI and the weld shoutd be similar, You should have a “Stickie” here to help you calculate acceptable densities of the weld. 6 MSTS-Training.comASME Section V Study Notes Density Example: The QI film density is measured at 3.0. What is minimum and ‘maximum allowed in the weld? Solution: Minimum Density in Wel Maximum Density in Wel 2.55 v0 G) Film Evaluation — 1QI ‘T-283 Required Sensitivity Radiography shait be performed with a technique of sufficient sensitivity to display the designated hole IQl and the 27 hole, or the essential wire of a wire IQL MSTS Notes: If the 2T hole is not visible in the radiograph, then the film does not have sufficient sensitivity and must be reshot. If using a wire type IQ1, then you must be able to see the wire specified in Table T-276. Note! You will also be able to see any wire that is larger in the set H) Other Read through the class manual to learn about Location Markers, Backscatter and Documentation Requirements. J) Memos Memorize the following: e 1) Single-wall technique is preferred, but requires access to both sides of the component. 2) Double-wall technique wish single-wall viewing requires at least 3 exposures for 360 degrees coveruge of a circumferential weld. 3) Double-wall technique with double-wall viewing requires at least 2 exposures 360 degrees coverage of a circumferential weld. 4) Double-wall technique is limited to outside diameters Rg < 27 = = a 368 < : & 4.00 - = b 46 Module 5 2 MSTS6 Is - J6. / API Certification Training ASME Section V When using fluorescent penetrants, the examiner’s eyes must be adjusted to the dark, Prior to the examination, the examiner shall be in a darkened area for at least: a. Lminate b. 2minutes &, minutes ge 5S minutes. When perlorming radiography, couble-wall viewing is limited t pipe sizes tess than or equal Lo: a 20D. Av 312"0.0, © 60D. a. 12" 0.0, [Cathe density of the penetrameter in a radiograph is 2.8, what is the maximum acceptable density in the "area of interest?” a 2.00 = b238 x 322 “I-38 ~ 4.00 : What size of hole-type 1QI should be used when the [QI is placed on the film-side ofa 3/8" weld? a8 tes ac t Magnetic particle examination with dry particles is limited to what temperature? a 125°F, bd 250°R, & 600°, de Per Mannfcturer’s recommendations. Prior to perlorming a MT examination using fluorescent particles, the examiner shall be ina darkened area for a minimum of a 1 minute, b, 2 minutes, c 4 minutes, er 5 minutes. Module 5 3 MSTSAPI Certification Training ASME Section V 18 During radiography, whenever a shim is placed under a hale-type 101 1. a Least 2 sides of che 1QL image should be visible ithe RT 4b least 3 sides of the 101 image should be visible in the RT a least 2 sides of the shim image should be visible in the RT [Asal least 3 sides of the shim image shoutd be visible in the RT Je all sides of the IT should be visible in the RT 79, When performing a liquid penetrant examination on a steel Weld, the minimum dwell time for the : penetrant shall be aL minute JS vinanes “eW0 minues. 1S minus 2. Aber the Gwell time tor penetrant examine is completed, the final evaluation should be completed within a S minutes b. 10 minutes © 30 minvtes i 6 minutes & 2A hours, When performing a magnetic particle examination, the surface to be examined should be clean, The area that shall be elean includes the surface to be examined and the adjacent aie. bo, dw 6 Densitometers used for weld quality radiography should be calibrated every week. ‘month uarter. joe year: When using black light during a MT exam, the black 1 ht intensity should be verified: every F hour k b. 7 every 8 hours collet prior to use tone a. weekly Pee © monthly Module 5 4 MSTSAPI Certification Training ASME Section V 24 When performing thickness readings using UT, during calibration the (eehnician must use a reference block: a. of the same material that will be examined. b. having the same velocity as the material that will be examined, having a known velocity. having a known velocity or be of the same material that will be examined 25. A source-side wire-lype QI is used on a component that is 0.625" thick. To be an acceptable RT, what is the minimuin number of wires that must be visible in the RT? a Sires by 4 wires © S wires: e dG wires (26. High temperature UT thickness readings have an apparent thickness that is i a, too thick by about 0.5% for every 100 °F, be oo thick by about 11% for every 100°F © 190 thick by about LS% for every 100 °F two thick by about 2.0% for every 100°P © too thin by about 0.54% for every 100°R. t M% for e too thin by about 1.$% tor every 100 °F, h. too thin by about 2.0% for every 100°F. two thin by about 1.0% ry 100 °F, What is the specilied size of the lead letter "B” that is used @ determine back-scattered radiation ph examination? during a radi “a 0.50" height and 1/16" thick. b. 0.75" height and 1/16" thick. © 0.50" height and 1/8" thick. d 0.75" height and 1/8" thick 28. A inagnetic particle examination is perlormed using 4 black light. ‘The minimum allowed light intensity for the black light is a 50 foot-candles, —b— 100 foot-candles. c 500 micro-watve >) 1000 micro-watvem’ Module 5 5 MSTSAPI Certification Training ASME Section V ~ A liquid penetrant examination is performed on a steet weld, What is the minimum dovell time for the developer? a 5 minutes 410 minutes ©. 15 minutes G60 minutes 30-7 During calibration, a DC electromagnetic yoke shall have a lilting power of a 10 1h, b..20Ib, lv © 30Ib, ay 401. WN Si. Blectro-magnetie yokes used in MT examinations should be calibrated: a daily, b. weekly © quarterly ak yearly API 570 a ee Students Only oo 32. When performing visual exam, the light intensity onthe component being examined must heat least 2.50 foot-candles b, 100 foot-candles 200 watts 400 watts A pressure tes! is being conducted at 40) psig. When st allowed pressure range on the gauge is: coting a pressure gauge, the maximum a 0-600 psig, bd. 0-800 psig. © 0 - 1200 psig. & 0 1600 psig 34, Pressure gauges used for a leak test should be recalibrated every: a month, be year cS years. 4 1D years, Module 5 6 MSTSAPI Certification Training ASME Section V. 35. A pressure (st is heing conducted at 600 psig, When selecting a pressure gauge, the preferred pressure range on the gauge is 0-600 psig, b 0-900 psig, © 10-1200 ps dO 1800 psi © 10-2400 psig 36. During eye examinations, examiners must be capable of reading standard: a J-1 leuers b 1-2 leurs. « J-3 letters da FA leters. Module 5 7API Certification Training ASME Section V Closed Book Le When possible, penetrameters should be placed on: - tthe film side be the film. _&= the souree side dashim. Fach magnetic yoke should he calibrated a, athe beginning of each shith b. monthly. quarterly vse annually, 3. An" on the radiograph indicates: 4 a location marker b. backscatter radiation is present «fast film speed the [OL is placed on film sive. When reviewing a radiograph that was made using a gamma ray source, the maximum allowed darkness at the LOL is a 13. b, 1s. e 20. ae 4.0. 5. When using a wire penetrameter, she penetrameter is placed: 4 beside the weld with the wires parallel 1o the weld, beside the weld with the wires perpenidicukir w the wekk. ‘on the weld with the wires parallel to the weld. on the weld with the wires perpendicular 1o the weld. J Radiography backscatter is delined as radiation that sets a belbore reaching the weld, when striking the weld. olf objects bebind the film and bounces through the hack of the film, off objects behind the Film aid results in large areas needing to be roped ofl Module 5 8 MSTSAPI Certification Training ASME Section V A hole-type penetrameter 5 ean he placed on the weld or nvar the weld. Y, _ should always be placed on the weld. ms should always be placed near the weld, 6. should ulways be manufactured to ASME SE-1079. ‘When using shim under the hole-type 11, the shim should be: made of the same material as the IQL AS. made of « material with a density similar to the TOL © the same thickness as the 101 the same width and length as the 1OL 9. When performing a UT sean for wall thickness, the maximum seanning speed must be: x qualified 5) stated in the procedure, less than 6 inches per secon «ess tha LD inches per second, 10,7 Ap $ NPS pipe weld is being Red, ‘The radiographer does not have access to the inside of the pipe. How many exposures are required in order to RT 100% of the weld? 10 A2NPS pipe weld is being RT’ed. ‘The radiographer does not have access to the inside of the pipe. 7 How many exposures are required in order to RT 100% of the weld? 4 1 be 2 a 3 a4 12, What is an indication of backscatter on a radi af A Faint Hight “By b A very light ‘ A faint dark “B J Eithera faint light or dark “B" Module 5 y MSTSAPI Certification Training ASME Section V 13. Which Hote ina hotesype tO! must he visible when evaluating 9 weld quality radiograph? cece \ zt w vie « we OH S oat We 14. When pesforming radiography ona cylindrical component, when i a fps 1OL used? When there is no acess tothe inside of the component When the weld ap execeds 1/8 “ c= Whenever the RT technician finds it beneficial (t's an optional placement location) Whenever it ean be uw since its the prelere!loeation Fr the 10 15 How ean the film density in a radiograph be determined? b—Only witha densitometer © Only with a sep-wedge comparison Hit, kWh either ight meter or densitometer 6/7 With ether a stp-wedge comparison film ura densitometer 16 APT procedure must be qualified when the temperature of the Components is outside the standard temperature range of a 0 LOD", b, ~ 125 °F, ce 25-250 °F, a S50 125°R, Ler 50 ~250°F V7 AMT examination is performed using a permanent magnet. ‘The strength of the magnet should be : checked? ac dal bw quarterly. J. annually. Visible light meters used in support of NDE examinations should be calibraved a daily on oy b. weekly. \ ete feast ¥ 2g al annually. Module 5 10 MSTSA 04 2. Module 5 u API Certification Training ASME Section V When performing either 4 PT or MT examination in visible Hight (not a black-Hight examination), the light intensicy in the area of interest must be at least. a 25 funt-candies. h 5U lnot-candles. 100 foor-candles. 500 towt-canulles e 14100 foat-candles, With special equipment, digital UT readi maximum of ‘can be taken on components at temperatures up 10 a a 1000°F. b, 1250°F. c 1500°F 1750°F 1337° When reviewing @ radiograph that was made us allowed a the IQ] is a yumm ray source, the minimum darkness, a Ls. Ls. 7 2.0. a 40, ‘When evaluating a radiograph, the film density in the weld should be within: 8 rena 15% lo + 30% of the IQ. b.- 12.5% 10 + 50% of the 1OL © + or 12.5% of the 1OL dor 15% of the 101 e + oF - 30% of the IQL rE + oF -50% of the 1QLAPI Certification Training ASME Section V API 570 Students Only 23, During a visual examination, the eye of the examiner must he within what distance of the ‘component being examined? 8 bo 12 em a 36 24, Personnel performing visual examinations should have their eyes tested every & quarter b. G months year d.—three years 25, When VIPis performed. the inspectors eye should be at angle mov Less tha a 1S degrees hb. 30 degrees 45 degrees. dO degrees. Module 5 2 MSTS6 ¢ 8b. 9b, wD ¢ Low 2 a Bob, wa 5. 16d 4 Id 19. 20 a b Module 5 API Certification Training ASME Section V Tbrough the back ofthe tin ‘on the weld or near the wel density similar to the IQ! Stated in the procedure ‘faint fight“ at No access on inside Step we 50-125) ‘ily annually 100 fool-cundles 1n00"F 1S 10 + AM he LOL be Mdeyies 14 Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref: Ref: Ref: bef ep ef: ef ef: Ref: Ref Refi 7 Ref Ref 1 kof 12: F277 Ne) Refs 1.277. Article 23 SE 797. 1274.2) 4.271.216) 1284 12831 Ref. T2772 1-262 16: -76Aah T-660 & F-701.2 T6763. T-777.1 Article 23 SE 797-2, 8.5 MSTSAPI Certification Training ASME Section V Homework — Answer Key Open Book Loe 35 2 mh 38 xd ‘area of interest is lighter by 15% 4d using a step wedge film 5b 3 6a von the source side Za is Sa 020 % 6 c We 125 oe. 272 2d S minute Bob, 31/2" 0.0 md 36a 15. d. #12 holeaype tOL 16. d. per Manufacturer's 17d. Sinus. IS. bat least three sides of the IQ 1b Sminutes mod 60 minutes: t 1 ineh © squatter ¢ rior t use a having 3 known velocity or b. Fires 26h. too thick by 1% every 100 27a. 0.50" height by 1/16" shick aw a. 1000 micro-watisfem™ 2. b, 10 minutes, 30 dab u yeutly b 100 foot-eandles 0 1600 psig b. year © 0-120 psig 36. a Ht eters Closed Book Loe the souree side 2d annually 3. the 1O is placed ew film side 4 oa 40 5d. wires perpendicular to the weld Module 5 1B Ref: Ref Ref! Ref Ref Ref kef Refi Ref ef Ref Ref ef Ref Ref Ref Ref T Ref Ref ef Ref Ref Ref: Ref Ref Nef Ref Ref Ref. Ref. Ref: Ref. ef Ref: ef Ref Ref Ref Ref: Table 7-2 277.2161) 12773 Say) 1-762) T-285 Table T-276 & Table 1-233.2 7053 7.2822 1.676.4(b) 1271.20) Table 1-672 1676.2 T7810) 1202.1) T777.2(d) Article 23 SE 797-2, 4.4 Tubte 7-276 & Table 7-233.2 Ref Article 23 SE 797-2, 85 1223 P7722 Table 7-672 T-762le) F-76240) 1952 T103H(a) T-1061(a) 10310) 1923 7-277. a} T7620) Refs 277.100) MSTS