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206 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 22, NO.

1, MARCH 2007

Adaptive Distance Relay Setting for Lines


Connecting Wind Farms
A. K. Pradhan, Member, IEEE, and Geza Joos, Fellow, IEEE

AbstractWind speed varies continuously throughout a day re- [5][13]. To handle high fault resistance with ground faults,
sulting in fluctuating wind farm output power. When such a farm quadrilateral characteristic is preferred in distance relaying. In
is connected to the grid through a line, the transmitted power and a fixed setting approach in such a scheme, the boundary of the
the relay end voltage (with respect to grid voltage) fluctuate con-
tinuously. In this paper, the protection of such a line with distance relay characteristic is predefined based on overall system study.
relay is investigated. The ideal trip characteristic for distance relay With an adaptive feature in a distance relay, the boundary is set
is studied with change in conditions of the wind farm. A method online in accordance with the prevailing condition. Techniques
is proposed to set the boundary adaptively using local information are available for adaptive distance relaying but they have either
only. limited accuracy or complex implementation [6][8].
Index TermsAdaptive protection, digital protection, distance In [6], the trip boundary is set adaptively that assumes that
relaying, transmission line protection, wind farm operation and through SCADA or PMU voltages and line flows of all parts of
integration. the system are available. An adaptive distance relay is proposed
using the swiveling quadrilateral characteristics where the an-
I. INTRODUCTION gle of swivel is computed using residual current [7] where the
fault area is assumed to be fixed. A neural network approach is
IND farms are increasingly integrated to the grids at
W different levels of voltage across the world. The share
of such farms in a power system is also rising day by day. The
proposed using real and reactive power at the relay location as
the input vector [8]. Such an approach provides an approximate
solution and the neural network is not valid for another system.
difficulty that arises in integrating such farms is primarily due This paper deals with the adaptive setting of distance relay
to uncontrollable wind speed. The frequency and voltage fluc-
while protecting a transmission system connected to a wind
tuations, due to speed variation, have been solved to a greater farm. It copes with the fluctuating power, voltage, and other
extent by power electronics-based control arrangement provided variations of the farm. The ideal trip characteristics are simulated
in each generating unit of a farm. The speed variation also re-
for typical power system conditions, and the influencing factors
sults in fluctuating output power throughout a day. The output are identified. When wind farm penetration level is low, the
power of a generating unit has a nonlinear relationship with the
variation in grid-side equivalent impedance has insignificant
wind speed, and when the speed is beyond the limits, the farm
impact on the trip boundary. An adaptive setting scheme for
cannot contribute to the grid [1]. Due to under/over voltage con- the wind-farm-side relay is proposed, using the ratio of local
ditions, a group of turbines may trip while others may remain
current and voltage, and instant information on a number of
in operation. The transmission system that connects such farms
participating units in the wind farm. The proposed approach is
will be exposed to such a continuously changing environment. simple to implement and provides accurate settings for such a
In this context, this paper addresses the protection challenges of
system using local information only. Results are provided for
the transmission system connecting such farms, and proposes
a line-to-ground fault case and the concept can be extended to
a simple solution. In literature, topics related to protection of other types of faults.
wind farms are available where the issues of infeed and over-
current settings are addressed for distribution systems. Adaptive
schemes are proposed for distribution systems connected with II. BACKGROUND
wind generators [2], [3]. The protection of transmission line A transmission system is provided with distance relay to pro-
connected to such farms is discussed in [4]. tect for all types of faults within its reach. A fault classifier
Distance relays are commonly used for line protection either identifies the fault type and the location unit estimates the ap-
as primary or backup. Their digital version has advantages of parent impedance from a precise voltage/current set that agrees
better monitoring, communication, and adaptation to system with the fault type. The trip characteristic of a relay is decided
condition. Adaptive forms of distance relays are proposed to from detailed offline study of the system. In an adaptive form,
overcome associated problems in real time, which ultimately the trip boundary should be changed with the system condi-
enhance the overall reliability index of the protection scheme tion. In the following, the basic mathematical formulation is
outlined for generating trip boundary at a particular condition
Manuscript received July 12, 2006; revised September 25, 2006. Paper no. of the system. Though line-to-ground fault is addressed here,
TEC-00334-2006. boundary for other types of fault can be derived likewise. The
The authors are with the Department of Electrical and Computer En- trip boundary considered here is of quadrilateral characteristic
gineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada (e-mail:
geza.joos@.mcgill.ca). on an impedance plane obtained by varying fault location and
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEC.2006.889621 fault resistance within their limits.
0885-8969/$25.00 2007 IEEE
PRADHAN AND JOOS: ADAPTIVE DISTANCE RELAY SETTING FOR WIND FARMS 207

where K0 is the zero sequence compensating factor, D1 and


D0 are the positive and zero-sequence distribution factors,
and DD is another factor that depends on system voltages and
impedances as defined in the Appendix.
Using (4), the trip boundary for a particular system con-
dition can be obtained by fixing the reach of the relay and
the maximum RF value. As noticed from the relation in (5),
it is clear that the modulating impedance Z is a function
Fig. 1. Interconnection of wind farm to the grid. of (, , Z1 SW , Z1 SP , Z0 SW , Z0 SP , RF , n). Therefore, the trip
boundary will be modulated to different extent with change in
each of the first six mentioned parameters that represent system
condition. If the influence of such a parameter is significant,
the trip boundary should be updated accordingly to avoid mal-
functioning of the relay. In the following, the variation of such
parameters is studied in the context of issues related to the wind
farm.

Fig. 2. Line diagram for phase-A-to-ground fault.


III. REQUIRED IDEAL TRIP CHARACTERISTICS
In a wind farm, a number of units are connected in parallel to
harness bulk amounts of electric power for a grid. When such
In a wind farm, a number of generating units combine to a potentially high level of generation is available at a remote
provide power to the grid. A schematic of a typical wind farm place, transmission systems are hooked up for efficient power
connection is shown in Fig. 1. The wind farm supplies power to management. As the generation at a wind farm fluctuates, the
the grid through the transmission network that is protected by a connecting line will see varying degrees of transmitted power
distance relaying scheme in this case. The line diagram of the through a day. The corresponding fluctuations of voltage and
power system for phase-A-to-ground fault in the line is shown frequency in the system depend on the proportionate strength
in Fig. 2. The considered distance relay is positioned at W in of the farm. To see the effects of wind farm operating condi-
the diagram. The normal power flow direction in the system is tions on distance relay trip characteristics, results simulated for a
from W to P (wind farm to grid) as marked in the figure. The 400-kV, 60-Hz power system are provided later. The characteris-
fault at F in the line is associated with a fault resistance of RF . tic boundary for each case is obtained by varying fault resistance
The wind farm and the grid are considered with their equivalent (050 ) and fault-point-from-relay location to the reach point
simplified models. Shunt capacitance is not considered for the (090% of the line). The wind farm penetration level is of 5%
line in this analysis. (considering penetration level as inversely proportional to the
The prefault voltage relation of the equivalent sources is de- equivalent impedance of the sources at the wind farm). The
fined as system data are provided in Appendix II.
EAP = ( ej )EAW . (1)
A. Varying Wind Farm Loading Level
The prefault current can be written as
While full capacity of the wind farm is harnessed in an in-
EAW EAP stant, the expected power transfer angle may be around 30 .
IWP = (2)
Z1 However, when the speed falls to low value, the power pushed
where Z1 is the positive sequence reactance of the system and through the network may decrease substantially with drastic
can be obtained as decrease in the value of . Such a lower value of may also
exist when most of the units are out of service. Using (4) and
Z1 = Z1 SW + Z1 LW + Z1 LP + Z1 SP . (3) system data as in Appendix II, trip boundaries are generated for
= 30 and 1 with the voltage amplitude ratio maintained at
Here, subscript 1 refers to positive sequence component. The = 1. The result is shown in Fig. 3 where the boundary with
seen impedance by the distance relay can be derived from volt- smaller region represents = 30 . It is clear from the figure that
age and current relation (refer to Appendix I) with reduced generation at the wind farm, the ideal trip bound-
ary that should be set is substantially larger. A fixed setting
ZA = Z1 LW + Z (4)
approach in such an environment will lead to significant error
where Z1LW is the positive sequence impedance of the line up in protection decisions.
to fault point and Z is the error term due to the fault resistance
and is given by B. Varying Voltage Level
3RF The voltage at the coupling point of the wind farm will vary
Z = (5)
DD + 2D1 + D0 (1 + K0 ) with wind speed, number of units connected at a time, reactive
208 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 22, NO. 1, MARCH 2007

Fig. 3. Trip boundaries for different wind farm loading levels ( = 30 Fig. 5. Trip boundaries for different source impedance of the wind farm. Case 1
and 1 ). for Z1 SW = 20e85j , Z0 SW = 30e85j . Case 2 for Z1 SW = 200e85j ,
Z0 SW = 300e85j .

= 5 . In case 2, only the sequence impedances of the wind


farm are increased by a factor of 10 with other conditions as
in case 1. The results are shown in Fig. 5 that shows a large
change in trip boundary for the two cases. It is clear that the
trip characteristic needs to be updated in accordance with the
number of units participating in the wind farm.

D. Varying System Frequency


The integrated system frequency, including that of the farm,
may deviate from nominal during contingencies and the de-
viation may be substantial for abnormal situations of smaller
duration. The frequency change proportionately affects the
impedance. Trip boundaries for the system are simulated at
frequencies 58, 60, and 62 Hz for = 1.0 and = 30 . The
boundaries are plotted in Fig. 6. Though the variation is not as
Fig. 4. Trip boundaries for different voltage amplitude ratio = 0.9, 1.0, large as for other cases presented earlier, modern relays with
and 1.1. frequency estimation algorithms make it possible to update a
trip boundary.
power support, etc. The voltage amplitude ratio may change The previous few results clearly demonstrate that the operat-
due to grid-side or local voltage variation. Three situations ing condition of the wind farm significantly influences the trip
at = 0.9, 1.0, and 1.1 are simulated at = 30 and the trip boundary that is required for a line protection connecting the
boundaries are shown in Fig. 4. It is observed that the charac- farm. A conventional fixed-setting distance relay will malfunc-
teristic also changes significantly for voltage variation. tion at many situations in such an environment. An adaptive
relay setting scheme should be provided where trip boundaries
C. Varying Source Impedance of the Wind Farm are updated with system conditions. The next section provides
a simple solution to derive the trip boundary from local infor-
Unlike conventional generation with thermal or hydro, wind mation at the wind farm.
farm generators are smaller in size, and a group of them col-
lectively harness bulk power from a large area. The number of
IV. ADAPTIVE SETTING METHOD
such units functioning at a time will vary due to withdrawal of
number of units at high/low wind speed or over/under voltage To have an accurate adaptive setting for the distance relay
situations [2], [3]. The equivalent source impedance of the gen- at the wind farm side, it is understood from previous sections
erators will change depending on the number of units connected that information from both ends is required. For the factors
to the bus at a time. Two situations are simulated where case 1 , , DD , D1 , and D0 , the grid-side voltage and impedance in-
refers to impedance data as in Appendix II and at = 1.0 and formation is necessary. The following study for the particular
PRADHAN AND JOOS: ADAPTIVE DISTANCE RELAY SETTING FOR WIND FARMS 209

Fig. 6. Trip boundaries for variation in system frequency at a wind farm Fig. 7. Trip boundaries for change in wind farm side currentvoltage ratio
loading condition of = 30 . IWP /EAW , case 1 for the ratio value of 0.0102 0.0019j1 and case-2 for
ratio value half that of case 1.
TABLE 1
CHANGE IN DIFFERENT FACTORS WITH GRID-SIDE SOURCE IMPEDANCE (FOR
RF = 50 , FAULT AT REMOTE END, = 1, AND = 30 ) This relation indicates that ej as required in (19) for trip
boundary depends on the ratio IWP /EAW , where the cur-
rent and voltage refer to the wind farm side (the relay end).
First, to see the extent of influence on settings, simulations
are carried out for two values of this ratio. This is shown in
Fig. 7 where case 1 is the ratio corresponding to = 1.0
and = 30 (ratio value of 0.0102 0.0019j1 ) and
system provides a way to devise possible setting with local in- case 2 represents a ratio half of that in case 1 (power
formation only. transmitted is reduced). This indicates that the required
trip boundary is heavily dependant on the ratio IWP /EAW .
A. Further Study on the Influencing Factors
3) The second influencing factor in (6) is Z1 that is defined
1) From relation (5), it is clear that the change in trip bound- in (3). The middle two terms for Z1 are related as
ary is due to the factors DD , D1 , and D0 . As defined in Ap-
pendix I, out of the three factors, DD changes with and . Z1 L = Z1 LW + Z1 LP (7)
All the three factors are a function of grid and wind source
where Z1 L is the total positive sequence line impedance.
impedances. The grid being sufficiently stronger than the
The other two terms in (3) are source parameters, one a lo-
wind farm, it is assumed that its equivalent impedance
cal wind farm Z1 SW and the other the grid Z1 SG . The grid-
will not vary widely. Table I provides the influence of
side source is sufficiently strong (around 5% penetration
the grid source on the three mentioned factors where the
level of the wind farm) and the corresponding impedance
impedance is raised to twice the second case. The vari-
does not change significantly and is proportionately of
able ZSP in the table corresponds to Z1SP = e85j and
less value compared to other components of Z1 . This is
Z0 SP = 1.5e85j . It is observed that the three factors
evident from the simulation (Fig. 8) for the system with
do not change with possible variation in grid-side source
grid-side source impedance increased to twice (case 2) of
impedance.
normal (case 1). In both cases, the ratio IWP /EAW is kept
2) The parameters and that influence the factor DD
constant. The plots of the results show little difference
can only be found with the availability of other end-
for the two cases. This result is also in agreement with
synchronized-voltage-phasor, which requires a dedicated
the discussion in (i). However, for a system with equiva-
communication system. However, the following relations
lent sources of similar impedance value, the trip boundary
show that an alternative way can be devised to overcome
changes with variation in any of the source impedance.
the problem, using local information only. From voltage
The earlier discussions indicate that out of the three factors
and current relations in (1) and (2), the following can be
in (5), DD changes significantly with system conditions and the
written
  other two factors remain almost constant. As grid-side source
IWP impedance has little influence on trip boundaries in this case, it
ej = 1 Z1 . (6)
EAW can be set at its usual values of impedances as in Appendix II.
210 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 22, NO. 1, MARCH 2007

Fig. 8. Trip boundaries for change in grid side source impedance. Case 1
for Z1 SP = 1e85j , Z0 SP = 1.5e85j . Case 2 for Z1 SP = 2e85j ,
Z0 SP = 3e85j .

The factor DD can be estimated from the ratio IWP /EAW and the
wind farm equivalent source impedance. Thus, the trip boundary
at a system condition can be derived using this ratio and the
wind source impedance, assuming grid-side impedance to be
Fig. 9. Flow diagram for trip boundary generation by the method.
constant. This is possible as it requires only local information.

B. Proposed Scheme and Results


To devise a scheme and see the validity of the approach for
relay setting, a simulation study is carried out for line-to-ground
fault. With the same system data as in Appendix II, time-domain
simulations were carried out for the system by creating line-
to-ground faults at different locations and conditions. Phasors
were estimated using three phase voltage and current samples.
Subsequently, the factor DD was computed using relation (6) by
estimating the ratio IWP /EAW from phasors and wind source
equivalent impedance. For the computation of all the factors,
Z1 SP and Z0 SP are considered to be fixed with the same value as
in Appendix II throughout. Subsequently, the setting impedance
was calculated as in (19). The flow diagram of the method is
provided in Fig. 9. Some results demonstrating the performance
of the method are provided later with the apparent impedance
calculated (cited as actual seen impedance) using relation (17).
1) The upper boundary in a trip characteristic is the reach
Fig. 10. Computed values of R and X at reach point for variation in fault
point for different fault resistance. This curve is affected resistance.
significantly with system condition as compared to the
other three curves. To see the performance of the proposed
method, the impedance variation at reach point (90%) is of (17)] and the estimated impedance is calculated by the
considered here. Fig. 10 presents impedance change for method using relation (19). As indicated, while computing
variation in fault resistance at a fixed system condition by the proposed method, the grid-impedance considered
of = 30 , = 1.0, with grid-side source impedance re- is always the value provided in Appendix II. The result,
duced by 25% to the value in Appendix II and other con- in this case, demonstrates that even if the grid-impedance
ditions remain the same as in the Appendix. The values has changed, the method provides accurate result. Further,
of R and X refer to resistance and reactance parts of for different fault resistances, the voltage and current at
the apparent impedance. The actual impedance is the the relay location change, the method is still accurate in
ideal impedance [obtained using voltagecurrent relation its estimation.
PRADHAN AND JOOS: ADAPTIVE DISTANCE RELAY SETTING FOR WIND FARMS 211

Fig. 11. Computed values of R and X at reach point for variation in wind Fig. 12. Estimated impedance boundary by the proposed method, = 25 ,
farm loading levels. = 0.95 and wind farm penetration level of 6.25%.

2) Fig. 11 refers to change in wind farm loading condition


() for a fixed value of fault resistance (50 ) and = 1.0
as mentioned. The currentvoltage ratio at the wind farm
bus changes for each case and is estimated from phasors.
In this case also, the estimated impedance matches with
actual impedance required at a condition. The estimation
process is found to be accurate for other tests on voltage
amplitude variation and change in grid and wind source
impedances.
3) To see the performance of the approach, the estimated
trip boundary for a situation is also computed along with
the actual trip boundary required. A case simulated is for
the condition of = 25 , = 0.95 and grid-side source
impedance is increased by 25% of the value in the Ap-
pendix. This represents a case for 6.25% penetration level.
As mentioned, the ideal trip boundary is generated us-
ing voltage and current phasors and the boundary is es-
timated using the local information at the wind farm sta- Fig. 13. Estimated impedance boundary by the proposed method, with wind
farm penetration level 10%.
tion. The corresponding IWP /EAW ratio in this case is
(0.00893 0.000227j)1 . Fig. 12 provides trip bound-
ary at this condition that confirms the accuracy of the ap-
of wind farm to be much larger than grid impedance). For
proach. For online purposes, such an estimated boundary
higher penetration level, when the impedances of both sides are
setting should be transferred to the decision unit.
of similar magnitude, the impedance and voltage information
A future power system is expected to harness more wind
from grid-side becomes necessary. For example, at a particular
power and the penetration level will increase substantially. A
wind farm loading level ( = 1 , = 1.0) when the wind farm
study is performed for a 10% penetration level at = 10 ,
provides power to a grid with both sides having the same
= 1.05 and where grid-side source impedance remains the
impedance value as the wind farm in Appendix II and the
same as the previous case. The estimated ratio in this case is
grid-side impedance decreases by 25% of its original, then
(0.0043 + 0.001j)1 . As observed from Fig. 13, the approach
the error in estimated impedance at the reach point for a fault
provides accurate estimation in this case also.
resistance of 50 will be 13.5% by the proposed method.
The implementation of the algorithm needs the current
V. DISCUSSION
voltage phasors and equivalent impedance at the wind farm
The adaptive trip boundary setting for distance protection at bus in real time. The maximum fault resistance considered here
the wind farm station is obtained by using local information. is 50 that could be decided based on systems requirement,
The approach is valid for a transmission system dealing with low but with higher value, the trip boundary approaches the load
wind farm penetration level (the equivalent source impedance impedance value. The shunt capacitance is neglected in the study
212 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 22, NO. 1, MARCH 2007

that can be taken into account for long lines [6]. It is evident The distribution factors in the earlier relations are defined as
from Fig. 5 that the wind farm side equivalent impedance mod- Z1 P Z0 P
ulates the trip boundary significantly. The information on this D1 = and D0 = . (16)
Z1 W + Z1 P Z0 W + Z0 P
impedance can be obtained directly from the number of partici-
The voltage and current at relay location during fault VAW and
pating units at an instant. For other power systems, the adaptive
IAW can be found by using relations (1)(3) and (8)(16). The
approach will be valid if relay side source impedance can be
apparent impedance of phase A estimated by the distance relay
estimated and the impedance variation in other side of the line
at W becomes
does not influence the factors DD , D0 , and D1 significantly.
VAW
ZA = (17)
VI. CONCLUSION IAW + K0 I0 W
where the zero sequence compensating factor is defined as
Power output of a wind farm fluctuates throughout a day.
The transmission system connecting such a farm to the grid Z0 L Z1 L
K0 = . (18)
will observe power and voltage variations. It is found that the Z1 L
wind farm conditions, including the number of generating units, Equation (17) can be simplified to
affect the trip boundary of the distance relay significantly. To
3RF
take into account the changing wind farm condition, an adaptive ZA = nZ1 L + (19)
setting method for the distance relay is proposed. At the wind DD + 2D1 + D0 (1 + K0 )
farm side, the relay requires information on bus voltage, current, where
and the number of generating units participating at an instant. 1 ej
Simulations results for a system demonstrate the potential of the DD = (3RF + Zsum ) . (20)
Z1 P + (ej )Z1 W
approach to be applied in power system.

APPENDIX I APPENDIX II
Defining the fault distance as n units from the relay end, Z1 L The following data provided for the power system are at
and Z0 L be positive and zero sequence line impedances and 60 Hz. In all cases, the negative sequence component is assumed
to be the same as positive sequence component.
Z1 W = Z1 SW + Z1 LW (8)
Source data
Z0 W = Z0 SW + Z0 LW (9) 1) Wind farm
r Positive sequence impedance (Z1 SW ) = 20e85j
and r Zero sequence impedance (Z0 SW = 30e85j
Z1 P = Z1 SP + Z1 LP (10) 2) Grid
r Positive sequence impedance (Z1 SP ) = 1e85j
Z0 P = Z0 SP + Z0 LP (11) r Zero sequence impedance (Z0 SP ) = 1.5e85j
where Z1 LW = nZ1 L and Z1 LP = (1 n)Z1 L and similar re- Line data
lations are valid for zero sequence components Z0 LW and Z0 LP . r Positive sequence impedance (Z1 L ) = 28.75e86j
Subscript S indicates source and L line parameters. The negative r Zero sequence impedance (Z0 L ) = 87.35e83j
sequence impedance of each element is assumed to be same as
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PRADHAN AND JOOS: ADAPTIVE DISTANCE RELAY SETTING FOR WIND FARMS 213

[8] K. K. Li, L. L. Lai, and A. K. David, Stand alone intelligent digital Geza Joos (M78SM89F06) received the M.Eng. and Ph.D. degrees from
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2000. He was with ABB, the Ecole de Technologie Superieure, and Concordia
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pp. 7077, Jan. 2004. He is the Chair of the Industrial Power Converter Committee of the IEEE
[10] E. Orduna, F. Garces, and E. Handschin, Algorithmic-knowledge-based Industry Applications Society (IAS) and is also involved in a number of IEEE
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A. K. Pradhan (M94) received the Ph.D. degree from Sambalpur University,


Sambalpur, India, in 2001.
During 19992002, he was with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
University College of Engineering Birla, India. In 2002, he joined the De-
partment of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur,
India, as a Faculty Member. Currently, he is with McGill University, Montreal,
Canada. His current research interests include power system relaying and power
quality.
Dr. Pradhan received the Young Engineer Award from Indian National
Academy of Engineering in 2001.

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