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1, MARCH 2007
AbstractWind speed varies continuously throughout a day re- [5][13]. To handle high fault resistance with ground faults,
sulting in fluctuating wind farm output power. When such a farm quadrilateral characteristic is preferred in distance relaying. In
is connected to the grid through a line, the transmitted power and a fixed setting approach in such a scheme, the boundary of the
the relay end voltage (with respect to grid voltage) fluctuate con-
tinuously. In this paper, the protection of such a line with distance relay characteristic is predefined based on overall system study.
relay is investigated. The ideal trip characteristic for distance relay With an adaptive feature in a distance relay, the boundary is set
is studied with change in conditions of the wind farm. A method online in accordance with the prevailing condition. Techniques
is proposed to set the boundary adaptively using local information are available for adaptive distance relaying but they have either
only. limited accuracy or complex implementation [6][8].
Index TermsAdaptive protection, digital protection, distance In [6], the trip boundary is set adaptively that assumes that
relaying, transmission line protection, wind farm operation and through SCADA or PMU voltages and line flows of all parts of
integration. the system are available. An adaptive distance relay is proposed
using the swiveling quadrilateral characteristics where the an-
I. INTRODUCTION gle of swivel is computed using residual current [7] where the
fault area is assumed to be fixed. A neural network approach is
IND farms are increasingly integrated to the grids at
W different levels of voltage across the world. The share
of such farms in a power system is also rising day by day. The
proposed using real and reactive power at the relay location as
the input vector [8]. Such an approach provides an approximate
solution and the neural network is not valid for another system.
difficulty that arises in integrating such farms is primarily due This paper deals with the adaptive setting of distance relay
to uncontrollable wind speed. The frequency and voltage fluc-
while protecting a transmission system connected to a wind
tuations, due to speed variation, have been solved to a greater farm. It copes with the fluctuating power, voltage, and other
extent by power electronics-based control arrangement provided variations of the farm. The ideal trip characteristics are simulated
in each generating unit of a farm. The speed variation also re-
for typical power system conditions, and the influencing factors
sults in fluctuating output power throughout a day. The output are identified. When wind farm penetration level is low, the
power of a generating unit has a nonlinear relationship with the
variation in grid-side equivalent impedance has insignificant
wind speed, and when the speed is beyond the limits, the farm
impact on the trip boundary. An adaptive setting scheme for
cannot contribute to the grid [1]. Due to under/over voltage con- the wind-farm-side relay is proposed, using the ratio of local
ditions, a group of turbines may trip while others may remain
current and voltage, and instant information on a number of
in operation. The transmission system that connects such farms
participating units in the wind farm. The proposed approach is
will be exposed to such a continuously changing environment. simple to implement and provides accurate settings for such a
In this context, this paper addresses the protection challenges of
system using local information only. Results are provided for
the transmission system connecting such farms, and proposes
a line-to-ground fault case and the concept can be extended to
a simple solution. In literature, topics related to protection of other types of faults.
wind farms are available where the issues of infeed and over-
current settings are addressed for distribution systems. Adaptive
schemes are proposed for distribution systems connected with II. BACKGROUND
wind generators [2], [3]. The protection of transmission line A transmission system is provided with distance relay to pro-
connected to such farms is discussed in [4]. tect for all types of faults within its reach. A fault classifier
Distance relays are commonly used for line protection either identifies the fault type and the location unit estimates the ap-
as primary or backup. Their digital version has advantages of parent impedance from a precise voltage/current set that agrees
better monitoring, communication, and adaptation to system with the fault type. The trip characteristic of a relay is decided
condition. Adaptive forms of distance relays are proposed to from detailed offline study of the system. In an adaptive form,
overcome associated problems in real time, which ultimately the trip boundary should be changed with the system condi-
enhance the overall reliability index of the protection scheme tion. In the following, the basic mathematical formulation is
outlined for generating trip boundary at a particular condition
Manuscript received July 12, 2006; revised September 25, 2006. Paper no. of the system. Though line-to-ground fault is addressed here,
TEC-00334-2006. boundary for other types of fault can be derived likewise. The
The authors are with the Department of Electrical and Computer En- trip boundary considered here is of quadrilateral characteristic
gineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada (e-mail:
geza.joos@.mcgill.ca). on an impedance plane obtained by varying fault location and
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEC.2006.889621 fault resistance within their limits.
0885-8969/$25.00 2007 IEEE
PRADHAN AND JOOS: ADAPTIVE DISTANCE RELAY SETTING FOR WIND FARMS 207
Fig. 3. Trip boundaries for different wind farm loading levels ( = 30 Fig. 5. Trip boundaries for different source impedance of the wind farm. Case 1
and 1 ). for Z1 SW = 20e85j , Z0 SW = 30e85j . Case 2 for Z1 SW = 200e85j ,
Z0 SW = 300e85j .
Fig. 6. Trip boundaries for variation in system frequency at a wind farm Fig. 7. Trip boundaries for change in wind farm side currentvoltage ratio
loading condition of = 30 . IWP /EAW , case 1 for the ratio value of 0.0102 0.0019j1 and case-2 for
ratio value half that of case 1.
TABLE 1
CHANGE IN DIFFERENT FACTORS WITH GRID-SIDE SOURCE IMPEDANCE (FOR
RF = 50 , FAULT AT REMOTE END, = 1, AND = 30 ) This relation indicates that ej as required in (19) for trip
boundary depends on the ratio IWP /EAW , where the cur-
rent and voltage refer to the wind farm side (the relay end).
First, to see the extent of influence on settings, simulations
are carried out for two values of this ratio. This is shown in
Fig. 7 where case 1 is the ratio corresponding to = 1.0
and = 30 (ratio value of 0.0102 0.0019j1 ) and
system provides a way to devise possible setting with local in- case 2 represents a ratio half of that in case 1 (power
formation only. transmitted is reduced). This indicates that the required
trip boundary is heavily dependant on the ratio IWP /EAW .
A. Further Study on the Influencing Factors
3) The second influencing factor in (6) is Z1 that is defined
1) From relation (5), it is clear that the change in trip bound- in (3). The middle two terms for Z1 are related as
ary is due to the factors DD , D1 , and D0 . As defined in Ap-
pendix I, out of the three factors, DD changes with and . Z1 L = Z1 LW + Z1 LP (7)
All the three factors are a function of grid and wind source
where Z1 L is the total positive sequence line impedance.
impedances. The grid being sufficiently stronger than the
The other two terms in (3) are source parameters, one a lo-
wind farm, it is assumed that its equivalent impedance
cal wind farm Z1 SW and the other the grid Z1 SG . The grid-
will not vary widely. Table I provides the influence of
side source is sufficiently strong (around 5% penetration
the grid source on the three mentioned factors where the
level of the wind farm) and the corresponding impedance
impedance is raised to twice the second case. The vari-
does not change significantly and is proportionately of
able ZSP in the table corresponds to Z1SP = e85j and
less value compared to other components of Z1 . This is
Z0 SP = 1.5e85j . It is observed that the three factors
evident from the simulation (Fig. 8) for the system with
do not change with possible variation in grid-side source
grid-side source impedance increased to twice (case 2) of
impedance.
normal (case 1). In both cases, the ratio IWP /EAW is kept
2) The parameters and that influence the factor DD
constant. The plots of the results show little difference
can only be found with the availability of other end-
for the two cases. This result is also in agreement with
synchronized-voltage-phasor, which requires a dedicated
the discussion in (i). However, for a system with equiva-
communication system. However, the following relations
lent sources of similar impedance value, the trip boundary
show that an alternative way can be devised to overcome
changes with variation in any of the source impedance.
the problem, using local information only. From voltage
The earlier discussions indicate that out of the three factors
and current relations in (1) and (2), the following can be
in (5), DD changes significantly with system conditions and the
written
other two factors remain almost constant. As grid-side source
IWP impedance has little influence on trip boundaries in this case, it
ej = 1 Z1 . (6)
EAW can be set at its usual values of impedances as in Appendix II.
210 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 22, NO. 1, MARCH 2007
Fig. 8. Trip boundaries for change in grid side source impedance. Case 1
for Z1 SP = 1e85j , Z0 SP = 1.5e85j . Case 2 for Z1 SP = 2e85j ,
Z0 SP = 3e85j .
The factor DD can be estimated from the ratio IWP /EAW and the
wind farm equivalent source impedance. Thus, the trip boundary
at a system condition can be derived using this ratio and the
wind source impedance, assuming grid-side impedance to be
Fig. 9. Flow diagram for trip boundary generation by the method.
constant. This is possible as it requires only local information.
Fig. 11. Computed values of R and X at reach point for variation in wind Fig. 12. Estimated impedance boundary by the proposed method, = 25 ,
farm loading levels. = 0.95 and wind farm penetration level of 6.25%.
that can be taken into account for long lines [6]. It is evident The distribution factors in the earlier relations are defined as
from Fig. 5 that the wind farm side equivalent impedance mod- Z1 P Z0 P
ulates the trip boundary significantly. The information on this D1 = and D0 = . (16)
Z1 W + Z1 P Z0 W + Z0 P
impedance can be obtained directly from the number of partici-
The voltage and current at relay location during fault VAW and
pating units at an instant. For other power systems, the adaptive
IAW can be found by using relations (1)(3) and (8)(16). The
approach will be valid if relay side source impedance can be
apparent impedance of phase A estimated by the distance relay
estimated and the impedance variation in other side of the line
at W becomes
does not influence the factors DD , D0 , and D1 significantly.
VAW
ZA = (17)
VI. CONCLUSION IAW + K0 I0 W
where the zero sequence compensating factor is defined as
Power output of a wind farm fluctuates throughout a day.
The transmission system connecting such a farm to the grid Z0 L Z1 L
K0 = . (18)
will observe power and voltage variations. It is found that the Z1 L
wind farm conditions, including the number of generating units, Equation (17) can be simplified to
affect the trip boundary of the distance relay significantly. To
3RF
take into account the changing wind farm condition, an adaptive ZA = nZ1 L + (19)
setting method for the distance relay is proposed. At the wind DD + 2D1 + D0 (1 + K0 )
farm side, the relay requires information on bus voltage, current, where
and the number of generating units participating at an instant. 1 ej
Simulations results for a system demonstrate the potential of the DD = (3RF + Zsum ) . (20)
Z1 P + (ej )Z1 W
approach to be applied in power system.
APPENDIX I APPENDIX II
Defining the fault distance as n units from the relay end, Z1 L The following data provided for the power system are at
and Z0 L be positive and zero sequence line impedances and 60 Hz. In all cases, the negative sequence component is assumed
to be the same as positive sequence component.
Z1 W = Z1 SW + Z1 LW (8)
Source data
Z0 W = Z0 SW + Z0 LW (9) 1) Wind farm
r Positive sequence impedance (Z1 SW ) = 20e85j
and r Zero sequence impedance (Z0 SW = 30e85j
Z1 P = Z1 SP + Z1 LP (10) 2) Grid
r Positive sequence impedance (Z1 SP ) = 1e85j
Z0 P = Z0 SP + Z0 LP (11) r Zero sequence impedance (Z0 SP ) = 1.5e85j
where Z1 LW = nZ1 L and Z1 LP = (1 n)Z1 L and similar re- Line data
lations are valid for zero sequence components Z0 LW and Z0 LP . r Positive sequence impedance (Z1 L ) = 28.75e86j
Subscript S indicates source and L line parameters. The negative r Zero sequence impedance (Z0 L ) = 87.35e83j
sequence impedance of each element is assumed to be same as
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PRADHAN AND JOOS: ADAPTIVE DISTANCE RELAY SETTING FOR WIND FARMS 213
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