TKSCT/ Mechanical Engineering/V semester/ ME6505 Dynamics of Machines

THENI KAMMAVAR SANGAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

KODUVILARPATTI, THENI - 625 534

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ME6505 DYNAMICS OF MACHINES
PART- A (Questions and Answers)
UNIT V MECHANISMS FOR CONTROL

1. How does flywheel differ from that of a governor?

GOVERNOR
It regulates the mean speed of an engine when
there are variations in load on engine increases it
acts in such a way to increase the fuel supply.
It works intermittently, i.e., only when there is
change in load.
FLYWHEEL
It does not maintain the constant speed. It
simply reduces the fluctuation of speed caused
by the variation in turning moment.
It works continuously from cycle to cycle.

2. What are the functions of Governor?

The function of a governor is to maintain the speed of an engine within specified limits
whenever there is a variation of load. Governors control the throttle valve and hence the fuel supply to
carter the load variation on engines.

3. How governors are classified?

Governors are classified into two major types.
Centrifugal governors.
Inertia Governor.

4. When is a governor said to be Isochronous? Or What is meant by isochronous condition in

governors?
A governor with zero range of speed is known as an isochronous governor.
A governor is said to be isochronous when the equilibrium speed is constant for all radii of
rotation of balls.

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5. Define hunting of a governor. (or) When a governor is said to be hunt?

A governor is said to be hunt if the speed of the engine fluctuations continuously above and
below the mean speed.

6. When is a governor said to be Stable? (Or) Define the meaning of stability of a governor.
A governor is said to be stable when for every speed, there is only one radius of rotation of the
balls at which the governor is in equilibrium.
For stable governor, if equilibrium speed increases, the radii of rotation of balls must also
increases.

7. What is meant by sensitiveness of governors?

The sensitiveness is defined as the ratio of the difference between the maximum and minimum
equilibrium speeds to the mean equilibrium speed.

=

Nmax maximum equilibrium speeds
Nmin is the minimum equilibrium speeds
N is the mean equilibrium speed

8. Define power and effort of a governor?

Power of a governor:
The power of a governor is the work done at the sleeve for a given percentage change of
speed.
Power=Mean Effort x Lift of sleeve
Effort of a governor:
The mean force acting at the sleeve for a given percentage change of speed is known as the
governor effect.

9. What is the influence of friction at the sleeve on the performance of a governor? Or

What is the effect of friction on governor?
The effect of friction on governor is to increase the range of speed, effort and power of
governor.

10. What is controlling force diagram?

When the graph is drawn between the controlling force as ordinate and radius of rotation of the
balls as abscissa, the graph so obtained is called controlling force diagram.

11. What are centrifugal governor? How do they differ from inertia governor?
Centrifugal governors are based on the balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating balls
by a equal and opposite radial force.
In inertia governors, the balls are so arranged that the inertia forces caused by an angular
acceleration or retardation of the shaft tend to alter their positions.

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12. What is the principle of inertia governors?

In inertia governors, the balls are so arranged that the inertia forces caused by an angular
acceleration or retardation of the shaft tend to alter their positions.

13. Define equilibrium speed.

Equilibrium speed is the speed at which the governor balls, arms etc., are in complete
equilibrium and the sleeve does not tend to move upwards or downwards.

14. What is meant by height of the governor?

Height of the governor is the vertical distance from the center of the ball to a point where the
axes of the arms intersect on the spindle axis.

15. What is a gyroscope?

A gyroscope is a spinning body which is free to move in other directions under the action of
external forces.

16. What is meant by applied torque and reaction torque? Or What is meant by active gyroscopic
couple and reactive gyroscopic couple?
If the axis of a spinning or rotating body is given an angular motion about an axis
perpendicular to the axis of spin, an angular acceleration acts on the body about the third
perpendicular axis. The torque required to produce this acceleration is known as the active gyroscopic
torque.
A reactive gyroscopic torque also acts similar to the concept of centripetal and centrifugal
forces on a rotating body.

17. What is gyroscopic torque?

Whenever a rotating body changes its axis of rotation, a torque is applied on the rotating body.
This torque is called as Gyroscopic torque.

18. Give some application of gyroscopic principle.

Gyroscopic principles are used, in
1. instrument or toy known as gyroscope,
2. ships in order to minimize the rolling and pitching effects of waves, and
3. aero planes, Monorail cars, gyrocompasses, automobiles, etc.,

19. Define Gyroscopic Couple.

Whenever a rotating body changes its axis of rotation, a couple is applied on the rotating body.
This couple is called as Gyroscopic couple.
Gyroscopic couple, C = I. . p.
Where I- mass moment of inertia,
- Angular velocity of disc,
p - Angular velocity of precision of the axis of spin in rad/sec.

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20. Write down the expression for gyroscopic couple.

Gyroscopic couple, C = I. . p.
Where I- mass moment of inertia,
- Angular velocity of disc,
p- Angular velocity of precision of the axis of spin in rad/sec.

21. List some of the terms related to motion of ships using gyroscopic principle.
Some of the terms related to motion of naval ships using gyroscopic principle are
1. Bow,
2. Stern or aft,
3. Starboard,
4. Port,
5. Steering,
6. Pitching and
7. Rolling.

22. What is the effect of gyroscopic couple on rolling of ship? Why?

In case of rolling of a ship, the axis of precession is always parallel to the axis of spin for all
positions. Hence there is no effect of the gyroscopic couple acting on the body of the ship during
rolling.

23. Define the following terms related to ship motion: (a) Pitching; and (b) Steering.
(a) Steering is the turning of a complete ship in a curve towards left or right.
(b) Pitching is the movement of a complete ship up and down in a vertical plane about transverse
axis.

24. What will be the effect of the gyroscopic couple on a disc fixed at a certain angle to a rotating
shaft?
The effect of the gyroscopic couple produces horizontal reaction on the shaft bearing. This
reaction is positive on one end bearing and negative on the other bearing.

25. What is the effect of gyroscopic couple of an automobile taking a turn?

The effect of gyroscopic couple, while taking the turn in an automobile, produces reaction on
the road surface. This reaction is positive on outer wheels and negative on the inner wheels.

26. Which part of the automobile is subjected to the gyroscopic couple?

Four wheels or two wheels of an automobile and rotating part of the engine of an automobile
are subjected to gyroscopic couple.

27. An engine of an aeroplane rotates in clockwise direction when seen from the tail end and the
aeroplane takes turn to the left. What will be the effect of gyroscopic couple on aeroplane?
The effect of gyroscopic couple is to raise the nose and dip the tail.

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28. What is the effect of gyroscopic couple in ships during pitching?

The effect of gyroscopic couple when the rotor rotates clockwise when viewing from stern and
pitches upwards is to turn the ship towards starboard side.

29. What is the angular speed of precession of the shaft (whose mass moment of inertia is 20
kg-m2) if it spins about its axis at 200 rpm and torque of 10 kNm applied about an axis
normal to it.
Given:
I = 20 kg-m2
N = 200 rpm
C = 10 kNm = 10 10 3 Nm
To find: angular speed of precession , p = ?
Solution:
Gyroscopic couple, C = I. . p.
2 N 2 200
= = = 20.95 rad/sec
60 60
C = I. . p.
10 103 = 20 20.95 p.
p. = 23.87 rad/sec
Result:
Angular speed of precession, p. = 23.87 rad/sec

30. Find the angular precession of a disc spinning on its axis at 20 rad/sec, when a torque 100
Nm is applied about an axis normal to it. Mass moment of inertia of the disc is the 1 kg-m2.
Given:
I = 1 kg-m2
= 20 rad/sec
C = 100 Nm
To find: angular precession, p = ?
Solution:
Gyroscopic couple, C = I. . p.
100 = 1 20 p.
p. = 5 rad/sec
Result:
Angular speed of precession, p. = 5 rad/sec

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