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Concrete Aggregate
Asst. Prof. Dr. Saud A. Sultan Asst. Prof. Ban Sahib
Highway and Transport. Eng. Dept. Highway and Transport. Eng. Dept
College of Engineering, College of Engineering,
Al-Mustansiriya University, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad,
Iraq. Baghdad, Iraq.
Eng. Thamer Hamad Ghadeer
M.Sc. Student
Highway and Transport. Eng. Dept.
College of Engineering,
Al-Mustansiriya University,
Baghdad, Iraq.
Abstract
In this study, the mechanical and physical properties of local recycled coarse
aggregate have been investigated through detailed laboratory tests. Local coarse RCA
materials have been mixed with natural coarse aggregate (rounded) and crushed natural
coarse aggregate in different percentages of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. The results have
showed a decrease in the density and an increase in compressive strength when mixed
with natural coarse aggregates (rounded) and high compressive strength (similar to the
ordinary RCA free mix) and a decreases in flexural strength with increasing percentage
of RCA when mixed with the crushed natural coarse aggregate. New relationships have
been derived for estimating the flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete
containing RCA from non destructive tests with high confidence level.
.
% )( 25 %
50 %75 %100 . %
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.
1. Introduction
In view of the fact that aggregate represents about 70 80 % of concrete
components in rigid pavement and with the escalating cost, deficient quality, and
depleting supply of traditional concrete aggregate, recycled concrete aggregate
(RCA) is becoming an important substitute. Aggregate World wide use is
estimated to be ten to eleven billion tons each year. Of this, approximately eight
billion tons of aggregate (sand, gravel, and crushed rock) is being used in
Portland cement concrete (PCC) every year (Naik and Moriconi 2005, and
Mehta 2001). However, for every three tons of aggregate produced, only one ton
is replaced by opening new aggregate sources or through recycling
(MacNaughton 2004). It is difficult to dispose tons of construction and
demolition waste generated daily from construction activities and building
destruction. For this reason, it is suggested to clear the debris from destroyed
building in such a way as to obtain recycled concrete aggregate to be reused in
concrete production including rigid pavement. The use of recycled aggregates in
concrete opens a whole new range of possibilities in the reuse of materials in the
building industry. The deployment of recycled aggregates is a good solution to
the problem of an excess of waste material, provided that the desired final
product will fit the standards. The studies on the use of recycled aggregates have
been going on for 50 years (FHWA 2013).
also the results reported that water absorption capacity of recycled aggregates is
higher than that of natural coarse aggregate, and the abrasion ratio of natural
coarse aggregate is lower than that of recycled coarse aggregate. Alaa and Obaidi
(2014) reported that, the results obtained from maximum dry density test
suggested that, the waste materials could be compacted to reach reasonable
density. The CBR test results suggested that the CBR values obtained from
recycled concrete aggregate are significantly higher than those CBR values
obtained from the ordinary subbase. The Atterberg limits tests showed that, the
waste concrete material is satisfying Iraqi specifications for roads and bridges
(SCRB 2003). Al-Abdalay (2014) showed that, the slump test results decrease
with the increasing percentages of recycled coarse aggregate. Compressive
strength increases with the replacement of recycled coarse aggregate as 25%,
50%, and the flexural strength decreases with increasing percentages recycled
coarse aggregate in the mix.
2-Materials
1. Virgin Natural Rounded Coarse Aggregate
In this study, local virgin coarse aggregate has been supplied by Dufferin
Construction Company in Kirkuk. The aggregate is from Daquq quarry (sand
and gravel pit) in Kirkuk. Rounded natural coarse aggregate (RNCA) has been
obtained from Daquq quarry. The maximum nominal size of this aggregate is 19
mm. The appearance of (RNCA) rounded natural coarse aggregate (RNCA) is
shown in Figure (1). The physical properties, sieve analysis, and gradation limits
of rounded natural coarse aggregates which have been used in this study are
listed in Tables (1) and (2).
( ASTM C 131)
Dry unit weight (g/cm3) 1.500 --------
( ASTM C 29)
Standard Grading
Sieve size (mm) Cumulative passing%
ASTM C 33-03
25 100 100
19 97.5 90-100
9.5 35 20-55
No.4 (4.75) 5 0-10
No.8 (2.36) 3 0-5
Table (4): Crushed coarse aggregate gradation
3- Fine aggregate
Daquq sand has been used as fine aggregate which is obtained from Daquq
quarry (sand, and gravel pit) in Kirkuk. Physical properties and sieve analysis of
this type of sand are listed in Tables (5) and (6). Fineness modulus (F.M) is the
use of a single parameter to describe the grading curve which can be useful in
checking the uniformity of grading. The fineness modulus is such a parameter
that can be defined as:
The fineness modulus ranges between 2.3 and 3.1.The fineness modulus of fine
aggregate is required for mix proportioning.
5-Portland cement
Tasluoja ordinary Portland cement (Type I) has been used in this study. It is
stored in suitable conditions (Temperature and humidity) to avoid any exposure to
hazardous conditions. Tables (9) and (10) show the chemical composition and
physical properties of Portland cement which has been used throughout this study
respectively. Test results indicate that, the properties of this cement are accepted by
the Iraqi standard specification No.5 /1984. (IS1984).
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Fig (2): Recycled coarse aggregate (19mm, 9.5mm).
8-Mix Proportions:
The concrete mix proportions of (1) m3 are shown in Table (11). All the mixes
have been designed for slump of 25-100 mm and designed for air content of
0.015 per unit volume. The same water and Portland cement contents have been
used in all mixes; the only variable is the coarse aggregate type (with
replacement), as shown Table (12). Different trial mixes have been prepared with
different percentages of Portland cement in order to achieve target compressive
strength above 30 MPa as required by local standards for rigid pavements. The
mix proportion shown in Table (11) has achieved the target compressive strength
without additives using local materials.
Table (11):-mix proportions.
Cement Sand Coarse aggregate Water W/C
(kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) Ratio
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Table (13): Average results of tests conducted on concrete mixes containing
different percents of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) and crushed natural
coarse aggregate.
Test 0 % RCA 25 % RCA 50 % RCA 75 % RCA 100 % RCA
Hardened concrete
density at 28 days 2491.5 2357.13 2417.57 2377.67 2369.19
3
(kg/m )
Slump test results
30 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
(mm)
Compressive strength
40.36 40.32 38.03 41.88 41.18
at 28 days (MPa)
4- Discussion of Results
1- Density:- the concrete density decreases with the increasing percentage of recycled
coarse aggregate.
2- Workability:- the concrete workability decreases with the increasing percentage of
recycled coarse aggregate.
3- Compressive strength:- the compressive strength results are almost the same when
using various percentages of recycled coarse aggregate with crushed natural coarse
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aggregate, but the compressive strength results increase when increasing the percentage of
recycled coarse aggregate is increased with rounded natural coarse aggregate.
4- Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test (pundit):- increasing the percentage of crushed
recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) increases the ultrasonic pulse velocity. The maximum
value of ultrasonic pulse velocity has been found for samples containing 25% of crushed
natural coarse aggregate and the maximum value for rounded natural coarse aggregate has
been found for percentages of 25 and 50% of RCA and decreases with the increase in the
percentage of RCA to 75 and 100% respectively as shown in figure (3).
5- Modulus of Elasticity:
5.1 Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity:
The measured values of ultrasonic pulse velocity are used to calculate the
dynamic modulus of elasticity for each sample according to BS1881: Part
203:1986, (BS 1986) as shown in Equation (1) below:
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5.2 Static Modulus of Elasticity:
The static modulus of elasticity of concrete Es has been calculated
using the equations presented by the ACI Code, as shown below:
Es = 4700 . ( fc )1/2 (2)
where; Es = modulus of elasticity (MPa), and
fc = compressive strength (MPa).
Fig. (5): Static elastic modulus (MPa) of concrete cubes with different
percentages of recycled coarse aggregate with natural and crushed coarse
aggregate cured in water (28) days.
Fig. (6): Relationships between test results of load and deflection for
different percentage of recycled coarse and crushed natural coarse
aggregate for beams cured 28 days in water.
4-Conclusions
The laboratory work during this study produces many interesting results about
the behavior and effects of using various percentages of local recycled coarse
aggregate (RCA) that have been investigated to be used for the design and
construction of rigid pavements in Iraq. These results are valuable guidelines for
the government and private organizations that work in the field of design and
construction of roads in Iraq, taking into consideration that there are no complete
specifications at present time for the recycling of these materials all around the
world. Therefore, the suggested optimum rigid pavement structures for local and
main roads are presented as guidelines hopefully till the development of local
specifications for design, construction, and management of this type of materials
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from the point of view of sustainability, environment, design, and construction,the
following conclusions and recommendations can be drawn:-
1- The mechanical properties of RCA materials match the specifications
limits of local standards for gradation and sieve analysis. Therefore, RCA
materials are suitable to be used as coarse aggregate materials without certain
process or treatment to improve their characteristics.
2- The physical properties of RCA materials match the specifications limits
of local standards for specific gravity, unit weight, absorption, abrasion resistant,
etc. Therefore, RCA materials are suitable to be used as materials coarse
aggregate materials without certain process or treatment to improve their
characteristics.
3- The compressive strength for all the mixes that contain the recycled coarse
aggregate with crushed natural coarse aggregate are exceeds the 33 MPa target
design strength and convergent with mix without RCA.
4- The use of recycled coarse aggregate with natural coarse aggregate
(rounded) with different percentages (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 %) as aggregate has
improved the structural and mechanical characteristics of the mix in terms of
strength in comparison with the usage of natural coarse aggregate (rounded)
without RCA in the concrete mix.
5- Estimating the modulus of rupture of concrete containing recycled
aggregate using the tested dynamic modulus of elasticity (which can be obtained
from non destructive ultrasonic wave test) in addition to the density of concrete
which can be implemented with high confidence level by using the developed
relationship.
6- Estimating the static modulus of elasticity of concrete containing recycled
aggregate using the tested dynamic modulus of elasticity (which can be obtained
from non destructive ultrasonic wave test) in addition to the density of concrete
which can be implemented with high confidence level by using the developed
relationship.
5-Recommendations
1- It is recommended to use the recycled coarse aggregate materials in the new
construction of jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP) without asphalt surface
layer up to 50 % of RCA as coarse aggregate. This may be attributed to their
economical, environmental, and re-construction characteristics. Trial mixes of
any available RCA materials should be tested prior to the design due to the
different properties of RCA source materials.
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2- It is recommended to use the recycled coarse aggregate materials in the new
construction of jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP) with asphalt surface
layer up to100 % of RCA as coarse aggregate. This may be attributed to their
economical, environmental, and re-construction characteristics. Trial mixes of
any available RCA materials should be tested prior to the design due to the
different properties of RCA source materials.
3- It is recommended to carry out strength tests on trial mixes of RCA materials
before the design and construction in order to determine the optimum percentage
of RCA. Taking into consideration that nondestructive test can be implemented
to estimate the modulus of rupture and static modulus of elasticity using the
developed relations in this study to minimize the laboratory tests and costs.
4- Although decreasing the water/cement ratio of recycled coarse aggregate can
achieve higher compressive strength concrete, but the workability will be very
low. Therefore, it is recommended to add admixtures such as super plasticizer
and silica fume to the mix to improve the workability.
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".
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