Marine Pollution Bulletin xxx (2014) xxxxxx

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Marine Pollution Bulletin

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Baseline

The distribution of heavy metals including Pb, Cd and Cr in Kendari Bay

surcial sediments
Alrum Armid a,, Ryuichi Shinjo b, Ahmad Zaeni a, Asrul Sani c, Ruslan Ruslan c
a
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Halu Oleo University, Anduonohu Kendari 93232, Indonesia
b
Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
c
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Halu Oleo University, Anduonohu Kendari 93232, Indonesia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Keywords: The surcial coastal sediments in Kendari Bay are sampled in the eld to determine the concentration
Heavy metals and pollution level of three heavy metals (Pb, Cd and Cr). Twenty-ve sampling points ranging from
Geoaccumulation index the inner (Wanggu River) to the outer area of the bay have been chosen. The physicochemical properties,
Kendari Bay such as temperature, pH, salinity and TDS of the overlying water, as well as the sediment type and TOC of
Pollution status
the surcial sediments, are also measured. The total concentrations of the Pb, Cd and Cr in the sediment
samples are quantied using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentra-
tions of the heavy metals (Pb, Cd and Cr) ranged from 0.84 to 17.02 lg/g, 0.02 to 0.17 lg/g and 1.92 to
40.11 lg/g (dry weight), respectively, following the Cr > Pb > Cd sequence. To assess the degree of con-
tamination, a geoaccumulation index (Igeo) is measured. Kendari Bay is not a contaminated area regarding
Pb, Cd and Cr.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Estuarine and coastal environments are dynamic and complex
aquatic systems due to environmental factors, such as the physical,
chemical, and biological interactions between freshwater and
saltwater (Wu et al., 2011). The existence of pollutants (such as
heavy metals) within aquatic systems has become a pressing
concern for environmentalists in recent years due to the toxicity
of these elements. After entering the hydrosphere, heavy metal
could be carried from its source, possibly affecting the life of
aquatic organisms and human health. Both estuaries and coastal
areas are subject to the varying inuences of anthropogenic and
atmospheric inputs, coastal and seaoor erosion, and biological
activities that may affect the transport and fate of heavy metals.
However, the physicochemical transport and biogeochemical
interactions within these systems may play critical roles in con-
trolling the circulation of heavy metals within these systems (Ip
et al., 2007).
The concentrations of heavy metals may be higher in the coastal
sediments and suspended particulate matter than that in the
overlying seawater due to the strong adsorption of these
compounds to sediment. Consequently, coastal sediments act as
a large heavy metal sink in oceanic systems (Olsen et al., 1982).
The existence of heavy metals in coastal sediments can pose
Corresponding author. Tel.: +62 853 9705 8000; fax: +62 401 3190 496.
E-mail address: alrum.armid@gmail.com (A. Armid).
serious environmental problems associated with water quality
and bioaccumulation in marine organisms. Therefore, coastal sed-
iments are geochemically important components of the marine
environment that provide useful information for environmental
and geochemical research concerning marine pollution.
Since the beginning of the industrial revolution and the subse-
quent increase in industrial development, very large amounts of
toxic pollutants have been discharged into coastal and estuarial
environments, contaminating marine sediments with heavy metals
(Farmer, 1991; Liu et al., 2003; Perkins et al., 1973). Earlier studies
have revealed a signicant global elevation in heavy metal polluted
oceanic sediments in recent decades. The heavy metals contami-
nating coastal environments are produced by mining practices,
industrial activities, urban development and other human activi-
ties near rivers and estuaries, as well as deposition from the atmo-
sphere (Balls et al., 1997; Bird et al., 2005; Morton and Blackmore,
2001; Nriagu, 1996; Taylor and McLennan, 1995; Zingde et al.,
1988).
Kendari Bay is an outlying bay located in Kendari City in the
Province of South East Sulawesi in Indonesia. The bay has become
a hub for tourism, transportation, shing and shipping along the
coastal area in the city. The Wanggu River system and the three
ports located inside the bay (Ferry, Perikanan Samudera and
Nusantara Ports) may provide nutriments and inuence the chem-
ical characteristics of the metals in the water and sediment of the

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.021
0025-326X/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article in press as: Armid, A., et al., The distribution of heavy metals including Pb, Cd and Cr in Kendari Bay surcial sediments. Mar. Pollut.
Bull. (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.021
2 A. Armid et al. / Marine Pollution Bulletin xxx (2014) xxxxxx
bay. To date, research regarding the metal distribution of sedi-
ments in this location remains scarce. Accordingly, understanding
the geochemical distribution and pollution status of heavy metals
in sediments of Kendari Bay is important for managing the water
quality in the estuarine and coastal areas. The current study
assesses the Pb, Cd and Cr concentrations in the surcial coastal
sediments of Kendari Bay and investigates the trends in these val-
ues compared to other coastal areas worldwide. The inuence of
the sediment properties (grain size and total organic matter) on
the metal concentrations was also investigated. A geoaccumulation
index (Igeo) was estimated to quantify the pollution status of the
Kendari Bay sediments.
Twenty-ve sampling points ranging from the Wanggu River
downstream area to the offshore area of Kendari Bay is shown in
Fig. 1. The points are grouped into 6 sampling areas: the Wanggu
River (A1, A2, B1, B2 and B3), the estuary (A3, A4, B4, B5 and B6),
the inner bay (A5, A6, A7, B7 and B8), the ports (A8, A9, A10,
A11, A12 and A13), the outer bay (B9 and B10) and the offshore
area (A14 and A15). The surcial sediments of A1 to A15 sampling
points were collected on April 1, 2013 while those of B1 to B10
were sampled three days later with an Ekman grab sampler. It is
considered that no signicant modications in sediment chemistry
as there was no abrupt changes on the weather during two periods
of sampling. To avoid contamination from the metal sides of the
grab, the sediments were subsampled from the center of the col-
lected material using a plastic spatula. The sediment samples were
inserted directly into plastic bags to minimize any atmospheric
contamination and were stored inside an icebox. The samples were
stored at 20 C in the laboratory before analysis. During sampling,
the physical and chemical properties of the overlying water (i.e.,
temperature, pH, salinity and TDS) were directly measured with
a portable pH-salino-TDS meter (Jenway 430, UK).
In the laboratory, the samples were dried at room temperature
until they reached a constant weight; subsequently, they were
ground until homogeneous in a mortar and passed through a
100-mm sieve. A portion of each sediment sample (approximately
0.06 g) was placed in a Teon beaker with 1.2 ml of conc. HNO3
(Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Tokyo, Japan) and 0.15 ml (5 drops)
of HF (Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Tokyo, Japan), heated on a hot plate
to 80 C and left for overnight for digestion. The solution was
diluted to 30 ml with Milli Q-water before 3 ml aliquots of this
solution were diluted with Milli Q-water to 6 ml, generating the
samples for the inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry
(Thermo Scientic XSERIES 2 ICP-MS, Germany) measurements
of the heavy metals Pb, Cd and Cr. Each sample measurement
Fig. 1. Sampling points in Kendari Bay.
Please cite this article in press as: Armid, A., et al., The distribution of heavy metals including Pb, Cd and Cr in Kendari Bay surcial sediments. Mar. Pollut.
Bull. (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.021
was performed in triplicate. SPEX XSTC-331 was used as multi-ele-
mental standard solution during the analysis. The concentrations
of the metals are reported in lg/g dry weight. A blank was
prepared using amounts of acids similar to those in the digestion
process. The accuracy of the method was conrmed by analyzing
marine sediment reference material (NMIJ CRM 7302-a), revealing
good agreement between the certied and the measured values
(Table 1). The detection limit of the method was 4.1, 0.1 and
23.5 ng g1 (dry weight) for Pb, Cd and Cr, respectively. Further-
more, other portions of the sediment were subjected to TOC anal-
ysis with a Carlo Erba NA-1500 Analyzer and grain size analysis via
sieving for the coarse fraction; a particle size analyzer (a SediGraph
III 5120) was used for the ne fraction. Grain sizes from 2000 to
62.5 lm are classied as sand, 62.5 to 3.9 lm are silt and those
samples below 3.9 lm are clay (Wu et al., 2011).
Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering
analysis (HCA) were performed for the concentrations of heavy
metals by using the computer program MINITAB 17.1.0.0 (Minitab
Inc., State College, Pennsylvania, USA) in order to interpret the cor-
relation existing among the heavy metal distributions within the
sampling points.
Table 2 lists the type and TOC of the surcial sediments, as well
as the physicochemical properties of the overlying water during
sampling (temperature, pH, salinity, TDS). The sediment types
gradually transform from silt (Wanggu River), sandy silt (estuary,
inner bay, ports), silty sand (ports, outer bay) and sand (offshore).
The similarity between the sediment types found in estuary, inner
bay and ports (sandy silt) as well as ports and outer bay (silty sand)
indicates a long-standing and stable depositional marine environ-
ment in Kendari Bay. Moreover, the open water activity and the
inuence of seawater current movements in the Banda Sea might
wash away the ner particles; therefore, the offshore area was
dominated by sand. This transformation between sediment types
agrees with the variations in the TOC values (TOCs of silt > sandy
silt > silty sand > sand). The TOC values range from 1.23 (offshore)
to 2.66% (Wanggu River) and average 2.14%. Therefore, the high
organic carbon content in the Wanggu River is exported through
the estuary toward the inner bay. Previous studies have revealed
the correlation between the TOC and particle size of marine sedi-
ment. High TOC values are normally associated with ner sedi-
ment, while low TOC occurs with coarser sediment (Balls et al.,
1997; Caccia et al., 2003; Cho et al., 1999; Wu et al., 2011). Accord-
ingly, TOC plays an important role in geochemical behavior and in
determining the fate of trace metal deposited in marine sediment
(Fang and Hong, 1999; Fang et al., 2009; Lin et al., 2002). This value
 A. Armid et al. / Marine Pollution Bulletin xxx (2014) xxxxxx 3

Table 1
Comparison between the certied and measured values of marine sediment reference
material (NMIJ CRM 7302-a).
Element Concentration (mg/kg) Recovery (%)
Certied Measured
Pb 145 6 146.23 6.02 101
Cd 1.32 0.04 1.23 0.03 93
Cr 82.7 3.8 80.03 0.62 97
has been used in normalization procedures to identify whether the
high metal concentrations in sediment are due to contamination or
the occurrence of an elevated TOC (Daskalaskis and OConnor,
1995).
The concentrations of Pb, Cd and Cr from 25 sampling points
around Kendari Bay range from 0.84 (A14) to 17.02 lg/g (B1),
0.02 (A14, A15) to 0.17 lg/g (A8, A9) and 1.92 (A14) to 40.11
lg/g (B1), respectively (Table 3). Fig. 2 shows the average concen-
trations of heavy metals present in each sample group. The entire
average concentrations of heavy metals in Kendari Bay surcial
sediments gradually decrease from Wanggu River to the inner
bay. There is an impressive increase from the inner bay to the port
areas, after that the concentrations diminish consistently to the
offshore areas. The trends in the Pb concentrations associated with
the sample group obey the following order: Wanggu River > estu-
ary > ports > outer bay > inner bay > offshore. Cd obeyed the fol-
lowing order: Ports > Wanggu River > outer bay > estuary > inner
bay > offshore. Cr obeyed the following order: Wanggu
River > estuary > ports > outer bay > inner bay > offshore (Fig. 2).
It has to be noted that the concentration of Cd in samples A8 and
A9 (Table 3) has a fairly signicant effect on the high average con-
centration of Cd to the ports in comparison to the other groups. In
general, Wanggu River contains the highest concentrations of
heavy metals, excepting samples A8 and A9 regarding Cd, due to
anthropogenic input. One of the most important contributors to
metal accumulation of Wanggu River surcial sediments is possi-
bly due to untreated efuent from mining activities, in addition
to industrials, agricultural runoff and household waste. Mining
activities in the Province of Southeast Sulawesi have increased very
rapidly for approximately the last 10 years. Recently, there are 136
ore mining companies located in North Konawe, Konawe and
South Konawe Regencies (from total 338 companies in the Prov-
ince of Southeast Sulawesi) (CBSSS, 2012). All of these districts
are in the passageway by the Wanggu River. The waste generated
from mining activities can be entered into Wanggu River directly
or indirectly, and increase the accumulation of heavy metals
(including Pb, Cd and Cr) in the water and sediment systems of
the river. The ner grain size, which is found in sediment samples
of Wanggu River (Table 2), may also affect the enrichment of heavy
metals in the surcial sediments of the Wanggu River (Meng et al.,
2008). The heavy metal concentrations decrease in the estuary sys-
tem of Kendari Bay; this area is covered by mangroves. This
decrease may be correlated with the ability of mangroves to take
up heavy metals (phytoremediation) and storage in their tissues
(MacFarlane et al., 2007; Tam and Wong, 1997; Weis and Weis,
2004). Phytoremediation is a particular type of bioremediation
where harmful organic pollutants and heavy metals from soils,
sediments and waters are absorbed in the plants tissues (Paz-
Alberto et al., 2004). Ramos e Silva, et al. (2006) have emphasized
specically the capability of mangrove trees to uptake metals ion
like Pb, Cd and Cr from sediments in the estuary system of Potengi
River, northern Brazil. Moreover, Fig. 2 shows that there is an
abrupt decline in heavy metal concentrations from the estuary to
the middle area (inner bay) of Kendari Bay. The Pb concentrations
are reduced by 70%, while the Cd is reduced by 30% and the Cr by
53%. The distribution of heavy metals in the inner bay may be
affected by the tide and physicochemical recycling generated by
the water mass movement in this area, lowering the heavy metal
concentration in the aquatic system and eventually in the surcial
sediments. Several biogeochemical processes, such as precipitation,
adsorptiondesorption, complex formation, reductionoxidation
and occulation may control the heavy metal circulation in the
inner area of Kendari Bay. The heavy metal concentrations
increases again in the surcial sediment samples collected from
the three ports located in Kendari Bay (Fig. 2). The concentrations
of Pb, Cd and Cr are increased by 197%, 191% and 104%, respec-
tively. Activities in the ports, such as transportation, shipping
and shery, may affect the heavy metal enrichment in those areas.

Table 2
Surcial sediment types in the Kendari Bay and the characteristics of the overlying water during sampling.

Sampling point Sample group Sediment type TOC (%) Temp. (C) pH Salinity TDS (g/l)
A1 Wanggu River Silt 2.54 31.3 7.60 24.41 26.20
A2 Wanggu River Silt 2.65 32.1 7.61 25.56 27.37
B1 Wanggu River Silt 2.59 32.3 7.94 24.34 26.77
B2 Wanggu River Silt 2.66 32.0 7.77 23.87 26.57
B3 Wanggu River Silt 2.63 31.5 7.89 24.78 27.03
A3 Estuary Silt 2.60 32.3 7.78 33.70 34.62
A4 Estuary Sandy silt 2.11 32.3 8.11 34.23 33.64
B4 Estuary Sandy silt 2.18 33.1 7.98 34.98 33.98
B5 Estuary Sandy silt 2.13 32.8 7.99 34.55 33.89
B6 Estuary Sandy silt 2.13 32.4 8.12 34.42 34.12
A5 Inner bay Sandy silt 2.17 33.1 7.54 34.70 30.92
A6 Inner bay Silt 2.64 32.7 7.95 34.90 31.80
A7 Inner bay Sandy silt 2.15 31.8 7.83 34.50 33.47
B7 Inner bay Sandy silt 2.16 33.1 8.13 34.44 32.98
B8 Inner bay Sandy silt 2.15 31.4 8.11 34.87 32.55
A8 Port Sandy silt 2.11 31.8 7.52 36.11 33.34
A9 Port Sandy silt 2.16 31.7 7.56 35.98 32.65
A10 Port Sandy silt 2.13 31.9 7.70 35.87 34.29
A11 Port Silty sand 1.69 31.1 7.92 36.32 34.32
A12 Port Sandy silt 2.16 30.7 8.20 36.24 33.90
A13 Port Silty sand 1.73 30.6 7.73 36.17 34.10
B9 Outer bay Silty sand 1.72 31.5 8.11 34.94 34.01
B10 Outer bay Silty sand 1.70 30.2 7.98 34.56 33.89
A14 Offshore Sand 1.23 30.6 7.93 34.77 34.89
A15 Offshore Sand 1.32 30.2 7.69 35.10 34.81

Please cite this article in press as: Armid, A., et al., The distribution of heavy metals including Pb, Cd and Cr in Kendari Bay surcial sediments. Mar. Pollut.
Bull. (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.021
4 A. Armid et al. / Marine Pollution Bulletin xxx (2014) xxxxxx

Table 3
Concentrations and geoaccumulation indices (Igeo) of heavy metals in the surcial sediments of Kendari Bay.

Sampling point Sample group Longitude S Latitude E Concentration (lg/g) Igeo

Pb Cd Cr Pb Cd Cr
A1 Wanggu River 3590 03.1100 122310 24.7500 16.44 0.08 37.69 0.87 2.57 1.84
A2 Wanggu River 3580 46.3900 122310 45.8800 16.63 0.06 38.48 0.85 2.90 1.81
B1 Wanggu River 3580 58.0400 122310 26.8500 17.02 0.09 40.11 0.82 2.25 1.75
B2 Wanggu River 3580 47.2000 122310 46.5000 16.32 0.10 39.23 0.88 2.14 1.78
B3 Wanggu River 3580 46.3000 122310 57.4100 16.29 0.08 38.20 0.88 2.44 1.82
A3 Estuary 3580 34.2000 122320 06.4300 14.45 0.05 30.39 1.05 3.26 2.15
A4 Estuary 3590 07.0700 122320 33.1400 15.77 0.05 32.48 0.93 3.27 2.06
B4 Estuary 3580 22.9200 122310 50.5300 14.81 0.05 31.99 1.02 3.31 2.08
B5 Estuary 3590 09.4400 122320 17.4000 14.49 0.04 30.98 1.05 3.45 2.12
B6 Estuary 3590 19.3000 122320 32.8800 10.24 0.05 29.48 1.55 3.11 2.19
A5 Inner bay 3580 23.2000 122320 28.4200 4.15 0.03 14.58 2.85 3.95 3.21
A6 Inner bay 3580 28.5800 122330 03.5600 3.95 0.04 14.35 2.93 3.68 3.23
A7 Inner bay 3580 50.1900 122330 34.9700 3.97 0.03 13.48 2.92 3.69 3.32
B7 Inner bay 3580 43.5700 122320 49.9600 4.75 0.03 15.24 2.66 3.96 3.15
B8 Inner bay 3580 24.4300 122330 55.7000 4.56 0.04 14.97 2.72 3.51 3.17
A8 Port 3580 58.0200 122330 59.0700 12.05 0.17 23.11 1.32 1.42 2.55
A9 Port 3580 56.6800 122340 06.8200 12.62 0.17 20.46 1.25 1.42 2.72
A10 Port 3580 27.7300 122340 35.4500 15.51 0.05 33.56 0.95 3.08 2.01
A11 Port 3580 27.1700 122340 42.0200 16.20 0.07 34.89 0.89 2.73 1.95
A12 Port 3580 31.1100 122340 59.4400 10.12 0.06 32.12 1.57 2.87 2.07
A13 Port 3580 31.6600 122350 07.2800 9.86 0.07 33.95 1.61 2.77 1.99
B9 Outer bay 3580 49.0100 122350 54.3300 7.23 0.05 18.09 2.05 3.10 2.90
B10 Outer bay 3580 32.0600 122360 11.3700 5.34 0.06 15.23 2.49 2.86 3.15
A14 Offshore 3580 17.6600 122370 19.9700 0.84 0.02 1.92 5.16 4.40 6.14
A15 Offshore 3580 23.9500 122370 20.7000 1.00 0.02 3.35 4.91 4.69 5.33

Fig. 2. Average concentrations of heavy metals based on sample group.

The Cd concentration in the surcial sediments collected from the
Perikanan Samudera Port is the highest (0.17 lg/g dry weight;
samples A8 and A9, Table 3). Perikanan Samudera Port is engaged
in shery, collecting sh before they are exported or sold. There-
fore, the activity in the port is dominated by shing vessels. The
high concentration of Cd in this port is likely due to the anthropo-
genic discharge of sh processing wastes containing Cd. Compara-
bly high concentrations of Cd have been reported in sediment
samples from the Southampton water region, with particular refer-
ence to the inuence of oil renery efuents (rmannsson et al.,
1985). Therefore, the use of Cd-contained oil-based fuels in the
shing vessels may govern the high Cd concentrations in the sur-
cial sediments from Perikanan Samudera Port. Another possible
source may be atmospheric loading. Thomson et al. (2001) con-
rmed that Cd is an active element in reductionoxidation pro-
cesses; it dominates the soluble fraction under oxygenated
conditions and precipitates immediately when post-oxic condi-
tions are encountered. Finally, the Pb, Cd and Cr concentrations
decrease gradually to the offshore area (Bokori Isle) as it is rela-
tively far away from the Wanggu River, considered as a main
source of heavy metals from land-based anthropogenic activities.
The seawater current movement from Banda Sea might dilute the
heavy metals concentrations in water system before they were
sunk to the sediments of the offshore area.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Clustering
Analysis (HCA) have been applied on a data set comprising 25
sampling points and 3 metals (Pb, Cd and Cr). Three principal com-
ponents were extracted. The scatter plot of the rst two principal
components (PC1 and PC2) scores are able to describe appropri-
ately the distribution of 25 sampling points related to their geo-
graphical position with 98.31% of cumulative variance (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3 summaries that Wanggu River (samples A1, A2, B1, B2 and
B3), estuary (A3, A4, B4, B5 and B6), Ferry Port (A10 and A11),
and Nusantara Port (A12 and A13) have similar characteristics on
the distribution of Pb, Cd and Cr, which are differentiated by neg-
ative scores on the PC1 and positive scores on PC2. Moreover, sim-
ilar characteristics on the heavy metals trends are found in the
inner bay (samples A5, A6, A7, B7 and B8) and outer bay (B9 and
B10), while offshore samples (A14 and A15) have different charac-
teristics compare to other 23 sampling points, indicated by the
highest scores on PC1. It is important to note that the Samudera
Port (A8 and A9) reveals negatives scores on both PC1 and PC2,

Please cite this article in press as: Armid, A., et al., The distribution of heavy metals including Pb, Cd and Cr in Kendari Bay surcial sediments. Mar. Pollut.
Bull. (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.021
 A. Armid et al. / Marine Pollution Bulletin xxx (2014) xxxxxx
Fig. 3. Scatter plot of the rst two principal components scores on the distribution of Pb, Cd and Cr in 25 sampling points of Kendari Bay.
supporting the argument that this area has a specic characteristic
on the distribution of Pb, Cd and Cr due to local anthropogenic
impacts. Loading variables on the two principal components shows
that Pb and Cr are the foremost variables on PC1 with the
correlation coefcient (r) = 0.9392 (p < 0.01), implying the similar
distinctiveness of those metals in 25 sampling points (Fig. 4).
Fig. 5 shows the result of HCA by using Wards method, applied
on the Euclidean distances and the dendogram of the sampling
points. There are 4 clusters identied by homogeneity of heavy
metals Pb, Cd and Cr concentrations, as follows: the rst cluster
contains the sampling points in Wanggu River, Estuary, and Ferry
and Nusantara Ports, the second cluster lies within both inner
and outer bays, the third is Ferry Port and the fourth cluster con-
sists of the sampling points in offshore area. Both HCA and PCA
have equal conclusion on the grouping of sampling points based
on the similar characteristics of heavy metals Pb, Cd and Cr concen-
trations measured in the surcial sediments of Kendari Bay.
By comparing the TOC data (Table 2) and the heavy metal con-
centrations (Table 3), this study establishes that the concentrations
Fig. 4. The loads of the variables on the rst two principal components.
Please cite this article in press as: Armid, A., et al., The distribution of heavy metals including Pb, Cd and Cr in Kendari Bay surcial sediments. Mar. Pollut.
Bull. (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.021
5
of Pb, Cd and Cr in the surcial sediments of Kendari Bay are inde-
pendent of the TOC values, suggesting that the local anthropogenic
inputs and circulation from each sampling area govern the varia-
tions in the heavy metal concentrations observed during this
study. These ndings contrast with those from the Florida Bay
(Caccia et al., 2003) and East China Sea (Fang et al., 2009) sedi-
ments: the trace metal distribution patterns are similar to the
TOC in those locations. While comparing the heavy metal concen-
trations of the surcial sediments around Kendari Bay (Pb: 0.84
17.02 lg/g, Cd: 0.020.17 lg/g, Cr: 1.9240.11 lg/g) (Table 3) with
those of other regions around the world, numerous locations pos-
sessed higher concentrations. For example, the reported heavy
metal concentrations in the surcial sediments included the fol-
lowing: the East China Sea contained 1044.8 lg/g Pb (Fang
et al., 2009); the Venice Lagoon contained 38114 lg/g Pb and
0.25.0 lg/g Cd (Bellucci et al., 2002); the Yingkou Bay contained
0.67 lg/g Cd and 85.80 lg/g Cr (Wu et al., 2011); the Taranto Gulf
(Ionian Sea) contained 58.0 lg/g Pb and 82.7 lg/g Cr (Buccolieri
et al., 2006); the Bohai Bay contained 17.9 lg/g Pb, 0.14 lg/g Cd
and 110 lg/g Cr (Meng et al., 2008); the Southeast Coast of Spain
contained 197 lg/g Pb and 2.5 lg/g Cd (Morillo et al., 2004). Fur-
thermore, the reported heavy metals concentrations in sediments
from the coastal areas of the Red Sea were higher for Pb
(68.23 lg/g) and Cd (3.1 lg/g), but lower for Cr (24.03 lg/g) rela-
tive to Kendari Bay (Badr et al., 2008). However, the concentrations
of Pb (0.395.35 lg/g) and Cr (2.9618.04 lg/g) measured in the
uncontaminated coastal areas of the Florida Bay (Caccia et al.,
2003) are in the range to the heavy metal levels measured in the
Kendari Bay surcial sediments.
The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) was originally dened by
Mller (1969) to quantify the metal contamination in sediments
by comparing recent concentrations of the metals with those from
pre-industrial measurements. It is expressed as the following
equation:
Igeo log2 Cn =1:5  Bn ; 1
where Cn is the measured concentration of metal n in the sediment,
and Bn is the geochemical background value of the metal n. Factor
1.5 compensates for possible uctuations in the background values
for a given substance in the environment, as well as very small
anthropogenic inuences. Mller dened seven classes in the geo-
accumulation index: Igeo 6 0 is class 0 and unpolluted; 0 < Igeo 6 1
is class 1 and unpolluted to moderately polluted; 1 < Igeo 6 2 is class
2 and moderately polluted; 2 < Igeo 6 3 is class 3 and moderately to
6 A. Armid et al. / Marine Pollution Bulletin xxx (2014) xxxxxx
Fig. 5. Dendogram of the 25 sampling points in Kendari Bay.
strongly polluted; 3 < Igeo 6 4 is class 4 and strongly polluted;
4 < Igeo 6 5 is class 5 and strongly to extremely polluted; Igeo > 5 is
class 6 and extremely polluted (Mller, 1979).
The Igeo has been calculated for each metal concentration at the
25 sampling points at Kendari Bay. The background Pb, Cd and Cr
values in the present study are the average values from the global
shale taken from Turekian and Wedpohl (1961): 20, 0.3 and 90 lg/g
for Pb, Cd and Cr, respectively. Based on Mllers pollution status
classication, every sample falls into class 0 for Pb, Cd and Cr
(Table 3). Therefore, the surcial coastal sediments of Kendari
Bay is practically unpolluted with those heavy metals.
Acknowledgments
We thank Bruce J. Richardson and anonymous reviewers for
very constructive comments on this manuscript. This work was
partially supported by Grant-in Aid from JSPS KAKENHI Number
25400519.
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