3.

0 INTRODUCTION

It is known in mechanical principle, every material can be used to measure temperature if

its electrical resistance differences in a major and repeatable manner when the surrounding
temperature changes. However, only few metals and semiconductors are used in process control
for temperature measurements. RTD or Resistance Temperature Detector is a general type of
equipment that is the second most widely used temperature measurement device because of their
characteristic of simplicity, stability as well as their accuracy (T.A. Hughes,2002).

By conducting the RTD Measurement and Calibration, the thermo-electric thermometer

was introduced as well as to study the relationship between temperature current and voltage. In
addition, the temperature measurement by using the thermocouple and RTD was learnt. In 1821,
Sir Humphrey Davy revealed that the resistivity of metals showed a marked dependence on
temperature. However, 50 years later Sir William Siemens suggested that platinum I used as the
primary element for a resistance in a thermometer. His was proved right as platinum is used as
the primary element in all high accuracy resistance thermometers until today (T.A.
Hughes,2002).

The procedures were separated into two parts which consists of the ambient temperature
measurement and also the temperature measurement of TE1,TE2,TE3,TT4 and TT5. Two
readings of thermometer were taken and an average value were recorded for both readings in
table 1,2,3 and 4 for the ambient temperature measurement. Taking the temperature reading
before each experiment runs is significant. As for the temperature measurement for the
TE1,TE2,TE3,TT4 and TT5 was divided into three particular runs with different temperatures of
30oc,40oc and 50oc respectively. For each run, 2 sets of temperature reading and average were
recorded in respective tables. Other than that, the mV reading of TE1 and TE2 and the resistance
for TE3 were recorded by using the multimeter.

Based on the theory, a thermocouple contains two junctions which is hot and cold
junction. The cold junction is basically connected to the measurement device while the Hot junction is
the end inserted in the medium to measured temperature while cold junction is connected to
measurement device. As voltage is produced based ontemperature, it can be said that the Relationship
between total circuit voltage (emf) & emf at the junction is, Circuit emf = Measurement emf
Reference emf . The temperature measurement circuit consists a Thermocouple connected directly to
Temperature Transmitter. Hot & cold junction can located wherever required to measure temperature
differences.

RTD has a distinct resistance to flow electrical current. Most metal, converts electrical resistance
directly proportional to the change of temperature. It is called temperature coefficient of electrical
resistance (TCR). By measuring resistance, temperature also can be measure. RTD is a specialize
functioned device that is able to detect small deviations of resistance temperature transmitter. The
circuit compared RTD value with three known & highly accurate resistors. Wheatstone bridge consist 3
resistors, voltmeter and voltage source. When temperature increases the voltage also increases.