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TABLE OF CONTENT
CPB 40003-Introduction To Renewable Energy Page |2
Page
Cover Page
Table of Content
Objective.3
Task Title
Task 1.1..4-7
Task 1.2...8-9
Table 1 Online Data Provided by Malaysias Sustainable Energy
Development Authority (SEDA).8
Task 1.3....10-11
Table 2 Unit conversion.10-11
Task 1.412-13
Table 1.4 (a) TPES value from IEA statistics
Table 1.4 (b) Percentage of contribution of the TPES from IEA statistics
Task 1.514-32
Table 3 List of electrical appliances commonly used in households...14
Table 4 Monthly and Annual Electricity Consumption and Annual
Electricity Cost.15
References.33-34
Attachment.... 35-37
Figure 1 : Allocated installed capacity solar PV35
Figure 2 : Allocated installed capacity biogas35
Figure 3 : Allocated installed capacity biomass.36
Figure 4 : Allocated installed capacity small hydro36
Figure 5 : Allocated installed capacity geothermal.36
Figure 6 : Cumulated installed capacity .37
Figure 7 : RE generation.37
CPB 40003-Introduction To Renewable Energy Page |3
Objectives
2. Enable student to source and evaluate information pertaining to energy statistics and efficiency.
Task 1.1
1.1 The Renewable Energy Act 725 was enacted by the Malaysian parliament in 2011. State the
purpose of the act, explain the feed-in-tariff system and the meaning and consequences of grid
The implementation of The Renewable Energy Act 725 that was enacted by Malaysian
Malaysia because the adoption of the Feed In Tariff (FiT) mechanism has an incentive
The Renewable Energy Act 725 (2011) defined renewable energy as means electricity
generated or produced from renewable resources such as biogas and small hydro which
the sources of the energy can always be replaced and does not run out.. It has been
described as an act to provide for the formation and execution of a special tariff system to
catalyse the generation of renewable energy and to supply for related matters.
CPB 40003-Introduction To Renewable Energy Page |5
Under Section 3, the feed-in tariff system was established. Feed-in tariff system set up to
provide a continuous supply line connection to the distribution licensees and feed-in tariff
payable by a distribution licensee to feed the approval of the shareholders. Authority shall
administer and implement the tariff system pursuant to the provisions of this Act. The authorities
shall take due consideration of the objections to the Act, the foundations of government
renewable, the amount of money available in the fund, and the need to preserve the diversity and
the need for fair competition and transparency in the implementation of the feed-in tariff system
Feed-in Tariff system (FiT) system was set up by the Sustainable Energy Development
Authority Malaysia (SEDA) to allow the electricity produced from indigenous renewable energy
(RE) to be sold to power utilities at a fixed premium price and for a specified duration.
(SEDA,2015).
Distribution Licensees (DLS) is required to buy from the Feed-in Approval Holders
(FIAHs) electricity produced from renewable sources (renewables) and set the FiT by the Tariff
(FiT) Feed-in Malaysia. Renewable energy supplied to the electric grid for a certain period will
be paid by DLS. FiT mechanism will ensure that renewable energy has become a viable and
strong long-term investment for industrial companies and also for individuals. Terms FiT to
ensure access to the grid and set a favorable price for each unit of renewable
energy.(SEDA,2015).
CPB 40003-Introduction To Renewable Energy Page |6
iii) FiT rates: a fixed premium rate to be paid for each unit of renewable energy sold
capacity FiT rate varies. Bonus FiT rate applicable when the criteria for the bonus
iv) Indigenous: renewable sources must be from within Malaysia and not imported
v) Duration: The duration of electricity paid by renewable FiT rates can be sold to
resources and technologies. This period is 21 years for small hydropower and
sources.(SEDA,2015).
CPB 40003-Introduction To Renewable Energy Page |7
Grid parity (or socket parity) occurs when an alternative energy source can generate power at
a levelized cost of electricity (LCoE) that is less than or equal to the price of purchasing power
from the electricity grid. The term is most commonly used when discussing renewable
energy sources, notably solar power and wind power. Grid parity depends upon whether you are
calculating from the point of view of a utility or of a retail consumer. Reaching grid parity is
considered to be the point at which an energy source becomes a contender for widespread
shift in generation to these forms of energy will take place when they reach grid
parity.(Wikipedia,2015)
The term grid parity is meant to describe the point in time at which a developing
technology will produce electricity for the same cost to rate payers as traditional technologies.
That is when then new technology can produce electricity for the same cost as the electricity
available on a utilitys transmission and distribution grid. Utility rates rise from year to year,
the levelized cost of the power from the grid will be higher than the current cost. If the renewable
energy systems levelized cost is equal to or lower than the utility levelized cost, the systems
cost is at or below grid parity. Grid parity is one of the most misused terms in renewable energy
discussions. Headlines frequently refer to wind or solar power approaching grid parity as the
costs for these projects fall. A reader might assume that this event will occur at some particular
Task 1.2
1.2 Using online data provided by Malaysias Sustainable Energy Development Authority
(SEDA), complete Table 1. Determine the utilization factor for each RE source and give one (1)
reason why some RE sources have a lower utilization factor than others. [12 marks]
(SEDA)
Theoretical RE Generation June 2015 = cumulated installed capacity 2015 x 30 days x 24 hours
()
Utilisation factor (in %) = x 100%
()
Based on data taken from the Sustainable Energy Development Authority Malaysia (SEDA), the
highest utilization factor is biomass, which is 16:18%. Small hydro is 10.91%, biogas is 8.71%,
4.12% solar PV and the lowest is geothermal, which is 0.00%. wood biomass as an energy
source that is today the biggest reason why the biomass has the highest consumption in Malaysia.
There are many sources of biomass in Malaysia, namely agricultural waste, food waste and
industrial waste. Biomass fuel is that it can continuously provide a significant reduction in net
carbon emissions. Solar PV can be used in places exposed to the sun is shining and has space
source of solar PV is intermittent sources. It has a high cost, especially for storage and also not
available at night or under clouds. This is the energy source that is clean because the power
generated directly from sunlight and prevented from contamination. Geothermal is a resource
that has zero percent of utilization factor, which is a geothermal sources. Malaysia does not have
any source of geothermal energy again so that is why the use of zero. This is because the FiT
system announced that any source should be original where renewable must be in Malaysia and
not imported from other countries. Malaysia does not have any chance to have a source of
Task 1.3
Task 1.4
Compare the absolute (in Exajoule-EJ) and relative (in % contribution) total primary energy carrier
supply (TPES) mix in Malaysia with China, Germany, India, Thailand and USA. Use IEA statistics and a
spreadsheet. Identify the country that has the least diversified TPES mix. [14 marks]
Table 1.4 (b) Percentage of contribution of the TPES from IEA statistics
Fuel Type PERCENTAGE OF CONTRIBUTION OF THE TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (%)
Waste
solar/ winds
Based on Table _ , the country that has the least total primary energy supply is China because they only
has 4 type of primary energy supply which are natural gas, oils, coals, and biofuels and waste.
CPB 40003-Introduction To Renewable Energy P a g e | 14
Task 1.5
Carry out a simple energy audit for your parents flat or house. List down all electrical appliances,
their number, the power rating and average usage per day. An example is shown in Table 3.
a) Based on the information provided in Table 1, estimate the monthly and annual
electricity consumption. Using the appropriate electricity tariff determine the annual
Table 4 Monthly and Annual Electricity Consumption and Annual Electricity Cost
ICPT ( Imbalance Cost Pass Through ) = -2.25 sen per kWh for usage above 300 kWh
Basic Formula
Monthly Consumption (in kWh) = No. appliance x power (W) x usage (hr/day) x 30 days
Annual Consumption (in kWh) = No. appliance x power (W) x usage (hr/day) x 365 days
CPB 40003-Introduction To Renewable Energy P a g e | 17
Sample Calculation
= RM 84.31
= RM 85.15
CPB 40003-Introduction To Renewable Energy P a g e | 18
graph.
[2 Marks]
Graph 1 Graph of contribution of each appliance to the electricity consumption (in kWh/year)
9
7000.00
5000.00
6
5 4000.00
4
3000.00
3
2000.00
2
1000.00
1
0 0.00
No. of Appliance
Annual Consumption
(kWh/year)
Electrical Appliance
CPB 40003-Introduction To Renewable Energy P a g e | 19
c) Compare the estimated monthly electricity consumption with the actual electricity bill.
Table 5 Estimated Monthly Electricity Consumption and the Actual Monthly Electricity
Bill
Inclusive 6%GST
(kWh/month) (RM/month)
714 kWh
RM 284.00
CPB 40003-Introduction To Renewable Energy P a g e | 20
Two reasons for the differences between estimated monthly electricity consumption and actual
1. My parents' house is located on the east coast to the west Peninsular Malaysia in
Kelantan. Kelantan rainy season usually occurs due to wind Northeast Monsoon. The
monsoon weather system formed along with the surge of cold air from Siberia produce
heavy rainfall that could cause flooding in some areas, especially along the East Coast of
conditioning and ceiling fan as much as 50% of normal consumption because of cold
reduction in the consumption air conditioning and ceiling greatly affect the amount and
cost of electricity consumption per month (kWh / month) and (RM / month), respectively.
*Savings of -28.25 % and -5.65 % (in kWh/month) and -15.78 % and -2.68 % (in
RM/month) from the consumption of air conditioner and ceiling fan respectively that can
*Estimated and calculated based on daily and monthly usage per appliance
CPB 40003-Introduction To Renewable Energy P a g e | 21
*Based on TABLE 4 Monthly and Annual Electricity Consumption and Annual Electricity Cost
and TABLE 5 Estimated Monthly Electricity Consumption and the Actual Electricity Bill
If 50% reduce in monthly electricity consumption from air conditioner and ceiling fan
appliances during rainy season;
a) air conditioner
= 300 kWh
= 60 kWh
Thus, savings every month if 50% reduce in monthly electricity consumption from air
conditioner and ceiling fan appliances during rainy season;
i) Air conditioner
= -28.25%
= -15.78%
= -5.65%
= -2.68%
CPB 40003-Introduction To Renewable Energy P a g e | 23
*if 50% reduce from air conditioner and appliances during rainy season;
= RM 283.78
2. The estimated monthly electricity consumption is calculated based on the usage when our
live in our campus hostels and only come home every holiday semester of every three
months. Now, only my parents and two younger sisters who lived in the house. This leads
to the difference between the estimated monthly electricity consumption and actual
PC, printer, PC screen (LCD), music station, shower, fridge, rice cooker, iron, washing
machine and air conditioners. Estimated budget reductions is -42.86% decreases when
3 of us, my brother, sister and I did not come home for that month because stayed at
hostels.
Assumed:
42.86 %
CPB 40003-Introduction To Renewable Energy P a g e | 26
= 1062.02 kWh
= RM 487.86
brother, sister and I did not come home for that month because stayed at hostels.
Basic formula :
*Estimated and calculated based on daily and monthly usage per appliance
CPB 40003-Introduction To Renewable Energy P a g e | 27
*if 42.86% reduce from all electrical appliances in electricity consumption for every
month when 3 of us, my brother, sister and I did not come home for that month because
stayed at hostels.
= RM 231.00
d) Identify 4 (four) electrical appliances that could be replaced with more energy efficient
appliances (e.g. refer to www.st.gov.my for list of energy efficient appliances). State
*Number of Appliance, Power (W) and Usage Per Appliance (Hr/Day) based on audit for
my parents house.
CPB 40003-Introduction To Renewable Energy P a g e | 30
e) Estimate how much electricity (kWh/a) and money [RM/a] could be saved per year if the
energy efficient appliances were used instead. [4 Marks]
Table 7 Amount of electricity (kWh/a) and money [RM/a] could be saved per year if the energy
FORMULA :
Amount of electricity consumption (kWh/a) and money [RM/a] WITHOUT using energy
efficient appliances amount of electricity consumption (kWh/a) and money [RM/a] when
Thus,
Electricity (kWh/a) could be saved per year if the energy efficient appliances were used instead
is 2341.08 kWh/a
Money [RM/a] could be saved per year if the energy efficient appliances were used instead is
RM 475.66
CPB 40003-Introduction To Renewable Energy P a g e | 32
screenshot). [2 Marks]
CPB 40003-Introduction To Renewable Energy P a g e | 33
REFERENCES
1. Lesch, John E. (2000). The German Chemical Industry in the Twentieth Century.
2. Huesemann, Michael H., Joyce A. H. (2011). Technofix: Why Technology Wont Save
3. Diesendorf, Mark (2007). Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy. UNSW Press.
(p. 86).
5. Ahmad S., Kadir M., Shafie S. (2011). Current Perspective of The Renewable Energy
7. Lim C.H., Elias S., Philip J. (2006). Renewable Energy Policy and Initiatives in
8. Ministry of Energy; Green Technology and Water. (2011a). Handbook on the Malaysian
10. Saidur, R., Masjuki, H. H., Jamaluddin, M. Y. (2007). An application of energy and
11. Bernama. (2010, July 15). Malaysia To Introduce Feed-In Tariff For Renewable Energy
ATTACHMENT
Conversion unit
1000
0.023 m x = 23 mm
1
Figure 7 : RE generation