Flow Assurance Quiz#4
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What are the four slugging types?
What is multiphase flow?
What is the typical slugging behavior?
Draw the graph associated with the
behavior.
What problems can occur by
slugging?
What are the (7) causes of slugging?
What is the frequency seen in liquid
flow rate for slugging?
Why do you use the choke?
Does low flow rate effect liquid
accumulation?
What is the (8) different liquid
slugging mitigation options?
What is wrong with Salema in the OTC
papers?
Where is gas lift applied to?
59 terms lvuongt
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Hydrodynamic
Terrain
Start-Up
Pigging
Two or more phases will exist in the production fluid, such as oil, gas, water, and sand.
...
Can make deposit and cause corrosion
Can cause difficulties to equipment such as inlet seperators
Low flow rate (late life conditions)
Production shut down and restarts
Low gas-oil ratio
High Water Cut
Flow Rate Chages
Changes in Subsea Operations (Transient Conditions)
Decreasing Reservoir/Wellhead Pressure
Because of the continuous slugging that occurs plugging and unplugging regions in
the pipeline. Higher production rate is ideal. Lots of oscillation represents the slugging.
...
more liquids accumulate when you ramp down with a peak as well.
optimize flowline and rise size for full ranges of flow rates and operating conditions
pigging to remove liquids in long pipelines
gas lift - wellbore, tree, manifold, riser base
gas recycle
first state separator sizing
slug handling equipment at host facility
run gas lift delivery string inside the riser
flowmanager software system for monitoring and control
choke control in subsea or topside
...
wellbore, tree, manifold, riser base
What are finger slug catcher? -downward pipe for stratified flow
-fingers to separate into a series of pupes
What are four flow regimes to worry homogeneous flow
about when dealing with erosion heterogeneous flow
during production? stratified flow
stationary bed flow

Draw the pressure drop graph and ...

the flow regime associated with it in
the solids vs solids free graph.

When is sand flow most difficult? When sand flow is going uphill

Which system is more prone to The gas system since it tends to move at higher velocity
erosion?

What is erosion? (geology) the mechanical process of wearing or grinding something down (as by
particles washing over it)

When is the fluid consider sand-free? 2-5 X 10^-5 kg/s

What is problem sand in liquid? gas slug expansion due to sand deposit carried by the liquid which will cause low
pressure and gas expansion resulting in higher velocity for erosion

Name the (7) different erosion Effect of particle diameter

factors? Particle hardness
Particle shape
Quantity of sand
Viscosity of fluids
Gas, oil, and water ratios
Pipe geometry

What is the erosion velocity equation V=(E.Constant)/(sqrt(mixture density))

and explain the terms?

What is the maximum velocity V=(E.Constant)/(mixture density)^n

equation for NORSOK? What is the C=175 n=0.43 (gas lines)
recommendation for the constant and C=183 n=0.5 (multiphase lines)
the power for gas and multiphase
lines?

How does the C-Factor vary for gas C factor increases with gas flow rate where it should be well below the maximum c-
flow rate? factor

How are erosion estimated and what Using the basic models in the SPPS and DNV RP 0501 for simple geometries only and
are the limitations? cannot estimate for complex geometries as well as upstream effects.

What does SPPS stand for and what is Sand Production Pipe Saver is a friendly computer program developed by University of
it? Tulsa, input involves geometry, fluid property, and sand property (rates included)

What is the DNV RP 0501 and what is Tool to calculate erosion for different pipe geometry but only considers oval particles,
the assume particle shape? similar inputs to SPPS

For the NORSOK model how does depends on a combination of erosion and corrosion
the n power vary?

What is the rule of thumb for ID the 3 mm wall thickness for erosion and corrosion allowance.
design for erosion and corrosion?

What is erosion and corrosion a sand, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, water, and process ocnditions
function of?

What does the corrosion in offshore Presence of water

pipeline depend on? Concentration of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide
Piping material and coating
Temperature
Pressure
 Flow regimes
Flow rates and velocities
What are some solution for Material selection
corrosion? Coating
Inhibitors

What is pitting corrosion? localize corrosion that results in internal corrosion (holes) where stainless steel are
more prone. There attacks occurs in acidic solution containing chlorides.

What is crevice corrosion? Corrosion that occurs below a material due to the depletion of oxygen that allows the
area the act as a anode and other parts that has oxygen act as a cathode leading to
corrosion.

What (4) conditions does hydrate Access to small molecules

formation requires? Low Temperature
Free Water
High enough Pressure

Are hydrates flammable and what yes its flammable and looks like snow
does it look like?

What does hydrates contain? a lot of gas

What problems do hydrates plugs require costly and time consuming removal , plug removal operations can also be
causes? connected with high risk

Name two hydrate control methods
for each of the following group:
hydraulic, thermal, chemical, and
process solutions.
Hydraulic: fluid displacement, depressurization, compression, dense phase, fluid
displacement
Thermal: insulation, direct electric heating, bundles, heat tracing
Chemical: Methonal, Glycols, LDHI, Salt
Process solutions: Water cut reduction, gas dehydration

What are the (3) different types of Thermodynamics, low dosage hydrate inhibitor, anti-agglomerants
hydrates inhibitors? include
mechanism, advantage, disadvantage,
and applications

What are the key elements to design Steady state operation

hydrate control strategy? Shutdown operations
Restart operations
Plug remediations

What changes in the field lifetime? fluid composition

watercut
pressure
production rate

Functional and operational artificial lift

requirements? downhole chemical injection
configuration
insulation
burial
active heating
insulation
piping design
chemical injection points
access for mechanical tools
chemical storage

What are hydrate plug properties? low as 20-30%

gas pockets
hydrocarbon liquid pockets
water pockets
solid materials
What are some problems with
chemical injections?
What are some problems with
depressurization?
What is wax?
Where does wax often accumulate
and deposit?
What are (5) wax concerns?
What are the key wax parameters?
What is pour point?
What kind of surface is wax diffusiono
moves towards to?
What increases with decreasing
porosity in wax?
How does wall roughness effect wax
formation?
What are wax deposition challenges?
What are the methods to control wax
deposition?
What are the wax control strategies?
What are the key issues with wax?
What is asphaltenes?
What is the characteristics of
asphaltenes?
Large distances make the points difficult
time consuming
cause for accident with high pressure differenetials
wax is made of natrual components of crude oil mose which is gas, they are mostly
made of long n-alkanes chain and strongly dependent on temperature that leads to
gelling and deposition
Wax often accumulate at the storage tank due to gravity settling as well as oil cooler
topside which requre frequent cleaning
wax deposition in well and pipeline
wax deposition in oil cooler topside
wax accumulation in storage tank
gelling in flowlines
pressure transducer malfunction
wax appearance temperature
wax content
pour point
Point where the wax loses its ability to flow
cold surface
hardness and thermal conductivity
increases the thickness of the wax and dependent on flow pattern and shear stress
Stuck pigs
HSE
Inspection tools
plugged pipelines
Pipeline insulation
Pigging
Chemicals
External Heat
single phase can be control be regular pigging
medium length multiphase require insulation
long range, no real effective way
...
falls under the SARA where a fraction of a petroleum fluid that is insoluble in n-alkanes
and soluble in simple aromatics, asphaltenes in not a pure substance, and is different
from fluids to fluids
stabilizes emulsion
self-aggregation