Resonence Educating for better tomorrow its Formula Book for Engineering Entrance Examinations (S25 UP ae ele {The Gateway to ITs, NT, IM, ISERs & Prominent Engineering/Scien Best Wishes for Your Success in Competitive Examinations ahead !!! This Booklet has been prepared by Resonance for the benefit & academic support to sincere students. You can send your feedback/suggestion on this booklet at feedback@resonance.ac.inPCW Resonance J iw.nimission Announcement eT a eas nan Toca at a Nurturing Talent... Creating Champions. From 'Within' You To A 'Winning' You -—————> Grand Success in IIT-JEE 2011 "The Best Ranks fom Yourlong Classroom Programmes nlIT-JEE 2011 ren 7 sis intend ei Wes, Noh Cote na pomp pa Total Selections in IIT-JEE 2011 Eas. rere 1816 rere pane Pec (Vearlong Classroom: 1197 | Distance: 619) 17 All india Ranks in TOP: 100 (Wearlong Classroom: 13 | Distance: 4) 9/9 | 2/9 /% ADMISSION ANNOUNCEMENT 2012-13 |¥e Programmes (YCCPs) oo fomsorrry foment a eo Taper Gh en) aT Tet Tins Tage de a ons Cement 2013 [Avo MI Moving Stdemis| 25.00.2012 | 15.04.2002 = Ll M13 | vex Moving Stoderes | is.ne2012 | 14.05.2002 [oenoami2 [| — 2013_| Hl Apparing Soden | ascaa012 | owasama | once | Ey Wl Appeaing Sheders | 16.0¢2012 | 2a05.2072 | reo6.2012 | a7 2012 ce [eee en ee cee ie 2 sen wet Ge Dal litt Tie Seed sara [io noag Suns |_aeaz02 | 005202 | paren | ReStDefrs Adis eSt Det Aiss Dasn of eS Sara [tettvag Ser] Sma |_— en sem | mem | masa | sin PM (2) Onine\iee wacsonnc in rover deta an by ONL paying ro CubeCart Net aki. 1 Intent Conrad state Oe neta nie Msn rennin Rona atesaaan snes apons tea ‘COST OF ADMISSION PACKET: For ISEET [NTJE/AIEEE) Courses: 1000 |For NEET (AIPMIT)/SAT Courses: 500: [For PCCP Course: ® 200%. NotI yu make D or Ads ace tan pas anon yor nar, ths an, dss nlc ting pres, sta ads and contactable runbas an the baksde th ant OD. Ase tp te phaacopy af D wih you ue lens Resonance Eduventures Pvt. Ltd. CORPORATE OFFICE: CG Tower, A-48 & 52, Near ity Mal haw Hood, Kta Rj) 324005 | Tl: 07463192222, 3012222, 3022222, 2437144 To Know more: sms RESO at 56677 | Toll Free : 1800 200 2248 | contact@resonance.ac.in | wwveresonance.acin | WAPsite: m.resonance.acin @ tecebook.convResonancetas @ twittercon/ResonancetGy @ly wwonyoutbecamiesawatch E) Resorancesutogspet.com Ef lnkosn comwvRosonanceE dy5. ‘Short Formula (Physics) Resonance SHORT FORMULA (GYAN SUTRA) Section Formula : xe Centroid, Incentre & Excentre: Xi tX 4X Yi tVe t¥a) [ BX, x2 HOxs ays BYa* CYs | Centrota G | “5 3 pimoentre! | arbre arbec | —ax, +bx; ay, +by>+Cy5 ) oo asb+c © -avb+o | Area of a Triangle: 1 1 Aasc=4)x. yo 1 % va Slope Formula: (Line Joining two points (x, y,) & (x, y,). m en % Condition of collinearity of three points: x,y, Ys Angle between two straight lines : tan@ = m—me i= myma| Two Lines : ax + by += 0 and a’x + b’y + c= 0 two lines tparaiielit 4 = 5 2 araltelit <5 = eS i vw? oy 2. Distance between two parallel lines jfa?40? 3 Perpendicular: If aa’ + bb’ = 02 10. 1. 12. 6. ‘Short Formula (Physics) Resonance Apoint and line ax, +by, +e 1. Distance between point and line ax ;+by y+6 oo ee a?+b? 2, Reflection of a point about a line: Yi aeyrby ye 3. Foot ofthe perpendicular from a point on the line is ~g >=" ph= ~ T Bisectors of the angles between two li ln by gy Condition of Concurrency :of three straight lines ax+ by +¢.=0,1= 1.2318: bs € nd ey A Pair of straight lines through origin: ax’+ 2nxy by? = 178s the acute angle between the par of straight tines, then tan @ CIRCLE Intercepts made by Circle x°+ y'+ 29x fy += 00n the Axes: (a) 2\\9?-€ on x-axis (b) 26 ony-aixs Parametric Equations of a Circle: x=n+rcos®; y=k+rsing Tangent : (2) Slope form : y= mx a.yrem (0) Point form : xx, + yy,= a? or T= 0 (6) Parametric form : x cosa. +y sina =a Pair of Tangents from a Point: ss, = 7. Length of a Tangent : Length of tangent is, Director Circle: x + y'= 23° for + y'= a Chord of Contact: T=0 4. Length of chord of contact = 2+ Re Re 2, Area of the triangle formed by the pair of the tangents & its chord of contact RE10. 3. ‘Short Formula (Physics) Resonance 2RL oaee 4. Equation of the circle circumscribing the triangle PT, T, is: &—x) (x+9) + (¥-¥,) V+ =0. Condition of orthogonality of Two Circles: 29,9.+21,f,=¢,+ ¢, Radical Axis : S,~S,=0 i.e.2(g,-9)x+2(,-t) y+ (¢,-¢)= 0 Family of Circles: s, +S, =0, $+ KL=0. 43, Tangent of the angle between the pair of tangents from (x,, y,) = PARABOLA Equation of standard parabola : y= 4ax, Vertex is (0, 0), focus is (a, 0), Directrix is x + a= 0 and Axis is y = 0 Length of the latus rectum = 4a, ends of the latus rectum are L(a, 2a) & L (a, ~ 2a) Parametric Representation: Tangents to the Parabola y’ 41, Slope form y= mx += (m#0) 2. Paramettic form ty = x + at? 3. Point form T=0 Normals to the parabola y* = 4ax : y, Y= y 2 BE Gm) at, y) y= MX 2am — am? at (am — Zam) ;y + x= 2at # at at (at, 2a) a ELLIPSE ae Standard Equation : * + 5 =1, where a>b& bt= at (1~e%, fe » a Eccentricity: e= |1 >, (0< <1), Directrices :x = + : e Focii : S = (+ 4e, 0). Length of, major axes = 2a and minor axes = 2b Vertices : A’ =(-a, 0) &A=(a, 0) * <2) Latus Rectum : = Auxiliary Circle : x°+ y Parametric Representation : x= a cos @& y=bsin@ Position of a Point w.r.t. an Ellipse: 2 ¥ The point P(x, y,) lies outside, inside or on the ellipse according as ; “4 re -1> am? + be mme+emeetste etipse in two points real, coincident Tangents: Slope form: y= mx + Ja2m®ib? , Point form x0088 | ysin® _ ea5) Parametric form: 12 3. 4, 5. 4 ‘Short Formula (Physics) Ronin] ax _bey % Director Circle: x + y Normals: a —b?, ax. sec by cosec be HYPERBOLA 2 2 ‘Standard Equation: standard equation of the hyperbola is“ ~ ot Focii: S = (# ae, 0) Directrices : x= * Vertices : A= (+a, 0) s Latus Rectum (¢) a (e? - 1). Conjugate Hyperbola : *- 2 =1 @ +e =1 are conjugate hyperbolas of each. Auxiliary Circle + x¢ + y?= a Parametric Representation : x= a sec 0 & y= btan0 Position of A Point 'P* w.r.t. A Hyperbola : 1 >, = or < 0 according as the point (x, y,) lies inside, on or outside the curve. Tangents : (i) Slope Form : y= mx+Ju'm — 6 (ii) Point Form: atthe point (x, y,) is “Xt — (il) Parametric Form ; $808 _ yun _ a Normals : (a) atthe point P(x,.y,)is 2 1M (©) atthe point P (asec 6, btano)is + TY = ar+ prs ater sed tan {€) Equation of normals in terms of its slope 'm' are y = Asymptotes : ~ a‘Short Formula (Physics) Resonance Rectangular Or Equilateral Hyperbola : xy= c*, eccentricity is /2 Vertices : (t © 0) ; Foci : (+ Zo Vc). Directrices : x + y= /7 Latus Rectum (/) TASCA Parametric equation x = ct, y = oft, te R— {0} Equation ofthe tangent at P (x,y) is +2 = 28a P(DIs S+ty=2e Equation of the normal at P(t) is xt? — yt = c(t*— 1). Chord witha given middle point as (Kis bx hy = 2k LIMIT OF FUNCTION Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist as x —> a when, Limit (any = Umit (a+ my = some fe value m (Left hand limit) (Right hand limit) Indeterminant Forms: 0 0X0, 20 — 00, 299, 0°, and 1” Standard Limits: Limit SIX Limit 10m _ Limit tan" Limit Sin“ Limit 8" Limit £n(1+%) Lat cr ayn iit (1 3 foga.a>0, Unt 2 Limits Using Expansion x4. xina x@inta_ ein? ie ate AME EAN a0 i) oe i bend TEKST Gy) singe Ey, D gist 7 “ “ fats? wo iy a nin) 6) fork < tne Rta ett ax+ yg fe aa)‘Short Formula (Physics) Ronin] Limits of form 1”, 0°, 00° Also for (1)- type of problems we can use following rules. ig (1x =e, Lm fFo-, where 1) 31; glx) soe asx—aslim = gtetor-noo Sandwich Theorem or Squeeze Play Theorem: IF £0) S00) Shox) Vx & Lime fo Limit gx) then Limit g(x METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION Differentiation of some elementary functions 9 oyny = nxt 9 any = at 4 4 . Ae OO) =x 2 gy @eaina Ie (enix) = 4 gy MOOK) = d a a 5. Gy (Sinx) = cos x 6. (0s x) =~ sin x 7. 3 (SeC x) = sec x tan x a d d 8. (cosec x) =—cosecxcotx 9. Glan x) = sec?x 10. J (cot x) = — cosec? x Basic Theorems d 4 1 Ge FED EPO EO) 2 Ge (K 100) d d ax 109 3 Ge (09. 900) = F09 900 + 900 00) 9x) FO) FTO) Fe) a r ” 8. 5 GO) = FH) 9’) Derivative Of Inverse Trigonometric Functions. dsin"x | 1 doos"*x oes aoe sfor-t » eS by substituting x= cos @, where @< (0, x} Parametric Differentiation ay _ay/o ity = (6) & x= 9(0) where 0 isa parameter, then ge~ arzay Derivative of one function with respect to another = a dy _dy/dx _ £60 Let y= f(x); 2 = a(x) then fF = Sa = a Hf) 969) he») Ka) m9 n(%)), where f, 9, h, |, m,n, u, v, w are differentiable functions of x then uO) vx) WOR) r(x) 9'(%)_ h'O0) It FO 1) 9G) HOO} [109 geno F(x) ={100 MO) 900) + [FY nf] + [1G mG a6) Mo) vO) wed] luo vO) woo} feo) VO WOR APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES Equation of tangent and normal Tangent at (x,,y,) isgiven by (y—y,) = f(x) (=x); when, f(x, is real <1. (x-x), when f(x.) is nonzero real Foe Tangent from an external point And normal at (x, .,)is (¥-y, Given a point P(a, b) which does not lie on the curve y = f(x), then the equation of possible tangents to the ‘curve y = f(x), passing through (a, b) can be found by solving for the point of contact Q, reyy= OP ye 0) te ‘And equation of tangent is y~ b= (=a) h-a Length of tangent, normal, subtangent, subnormal 7 © PTs Ik t+ = Length of Tangent (i) PN=|k|vt-+m? = Length of Normal‘Short Formula (Physics) onence i) TM Hy Length of subtangent ()—- MN=|km|=Length of subnormal Angle between the curves Angle between two intersecting curves is defined as the acute angle between their tangents (or normals) at the point of intersection of two curves (as shown in figure) tan o= [ma H-mym. | Shortest distance between two curves ‘Shortest distance between two non-intersecting differentiable curves is always along their common normal (Whereverdefined) Rolle’s Theorem : Ifa function f defined on fa, bis © continuous on fa, @ derivable on (a,b) and a fa)="0), then there exists at least one real number ¢ between @ and b (a < ¢ =1 2a Integration of type Pera 4, JP Pecrera] rbxre dx Baaeg om Joxravax Yaxtioxee Integration of trigonometric functions ax ox ax —_ ea OR 7 zy put tan x arpente OS artes O° Wacatecpamemrroan™ © ox ox ax x avbsmg OR OR uttan% = a+ bsinx TF room J aspeinx > coosx Putten acosx+bsinx+¢ ——— = d Zcosxemsinxsn % Express Nr=A(Dr) +B (Dr) + ¢ & proceed. Integration of type eat airy ox where Kis any constant. Divide ne Or by 2a put = Integration of type11 | Short Formula (Physics) ax a ——*__ or —: put px tat lees Ses Ged ahah) 10. Integration of type 1 7 1 ax Ves px? sqxsr TE (ax? t) px2q DEFINITE INTEGRATION Properties of definite integral 1 freo ox= Joa 2 reo ax=- flea 3. Jo ox= Jrvoee+ reo ox 4, [foe ar = J(loo +10) ax = Pltcom + fen=t09 : 2 0 fox) =-fo0 5. fre d= fare» dx, 6. f 1 ox= | te») ax 2] fax, f(2a-x)= 100) » : = f(x) dx = | (f00)+ f(2a—x)) d moe] 0 tia-ayent9 8. Iff(x) isa periodic function with period T, then Jt0o & =n fioodx.ne 2, [feo dx =n fied, ne zaeR i Jt0o ax = Jroods ne ZaeR Jt00) dx = (=m) ftodde, mone 2, Dat * Jf00 dx = [feax.ne za,be R 9% yQ)sfO)<90) for = asxsb, then Jue ox < Joo ox Joo & 10. fmsf(x) sMforasxsb, then m (b~a) s ff(x)dxsM (0-a) tt | ff a) < I) 0 |e 42, If) 20 ona, bjthen f1(x) dx 20 9 Leibnite Theorem: fF G)= [tat then E2 = We fe) —a'e faba) oie)12 | Short Formula (Physics) Ronin] BASICS Intervals : Intervals are basically subsets of R and are commonly used in solving inequalities or in finding domains. If there are two numbers @, be R such that a 0, lal= al, lal? a, fal >a lab] = [al p) a+ bis al + Ib}, fa=b|> [a ~ [ol Trigonometric Functions of Sum or Difference of Two Angles: (@) sin (A +B) = SinA cosB + cosA sinB 2 sinA cosB = sin(A+B) + sin(A-B) and and 2 cosA sinB = sin(A¥B) ~ sin(A-B) (b) cos (A +B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB 2 cos cosB = cos(A+B) + cos(A-B) and 2sinA sinB = cos(A-B) ~ cos(A+B) (©) sin?A ~ sin?B = cos*B ~ cos?A = sin (A+B), sin (A~B) (®)—_costA~ sin?B = cos?B - sin’A = cos (A+B). cos (A~B) cotAcotB +1 (©) cot(A£B)="coB + cot tan A +tanB + tanC-tanA tanBtan® © tan (A+B +0) = 7 tana tanB—tanBtanC-tanc tan Factorisation of the Sum or Difference of Two Sines or Cosines: cw. o-D oO oo @ sinc + sind =2 sin cos S (©) sinc ~ sind = 2 cos => sin 2 r co cd © cose + cos0 = 2 cos SP cos (@ —eosC-cosd=-2sin > sin Multiple and Sub-multiple Angles :13 | Short Formula (Physics) Resonance 2tanA ‘Han? © sin2a=7T neq COS2A= 1 ae @ — sin3A=3sinA—4sintA ‘Stan A-tan?A (© 008 3A= 4 cos'A~3 cosh tanga = Sena tena 1-3tanA Important Trigonometric Ratios: @ —sinnz=0 ; —cosmm=(-1) ; tannn=0, wherene I or sin + or cos © () sin 15° or sin 2 0 75° or COS Er x _ . Sx cos 18° or cos: = Tet =sin 76° or sin SE: Ba 3: _ tan 18° = 955 = 2-8 = cot 75°; tan 75° =" = 2/5 = cot 15 (sin orsin 18°= “5 & cos 26° or cos® = “24 ) N40 4 5 4 Range of Trigonometric Expression: = arb? 0 ab.ccR&D<0 Roots are real Roots are imaginary a= p+ iq. = p-iq abce Qe abceQe Dis aperfect square D isnot a perfect square = Roots are rational = Roots are irrational =p+iq iF 4 iea=p+ya,B=p-Va a=1,b,ce1&Disa perfect square = Roolsare integral Common Roots: Consider two quadratic equations a, Bax +b,x+0,=0 () two quadratic equations have both roots common, then (i) fonly one root « is common, then «= aybz—ay by cpaz—cyay Range of Quadratic Expression f (x) = ax? + bx +c. Range in restricted domain: Given xe [x, x] @ 12 etx, x)tnen, £00 € [min {r(x,), (<2), max (r(x), #02) fl oP erm vttnen, 409 [m9 thn). thea). B}. max te). tea) 2}15 | Short Formula (Physics) Resonance 5. Location of Roots: Let f(x) = ax + bx+ 0, where a>O&abceR @ Conditions for both the roots of f(x) = 0 to be greater than a specified number'x,” are br dac2 0; 1(%) > 08 b/2a) > x, Conditions for Both the roots of f(x) = 0 to be smaller than a specified number ‘x,’ are bP dac 20; 1(x,) > 0.8 (-b/2a) 0; 1(x,) > 0104) > 0 & x, < (-b/2a) Oare in GP, bis the GM. between a & c, then b?= ac n-Geometric Means Between positive number a, b: Ifa, b are two given numbers & a, G,, G,,..., Gy, bare in GP. Then G,, G, G,,...., G, are n GM.s between a & b. G, = a(b/a)"™"1, G, = a(bra)? G, = a(biayo"t Harmonic Mean (H.M.): 2ac Ia, b, care in H.P,, bis the H.M. between a &c, then b= = 1 41[4,4 1 HIM.H 0f 24,85 oor Mis given by Gy = 5 La, * ap + Relation between means : GhEAH, AM2GM.2HM. and AMEGMZHM if araca, a Important Results OS @2)= 5 aed b. a ¥ kak S a, li) Y k= nk; where kis a constant (wy & rete2eos paBOtD og Feet eres at ate Manan SY ee re ge gse +n pa (2 Sean e tat a artatt nn tad BINOMIAL THEOREM 1. Statement of Binomial theorem : Ifa, be Rand N, then So, ar (+ by =°C, ab? + °C, aM DI # °C, ADE. NC, a™ DI. NC, 2° Properties of Binomial Theorem : (General term: T,,,= °C, a (i) Middle term (s) : (n+2) (2) _teniseven tere izony ane miaate term wien is (252 ln term (net) (net 4) (©) iso there aretwo mist tems, wnin are "5" nana [°5"+*}m tems Multinomial Theorem: (x, + x,+x,+ Be Eat Here total number of terms in the expansion= "™"C,_,7 Short Formula (Physics) Resonance Application of Binomial Theorem : it (VA+B)” = 1+ f where I and n are positive integers, n being odd and 0Oand JA-B<1. It nis an even integer, then (I+) (1-1) =k" Properties of Binomial Coefficients : @ 1, #"C, +", +°C,=2" (i) "6, =70, + °0,—"0,+ +(eAyrre, =0 il) (CFC LHC 9G, FC #9, "OL acret "Cyr Binomial Theorem For Negative Integer Or Fractional Indices (nt Cc ec ee MODO=2) gg MAN 2) (MF) gy Genet ene at he td xT nin M(N=2). (=H) a r PERMUTATION & COMBINNATION Arrangement : number of permutations of n different things taken rata time = on! »P,=n(n—1) (n= 2)... (nr Circular Permutation : The number of circular permutations ofn different things taken all at a time is; (9-1)! oe Too ‘The number of permutations of'n'things, taken al ta time, when'p’ of them are similar & of one type, a of them are similar & of another type, ‘* of them are similar & of a third type & the remaining Selection : Number of combinations of n different things taken rat atime = °C, n= (p+ 4+) are all dfferentis, (rato piqir! Selection of one or more objects (@) Number of ways in which atleast one object be selected out of 'n distinct objects is °C, #°C, #°C, +. #90, = 21 (©) Number of ways in which atleast one object may be selected out of 'p' alike objects of one type 'g{ alike objects of second type and "alike of third type is, rte =1 (©) Number of ways in which atleast one abject may be selected from 'n’ objects where''p' alike of ‘one type’'g’ alike of second type and 'r' alike of third type and rest n=(p+q +0) are different, is FN Gt Dore tyaerront Multinomial Theorem : Coefficient of x’ in expansion of (1 — x)" “10, (ne N) Let N= p* q? r..... where p,q, f... are distinet primes & a, b, c..... are natural numbers then {a) The total numbers of divisors of N including 1 & Nis = (a+ 1) (b+ 1) (¢+ 1)18 Short Formula (Physics) Resonance (©) The sum ofthese divisors is = (+ p+ pre. +P) @H a+ ge... +g) (CHEE. HAD (6) Number of ways in which N can be resolved as a product of two factors is Has tNb 1140+... ifNis not a perfect square Ya+tyo+16-+1)..1] if Nis a perfect square (4) Number of ways in which a composite number N can be resolved into two factors which are relatively prime (or coprime) to each other is equal to 2 where n is the number of different prime factors in N. Dearrangement : Number of ways in which 'n' letters can be put in 'n’ corresponding envelopes such that no letter goes to (4,4 4,4 1) correct envelope isn! 1-1+ 2. — +c" tenvelopeisat | ai 31 al Gury PROBABILITY Classical (A priori) Definition of Probability : If an experiment results in a total of (m + n) outcomes which are equally likely and mutually exclusive with one another and if 'm’ outcomes are favorable to an event ‘A’ while 'n! are unfavorable, then the m__ A) men 8) We say that odds in favour of ‘A’ are m : n, while odds against ‘A’ are n : m probability of occurrence of the event 'A’ = P(A) = on PA) = eg TTP) Addition theorem of probability : P(A.8) = P(A) + P(B) - (ANB) De Morgan's Laws : (a) (AU B)§ = AB ) (An B= AUB Distributive Laws :(@) AU (BO C)=(AUB)AAUC) — () AN (BUC)= (ANB) (ANC) @ P(A or B or C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) -— P(A 9 B) — P(B VC) — PIC A) + PAM BC) wo P (at least two of A, B, C occur) = P(B mC) + P(C 4A) + P(A B)- 2PM BC) i) Plexaclly two of A, B, C occur) = P(B 6) + PC A) + PAB) - SP(AMB VC) (v) (exactly one of A, 8, C occur P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - 2P(B nC) ~ 2P(C A) ~ 2P(AB) + BPA BC) PANS) Conditional Probability : P(a/B) = os 2 Binomial Probability Theorem Ian experiment is such that the probability of success or failure does not change with trials, then the probability of getting exactly rsuccess in 1 trials of an experiment is °C, p*q”-", where ‘p'is the probability of a success and q is the probability of a failure. Note that p + q= 4 Expectation : Ia value Mis associated with a probability of p, , then the expectation is given by 5 pM, P(A) = YPG).PIA/B,) Total Probability Theorem7. 19 Short Formula (Physics) Resonance Bayes’ Theorem : I an event A can occur with one of the n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events B,, B,,... 8, and P@,).P(A/B,) the probabilities P(A/B,), P(A/B,) ... P(A/B,) are known, then P(B,/ A) = PE).P(ALB,) A= ANB) ANB) U ANB) Un UAB) P(A) = PAB) + PAB) + +PANB) ara 7B) Binomial Probability Distributior @ Mean of any probability distribution of a random variable is given by : 1 (i) Variance of a random variable is given by, o® = ¥ (x,- pw). p= Ep.x?— pe COMPLEX NUMBER The complex number system z= + ib, then a— ibis called congugate of z and is denoted by Z Equality In Complex Number: 2 > Re(e,)=Re(z) and 1, (2,)= ly 2) Representation Of A Complex Number: Properties of arguments © argz,z,)= arg(z,) + arg(z,) + 2ms for some integer m. (i) argzylz,) = arg (2,) -arg(z,) + 2m for some integer m, ii) arg (2) = 2arg(z) + 2mr: for some integer m. @ — arg@)=0 — & ~—_zisa positive real number — arg(z)=4n/2 <= zis purely imaginary and 2 +0 Properties of conjugate @ izl=|z) i zz = |2)? Gil) 0 2m a-% 2m =%4% Ww (i) fay F242) Bray = ley + beg +242, + 22y (win =z (&) w= (2), then w = 12) 9) argtz) + arg(z) Rotation theorem 14a), 0, and Re ate he complexnumbersand ZPaR = 0, nen | 22=220 10. Short Formula (Physics) Resonance Demoivre’s Theorem : Case I: If nis any integer then ()— (€080+ isin 0)" = cos nO + isin nd Gi) (€08 8, + i sin 6,) (cos 8, + i sin 0,) (C080, + i sin 0,) (CoS 0, + i Sin 03) .....(coS 8, + i sin 0,) = 005 (0y 40,40 4 onnnns 0.) #iSIN (0, # 0g #094 us ¥O,) 2+ pa 2+) Case I: It p,q Zand q +0 then (60s 0 + i sin oye = cos | “TP | + isin | “*> } where k= 0,1,2,8,00G—4 Cube Root Of Unity : (The cube roots of unity are 1, 11 “ (ii) If is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then 1 + « + u* = 0. In general 1 + of + «w= 0; where 1 € | but is not the multiple of 3 Logarithm Of A Complex Quantity : 1 ) © Logg¢.+i B)= 4 Log, (02 + Be) +i(20 + tan'®) where me 1 Geometrical Properties: Distance formula : [z, ~ 251 aes = M22) (external division Section formula: z= ™2*T21 (intemal division), 2= "202" (extemal division (1) _amp(2)= 8s a ray emanating from the origin inclined at an angle 6 tothe x-axis. @ —_|z~al = |z~b] isthe perpendicular bisector ofthe line joining a to b @) The equation of a line joining 2, & 2, given by, z= 2, +t (2,~2,) where tis @ real parameter. (4 The equation of circle having centre 25 & radius p is |2—2g| =p .or2z—257 — 7,2 + 229—p? = O whichis ofthe form 27+02+07 +k ).k is real. Centre is ~ a1 & radius = Ja. ~ k Circle will be real ifo.a: ~ k = 0 (©) ilz,—2,1 + [2-241 = K> [2,24] then locus of zis an ellipse whose focil are z, & 2, © ZZ] =k #4, 0, hen locus of zs circle M wlhiz-zl | =K< |2,—2,| then locus of is a hyperbola, whose foci are 2,82, VECTORS Position Vector Of A Point: let © be a fixed origin, then the position vector of a point P is the vector OB. If & and b are position vectors of two points A and B, then, AB 4 = py of B~ pv of AFa onence ‘Short Formula (Physics) DISTANCE FORMULA : Distance between the two points A(a) and 8(6) is AB SECTION FORMULA : * ohms Mi point of AB = 2 ‘Scalar Product Of Two Vectors: 4.5 =|a|| 5|cos0, where |a|,| 5| are magnitude of 4 and b respectively and 0 is angle between @ and 5 * projection of 4 on b= a =airaj+ak&b =bi+bj+bktheng.b =a,b,+,b,+ a,b, ab The angle @ between & § isgiven by 5 ¢ osose fa] [bI" Ab-06815 @e0b40) Vector Product Of Two Vectors: If &b are two vectors & @ is the angle between them then xb sin® ii, where fi is the unit vector Perpendicular to botha &b such that , b & ii forms a right handed screw system. Geometrically i x b| = area of the parallelogram whose two adjacent sides are represented bya & b ijk +b,g then &xb=] a, a a5 by by by axb=6 e @andb are parallel (collinear) (@ #0 , b # 0)i.e.a=KB, where K isa scalar. axb Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of 4& Bis i= + | lax Wf, & Gare the pv's of 3 points A, B & C then the vector area of triangle ABC = + xa]. The points A, B & C are collinear if 2xb +Bxé+Exa=0 —— 1 ‘Area of any quadrilateral whose diagonal vectors ared, & dj is given by oor i Lagrange’s Identity ; 6)"22 | Short Formula (Physics) Ronin] 4. Scalar Triple Product: r ‘The scalar triple product of three vectorsa , & is defined as: * Volume of tetrahydron va} * Ina scalar triple product the position of dot & cross can be interchanged ie a.(bxé)=(@xb).6 OR [db 6] =[béa] = [6a b) - (@xb) ie. [2b] = -[9 Eb] + Wii=aitajea;b = Ditbjeb,k &E = o,ire,jre,4 then [7b] =), hy by abl + byiit bi Bee i + where 7 i & fi are non coplanar vectors * fb, & are coplanare> [4 bz] =0 toe ~ Volume of tetrahedron OABC with O as origin &A(4). B(b) and C(é) be the vertices=| ¢[abC] * The positon vector of the centroid of a tetrahedron if the pv's of its vertices area ,h, Z & di are given by hee [a+b+erd) 4 5. Vector Triple Product: ix (bx @)= @.Ob-G. He, Gx bx - G@xb)xé # Ax (bx, ingeneral 6. Reciprocal System Of Vectors: 10a, B, & & 8, 6',& are two sets of non coplanar vectors such that a a @ =1 then the two systems are called Reciprocal System of vectors, where a’= PX gy x8 gre 8x8 label” [abél [abél 3-DIMENSION 1 Vector representation of a point : Position vector of point P (x, y, z)isxi +y] + zk 2. Distance formula: ¥%-%)* +(i-¥2)* +@-2:) , AB=|OB - OAl 3. Distance of P from coordinate axes : PA=\y? +z*,23 ‘Short Formula (Physics) Resonance men Section Formula Mid point : x = Direction Cosines And Direction Ratios (Direction cosines: Leta, B, be the angles which a directed line makes with the positive directions of the axes ofx, y and z respectively, then cos 0, cosB, cos Yare called the direction cosines ofthe line. The direction cosines are usually denoted by (/, m,n). Thus (= os ot, m= cos B, n = cos ¥. (ii) If ¢,m, ne the direction cosines of a line, then @2 + m?+ n?= 1 ii) Direction ratios: Let a, b, c be proportional to the direction cosines ¢, m, nthen a, b,c are called the direction ratios. (iv) If ¢,m,nbe the direction cosines and a, b, c be the direction ratios of a vector, then oS b c —o Verb? c?” Va? +b? +0? leapt Va? +b? (vi) Ifthe coordinates P and Q are (x,,y,,2,) and (x,, V2.) hen the direction ratios of line PQ are, a x,—x, b=y,—y, & =z, ~2, and the direction cosines of line PQ are ¢ =r) P= Qh Angle Between Two Line Segments: aya +bib2 +6162 cos 8 = aj +b} +c Yad +b} +03 ‘The line will be perpendicularif a,a, +b,b, + ¢,c,= 0, parallel if “1 Projection of a line segment on a line IFPC%,.¥,.2,) and Q(x, y,,2,) then the projection of PQ on a line having direction cosines f, m, nis | (x, -x,)#m(y, ~y,) #n(2, -2,)| Equation Of A Plane : General form: ax + by + cz + d= 0, where a, b, © are not all zero, abcde R (Normal form : ex + my + nz =p (ii) Plane through the point (x, y,,2,) :@ &—X,) + (y—y, +6 (2-2) =0 xyz il) Intercept Form; * +24. ity pt mG I24 | Short Formula (Physics) onence (iv) Vector form: (7 — d).fi =Oor ffi =a. ii (¥) Any plane parallel to the given plane ax + by + cz +d=Ois ax + by #oz+A=0. Id) —4s | Distance between ax + by + cz+d,=O.and ax + by + cz+d,=0is= 1221 _ va? +b? (vi) Equation of a plane passing through a given point & parallel to the given vectors: a+b +e (parametric form) where A & [1 are scalars. (xB) =4.(6x2)_ (non parametic form) APlane & A Point boron ax'tbytez'td (Distance of the point (x’, ’, 2’) from the plane ax + by + cz Dis given by Va? +b? +6" lai-d! lil 2’) of perpendicular drawn from the point (x,, y,, z,) to the plane (i) Length of the perpendicular from a point (4) to plane 7 fi = dis given by p= (it) Foot (x, y’ Hoey Vs 22s _ (xy + by +02) +9) ax + by +z +d = 0 is given by peeae a (iv) To find image of a point w.rt. a plane: Let P (x,,y,.2,) 8a given point and ax + by + cz +d = Ois given plane Let (x’.y’,2’) is the (ax, +by, +02, +0) a bec? XX VWs 22s image point. then “t= 441 = == 10. Angle Between Two Planes: aa'bb'sco" cos. Va? +b? +0? Ja? +b? +0? a Planes are perpendicular if aa’ + bb’ + ec’= 0 and planes are parallel if ai 1 Lig ‘The angle @ between the planes #.#i, =d, and 7. ii, = 4, is given by, cos = Planes are perpendicular iff, ji, = 0 & planes are parallelif fi fi, Aisa scalar 11. Angle Bisectors (The equations of the planes bisecting the angle between two given planes, ax+by+oz+d,=Oandax+by+oz+d,=Oare axtbyteztd, ©, axthyteetd, Verte eebs+e25 12. 43. 14, Short Formula Physics) MAGesenencs (ii) Bisector of acute/obtuse angle: First make both the constant terms positive. Then aa,+bp,+00,>0 origin les on obtuse angle aatbb,scc,<0 = origin les in acute angle Family of Planes (i) Any plane through the intersection of a,x+ by +o.244,=08ax+by+o,z+d,=0is axtbytoz+d,+haxtbytez+d)=0 (ii) The equation of plane passing through the intersection of the planes 7.7, = d, & Ff, =4, isf. (n,+ Ally) = 4, + Ad, where Ais arbitrary scalar ‘Area of triangle : From two vector Ais and AC. Then area is given wt [Ais xACI Volume Of A Tetrahedron: Volume of a tetrahedron with vertices A (x,.y,,2,), B(x, x oY XY. Gls vs Xy Yu Be ALINE 1 1 2) and D (x, y,.2,) is given by V 1 1 Equation Of A Line (i) Astraight line is intersection of two planes. itis reprsented by two planes ax+ by +c,z+d,=Oandax+ by ++c.2+d,=0. (ii) Symmetric form: ~—** (iii) Vector equation: 7 =a +26 (vi) Reduction of cartesion form of equation of line to vector form & vice versa FEOF] tz t AC] +b] +08) Angle Between A Plane And A Line: xox ar (If 8 isthe angle between line mt adthe plane ax by + cz 0, then sin ag+bm+en 6 Verte) Vm (ii) Vector form: If is the angle between aline; =(j +45) andz.j =d then sin @ émin . (ii) Condition forperpendicutarty = = bxa=0 iv) Condition for parallel ar+bm+cn=026 | Short Formula (Physics) Resonance 3. Condition For A Line To Lie In A Plane XX TM Leo i) Cartesian form: Line = would le in a plane a Z m n , ax + by +cz+d=0, ifax, + by, + cz, +d =0 Bal + bm+ cn= (i) Vector form: Line = +46 would licin the plane?.fi = dif hi =O088.Hi =d 4, Skew Lines: (i) The straight lines which are not parallel and non-coplanar ie. non-intersecting are called wa BB YY skewlines.IfA=| € m0 | £0, then ines are skew. com ow (il) Vector Form: Forlines 7 = a, +26, and F Ab, to be skew (b, x b,). (4, — &,)# 0 AAA oe aa Ga~ 8) xb iv) Shortest distance between lines; =a, +26 & F =4, + ub is Tel 5, Sphere General equation of a sphere is x* + y? + 2° + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz+d=0. (-u,~¥, -w) Is the centre and Ju ay2 aw? cd isthe radius of the sphere. SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE 1. Sine Rule: eo Sin ~ SinB~ Sine Pee * ay cosp= 22 = aay cosc= +P 2. Cosine Formula: () cos. 3. Projection Formula: (i) a= b cosC + ¢ cosB (il) b= © cosA + a cosC (ill) ¢ = a cosB + b cosa 4. Napier’s Analogy - tangent rule: A lc-a op A-Bla-b oc cot Gi) tan = cot 5 tan B= PE A a tage (tan cot 5 i tan ergot 2 “bee 2 5. Trigonometric Functions of Half Angles: aw) [epee 4 = where s 36a) 2 (iii) vy) sins (sina27 | Short Formula (Physics) Resonance 6. Area of Triangle (A) : 7. m-n Rul IfBD:DC= m:n, then ay (m+n) cot0 = motor ~ n cots =n cot ~ m ext 8. Radius of Circumcirice : va —— Sc etn 9 the 2sind 2sin 2sin® ~ 4 9. Radius of The Incircle : ree (iyr= (a) tan = (5b) tan > vay, tan sng iu) re aR sin’ sin® sin (iy EE g so on (ivye= ar sin® sin® sinS 10. Radius of The Ex-Circles : tir, a r stan& & Gill Length of altitude from the angle A = A, = a 12. The Distances of The Special Points from Vertices and Sides of Triangle: A {i) Circumcentre (0) OA= R & O,=RcosA (i) Incentre ()): IA=rcosec > & A (ili) Excontre (I) :1, A=, coseo (iv) Orthocentre : HA= 2R cos A & H,= 2R cos B cos © If ()— Centroid (6) GA =5V2b"+2¢ 13. Orthocentre and Pedal Triangle: ‘The triangle KLM which is formed by joining the feet of the altitudes is called the Pedal Triangle. (0 Its angles are x - 2A, x - 2B and x - 2C.28 Short Formula (Physics) Resonance (ii) Its sides are a cosa = R sin 2A, bcos8 = R sin 2B and c c0sC = R sin 2 (ii) Circumradii ofthe triangles PBC, PCA, PAB and ABC are equal. 14, Excentral Triangle: ‘The triangle formed by joining the three excentres I, |, and I, of AABC is called the excentral or excenttic triangle. @ — AABCis the pedal triangle of the 4 1,1,1, An B,n C @ —ttsangies are 5-2 A B c Gi) ts sides ate AR cos, 4 Rosy & 4 R cos A B ¢ (12 4Rsin Sst =4R sing; 11,=4R sins (9) Incentre 1of A ABC isthe orthocentre ofthe excentral_ 1,11, 15. Distance Between Special Points : () Distance between circumcentre and orthocentre (OH? = R? (1 8 cosA cos B cos ©) (i Distance between circumcentre and incentre 1 (li) Distance between circumcentre and centroid OG?= R= 5 ait bE+ C9) INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Principal Values & Domains of Inverse Trigonometric/Circular Functions: Function Domain Range y= sinx where ntsxst Bays @ —yscos'x where atest Gi) y=tan'x where xeR “ osec'x where x<-torx>t 0 = sectx — where xs-torxet Osysmyet (i) —-y=cot'x where xeR oxy0,y>0&xy0y>0axy>t xP 0 y>OBxy=1 sin-tx~sin'y = sin'|xy1—y? yt |, x>0,y>0 casi -costy sos: [ty iow vine x20,y20,xt bes 2sin'x) it x< 2oostx if Otonence 30 | Short Formula (Physics) WNge: 5 tax if [x|st sin >* n-2tan"x if x>t a fev 2tanrtx) if xe-1 es 2tan"x ifx20 : tin? 2tan "x ifx<0 x+y 42-9 I tantx + tay + tate = tan] OE lt > 0, y > 0,2> 08 yt yzt 20) <1 NOTE: @ Iftan ‘x + tan ty + tan ‘z= mthen x + y +2 = xyz (Af tan-'x + tan-ty + tan-'z == then xy + yz + 2x 1 1 i) tan 4+ tan '2 + tan 3 =m 6) tan 4 + tan + tan tyIN Resonsence Educating for better tomorrow The Most Inn'@vative Institute With Full Sincerity, Enthusiasm & Commitment, Resonance is Adapting ISEET (Indian Science-Engineering Eligibility Test) ISEET = IIT JEE + AIEEE + State PETs (The Gateway to IITs, NITs, IITs, IISERs & Prominent Engineering/Science Institutions} Mee eae determined to conquer ISEET also ‘The Most Comprehensive Academic Solution for ISEET COMPLETE Board Preparation WZ Aptitude Test Preparation Z Advance Subject Test Preparation Intagrated Courses with Schools 2 Hostal Facility “ea eet ~ ‘Successful " . 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