Space Vector Based Hybrid PWM Algorithm
for Vector Controlled Induction Motor Drives
for Reduced Current Ripple and Acoustical
Noise
K. Satyanarayana, T.Brahmananda Reddy, Member, IEEE, lAmarnath, and A. Kailasa Rao
Abstract--This paper presents a simplified hybrid pulse width
modulation (HPWM) algorithm for vector controlled induction
motor drive to reduce the steady state ripple in current and
acoustical noise. The proposed HPWM algorithm is designed
based on the notion of current ripple. This algorithm uses
various bus-clamping PWM sequences along with the
conventional space vector PWM (CSVPWM) algorithm.
Modulation index and duty cycle dependent expression for rms
value of the stator current ripple over a sampling interval is
calculated and illustrated graphically. The, proposed HPWM
algorithm selects a suitable sequence which results in lowest
rms current ripple over a given sampling time interval. To
validate the proposed HPWM algorithm, numerical simulation
studies have been carried out and the results show the
effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Index Terms--Bus-c1amping PWM, hybrid PWM, SVPWM,
vector control
I. INTRODUCTION
N OWADAYS the vector control methods are widely
used for the control of induction motor drives in high
performance applications. With the vector control methods
[1], the decoupling of torque and flux control commands of
the induction motor is guaranteed, and the induction motor
can be controlled as a separately excited dc motor. However,
the vector control algorithm uses hysteresis type current
controllers for the generation of gating signals, which results
in variable switching frequency operation of the inverter. To
achieve constant switching frequency operation of the
inverter, the conventional space vector PWM (CSVPWM)
algorithm [2] has been used for vector controlled induction
motor drive. The CSVPWM algorithm distributes the zero
voltage vector time equally among the two zero voltage
vectors. By utilizing the concept of zero state time division,
various bus-clamping PWM (BCPWM) algorithms can be
generated as given in [3]. The BCPWM algorithms reduce
K. Satyanarayana and A.Kailasa Rao are with E.E.E Department, Pragati
Engineering College, Surampalem, Andhra Pradesh, India (e-mail:
snkola@gmail.com)
T.R Reddy is with E.E.E Department, G. Pulla Reddy Engineering. College,
Andhra Pradesh, India. (e-mail: tbnr@rediffinail.com)
J. Amamath is with E.E.E Department, J.N.T. University, Hyderabad,
Andhra Pradesh, India. (e-mail: amamathjinka@yahoo.com).
978-1-4244-7781-4110/$26.00 2010 IEEE
the switching losses of the inverter at all modulation indices
when compared with the CSVPWM algorithm [3]. Though,
the conventional space vector approach gives good
performance, it requires the angle and sector information,
which increases the complexity involved in the algorithm [4].
Hence, to reduce the complexity involved in the conventional
approach, a novel modulation algorithm has been proposed in
[4]. This algorithm uses the concept of effective time for the
generation of gating signals. To increase the freedom of
active and zero state time divisions, various BCPWM
algorithms have been developed in [5]. Moreover, to reduce
the harmonic distortion at all modulation indices, HPWM
algorithms have been proposed in [5], which uses the notion
of stator flux ripple. The harmonic distortion analysis of
various switching sequences has been carried out in [6]-[7] by
using the notion of stator current ripple in the conventional
space vector (CSV) approach. Moreover, HPWM algorithm
has developed in [7] by combining the concepts of
conventional space vector approach and stator current ripple
expressions. In [8], HPWM algorithm has developed by using
the concept of imaginary switching times and stator flux
ripple expressions.
This paper presents a simplified HPWM algorithm for vector
controlled induction motor drives by using the concept of
imaginary switching times. The proposed HPWM algorithm
reduces the harmonic distortion at all modulation indices and
acoustical noise.
II. PROPOSED ADVANCED
HYBRID PWM METHOD
A. Proposed Switching Sequences
As the CSV approach uses sector and angle calculation, it
increases the complexity involved in the algorithm. But, the
proposed algorithm uses the concept of imaginary switching
times, which are proportional to the instantaneous phase
voltages as given in (1).
T T
T = V ; T = s V ; Te = s Ve (1)
an Vde an bn Vde bn n Vde n
where V ' V and V e are the instantaneous reference
an bn n
phase voltages and T ' T and Te are the corresponding
an bn n
imaginary switching times [4,8].
 The active vector switching times T 1 and T2, if the
reference voltage vector falls in sector-l may be expressed as To generate the various switching sequences, the zero state
follows [8]: time will be shared between two zero states as xTz for Vo and
= Tan - Tbn ; T2= Tbn - Ten (2)
(1- x)Tz for V7respectively. Thus, by using (3) and (4), the
In the CSVPWM algorithm, when the reference voltage active vector times and zero vector times can be calculated. If
vector falls in the first sector, the imaginary switching time x=0.5, then the CSVPWM algorithm is obtained. When x=O,
which is proportional to the a-phase (Tan) has a maximum any one of the phases is clamped to positive dc bus for 120
value, the imaginary switching time which is proportional to degrees over a fundamental interval. When x=l, any one of
the c-phase (Ten) has a minimum value and the imaginary the phases is clamped to negative dc bus for 120 degrees over
a fundamental interval. Then by utilizing the space vector
switching time which is proportional to the b-phase (Tbn ) is concept and zero and active vector division concept, various
middle value. Thus, in general the active vector switching space vector based PWM algorithms can be generated. The
times Tl and T2 may be expressed as existing bus-clamping PWM (BCPWM) algorithm use only
one zero state and the advanced BCPWM (ABCPWM)
= TmIJX - Tmid ; T2= Tmid - Tmin (3)
sequences use only one zero state and active state division
The zero voltage vectors switching time is calculated as
also. The sequences of all the possible switching sequences in
=-- six sectors are listed in Table-I.
TABLE I
SEQUENCES OF VARIOUS POSSIBLE PWM ALGORITHMS
Sector CSVPWM BCPWM algorithms ABCPWM algorithms
I 0127-7210 012-210 721-127 0121-1210 7212-2127 1012-2101 2721-1272
II 0327-7230 032-230 723-327 0323-3230 7232-2327 3032-2303 2723-3272
III 0347-7430 034-430 743-347 0343-3430 7434-4347 3034-4303 4743-3474
IV 0547-7450 054-450 745-547 0545-5450 7454-4547 5054-4505 4745-5474
V 0567-7650 056-650 765-567 0565-5650 7656-6567 5056-6505 6765-5676
VI 0167-7610 016-610 761-167 0161-1610 7616-6167 1016-6101 6761-1676

Then, it is possible to define the current ripple vector as

B. Development of Proposed HPWM Algorithm defined in (6) [6]
The space vector approach generates the reference voltage
1 t
vector in an average manner. When the required voltage irip = - f Vripdt (6)
vector is applied to the motor, the current is flowing in the aLs 0
stator winding of the induction motor. The actual value of the Then the current ripple vectors are given by as follows:
stator voltage differs from the applied voltage. Hence, there is
always an instantaneous error voltage vector. The error VI -Vre/ 0)
1 = aLs

voltage vector is defined as given in (5)
VriP = Vk -Vre/ (5) V2 - Vre/
h
where <kOis the kt voltage vector and it take any value 2= )
aLs
from zero to seven. Fig. 1 shows the ripple voltage vectors for
the given applied voltage vectors when the reference voltage Vre/
vector lies in sector I.
irz = --Tz (9)
aLs
The current ripple vectors can be represented in terms of
imaginary switching times as given in (10)-(12) [9].
irl = id + jiql (10)

ir 2= id + jiq 2 (11)

. . Tz 2MiVde .. (12)
lrz =-j--aL, 7T
=-jl qz

Fig. I voltage ripple vectors in sector I

where Mi is the modulation index and defined as
(23)

M= --
1TVre/ (13) '
I
dc 2V -
iffllS,1012 -3

.
Id (TLs [3.J3Mi
=
I;
nVdC TTzs) (14)

. _:!L[
lql -
(TLs
2V d C7r(I;+O.
9Mls
5 T2) 2Vd7rCMi) (15 )
(24)
+ [(0.5iq2' + 0.5iq,(0.5iq2 + iq,)+(0.5iq2 +i q} l
iq2=
[2VdC1T(O.5
T2
9Mi TS
+ T2 ) _ 2V1TC )
d Mi
(16)
+ [(0.5iq2 +iq} +(0.5iq2 +iq,y'!q2 +iqJ+Vq2 +iq} l;
aL, , T. 2 _,(T. +_T2 ) (O. )2-,-
T
+(iq-, +iq- J\2 -'-
_
y +id + 5id Ts
The variation of stator current ripple for the corresponding 1

voltage ripple vectors can be derived from (6). Then, these
current ripple variations can be resolved along the d- and q
axes.
The q-axis, d-axis and the total rms current ripple over a
sampling time interval (Ts) can be evaluated as follows:
The number of switchings of the CSVPWM and ABCPWM
sequences in a sampling time interval is three and whereas
for the BCPWM algorithms is two. Hence, to get the same
average switching frequency of the inverter, a sampling time
interval is taken as Ts= T for the CSVPWM and ABCPWM

1 T, { )
algorithms, while Ts= 2T / 3 for the BCPWM algorithms.
:
i ,rms= -
Ts
f i: ,ripdt (17)
Thus the proposed method of analysis is capable of estimating
0
d-axis and q-axis stator current ripples individually. Total
2 1 T, 2 harmonic distortion (THD) of the current waveform is equally

ldrm, s=-Ts ' lpdt

ldr f
(18)
affected by the d-axis and q-axis stator current ripples. On the
0

2 2 2 other hand, torque pulsation mainly depends on q-axis

(19)

lrms = lq,rms + ld,rms current ripple, and is practically independent of d-axis stator
By using (19), the rms current ripple expressions can be current ripple. Thus, the reduction in q-axis ripple signifies
given as follows [9]: the reduction of THD and torque pulsation, while the
reduction in d-axis stator current ripple implies reduction in
Xlq2O -r. [Xlqz.2 (lqz. lql.)2 lqz. (.lqz lql.)]-T;
x
+ + + + + + THD only. By using (20)-(24), the rms current ripple
T, T, trajectories over a sixty degrees period for every PWM
[{iqZ iq) +1 2 - (1- )iqz (iqz iq)
] ((1- )
x + . 2 ]7;
X iq) +
T,
+ sequence at a given modulation index are plotted as shown in
Fig 2.

1 _ X)lqz.)2 T; .2 (T; 7; )
+ Id
+ 0.04 r---.-----.,.--.--,

T, T, ,.,
0035
<>
(20) 0.03

z + iqz{iqz + O.5iql) + {iqz + O.5iq1 1 ]2 + (21)

2 1 s
lrms,0121
3

10 20 30 40 50 60
Angle (degrees)
Fig. 2 current ripple trajectories over a sixty degrees period (for one sector) at a
modulation index of 0.8 (A=0127, B=012, C=72l, D=012l, E=72l2, F=1012
and G= 2721)

By comparing the sequences 0127, 012, 721, 0121, 7212,

1012 and 2721 with respective to each other, the zones of
(22) superior performance of each sequence can be identified.
The development of HPWM techniques for reduced current
ripple involves determination of superior performance for
every sequence. The zone of superior performance for a given
sequence is the spatial zone within a sector where the given
sequence results in less mean square current ripple than other
sequences considered. Thus, the proposed HPWM algorithm
is a 7-zone PWM algorithm, which uses six bus-clamping
PWM algorithms along with the CSVPWM algorithm for
reduced steady state current ripple.
The steady state results of CSVPWM based vector
controlled induction motor drive are shown in Fig. 4 BFig. 5.
The results of proposed HPWM based drive are given from
Fig 6 B Fig 10. From the Fig 4 and Fig 7, it can be observed
that, the proposed HPWM algorithm gives reduced steady
state current and torque ripples. Moreover, the proposed
algorithm gives reduced harmonic distortion when compared
with the CSVPWM algorithm.
1220 r----r-----__r---._--_.

III. HPWM BASED VECTOR

E
CONTROLLED INDUCTION
MOTOR DRIVE
t1200 -----+-.-------
(f)

The block diagram proposed HPWM algorithm based

118003 '-----'----'--'
vector controlled induction motor drive is as shown in Fig.3. QTI O Q Q M

ids' iqs in the vector control are compared with

The currents

command currents i;s and i;s to generate errors. From these

errors, the voltage command signals V;s' Vq: can be

generated through PI controllers. These voltage commands
are then converted into stationary frame and given to HPWM
based inverter.
E
1.5
it

E'
0
Field .:: 1.5
Time (sec)

'-t--.-,-' Fig. 4 Steady state plots of CSVPWM algorithm based vector controlled
induction motor drive

e
5 r-----------_.
THO= 4.43%
4
E
'"
-g 3
:::l
U.
'0 2
Fig.3 .Block diagram of proposed indirect vector control Method
"#
';;; 1 II
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
i Oaww.w.----------
L .... J II. .L
AND DISCUSSION
5000 10000 15000 20000
To verify the proposed HPWM algorithm based vector Frequency (Hz)
controlled induction motor drive, the numerical simulation
Fig. 5 Harmonic spectra of line current of CSVPWM algorithm based vector
studies have been carried and presented. For the simulation,
controlled induction motor drive
the average switching frequency of the inverter is taken as 5
kHz. The induction motor used in this paper is a 4 kW, 400V,
1470 rpm, 4-pole, 50 Hz, 3-phase induction motor having the
following parameters:
Rs= 1.57n, Rr = 1.21n, Ls = 0.17H, Lr = 0.17H, Lm =
2
0.165 H and J = 0.089 Kg. m
 1220 ,-------,--,--,

I'II
E
i ...
1200 f-----'-----;\
- ----------{
.

({)

0-

1180 L----L---------L--"
Time (sec) 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8

I -50
o
-- --
----
0.05

0.1
--
----
0.15

0.2

----
0.25
-- .---
0.3

:
Time (sec)

it Ii! I
0.8
30 r-
_r __
-,-----,---'m
---- lT - -e,(se -c) ___, --_r--
--
--
._--_.
25
.. . . ...: . ... : .
[ 20 , .. E 20 .. . .... . .. . . . .. .
. .

f- 15
o
'"
. .
..
' e- 10
o 0.05 0. 1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 5
Time (sec) 0 ___

Fig. 6 starting transients of proposed HPWM algorithm based vector controlled _5L-
0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.8
__ __ __ __

induction motor drive

Time (sec)

1::1 I i I : 1
Fig. 9 transients during step change in speed for the proposed HPWM algorithm
based vector controlled induction motor drive
1200
800
E 400
118 .;
%.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.4 0
1il
'"

I.:
-400
(f)
"'-

-800
-1200
0.8 1.1 1.2 1.3 1 .4 1.5

0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.4

3 E
if>

1.5 ;3
E
1;;
0

Ci5
'"
m 0
15
f-
-1.5
Time (sec)

Time (sec)
Fig. 7 steady state plots of proposed HPWM algorithm based vector controlled E
-20
induction motor drive '"
5 r---------._----, &
(5 -40 . .. .. ... , . .
f-
. . .

'i? THO= 3.15%

4
-60
E 1.3 14 1.1
'" 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.5
-g::J 3 Time (sec)
ll.. Fig. 10 transients during speed reversal for the proposed HPWM algorithm based
b 2 vector controlled induction motor drive
*'
';;
'" 1 From the line current spectra of CSVPWM algorithm, it
2
0 can be observed that the harmonic components are around
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 frequencies that are integral multiples of the switching
Frequency (Hz)
frequency (5 kHz).
Fig. 8 Harmonic spectra of line current of HPWM algorithm based vector
controlled induction motor drive

'AL,.1J'dl
 On the other hand, the proposed HPWM algorithm gives
spread spectra. Hence, the proposed HPWM algorithm also
reduces the acoustical noise of the induction motor with a
uniform sampling frequency. Thus, the proposed HPWM
algorithm reduces the steady state current ripple and
acoustical noise of the motor when compared with the
CSVPWM algorithm.
V. CONCLUSIONS
A simplified HPWM algorithm based vector controlled
induction motor drive is presented in this paper. This paper
has analysed the instantaneous current ripple and derived the
expressions for the rms value of current ripple for the possible
PWM sequences. From these expressions, proposed HPWM
algorithm has developed, which uses a sequence that results
in reduced harmonic distortion in a sampling time period.
From the simulation results, it can be observed that the
proposed HPWM algorithm gives less THD when compared
with the CSVPWM algorithm. Moreover, as the HPWM gives
spread spectra, it reduces the acoustical noise of the induction
motor with a uniform sampling frequency. Hence, to reduce
the acoustical noise, special methods with random sampling
frequencies are not necessary.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] F. Blaschke Orhe principle of field orientation as applied to the new
transvector closed loop control system for rotating-field machines," Siemens
Review, 1972, pp 217-220.
[2] Heinz W!lli Vander Broeck, Hna&-Christoph Skudelny and Georg Viktor
Stanke, O\nalysis and realization of a pulsewidth modulator based on
voltage space vectonDIEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat. . vol. 24, no. 1, Jan/Feb
1988, pp. 142-150.
[3] Ahmet M. Hava, Russel J. Kerkman and Thomas A. Lipo, CBimple
analytical and graphical methods for carrier-based PWM-VSI drivesO
IEEE Trans. Power Electron. vol. 14, no. 1, Jan 1999, pp. 49-61.
[4] Dae-Woong Chung, Joohn-Sheok Kim and Seung-Ki Sul, <'unified voltage
modulation technique for real-time three-phase power conversionOIEEE
Trans. Ind Applicat., vol. 34, no. 2, Mar/Apr 1998, pp. 374-380
[5] .Narayanan , Di Zhao, H. Krisbnamurthy and Rajapandian Ayyanar,
CBpace vector based hybrid techniques for reduced current rippleOIEEE
Trans.Ind Applic., Vo1.55, NoA, pp.1614-1626, April 2008.
[6] D. Casadei, G. Serra, A. Tani, and L. Zarri, <lheoretical and experimental
analysis for the RMS current ripple Minimization in induction motor drives
controlled by SVM techniqueO IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vo1.51, no.5,
pp.!056,-1065, Oct, 2004.
[7] Di Zhao, V.S.S. Pavan Kumar Hari, G. narayanan and R, Ayyanar, Opace
vector-based hybrid Pulsewidth modulation techniques for reduced harmonic
distortion and switching 10ssesOIEEE. Trans. Power Electron., vo1.25, no.3,
pp.760-774, March, 2010.
[8] T. Brahmananda Reddy, J. Amarnath and D. Subbarayudu, CImprovement of
DTC performance by using hybrid space vector Pulsewidth modulation
algorithmOInternational Review of Electrical Engineering, VolA, no.2, pp.
593-600, Jul-Aug, 2007.
[9] N. Ravisankar Reddy, T. Brahmananda Reddy, J. Amarnath, and D.
Subba Rayudu, <'Minimum Switching Loss PWM Algorithms for Three
Phase Voltage Source Inverter Fed Induction Motor DrivesO ICGST
ACSE journal, vol.lO, issue.!, pp. 39-50, Nov, 2010.
VII. BIOGRAPHIES
K. Satyanarayana was born in Kakinada, Andhra
Pradesh, INDIA in 1972. He obtained the A.M.LE
degree in Electrical Engineering from Institution of
Engineers (India) in 1996 and the M.Tech degree
in Power Electronics from JNTU College of
Engineering, Hyderabad in 2003. He is presently
working as Associate Professor in the Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Pragati
Engineering College, Surampalem, Peddapuram, A.P.,
INDIA. He is presently pursuing Doctoral degree
from IN.T.U. College of Engineering, Kakinada. He
presented many research papers in various national and international
journals and conferences. His research interests include Power Electronic
Drives, PWM, Fuzzy logic and Vector Control techniques.
Dr. T. Brahmananda Reddy was born in 1979. He
graduated from Sri Krishna Devaraya University,
Anantapur in the year 2001. He received M.E degree
from Osmania University, Hyderabad, India in the
year 2003 and Ph.D from IN.T.University,
Hyderabad in the year 2009.He is presently Associate
Professor in the Electrical and Electronics
Engineering Department, G. Pulla Reddy Engineering
College, Kurnool, India. He presented more than 60
research papers in various national and international
conferences and journals .His research areas include
PWM techniques, DC to AC converters and control of electrical drives.
Dr.J.Amarnath graduated from Osmania University
in the year 1982, M.E from
Andhra University in the
year 1984 and Ph.D from J.N.T. University,
Hyderabad in the year 2001. He is presently
Professor in the Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, JNTU College of
Engineering, Hyderabad, India. He presented more
than 200 research papers in various national and
international conferences and journals. His
research areas include Gas Insulated Substations,
High Voltage Engineering, Power Systems and Electrical Drives.
Dr.A.Kailasa Rao has graduated from lIT,
Kharagpur in Electrical Engineering. He took his
M.Tech degree in Power Systems from JNTU,
Hyderabad and obtained Ph.D,from lIT, Kharagpur
in Control Systems. He has Published 9 research
papers, all in International Journals. A research
monograph based on his Ph.D Thesis work is
published by Springer Verlag, New York.He has
worked as lecturer, Assistant - Professor, Professor
and HOD, Vice-Principal and Principal in JNTU
College of Engineering, Kakinada ..He has also
worked in the JNTU University Head Quarters, Hyderabad in various capacities
as Professor in P.G School, coordinator of Examination Reforms
Unit and Director, CARD (Career Advancement, Research and
Deveiopment).Currently, he is a Director of Pragati Engineering College,
Surampalem,. Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.