ISSN 2319-8885

Vol.05,Issue.17
July-2016,
Pages:3496-3500
www.ijsetr.com

NSPWM based of Series Resonant Inverters in Induction Heating

with Lower Losses
CHANDRIKA NAGARI1, CH. SANTHOSH KUMAR2, DR. D. PADMAVATHI3
1
PG Scholar, Dept of EEE, Sridevi Womens Engineering College, Gandipet, Hyderabad, TS, India,
E-mail: chandrika.ngr@gmail.com.
2
Assistant Professor, Dept of EEE, Sridevi Womens Engineering College, Gandipet, Hyderabad, TS, India,
E-mail: chksantosh@yahoo.com.
3
Professor & HOD, Dept of EEE, Sridevi Womens Engineering College, Gandipet, Hyderabad, TS, India,
E-mail: saisuri2010@gmail.com.

Abstract: This paper introduces a new method to control resonance frequency and output power of induction heating coil.
Induction heating coil can be controlled by single phase near state pulse width modulation (NSPWM) inverter.A high-power
(100-kW) highfrequency (50-kHz) voltage-fed inverter with a series resonant load circuit for industrial induction heating
applications which is characterized by a full-bridge inverter composed of isolated-gate bipolar transistors is proposed. An
important improvement of the inverter reliability is achieved by choosing an appropriate and novel switching sequence for the
inverter. The results are verified using a simulation prototype in MATLAB/SIMULINK.

Keywords: Induction Heating, NSPWM, Resonant Power Conversion, Zero-Voltage Switching (ZVS).

I. INTRODUCTION appliances are to save energy while serving the same

Nowadays, domestic induction heating (IH) systems have
been evolved into a standard cooking appliance. Some
significant advantages include the fast heating times, the
cleanness and the high efficiency achieved. Using this
technology, the cooking object is directly heated by means of
a high frequency magnetic field. IH systems normally consist
of inverter, induction heating coil and heating object.
Alternating current flows through the surface of a conductor
and IH systems produce heat based on eddy current and skin
effect resistance of the coil and metal pots. A high frequency
current, in the range of tens of kilohertz, is used to supply the
inductor-pot system. Inverter stage is used to generate the
high frequency current required for the IH application [1, 7,
8]. Figure-1 shows an example of high-frequency skin effect
of a conductor. The High-frequency current moves around
the surface of the conductor, as shown in Figure-1, it is
necessary to use litz wire planar-type induction coil for
utilizing whole area of the conductor [4]. IH load functions
like a transformer in which metallic pot is considered as a
single turn. The induction coil and the metallic pot function
as the primary and the secondary of a transformer,
respectively. Induction heating load simply consist of IH coil
and a heating object. Induction heating system works directly
with conductive materials, like metals. Non-conductive
materials can be frequently heated indirectly by first heating
a conductive metal subsector which transfers heat to the non-
conductive material. A well designed inductor provides the
proper heating pattern for pot and maximizes the efficiency
of the induction heating power supply. High-frequency IH
temperature and to take less heat loss [9] & [10]. In IH
applications, higher switching frequency provides reduced
components size, and higher flux density around the surface
of the heating objects. Subsequently, high frequency reduces
the size of the converter at the same power rating.
II. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF INDUCTION
HEATING
A source of high frequency electricity is used to drive a
large alternating current through a coil. This coil is known as
the work coil. The passage of current through this coil
generates a very intense and rapidly changing magnetic field
in the space within the work coil. The work piece to be
heated remains placed within this intense alternating
magnetic field. The alternating magnetic field induces a
current flow in the conductive work piece. The arrangement
of the work coil and the work piece can be thought of as an
electrical transformer. The work coil is like the primary
where electrical energy is fed in, and the work piece is like a
single turn secondary that is short circuited. This causes
tremendous eddy current to flow through the work piece. In
addition to this, the high frequency used in induction heating
applications gives increase to a phenomenon called skin
effect. This skin effect forces the alternating current to flow
in a thin layer towards the surface of the work piece. The skin
effect increases the effective resistance of the metal to the
passage of the large current. Therefore it greatly increases the
heating effect caused by the current induced in the work
piece [1, 4].

Copyright @ 2016 IJSETR. All rights reserved.

 CHANDRIKA NAGARI, CH. SANTHOSH KUMAR, DR. D. PADMAVATHI
Utilizing the above defined near state voltage vectors, the
complex variable volt-seconds balance equation and the
PWM period constraint for NSPWM are given in generalized
form for region Bi (2.a, 2.b) where Ts is the PWM period.

(1)
Normalizing the voltage vector on-time values, the vector
duty cycles can be found as dk = tk / Ts, where k: i-1, i, i+1.
Utilizing the above equations, the duty cycles of the required
voltage vectors can be calculated for region Bi as follows

Fig.1.
III. NSPWM TECHNIQUE (2)
The Near State PWM (NSPWM) method utilizes a group
of three neighbor voltage vectors to match the output and In the above equations = we t is the angle of the reference
reference volt-seconds. These three voltage vectors are voltage vector and Mi is the modulation index which
selected such that the voltage vector closest to reference indicates the voltage utilization level (Mi=V m/(2Vdc/)) as
voltage vector and its two neighbors (to the right and left) are shown in Fig.4.
utilized. Therefore, the utilized voltage vectors are changed
in every 60 throughout the space. As shown in Fig. 2, to
apply the method, the voltage vector space is divided into six
segments. Defined with indices, voltage vectors Vi-1, Vi, and
Vi+1 are utilized for region Bi. For example, for the region
between 30 and 90 (B2), the applied voltage vectors are V 1,
V2, and V3 .

Fig.4. Voltage linearity range of NSPWM (voltages

normalized to Vdc/2).
Fig.2. Voltage space vectors and 60 0 sector definitions.
With the constraints of minimum switching count, no
simultaneous switchings of phase legs, and minimum CMV,
only the sequence of Vi+1-Vi-Vi-1-Vi-Vi+1 as a general
form for region Bi remains feasible. For example, between 30
and 90 (B2), the optimal sequence is V3-V2-V1-V2-V3. In
this sequence state changes occur only between adjacent
states and this is the only sequence which does not require
simultaneous switching of the inverter legs.

IV. SERIES RESONANT INVERTER

Fig.5 shows the typical system configuration of a series
converter for induction heating. The output power stage
consists of a single-phase voltage-source full-bridge inverter
using four IGBT modules.
Fig.3.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.05, IssueNo.17, July-2016, Pages: 3496-3500
 NSPWM based of Series Resonant Inverters in Induction Heating with Lower Losses
configured as per requirement and simulation is performed
and results as shown in Figs.7 to 11.
Simulation parameters:
Input supply= 1-ph, 230V, 50Hz
Lf=1.6mH
Cf=330nF
L1=42.6uH
L2=42.6uH
Cd=2200mF

Z-source impedance network parameters:

L=4uH
C=1000uF
Fig.5. Schematic diagram of the inverter.

The output of the inverter is connected to a series

resonant circuit composed of CL and the induction heating
loads (heating coil and workpiece) that can be modeled by
means of a series combination of its equivalent resistance RL
and inductance LL. The matching transformer T1 adapts the
impedance of the load circuit. Cd is the dc-link capacitor, and
Cs is an ac coupling capacitor as shown in Fig.6. The dc
power supply for the inverter is a three-phase diode bridge
rectifier connected to the 400-V 50-Hz power line through
the inductances Ld. The working frequency is 50 kHz, the
maximum rms value of the output voltage is 450 V, and the
maximum output power is100 kW.

Fig.7.

A. Waveforms

Fig. 6. Simplified output voltage and current waveforms.

V. SIMULATION RESULTS
Simulation is performed using MATLAB/SIMULINK
software. Simulink liabrary files include inbuilt models of
many electrical and electronics components and devices such
as diodes, MOSFETS, capacitors, inductors, motors, power
supplies and so on. The circuit components are connected as
per design without error, parameters of all components are Fig.8.Input supply voltage.

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research

Volume.05, IssueNo.17, July-2016, Pages: 3496-3500
 CHANDRIKA NAGARI, CH. SANTHOSH KUMAR, DR. D. PADMAVATHI
VI. CONCLUSION
The purpose of this work was the development of an IGBT
PS full-bridge inverter of 100 kW and 50 kHz where the
switching sequence was modified in order to improve its
reliability in industrial applications like induction heating
where a large number of cycles are required. The modified
PS inverter is a cost-effective solution that incorporates the
following improvements.
The output power is regulated by varying the PS
between the switches that compose the legs of the
inverter.
The control circuit was designed to perform ZVS under
all operating conditions.
Fig.9. Pulses. The increment of temperature of the IGBTs junctions
was minimized by the use of a novel switching sequence
of the transistors.
The power cycling capability of the inverter was
significantly improved in comparison with the standard
PS inverter.
The lifetime of the inverter can be incremented for
applications of a large number of cycles like induction
hardening and others.

Comparing the experimental and simulated results, the

validity of the proposed inverter has been demonstrated.

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International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research

Volume.05, IssueNo.17, July-2016, Pages: 3496-3500