: cement Zg] concrete bg]nlmkr in[eb\Zmbhg

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Since its publication in 2006, the Concrete building scheme design manual has proved a popular
publication and this update is intended to assist the transition to Eurocode 2 for the design of
concrete structures by showing how to carry out initial design to the Code. As before it will greatly
assist candidates for the Institution of Structural Engineers chartered membership examination
by drawing together in one place useful information including design aids that are specically
prepared for Eurocodes.

:\dghpe^]`^f^gmlmhma^klm^]bmbhg
Andrew Minson was the originator of the concept for this book, but the nal format and content
have evolved over time with input gratefully received by the author, Owen Brooker, from a
number of people. The book contains some new material but many of the ideas and much of the
data have been developed from many sources over several years. It is not possible to credit every
source; indeed many are unknown, but wherever possible, references have been made to relevant
documents.

Particular thanks are due to Jenny Burridge and Bob Wilson who have spent considerable time
reviewing and commenting on drafts and providing useful guidance on what the examiners are
expecting. Thanks are also due John Brazier, Andrew Cotter, Bryan Magee and Matt Obst, who
have commented or made useful contributions in more specialised areas.

Gillian Bond, Issy Harvey, Sally Huish and Michael Burbridge Ltd have also made essential
contributions to the production of this handbook.

In[ebla^][rMa^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%iZkmh_ma^Fbg^kZeIkh]n\ml:llh\bZmbhg
Kbo^klb]^Ahnl^%-F^Z]hpl;nlbg^llIZkd%LmZmbhg:iikhZ\a%;eZ\dpZm^k%<Zf[^ke^r%Lnkk^r@N*02:;
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M^e3$--!)"0))-&/)0000

All advice or information from MPA The Concrete Centre is intended only for use in the UK by those who will evaluate
the signicance and limitations of its contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including
that for negligence) for any loss resulting from such advice or information is accepted by MPA The Concrete Centre or its
subcontractors, suppliers or advisors. Readers should note that MPA The Concrete Centre publications are subject to revision
from time to time and should therefore ensure that they are in possession of the latest version.

Printed by Michael Burbridge Ltd, Maidenhead, UK.

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*'* How to use this handbook

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1
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pahaZo^mahkhn`aerik^iZk^]lahne][^Z[e^mhiZllma^^qZfbgZmbhgZmma^klmZmm^fim'

:mma^mbf^h_pkbmbg`!+))2"ma^\Zg]b]Zm^bl^qi^\m^]mhZglp^khg^jn^lmbhghnmh_^b`am'
Ma^mri^h_fZm^kbZe^qi^\m^]mh[^nl^]bgma^lhenmbhghkma^mri^h_lmkn\mnk^bgma^^b`am
jn^lmbhgl_heehplZk^`neZkiZmm^kg3
*' Lm^^e[nbe]bg` .' <hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`
+' Lm^^e[nbe]bg` /' @^g^kZelmkn\mnk^
,' ;kb]`^ 0' H__lahk^lmkn\mnk^
-' <hg\k^m^[nbe]bg` 1' Lmkn\mnkZe]rgZfb\l

Dghpbg`maZmZlhenmbhgmhZiZkmb\neZkjn^lmbhgbl^qi^\m^]mhnl^Z\^kmZbgfZm^kbZefZre^Z]
ma^\Zg]b]Zm^mh\hglb]^klhenmbhglbgmaZmfZm^kbZehger'Ahp^o^k%ZlhenmbhgbgZghma^kfZm^kbZe
fZr[^^jnZeerZiieb\Z[e^Zg]bg]^^]ma^k^aZo^[^^gh\\Zlbhglbgma^iZlmpa^k^ZgZem^kgZmbo^
fZm^kbZeaZl[^^gfhk^ZiikhikbZm^'Ma^\Zg]b]Zm^lahne]ma^k^_hk^aZo^Zghi^gfbg]4ma^k^bl
ghlbg`e^lhenmbhgmhZgrh_ma^jn^lmbhgl'

*'- Timing
Ma^^qZfbgZmbhgeZlml_hkl^o^gahnkl%ienlaZe_Zgahnk_hkeng\a'Ma^k^Zk^*))fZkdlZoZbeZ[e^
Zg]ma^\Zg]b]Zm^llahne]ieZgma^bkmbf^lhmaZmZeel^\mbhglZk^\hfie^m^]'Ma^k^blghln[lmbmnm^
_hk^qi^kb^g\^%Zg]lbmmbg`Zfh\d^qZfbgZmbhgpbee^gZ[e^ma^\Zg]b]Zm^mhZiik^\bZm^paZm\Zg
[^Z\ab^o^]bgma^l^o^gahnklZoZbeZ[e^'B_ma^mbf^ZoZbeZ[e^_hk^Z\al^\mbhgblZeeh\Zm^]bg
ikhihkmbhgmhma^fZkdlZoZbeZ[e^%ma^_heehpbg`mbf^mZ[e^\Zg[^_heehp^]3
)23,) l^\mbhg*Z!-)fZkdl"
*+3+) l^\mbhg*[!*)fZkdl"
*,3)) Eng\a
*,3,) l^\mbhg+\!+)fZkdl"
*-3.. l^\mbhg+]!+)fZkdl"
*/3+) l^\mbhg+^!*)fZkdl"
*03)) ?bgbla

Ma^eZk`^lmikhihkmbhgh_ma^fZkdlbl_hkl^\mbhg*ZZg]ma^\Zg]b]Zm^fZrpZgmmhikh]n\^Zg
bg]bob]nZembf^mZ[e^_hkmabll^\mbhg'

*'. Further information

Ma^k^ bl ie^gmr h_ nl^_ne bg_hkfZmbhg Z[hnm ma^ ^qZfbgZmbhg maZm bl _k^^er ZoZbeZ[e^ _khf
ma^Bglmbmnmbhgh_Lmkn\mnkZe>g`bg^^klp^[lbm^T/V'<Zg]b]Zm^lZk^Z]obl^]mh]hpgehZ]mabl
bg_hkfZmbhgZg]lmn]rbm'

2
 =^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl

+ Development of solutions (section 1)

+'* Viable structural solutions
<Zg]b]Zm^lZk^k^jnbk^]mhik^iZk^Z]^lb`gZiikZblZeh_two]blmbg\mZg]obZ[e^lhenmbhgl_hk
ma^[kb^_'BmblbfihkmZgmmaZmmphlhenmbhglZk^ik^l^gm^]4h__^kbg`hgerhg^lhenmbhgblebd^er
mhk^lnembgZ_Zbenk^';hmalhenmbhgllahne][^ik^iZk^]mhma^lZf^e^o^eh_]^mZbe'<Zg]b]Zm^l
lahne]]^fhglmkZm^mhma^^qZfbg^kma^Z[bebmrmh\hg\^bo^Zg]ik^l^gm]blmbg\mhimbhgl_hk
ma^ikhihl^]lmkn\mnk^l'

Ma^rlahne]bg]b\Zm^ma^_ng\mbhgZe_kZfbg`%ehZ]mkZgl_^kZg]lmZ[bebmrh_ma^l\a^f^l'Ma^
jn^lmbhgZldl_hkma^_ng\mbhgZe_kZfbg`[^_hk^ma^ehZ]mkZgl_^k]bZ`kZf[^\Znl^mablblma^
g^\^llZkrZg]eh`b\Zel^jn^g\^'Ma^ehZ]iZmafnlm_heehpmakhn`ama^_kZfbg`'LbfbeZker%
ma^f^Zglh_lmZ[beblbg`ma^_kZf^\Zg[^Z]]k^ll^]hgerZ_m^kma^ehZ]iZmalaZo^[^^g
b]^gmb^]'

Bg]^o^ehibg`lhenmbhglma^\Zg]b]Zm^lahne]\hglb]^kma^_heehpbg`blln^l4fhk^]^mZbebl`bo^g
makhn`ahnmmabll^\mbhg'
 ?ng\mbhgZe_kZfbg` Li^^]h_\hglmkn\mbhg
 EhZ]mkZgl_^k :^lma^mb\l
 LmZ[bebmr :\hnlmb\l
 LZ_^mr ?hhm_Zee&bg]n\^]ob[kZmbhg
 >\hghfr Ma^kfZefZll
 ;nbe]Z[bebmr LnlmZbgZ[bebmr
 Kh[nlmg^ll ;nbe]bg`fho^f^gml
 =nkZ[bebmr ?bk^k^lblmZg\^
 Lbm^\hglmkZbgml

+'+ Functional framing

Ma^lmkn\mnk^lahne][^b]^Zebl^]mhlahpahpbm_ng\mbhgl4mabllahne][^ik^l^gm^]ZlZld^m\a
maZm lahpl ma^ mri^ h_ \hgg^\mbhgl% ma^ lmb__g^ll h_ ma^ ^e^f^gml Zg](hk lmkn\mnk^ Zg] ma^
gZmnk^ h_ ma^ _hng]Zmbhgl Zg] Zgr k^mZbgbg` lmkn\mnk^l' >qZfie^l h_ ZiikhikbZm^ _ng\mbhgZe
_kZfbg`]bZ`kZflZk^lahpgbg?b`nk^+'*'

+', Load transfer

Ma^\Zg]b]Zm^lahne]lahpahpma^Z\mbhglhgZlmkn\mnk^Zk^mkZgl_^kk^]_khfma^ihbgmh_
Ziieb\Zmbhg mh ma^ lniihkmbg` `khng]4 Z`Zbg mabl bl fhlm \e^Zker \hgo^r^] makhn`a Z ld^m\a'
>qZfie^l Zk^ `bo^g bg ?b`nk^ +'+'Ma^ ehZ] mkZgl_^k ]bZ`kZf beenlmkZm^l ma^ pZr ma^ ]^lb`g^k
^qi^\mlma^lmkn\mnk^mh[^aZo^'

@^g^kZeerma^k^Zk^mak^^mri^lh_ehZ]mh\hglb]^k3
 O^kmb\ZeerZ\mbg`hk`kZobmrehZ]lln\aZll^e_&p^b`amZg]bfihl^]hhkehZ]bg`'
 EZm^kZeehZ]lln\aZlpbg]Zg]ma^ahkbshgmZeehZ]l]n^mh`^hf^mkb\bfi^k_^\mbhgl'
 LhbeehZ]l%pab\a\ZgaZo^^bma^ko^kmb\ZehkahkbshgmZe\hfihg^gml'

Ma^\Zg]b]Zm^lahne][^Z[e^mhjnb\der]^m^kfbg^ma^\kbmb\Ze\hf[bgZmbhgh_ma^l^ehZ]l%[Zl^]
hgma^iZkmbZe_Z\mhkl`bo^gbg:gg^q:*h_;L>G*22)T0V'

3
 Long-span roof

Stiff floor Load-bearing

concrete
block wall

Upstand
beam

Column

Transfer beam

Shear Column
wall GL GL

Raft

a) Building section b) Gable shear wall

Flat slab (min. 3 bays)

Slender
columns
Retaining
wall

Floor slab on grade

c) Reservoir

Tie/strut

Pilecap
Pile

d) Precast concrete terracing

?b`nk^+'*
>qZfie^_ng\mbhgZe_kZfbg`]bZ`kZfl
=bZ`kZfl3;h[Pbelhg

4
 =^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl

Partition load
Uniform load
Deflection, bending
and shear in beam
leads to reactions
at the end of the
beam Wall reaction

Load from beam

= load on wall

Reinforced
concrete column Brickwork wall

Foundation reaction Foundation reaction

Load on pilecap Foundation load

Pile cap

Pile reaction Ground reaction

Pile load Load onto ground

s = bearing
pressure
B

Pile

Friction reaction
1.5B

End reaction Bulb of pressure

for s /5

Load on rock

Load
Stress =
Area

a) Vertical loads

?b`nk^+'+!\hgmbgn^]ho^ke^Z_"
>qZfie^ehZ]mkZgl_^k]bZ`kZfl
=bZ`kZfl3;h[Pbelhg

5
 Tension

Wind

b) Plan view of diaphragm action

n
tio
ac
e
Walls Ti
displaced

Hogging

Floor sag

Support
removed

Extra compression Tension

with bending

c) Effect of accidental impact

Surcharge
GL

W1
Soil at rest
W2
GWL

Water load
GL

Passive
resistance

Bearing pressures
d) Retaining wall

?b`nk^+'+\hgmbgn^]
>qZfie^ehZ]mkZgl_^k]bZ`kZfl
=bZ`kZfl3;h[Pbelhg

6
 =^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl

+'- Stability
Bmbl^ll^gmbZemaZmma^[nbe]bg`Zg]bmloZkbhnl\hfihg^gm^e^f^gmlZk^lmZ[e^Zg]ma^\Zg]b]Zm^
blebd^ermh_Zbeb_ma^lmZ[bebmrh_ma^lmkn\mnk^blghmZ]^jnZm^er]^fhglmkZm^]'Ma^k^Zk^mph
lmZ[bebmr\kbm^kbZmh\hglb]^k4eZm^kZelmZ[bebmrZg]nieb_m]n^mhpZm^kik^llnk^'

+'-'* Lateral stability

Ma^_heehpbg`Zk^^qZfie^lh_ehZ]lmaZmfZrbfihl^eZm^kZe_hk\^lhgma^lmkn\mnk^3
 Pbg]ehZ]l'
 >ZkmajnZd^l'
 EZm^kZeehZ]l]n^mh`^hf^mkb\bfi^k_^\mbhgl'
 AhkbshgmZe\hfihg^gmh_lhbeehZ]l'!Hnm&h_&[ZeZg\^lhbeehZ]llahne][^\hglb]^k^]hg
lehibg`lbm^l'"
 :\\b]^gmZeehZ]l'

Ma^lmkn\mnk^lahne][^]^lb`g^]mhk^lblmma^l^ehZ]lbgmphhkmah`hgZe]bk^\mbhgl'?hkZfnemb&
lmhk^r[nbe]bg`mabl\Zg[^Z\ab^o^][rnlbg`3
 La^ZkpZeel!b'^'Z[kZ\^][nbe]bg`"hk4
 Fhf^gm&k^lblmbg`_kZf^l!b'^'lpZr_kZf^"'

La^ZkpZeellahne][^ZkkZg`^]bgieZglhmaZmma^bkla^Zk\^gmk^\hbg\b]^lpbmama^k^lnemZgmh_
ma^ho^kmnkgbg`_hk\^l!l^^?b`nk^+',"'B_mablblghmihllb[e^%mpblmbg`fhf^gmlpbeeZelhh\\nkZg]
ma^Z]]bmbhgZe_hk\^lmaZmk^lnemlahne][^Z]]^]mhma^hma^k_hk\^lbg^Z\ala^ZkpZee'?nkma^k
`nb]Zg\^hg\Ze\neZmbg`ma^la^Zk\^gmk^Zg]mpblmbg`fhf^gmlbl`bo^gbgL^\mbhg,'*1'

a) Walls resist bending in one plane,

frame action in other plane.
Good tortional stiffness.

b) Walls resist bending in both planes.

Good tortional stiffness.

c) Core resists bending in both

planes. Poor tortional behaviour
due to eccentricity.

d) Cores resist bending in both planes.

Good tortional stiffness.

Movement
joint e) Cores resist bending on each section of the
building independently. Relative shear
displacement at movement joint.

?b`nk^+',
Mrib\Zela^ZkpZeeeZrhnml
=bZ`kZf3<bkbZK^ihkm*)+ 1
T V

7
 Ma^nl^h_la^ZkpZeelZllnf^lmaZmma^hhkpbeeZ\mZlZahkbshgmZe]bZiakZ`fmhmkZgl_^kehZ]l
mhma^la^ZkpZeel'?hkbg&lbmn\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`lmabl\ZgghkfZeer[^Zllnf^]Zg]ghhma^k
\a^\dlZk^g^\^llZkr'Ahp^o^k%_nkma^k\hglb]^kZmbhgh_ahpma^eZm^kZeehZ]lZk^mkZgl_^kk^]mh
ma^la^ZkpZeelfZr[^k^jnbk^]Zllahpgbgma^_heehpbg`^qZfie^l3
 Pa^k^ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^hhkngbmlZk^nl^]%^li^\bZeerpa^k^ma^k^blghlmkn\mnkZemhiibg`%
^'`'\ZkiZkd]^\dhkng]^kZkZbl^]hhk'
 Pa^k^ma^ehZ]lZk^mkZgl_^kk^]Z\khllZk^eZmbo^ergZkkhplmkbi%^'`'pZedpZrebgdbg`mph
iZkmlh_ma^[nbe]bg`'
 Pa^k^ma^e^g`mah_hhkieZm^\hgg^\m^]]bk^\mermhma^la^ZkpZeelbllahkm'Mabl\Zgh\\nk
b_ma^k^Zk^eZk`^l^kob\^lkbl^klZ]cZ\^gmmhma^la^ZkpZeel'

+'-'+ Uplift
Pa^k^ma^lmkn\mnk^k^jnbk^l^q\ZoZmbhgbg`khng]maZmaZlZab`apZm^kmZ[e^%ma^pZm^kik^llnk^
fZr \Znl^ nieb_m ![nhrZg\r" h_ ma^ lmkn\mnk^'Ma^ \Zg]b]Zm^ lahne] ^glnk^ ma^k^ bl lnbmZ[e^
k^lblmZg\^ mh ma^ nieb_m _hk\^l bg ma^ gZe \hg]bmbhg% Zg] Zelh ]^m^kfbg^ paZm f^Zlnk^l Zk^
k^jnbk^]]nkbg`\hglmkn\mbhgmhZohb]nieb_m'

+'. Concrete frame options

K^bg_hk\^] \hg\k^m^ bl Z o^klZmbe^ fZm^kbZe maZm \Zg [^ _hkf^] bg fZgr ]b__^k^gm laZi^l Zg]
_hkfl'?b`nk^+'-`bo^llbsbg`bg_hkfZmbhg_hkma^fhk^\hffhglhenmbhgl_hkhhkl'MZ[e^+'*
`bo^lZlnffZkrh_ma^\hffhg_hkflh_\hg\k^m^\hglmkn\mbhgmaZmZk^nl^]%Zg]ik^l^gml
ma^bkZ]oZgmZ`^lZg]]blZ]oZgmZ`^l'

+'/ Foundations and retaining structures

+'/'* Ground-bearing slabs
@khng]&[^Zkbg`leZ[lZk^ZihineZkZg]^\hghfb\pZrmhlniihkmma^ehZ]lZmma^ehp^lme^o^e
bgma^[nbe]bg`'Ahp^o^k%bgma^_heehpbg`lbmnZmbhgl%lnli^g]^]leZ[lhk`khng]bfikho^f^gm
m^\agbjn^lfZr[^k^jnbk^]mhk^]n\^l^mme^f^gm3
 LeZ[llniihkmbg`ab`aehZ]l%^'`'bg]nlmkbZehhkl'
 BgZk^Zlpa^k^ma^`khng]\hg]bmbhglbg\en]^ee'
 BgZk^Zlpbmalh_m\eZr'
 Hglehibg`lbm^l%^li^\bZeerpa^k^ma^leZ[phne][^lniihkm^]hgoZkrbg``khng]
\hg]bmbhgl'
 Pa^k^mk^^l\hne]\Zg\Znl^l^mme^f^gmhka^Zo^'

+'/'+ Foundation solutions

L^e^\mbg` ma^ \hkk^\m _hng]Zmbhg lhenmbhg bl Zg bfihkmZgm iZkm h_ ma^ ^qZfbgZmbhg4MZ[e^ +'+
`bo^lZiikhikbZm^_hng]Zmbhgl_hkZoZkb^mrh_lhbe\hg]bmbhgl'Ma^l^Zk^`^g^kZeblZmbhgl_hkmrib\Ze
[nbe]bg`lZg]Zk^ghmbgm^g]^]mh[^Zln[lmbmnm^_hk^qi^kb^g\^'D^r\hglb]^kZmbhglZm\hg\^im
lmZ`^Zk^3
 @khng]pZm^kZab`a`khng]pZm^ke^o^epbeek^jnbk^li^\bZef^Zlnk^l]nkbg`\hglmkn\mbhg
Zg]fZr\Znl^[nhrZg\rh_ma^gbla^]lmkn\mnk^'
 LaZeehp_hng]Zmbhgllahne][^cnlmmaZmlaZeehp'>q\ZoZmbg`]^^i^kmaZg,fblnlnZeerghm
^\hghfb\'

8
 =^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl

600

500

400
Depth in mm

300

200

100
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Span in m
a) Imposed load Qk = 2.5 kN/m 2

600

500

400
Depth in mm

300

200

100
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Span in m
b) Imposed load Qk = 5.0 kN/m2

600

500

400
Depth in mm

300

200

100
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Span in m
c) Imposed load Qk = 7.5 kN/m2

Key
Troughed slab Flat slab One-way slab
P/T flat slab Hybrid hollowcore and topping

?b`nk^+'-
LiZg&mh&]^ima\aZkml_hkbfihl^]ehZ]lh_+'.%.')Zg]0'.dG(f+

9
MZ[e^+'*
<hg\k^m^lhenmbhgl_hkhhkl

Bga^k^gmkh[nlmg^llh__kZf^
<hg\k^m^himbhg LiZgkZg`^

LnbmZ[e^_hkhi^gieZgliZ\^
>Zl^h_l^kob\^]blmkb[nmbhg

=bZiakZ`fZ\mbhgh_hhk
Fbgbfbl^llmhk^ra^b`am
ik^lmk^ll^]\hg\'

Ing\abg`la^Zk\ZiZ\bmr
?e^qb[bebmr_hkiZkmbmbhgl
Ihlm&m^glbhg^]

Fbgbfbl^ll^e_&p^b`am
Li^^]h_\hglmkn\mbhg
K^bg_hk\^]hk

Lh_m\Zg[^^qihl^]

H__&lbm^\hglmkn\mbhg
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=^^\mbhg\hgmkhe
\hg\k^m^

>\hghfr
Fbg
FZq
Fbg
FZq
?eZmleZ[l
Solid at slab (Continuity improves economy) - *) 0 *, H H H H
Solid at slab with drops - *+ 0 *- H H
Solid at slab with column heads (Forming column head - *) 0 *, H H H
disrupts cycle times and interferes with holes adjacent to
columns)
Wafe slab 2 *+ 2 *- H H H
Biaxial voided slab (Can be used with in-situ or with - *- 0 */ H H H
precast soft slab, which would act as permanent
formwork)
Hg^&pZrleZ[l
Solid one-way slab with beams - *+ / *- H H H H H
Solid slab with band beams 0 *+ 0 *, H
Ribbed slab with beams 0 ** 1 *+ H H H
Ribbed slab with integral band beams / ** 1 *+ H H
Tunnel form (One-way slab on walls) a - *)
Composite lattice girder soft slab b - 1 H H H
Precast hollowcore slab - *- H H H H H
Composite precast slab - *. H H H H
Precast double T units / *2 H H H H H
Precast crosswall and solid prestressed slab - 0'.
Mph&pZrleZ[l
Solid two-way slab with beams . *+ H H H H H
Two-way wafe slab with beams 2 *- H H H H H H
Wafe slab with integral beams / ** H H H
Ar[kb]\hg\k^m^\hglmkn\mbhg!\hf[bgZmbhgh_bg&lbmnZg]ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^"
Precast twin wall and lattic girder soft slab with - 0'.
in-situ inll and topping
Precast columns and edge beams with in-situ oor - *) / *+ H H H
slab
Precast columns and oor units with in-situ beams b - *- H
In-situ columns and beams with precast oor units b - *- H H
In-situ columns and oor topping with precast - 0'. H H H H
beams and oor units
 D^r
>q\^ee^gm H <Zg[^nl^]%[nmfZrk^jnbk^_nkma^k\hglb]^kZmbhg
@hh] GhmZiieb\Z[e^hkghmZiikhikbZm^
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[M^fihkZkrikhilk^jnbk^]

10
 =^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl

?eZmleZ[l

Lheb]ZmleZ[ Lheb]ZmleZ[pbma]khil Lheb]ZmleZ[pbma\henfg PZ_^leZ[ ;bZqbZeohb]^]leZ[

a^Z]l
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[^Zfl [^Zfl [Zg][^Zfl leZ[hgpZeel"

<hfihlbm^eZmmb\^`bk]^k Ik^\Zlmaheehp\hk^leZ[ <hfihlbm^ik^\ZlmleZ[ Ik^\Zlm]hn[e^Mngbml Ik^\Zlm\khllpZeeZg]lheb]

lh_mleZ[ ik^lmk^ll^]leZ[
Mph&pZrleZ[l

Lheb]mph&pZrleZ[ Mph&pZrpZ_^leZ[pbma PZ_^leZ[pbmabgm^`kZe

pbma[^Zfl [^Zfl [^Zfl
Ar[kb]\hg\k^m^\hglmkn\mbhg!<hf[bgZmbhgh_bg&lbmnZg]ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^"

Ik^\ZlmmpbgpZeeZg]eZmmb\^ Ik^\Zlm\henfglZg] Ik^\Zlm\henfglZg]hhk Bg&lbmn\henfglZg][^Zfl Bg&lbmn\henfglZg]hhk

`bk]^klh_mleZ[pbmabg&lbmn ^]`^[^Zflpbmabg&lbmn ngbmlpbmabg&lbmn[^Zfl pbmaik^\Zlmhhkngbml mhiibg`pbmaik^\Zlm
bgeeZg]mhiibg` hhkleZ[ [^ZflZg]hhkngbml

?b`nk^+'.
L\a^fZmb\]bZ`kZfl_hkma^\hg\k^m^himbhglbgMZ[e^+'*

11
MZ[e^+'+
?hng]Zmbhglhenmbhgl
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16
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17
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18
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19
 +'0'0 Speed of construction
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\henfglg^^]mh[^\hgmZbg^]bgpZeel%^'`'_hkZiZkmf^gml'<hg\k^m^\ZgZelh[^nl^]_hk\nko^]
[^Zfl%ngnlnZeieZglaZi^lZg]la^eelmkn\mnk^l'Ma^eZrhnmh_ma^o^kmb\Zelmkn\mnk^\Zg[^ZkkZg`^]
mhlnbmma^nl^h_ma^[nbe]bg`kZma^kmaZgaZobg`mhkb`b]er_heehpZlmkn\mnkZe`kb]'

+'0'2 Acoustics
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[^mp^^gngbml'

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+'0'*) Footfall-induced vibration

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ieZm^Zk^bfihkmZgm'MablbliZkmb\neZkerma^\Zl^_hkahlibmZelZg]eZ[hkZmhkb^l\hgmZbgbg`l^glbmbo^
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eZ[hkZmhkb^lhkahlibmZehi^kZmbg`ma^Zmk^l%ma^Z]]bmbhgZe\hlmmhf^^mob[kZmbhg\kbm^kbZbllfZee
\hfiZk^]pbmahma^klmkn\mnkZefZm^kbZel'

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20
 =^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl

nl^] _hk Z [Zlb\h_\^ lmkn\mnk^'Mabl `bo^l `k^Zm ^qb[bebmr _hk \aZg`^ bg nl^ Zg] Zohb]l ma^
\hlm i^gZemb^l h_ ikhob]bg` mabl ^qmkZ fZll Zg] lmb__g^ll' Ma^ g]bg`l Zk^ lnffZkbl^] bg
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aZo^ mh [^ bg\k^Zl^] mh \hgmkhe ob[kZmbhg bg Z ahlibmZe' EZ[hkZmhkb^l Zk^ ebd^er mh aZo^ fhk^
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+'0'** Thermal mass

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lnff^kl]Zrmha^eiik^o^gmho^ka^Zmbg`Zg]ikhob]bg`Zfhk^lmZ[e^bgm^kgZem^fi^kZmnk^'
Gb`am \hhebg` ink`^l ma^ Z\\nfneZm^] a^Zm _khf ma^ leZ[% ik^iZkbg` bm _hk ma^ g^qm ]Zr' ?>L
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Ma^bfihkmZgmk^jnbk^f^gmblmh^qihl^ma^lh_mh_ma^leZ[%hkZme^ZlmZeehpma^Zbk_khfma^
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bgZ[nbe]bg`]nkbg`ma^pbgm^k'

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+'0'*+ Sustainability
LnlmZbgZ[bebmrblghmcnlmZ[hnmk^]n\bg`^gobkhgf^gmZebfiZ\m4bmblg]bg`Z[ZeZg\^[^mp^^g
lh\bZe%^\hghfb\Zg]^gobkhgf^gmZe\hlmlZg][^g^ml%[hmaghpZg]bgma^ehg`m^kf'

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mhhma^knl^lmaZmfZrk^jnbk^Za^Zob^kbfihl^]ehZ]'Ahe^l\Zg[^\nmmakhn`aleZ[lZg]pZeel
k^eZmbo^erlbfier%Zg]ma^k^Zk^f^mah]lmhlmk^g`ma^gma^_kZf^b_k^jnbk^]'

Pbmak^`Zk]mhma^^f[h]b^]\Zk[hg]bhqb]^\hgm^gm!b'^'ma^\Zk[hg]bhqb]^ikh]n\^]bgma^
fZgn_Z\mnk^Zg]\hglmkn\mbhgh_ma^lmkn\mnk^"%mablbl`^g^kZeero^krlfZee\hfiZk^]pbmama^
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[nbe]bg`eZlmlma^e^lllb`gb\Zgmma^^f[h]b^]\Zk[hg]bhqb]^[^\hf^l'

21
 GZmnkZeo^gmbeZmbhgpbma^qihl^]lh_ml Ng]^k&hhko^gmbeZmbhgpbma^qihl^]lh_ml

>qihl^]aheehp\hk^leZ[lpbmaf^\aZgb\Zeo^gmbeZmbhg I^kf^Z[e^\^bebg`l

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?b`nk^+'/
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22
 =^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl

Ma^ ^g^k`r nl^] bg a^Zmbg` Zg] \hhebg` ma^ [nbe]bg` \Zg [^ ln[lmZgmbZeer k^]n\^] [r nlbg`
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aZo^Z\hglb]^kZ[e^bfiZ\mhgma^^g^k`rk^jnbk^f^gmlh_d^^ibg`ma^ahnl^ZmZ\hf_hkmZ[e^
m^fi^kZmnk^e^o^e!l^^?b`nk^+'0"'

Cumulative CO2 emissions

200
180
CO2 produced (tonnes)
160
140

CO2 in use
120
100
80
60
40
Embodied CO2
20
0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
Year
Key
Heavy (cavity walls, precast concrete floors, dense block partitions)
Medium-heavy (cavity walls, precast concrete floors, block partitions)
Medium (cavity walls, timber floors, lightweight partitions)
Light (timber frame & floors, lightweight partitions)

Note
This graph assumes solar shading used and air-conditioning will be installed in homes when
temperatures become uncomfortable, but will be used with natural ventilation whenever possible.

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+'0'*, Building movements

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23
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24
 =^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl

a) Favourable layout of restraining walls (low restraint)

b) Unfavourable layout of restraining walls (high restraint)

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25
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Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^aheehp\hk^ngbml!,))ff" -')0 Kb[[^]leZ[!.))ff" .'0)
Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^aheehp\hk^ngbml!,.)ff" -'-. PZ_^leZ[lmZg]Zk]fhne]l!,+.ff" /'))
Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^aheehp\hk^ngbml!-))ff" -'1- PZ_^leZ[lmZg]Zk]fhne]l!,.)ff" /'-)
Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^aheehp\hk^ngbml!-.)ff" .'.) PZ_^leZ[lmZg]Zk]fhne]l!-+.ff" 0',)
Kb[[^]leZ[!+.)ff" -')) PZ_^leZ[lmZg]Zk]fhne]l!-.)ff" 0'0)
Kb[[^]leZ[!+0.ff" -'+) PZ_^leZ[lmZg]Zk]fhne]l!.+.ff" 1'/)
Kb[[^]leZ[!,))ff" -',)

26
 =^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl

MZ[e^+'*)]
:k^ZehZ]lZg]ehZ]lh_la^^mfZm^kbZel
FZm^kbZe :k^ZehZ] FZm^kbZe :k^ZehZ]
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?^em!,&eZr^k"Zg]\abiibg`l )',. Ierphh]!*+'.ff" )')1
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@eZllphhe!*))ff" )')* KZbl^]hhka^Zor]nmr )'.)
@eZsbg`iZm^gm!bg\e'[Zkl" )',) KZbl^]hhkf^]bnfp^b`am )'-)
AZk]phh]iZkjn^m!*)ff" )')1 KZbl^]hhkeb`amp^b`am )',)
BglneZmbhg`eZll[k^!*))ff" )')+ K^g]^k!*,ff" )',)
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E^Z]la^^m\h]^1!,'..ff" )',2 Lnli^g]^]\^bebg`lm^^e )'*)
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MZ[e^+'*)^ MZ[e^+'*)_
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27
 MZ[e^+'**
Mrib\ZeZk^ZehZ]l_hk\eZ]]bg`Zg]pZeel!dG(f+"
<ZobmrpZee Ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^\eZ]]bg`
*)+'.ff[kb\dphkd
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+'-) ?Z\bg` *'))
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.)ffbglneZmbhg )')+
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)'/) ;eh\dphkdeb`amp^b`am
BglneZmbg`_hkfphkd
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MhmZe
MhmZe .'0
.'0 ;eh\dphkdZ^kZm^]
Mbf[^k\eZ]]bg` *))ffZ^kZm^][eh\dphkd )'.)
;hZk]bg`!+.ff"
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Ier!*+'.ff"
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=krebgbg`hglmn] )'*.
=krebgbg`hglmn] )'*. Mbf[^klmn]pZee
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IeZlm^k[hZk]Zg]ldbfq+ )'-)
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MZ[e^+'*+
Mrib\ZeZk^ZehZ]l!dG(f+"
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Bg&lbmnZmleZ[mab\dg^ll!ff" ++. +.) +0. ,)) ,+.
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Lnli^g]^]\^bebg` )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*. )'*.
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MhmZe )'1 /'- 0') 0'0 1', 1'2

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Mbe^l[^]]bg`!Zeehp" *')) *')) *')) *')) *')) *'))
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MhmZe ,'0 2', 2'2 *)'. **'+ **'1

28
 =^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl

MZ[e^+'*+\hgmbgn^]'''
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MhmZe )'0

29
 +'2 Typical spatial requirements
+'2'* Car parks
Ma^lmZg]Zk]\hg`nkZmbhg_hk\ZkiZkdlbllahpgbg?b`nk^+'2'B]^Zeerma^[bgpb]mab'^'ma^
e^g`mah_mph\ZkiZkdliZ\^lZg]ma^Zble^lahne][^Z\e^ZkliZgh_*.'/f'MablblZghg^khnl
k^jnbk^f^gmZg]lhma^\henfgl\Zg[^ieZ\^][^mp^^gliZ\^lZllahpgbg?b`nk^+'2'Ma^lbs^l
h_ma^iZkdbg`liZ\^lZk^lahpgbgMZ[e^+'*,'

B Interbin support zone

A

A: 0.46 m minimum
recommended minimum

0.8 m to 1.0 m
preferred range
3 bins

3 x 2.4 m B: 3.3 m minimum

bays * 3.6 m desirable

Acceptable
support positions

4.8 m 6.0 m 4.8 m * Typical bay

dimensions
Bin width

?b`nk^+'2
Mrib\Ze\ZkiZkdeZrhnm
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T V

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+'2'+ Services
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30
 =^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl

Structural
zone A

C B
Services E
D
zone

Floor to
ceiling
height G

FFL

Raised
H
floor

a) Flat soffit

Duct leaving riser / core

consider universal
VAV terminal box
columns as beams

A
B

500 C E
400 D

Below deep beams Main duct run-outs

final terminal device only below normal
maximum beam size
G

FFL

b) Downstand beams
Key
A Structural zone
B 50 mm deflection and tolerance
C Approx. 500 mm HVAC duct or terminal device
D 50 mm support and tolerance
E 5 150 mm sprinkler zone (if required)
F 150 mm lighting and ceiling zone
G Floor to ceiling height
H Raised floor
?b`nk^+'*)
Mrib\Zel^kob\^shg^l

31
 +'*)'* Beams
Ma^liZg&mh&]^imakZmbhlbgMZ[e^+'*-\Zg[^nl^]'

MZ[e^+'*-
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+'*)'+ Transfer beams

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32
 =^o^ehif^gmh_lhenmbhgl

+'*)'. Flat slabs

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Zg]ZoZen^_hkoK]%\h_)'0.FIZ'

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33
 MZ[e^+'*2
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37
 Engineering Consultants
99 High Street
Newtown
NW9 9AA
Your ref:
Our ref: 1099/OB/1.01/21-11-06 21 November 2006
FAO Mr J Client
Dear Mr Client
Call Centre Implications of Recent Minor Seismic Activity
As we are sure you are aware there has recently been a minor earthquake in the region of the recently completed Call Centre.
We would like to address the concerns you may have regarding the strength of your building if faced with a similar event.
Initially we would like to conrm that the structure has been designed to the latest Building Regulations and Codes of
Practice. There is no requirement to explicitly consider the effects of seismic activity because historically the most signicant
horizontal forces on structures in this region are wind forces, rather than forces arising from seismic activity.
We would suggest that, before making any decisions about strengthening the structure, we wait for a consensus amongst the
experts as to whether this type of event is likely to occur more frequently in the area and what they recommend as the design
requirements. We would expect that, if changes are necessary, the Building Regulations will be revised and that clear guidance
will emerge on whether existing buildings should be strengthened. The Call Centre is just one of many buildings that could be
affected by a similar earthquake in this region.
In the meantime, we would like to reassure you that the building as it stands will have reasonable strength to resist to a
minor seismic event. It has been designed with ties to ensure that progressive collapse does not occur and these will act to
strengthen the building in the event of an earthquake. There are, however, a number of specic areas where localised damage
could occur as a result of a small earthquake; these are detailed below.
s !NEARTHQUAKE RESISTANTBUILDINGSHOULDBEABLETOCARRYTHELATERALLOADSIMPOSEDTOASTABILITYCORE)NTHISCASETHE
precast units and topping screed are designed to act as a stiff diaphragm. However, depending on the intensity of the
earthquake, this system may have insufcient strength to carry the forces. A design check can be carried out when
there is agreement on the design forces that should be used for an earthquake in this region.
s 4HECURRENTBUILDINGISDIVIDEDINTOTWODISCRETESTRUCTURESWITHASMALLMOVEMENTJOINTBETWEENTHEM$URINGAN
earthquake the structures will move laterally and the width of the joint is unlikely to be sufcient to prevent the two
structures from making contact. We think there are two options for overcoming this; either the joint could be made
wider by making alterations to the existing structure, or the lateral stiffness of the building could be increased by
incorporating more stability walls. The latter would reduce the sideways sway during a seismic event. It may also be
the preferred solution if the oor diaphragm requires strengthening. We will need to have a discussion so we can nd an
acceptable solution that provides minimal disruption to your business and the minimum effect on the architecture.
s 4HEBUILDINGISFOUNDEDONWEATHEREDROCKWHICHSHOULDBESUFlCIENTLYROBUSTINTHEEVENTOFANEARTHQUAKE(OWEVER
we will need to review the strength of the foundations to resist lateral forces, for which they were not designed. The
building has a suspended ground oor, which means that there are beams tying the foundations together. This is
benecial in the event of an earthquake, because it prevents the foundations moving apart possibly causing major
damage to the frame.
s 4HE BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS ARE A CAUSE FOR CONCERN 4HERE ARE MANY WAYS TO FORM A CONNECTION AND THIS IS
generally left to the precast manufacturer to design. This is usually benecial because he can carry out the work more
efciently and to suit his working methods. On this project the manufacturer has used a billet type connection, which
is perfectly adequate for the job it was designed to do. However, it offers less spare capacity to resist the forces from
an earthquake and strengthening may be required.
s 4HETWO STOREYGLAZEDENTRANCEAREAWILLREQUIRESOMESTRENGTHENINGMEASURES4HELATERALMOVEMENTTHATWILLOCCUR
during an earthquake is almost certain to damage the glazing. The current glazing is laminated glass, which means
that it will not break into small pieces. However, there is a risk that whole panes will come away from their xings with
the potential to cause loss of life. To overcome this, strengthening of the columnto-roof beam connections will be
necessary to reduce lateral sway.
We cannot be certain about how design guidance will change as a result of the earthquake, but the above comments should
give you an appreciation of the preventive measures that are likely to be necessary. If you would like to discuss the situation
further then please contact us.

Yours sincerely

?b`nk^+'*/
>qZfie^e^mm^k

38
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40
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<+)(+.%)'0)%+-) 555 555 555 555 555 555 555

hkK<+)(+.
XXX XXX <+.(,)%)'/.%+/) 555 555 555 555 555
hkK<+.(,)
XXX <-)(.)%)'-.%,-) <,)(,0%)'..%,)) <+1(,.%)'/)%+1) <+.(,)%)'/.%+/) 555 555 555
hkK<-)(.) hkK<,)(,0 hkK<+1(,. hkK<+.(,)
XXX <-)(.)%)'-.%,-) <,)(,0%)'..%,)) <+1(,.%)'/)%+1) 555 555 555 555
hkK<-)(.) hkK<,)(,0 hkK<+1(,.
XXX <-)(.)%)'-.%,-) ` 555 555 555 555 555 555
hkK<-)(.)Q?`
<,)(,0%)'..% <+1(,.%)'/)% <+.(,)%)'/)% 555 555 555
XXX XXX
,))ienlZbk`%a +1)ienlZbk`%a +1)ienlZbk`%a%c
hkI:O+ hkI:O*
XXX XXX <-)(.)%)'-.% <,+(-)%)'..% <+1(,.%)'/)% 555 555 555
,/) ,+) ,))
XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX <,.(-.%)'-)%,1) <,+(-)%)'-.%,/) <+1(,.%)'.)%,-)
XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX L^^;L1.)) <-)(.)%)'-)%,1) <,.(-.%)'-.%,/)
XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX <,+(-)%)'-)%,1) <+1(,.%)'-.%,/) <+.(,)%)'.)%,-)
XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX <,.(-.%)'-)%,1) <,+(-)%)'-.%,/) <,+(-)%)'.)%,-)
XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX L^^;L1.)) <-)(.)%)'-)%,1) <,.(-.%)'-.%,/)
XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX <,+(-)%)'-)%,1) <,+(-)%)'-.%,/) <,+(-)%)'.)%,-)
XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX L^^;L1.)) <-)(.)%)'-)%,1)` 555
XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX <+1(,.%)'-)% <+1(,.%)'-.% <+1(,.%)'.)%
,1)`%a ,/)`%a ,-)`%a
XXX XXX XXX L^^;L1.)) <,.(-.%)'-.%,/) <,+(-)%)'.)%,-) 555 555
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XXX XXX XXX <,+(-)%)'-)%,1) <+.(,)%)'.)%,-) <+.(,)%)'.)%,-) <+.(,)%)'..%,+) 555
XXX XXX XXX L^^;L1.)) <-)(.)%)'-.% 555 555 555
,/)`

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41
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42
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44
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,'.'+ Beams
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START

Determine vEd where:

vEd = design shear stress [vEd = VEd/(bw z) = VEd/(0.9 bwd)]

Determine the concrete strut capacity vRd,max cot y = 2.5

from Table 3. 7

Is No Is No
vEd < vRd,max cot y = 2.5? vEd < vRd,max cot y = 1.0? Redesign
(see Table 3.7) section

Yes (cot y = 2.5) Yes

Determine y from:
vEd
y = 0.5 sin-1
0.20 fck (1 fck/250)

Asw vEd bw
Calculate area of shear reinforcement: =
s fywd cot y

Check maximum spacing for vertical shear reinforcement: sl,max = 0.75 d

?b`nk^,'*
Procedure for determining vertical shear reinforcement

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45
 ,'/ Deection
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36

34
fck = 50
32
fck = 45
30 fck = 40
fck = 35
28 fck = 32
Span to depth ratio (l/d)

fck = 30
26 fck = 28
fck = 25
24
fck = 20
22

20

18

16

14

12
0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60% 1.30% 2.00%
Percentage of tension reinforcement (As,req /bd)
Notes
1 For two-way spanning slabs, the check 4 Curves based on the following expressions:
should be carried out on the basis of the 1.5
1.5 fck r 0 r0
shorter span.
2 This graph assumes simply supported span
l
d [
= K 11 +
r
+ 3.2 fck
( )]
r
1

condition (K = 1.0). where r r0

K = 1.5 for interior span condition and
K = 1.3 for end span condition
1.5 fck r 0 r'
K = 1.2 for flat slabs
K = 0.4 for cantilevers
l
d [
= K 11 +
( r r ')
+
fck
12 r0 ]
3 Compression reinforcement, r', where r > r0
has been taken as 0.

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46
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1500 )'1) )'1) )'1) )'1) )'1) )'1) )'1) )'1.
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Flat slabs *')) )'2- )'1. )'00 )'0* )'.0

320
Approximate steel stress at SLS for As,req, ssu

300

280

260

240

220

200

180
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

Ratio Gk/Qk

c2 = 0.8, gG = 1.35 c2 = 0.6, gG = 1.25

c2 = 0.6, gG = 1.35 c2 = 0.3, gG = 1.25

c2 = 0.3, gG = 1.35 c2 = 0.2, gG = 1.25

c2 = 0.2, gG = 1.35

To determine stress in the provided reinforcement (ss ), calculate the ratio Gk/Qk,
read up the graph to the appropriate curve and read across to determine ssu.

As,req 1
ss can be calculated from the expression: ss = ssu f pf p
As,prov d

?b`nk^,',
Determination of steel stress

47
 ,'0 Estimating reinforcement quantities
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48
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49
 ,'2'+ Analysis
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50
 =^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhgl

Ikhc^\m]^mZbel <Ze\neZm^][r Ch[gh'

OB CCIP - 018
Worked example 1 <a^\d^][r La^^mgh'
Transfer beam MS TB1
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Aug 09

Gk = 1500 kN, Qk = 1000 kN

1.5 m 9.0 m

Initial sizing Shear stress not to exceed 4 N/mm2

(to avoid reinforcement congestion).
Ultimate load = 1.35 x 1500 + 1.5 x 1000 = 3525 kN
(ignoring self-weight)
Take b = 600
V 3
=
d = Ed = 3525 x 10 = 1469 mm Section 2.10.2
vEdb 4 x 600
Take overall depth as 1650 mm (d = 1550)
Bending Mmax = 3525 x 1.5 = 5288 kNm
For Mmax = 5288, b = 600, d = 1550, fck = 32 N/mm2
K = 0.115, As = 8858 mm2 (z = 1297 mm)
Use 8 H40 (10100 mm2) in 2 layers.

Shear vEd = 3525 x 103/(0.9 x 600 x 1550) = 4.21 MPa Figure 3.1

Assuming the strut is at 45 Slab Table 3.7

8H40bars reinforcement
Asw 4.21 x 600
s 435 x cot 45

5.81 mm

Try H12 links

s = 452/5.81 = 78 mm
1650

Figure 3.1
Say 4 H12 links @ 75 mm ctrs
4 H12 links
@ 75 ctrs

600

Comments Remember to check headroom beneath the beam

H40 bars will be heavy; if there is no reasonable alternative, ensure
that the contractor is aware so he may take steps to safeguard
the health and safety of the steel xers.

51
 ,'*) One-way spanning slabs
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52
 =^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhgl

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OB CCIP - 018
Worked example 2 <a^\d^][r La^^mgh'
MS OW1
One-way slab
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Aug 09

Imposed load = 2.5 kN/m2

Superimposed dead load
6000 6000 6000 6000 = 1.5 kN/m2
Concrete class C28/35
cnom = 25 mm
Initial sizing From Economic concrete frame elements 167 Section 2.10
or 6000/32 = 187.5, say 200 mm
Loading ULS = 1.35 (0.2 x 25 + 1.5) + 1.5 x 2.5 = 12.5 kN/m2
Bending Check rst support from end
M =
0.086Fl Table 3.14
=
0.086 x 12.5 x 62
=
38.7 kNm
For b = 1000, d = 200 25 10 = 165, fck = 28
Then K = 0.051, As, req = 567 mm2 (z = 157 mm)
Use H12 @ 175 ctrs (As,prov = 646 mm2)
Shear VEd = 0.6F = 0.6 x 12.5 x 6 = 45.0 kN Table 3.14
V 45.0 x 103
vEd = Ed = = 0.27 N/mm2
bd 1000 x 165

100 As = 100 x 646 = 0.39

bd 1000 x 165
= vRd,c = 0.57 Table 3.6
vEd < vRd,c = no shear links required
Deection Maximum sagging moment = 0.075 Fl Table 3.14
= 0.075 x 12.5 x 62 = 33.75 kNm
For fck = 28, d = 165, b = 1000
Then K = 0.044, As,req = 494 mm2 (z = 157 mm)
r = As,req/bd = 494 x 100/(1000 x 165) = 0.30%
Basic l/d = 35.2 x 1.3 = 45.8 (K = 1.3 for end span condition) Figure 3.2
actual l/d = 6000/165 = 36.4 =OK
=Use H16 @ 200 ctrs As,prov = 566 mm2

,'** Two-way spanning slabs

,'**'* Governing criteria
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54
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55
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,'*+ Flat slabs

,'*+'* Governing criteria
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,'*+'+ Analysis
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ma^_heehpbg`\hg]bmbhglZk^f^m!ghm^maZm+)k^]blmkb[nmbhgblbg\en]^]bgma^\h^_\b^gml"3
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56
 =^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhgl

Ikhc^\m]^mZbel <Ze\neZm^][r Ch[gh'

OB CCIP - 018
Worked example 3 <a^\d^][r La^^mgh'
MS TW1
Two-way slab
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Aug 09

Superimposed dead load = 1.5 kN/m2

9000
Imposed load = 5 kN/m2
cnom = 25 mm
Concrete class C28/35
l y = 9000

l x =7200 7200 7200 7200

Initial sizing From Economic concrete frame elements: 213 mm Section 2.10
or 9000/36 = 250 mm say 250 mm
Loads n = 1.35 (1.5 + 6.25) + 1.5 x 5 = 18.0 kN/m2 (ULS)
Check short span d = 250 25 8 = 217 mm
ly 9.0
= = 1.3
lx 7.2
bsx = 0.069 and bsx = 0.051 Table 3.17
Support moment msx = bsx n lx = 0.069 x 18.0 x
2 7.22
= 64.4 kNm/m
critical in bending For msx = 64.4, b = 1000, d = 217, fck = 28
Then As = 718 mm2/m (K = 0.049 & z = 206 mm)
Use H12s @ 150 ctrs (As,prov = 754 mm2/m)
Shear bvx = 0.50 Table 3.18
Vsx = bvx n lx
= 0.5 x 18.0 x 7.2
= 64.8 kN/m width
V 3
vEd = Ed = 64.8 x 10 = 0.30 N/mm2
bd 1000 x 217
100 As = 100 x 754 = 0.35
bd 1000 x 217
= vRd.c = 0.57 N/mm2 > 0.30 = no shear links required Table 3.6
Deection Maximum sagging moment = 0.051 x 18.0 x 7.22 = 47.6 kN/m
For b = 1000, d = 217, fck = 28
Then K = 0.036, As req = 531 mm2 (z = 206 mm)
r = As,req/bd = 531 x 100/(1000 x 217) = 0.24%
Basic l/d = 35.2 x 1.3 = 45.8 (K = 1.3 for end span condition) Figure 3.2
actual l/d = 7200/217 = 33.2 =OK
=Use H12 @ 200 ctrs As,prov = 566 mm2

57
 MZ[e^,'+)
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b = 1.4 b = 1.15
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58
 =^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhgl

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60
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,'*+'. Fire protection

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,'*, Ribbed slabs

,'*,'* Governing criteria
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,'*,'+ Geometry
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H
R
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61
 Ikhc^\m]^mZbel <Ze\neZm^][r Ch[gh'
OB CCIP - 018
Worked example 4 <a^\d^][r La^^mgh'
MS FS1
Flat slab
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Aug 09

Imposed load = 5 kN/m2

7000

Superimposed dead load

= 1.5 kN/m2
Concrete class C28/35
7000

cnom = 30 mm
Supported by 350 mm
9000 9000 9000 9000
square columns

Initial sizing Using Economic concrete frame elements: 284 mm

Or 8000/26 = 307 mm, say 300 mm Section 2.1
Loading  ULS = 1.35 (1.5 + 0.3 x 25) + 1.5 x 5 = 19.65 kN/m2
Bending Check long span end bay condition
M = 0.086Fl = 0.086 x 19.65 x 7 x 92 = 958 kNm Table 3.20
Centre strip Design moment = 0.75 x 958 = 718 kNm Table 3.21
critical
For b = 3500, d = 300 30 10 = 260 mm, fck = 28
Then K = 0.108, As = 7110 mm2
Centre column strip = 4740 mm2 (2708 mm2/m)
Use T20 @ 100 ctrs (As,prov = 3140 mm2/m)
Outer column strip = 2370 mm2 (1354 mm2/m)
Use T20 @ 200 ctrs (As,prov = 1570 mm2/m)
Punching shear VEd = 19.65 x 7.0 x 9.0 = 1238 kN
bV 1.15 x 1238 x 103 Table 3.22
At column face, vEd = u d Ed = = 4.07 < 4.98
i eff 4 x 350 x 250

100 As 100 x 3140

Shear resistance without links: = = 1.26%
bd 1000 x 250
=vRd,c = 0.75 MPa
Area of steel at rst control perimeter, 2d = 2 x 250 = 500 mm from column
face.
Length of perimeter = 4 x 350 + 2Q x 500 = 4542 mm
Radial spacing sr = 0.75 x 250 = 188 mm
Asw = (vEd 0.75 vRd,c)sr u1/(1.5 fywd,ef)
3
= d1.15 x 1238 x 10 0.75 0.75m x 188 x 4542 /(1.5 x 313)
4542 x 250
=1257 mm2/perimeter
Using 10 mm dia. links, no of links = 1257/78.5 = 16,
spacing = 4542/16 = 284 < 1.5d
Deection Maximum sagging moment = 0.075 Fl
= 0.075 x 19.65 x 7 x 92
= 836 kNm

62
 =^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhgl

Centre strip Design moment = 0.55 x 836 = 460 kNm

critical
For b = 3500, d = 260 and fck = 28
K = 0.069, As = 4351 mm2 Or As = 1243 mm2/m

r = As,req/bd = 1243 x 100/(1000 x 260) = 0.48%

Basic l/d = 20.3 x 1.2 = 24.4 (K = 1.2 for at slab condition) Figure 3.2
actual l/d = 9000 / 260 = 34.6
Increase area of steel to reduce steel stress, assume H20 @ 225 ctrs (1400 mm2)
Approximate steel stress at SLS = 236 MPa Figure 3.3
Therefore approximate steel stress, ss, when As,prov = 1400 mm2
ss = 236 x 1243/1400 = 210 MPa
Increased basic l/d = 24.4 x 310/210 = 36 > 34.6 =OK

=Use H20 @ 225 ctrs As,prov = 1400 mm2

Comments 1. The design in the orthogonal direction has not been included.
2. For the design of the strips across two panels only, coefcients from
Table 3.20 are not appropriate.

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Worked example 5 <a^\d^][r La^^mgh'
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TCC Aug 09

Imposed load = 2.5 kN/m2

Superimposed load
= 1.5 kN/m2

750 Concrete class: C28/35

cnom = 26 mm
Topping thickness = 100 mm

1000
7200

Initial sizing Using Economic concrete frame elements: 255 mm

or 7200/29 = 248 mm, say 250 mm
Assume self-weight = 4.0 kN/m2 Table 2.9c
Loading ULS = 1.35 (4.0 + 1.5) + 1.5 (2.5) = 11.2 kN/m2

Bending Check sagging moment in end bay

d = 250 26 6 8 = 210 mm
BS EN 1992-1-1:
Effective length = 6.2 + 2 x 1/2 x 0.210 = 6.41 m Fig 5.4
M = 0.075Fl = 0.075 x 11.2 x 6.412 x 0.75 = 25.9 kN/m per rib Table 3.20
For b = 750, d = 210, fck = 28
K = 0.030, As,req = 291 mm2 (z = 200 mm)
x = 2.5 (210 200) = 25 mm

= N.A. in ange design as rectangular section

Deection r = As,req/Ac = 291 x 100/(125 x 110 + 750 x 100) = 0.33%

Reduction factor for anged section = 1 0.1 x ((750/125) 1) = 0.5 = use 0.8. Table 3.25
Basic l/d = 0.8 x 33 x 1.3 = 34.3 (K = 1.3 for end span condition)
actual l/d = 7200 / 210 = 34.3 =OK

A142 mesh
100
150

H6
H16

10 125 10

65
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OB CCIP - 018
Worked example 6 <a^\d^][r La^^mgh'
MS WS1
Wafe slab
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Aug 09

Imposed load = 2.5 kN/m2

Superimposed load
7200 = 1.5 kN/m2
Concrete class: C28/35
cnom = 26 mm
9000

Initial sizing Using Economic concrete frame elements: 425 mm thick

(i.e. 325 moulds + 100 topping)
or 9000/20 = 450, say 425 thick Section 2.9
Assume self-weight = 7.3 kN/m2 Table 2.9c
Ultimate load n = 1.35 (7.3 + 1.5) + 1.5 (2.5) = 15.6 kN/ m2
There is a substantial beam along the column strips, which can therefore
resist torsion at the corners. Design as a two-way spanning slab.
ly 9.0
= = 1.25
lx 7.2
Interpolating for a corner panel
Hogging moments bsx = 0.066, Sagging moments bsx = 0.049 Table 3.17
Bending at support  Msx = bsx nlx2 = 0.066 x 15.6 x 7.22 = 53.4 kN/m width
For ribs @ 900 ctrs
M = 53.4 x 0.9 = 48.0 kNm/rib
For d = 425 26 6 8 = 385 mm, b = 900, fck = 28
Then As,req = 299 mm2 (Taking z = 0.95d and therefore N.A. is in ange)
Deection r = As,req/Ac = 299 x 100/(180 x 285 + 900 x 100) = 0.21%
Deection not critical by inspection Figure 3.2
Use 2 x H16 per rib (As,prov = 402)

,'*/', Stresses
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69
 a) Proposed
loading

b) Unstressed
slab

c) Prestressed
slab

d) Final
condition


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70
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71
 Ikhc^\m]^mZbel <Ze\neZm^][r Ch[gh'
OB CCIP - 018
Worked example 7 <a^\d^][r La^^mgh'
MS PT1
Post-tensioned slab
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Aug 09

Imposed load = 5 kN/m2

7000

Superimposed dead load

= 1.25 kN/m2
7000

Concrete class C32/40

9000 9000 9000 9000

Initial sizing 9000/36 = 250 mm thick (Economic concrete frame elements: 249 mm) Table 2.22
Geometry Area of concrete, Ac = 7000 x 250 = 1750 x 103 mm2
Second moment of area, Ic = 7000 x 2503/12 = 9.11 x 109 mm4
Distance to extreme bres from neutral axis, yb = yt = 125 mm
Section modulus, Zb = Zt = 9.11 x 109/125 = 72.9 x 106
Strand diameter = 12.9 mm 60
125
Minimum cover = 20 mm
a
Distance to centre of strand = 60 mm 125
Tendon profile for end span (most critical):
60
Idealised tendon
shape for initial a = 250 60 60 65 = 98
2
design only
Number of Characteristic value of maximum force, 186 kN Table 3.29
strands required Initial prestress = 0.8 x 186 = 149 kN (allow for 80% of characteristic force)
Prestress in service condition = 0.7 x 149 = 104 kN (allow for 10% loss
at transfer and 20% loss at service, check in detailed design)
Balance dead loads with prestressing
P = ws2/(8a) = 7 x 6 x 92/(8 x 0.098) = 4339 kN Section 3.16.2
=
No. of tendons required = 4339/104 = 41.7, try 9 x 5 strands per duct
Total force = 4680 kN
Moments (SLS) Applied loads wa = 7 x (6.25 + 1.25 + 5) = 87.5 kN/m
Balancing load wb = 8aP/s2 = 8 x 0.098 x 4160 / 92 = 40.2 kN/m
Balanced moment M (wa wb) l2/10 = (87.5 40.2) x 92/10 = 383.1 kNm
Mid-span stresses P + M = 4680 x 103 + 383.1 x 106 = 2.7 + 5.3 = 8.0 N/mm2
st = Section 3.16.3
Act Zt 1750 x 103 72.9 x 106
For class C32/40 allowable compressive stress is 12.8 N/mm2 = OK Table 3.30
P M = 4680 x 103 383.1 x 106 = 2.7 5.3 = 2.6 N/mm2
sb = Section 3.16.3
Act Zb 1750 x 103 72.9 x 106
For class C32/40 allowable tensile stress is 2.7 N/mm2 = OK Table 3.30
Comments Stresses at the support and punching shear should also be checked
at this stage for a at slab (see 3.12.3)
It is assumed that deection, the ULS requirements and transfer
requirements can be met with passive reinforcement in detailed design,
as is usually the case.

72
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74
 =^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhgl

Ikhc^\m]^mZbel <Ze\neZm^][r Ch[gh'

OB CCIP - 018
Worked example 8 <a^\d^][r La^^mgh'
MS C1
Column
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Aug 09

Imposed load = 5 kN/m2

7500

300 Superimposed load

= 1.5 kN/m2
Concrete class: C32/40
cnom = 35 mm
7500

Column

9000 9000

Loads Column supports 4 storeys

Ultimate load per oor = 1.35 (0.3 x 25 + 1.5) + 1.5 x 5 = 19.7 kN/m2
Total ultimate axial load = 4 x 19.7 x 7 x 9
N = 4952 kN
Initial sizing Using Economic concrete frame elements 450 mm square
Column design NEd/bhfck = 4952 x 103/(4502 x 32) = 0.76

Take minimum moment as 4952 x 0.02 = 99 kNm (assume column is

not slender)
MEd/bh2fck = 99 x 106/(4503 x 32) = 0.03
d2 = 35 + 8 +16 = 59 mm
d2/h = 59/450 = 0.13

Use column graph for d2/h = 0.15

Asfyk/bhfck = 0.35
As = 0.35 x 4502 x 32/500 = 4536 mm2
Use 6 H32 (As,prov = 4830 mm2)

H8 links
@ 300 ctrs
450

H25

450

75
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o^kmb\ZeZ\mbhg[rma^i^k\^gmZ`^`bo^gbgMZ[e^,',.'

MZ[e^,',.
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- / 1 *) *+ *- */
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1 )'+1 )'+0 )'+0 )'+/ )'+/ )'+/ )'+/
2 )'+/ )'+. )'+. )'+. )'+. )'+- )'+-

,'*1'+ Walls with unequal stiffness

Pa^k^lmZ[bebmrpZeelk^lblmbg`ZeZm^kZeehZ]Zk^ghmh_^jnZelmb__g^ll%Zmhklbhgpbee[^bg]n\^]
Zg]ma^[nbe]bg`pbeempblmbgieZgb_mablghmZ]^jnZm^erk^lblm^]'Bm\Zg[^Zllnf^]maZmma^
hhk]bZiakZ`fblbggbm^erlmb__Zg]ma^k^_hk^ma^eZm^kZeehZ]hgma^pZeel\Zg[^Ziihkmbhg^]
Z\\hk]bg`mhma^bklmb__g^ll!l^^?b`nk^,'*+"'

Shear
centre

?b`nk^,'*+
y e Lateral load La^Zk\^gmk^_hk
lmZ[bebmrpZeel

Ma^la^Zk\^gmk^!\^gmk^h_lmb__g^ll"\Zg[^\Ze\neZm^]nlbg`ma^_heehpbg`^qik^llbhg3

77
 Ikhc^\m]^mZbel <Ze\neZm^][r Ch[gh'
OB CCIP - 018
Worked example 9 <a^\d^][r La^^mgh'
MS SW1
Shear walls
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Aug 09

Q k,w Assume critical combination is 1.0 Gk + 1.5 Qk,w where Qk,w is

wind load.
40 kN gk = 35 kN/m
Assuming the oor load is 4000 kN supported on
3.0 m 8 columns, the horizontal action due to imperfections
= 0.25% x 4000 = 10 kN
75 kN gk = 35 kN/m
ft =N M
Lt (tL2/6)
3.0 m
N = 1.0 x 35 x 4 x 2.5 + 0.200 x 12 x 2.5 x 25 = 500 kN
75 kN gk = 35 kN/m MEd = 1.5((40 + 10) x 12 + (75 + 10)(9 + 6 + 3)) = 3195 kNm
500 x 103 3195 x 106
3.0 m ft =
2500 x 200 (200 x 25002/6) ?b`nk^,'**
gk = 35 kN/m La^Zk\^gmk^_hk
75 kN = 1.0 15.3 lmZ[bebmrpZeel
= 14.3 N/mm2
3.0 m 200 mm
thick wall Assume that the tension is resisted by 1 m at the end of the wall.
0.5 ft Lt t
As =
2.5 m fyd

= 0.5 x 14.3 x 1000 x 200 = 3287 mm2 or 1644 mm2/face

435

Use T20s @ 175 ctrs (1800 mm2/face)

Comment This design assumes that the base is sufcient to resist overturning. When designing the base
for overturning the EQU category should be used rather than STR as used here.

: fhf^gm Zkbl^l [^\Znl^ ma^ la^Zk \^gmk^ bl h__l^m Zg] \Zg [^ \Ze\neZm^]% Zg] pZeel bg ma^
hkmah`hgZe]bk^\mbhg\Zg[^]^lb`g^]mhk^lblmma^fhf^gm%l^^Phkd^]^qZfie^*)'

,'*1', Detailing
FZqbfnfZg]fbgbfnfZk^Zlh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm
Ma^fZqbfnfZk^Zh_^bma^kma^m^glbhghk\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmbl-h_ma^`khll\khll&
l^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_ma^\hg\k^m^'Ma^fbgbfnfi^k\^gmZ`^lZk^)'+_hko^kmb\Zek^bg_hk\^f^gm
Zg])'*_hkahkbshgmZek^bg_hk\^f^gm!hk+.h_ma^o^kmb\Zek^bg_hk\^f^gmb_`k^Zm^k"'

,'*1'- Fire resistance

Ma^pZee]bf^glbhglZg]Zqbl]blmZg\^lahne][^\hfiZk^]pbmama^k^jnbk^f^gmlbgMZ[e^,',/%
pab\abl[Zl^]hg>nkh\h]^+%IZkm*+'Ma^Zqbl]blmZg\^%Z%blma^]blmZg\^_khfma^_Z\^h_ma^
\hg\k^m^mhma^\^gmk^h_ma^fZbg[ZkZg]ma^]^lb`g^klahne]^glnk^maZm3

Z6\ghf$f ebgd$f [Zk(+'

78
 =^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhgl

Ikhc^\m]^mZbel <Ze\neZm^][r Ch[gh'

OB CCIP - 018
Worked example 10 <a^\d^][r La^^mgh'
JB SW2
Shear walls with varying stiffness
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Dec 06

60.0
y 5.0 Floor-to-oor height = 3.6 m

W4 8.0
Shear W2
centre
25.0
W1
10.0
W3

5.0 e

Wind force, take as 1.0 kN/m2

The relative stiffness of the walls can be calculated as follows (note as the
walls are rectangular and the same thickness we can use the depth only)
W1 = 103 = 1000 m3
W2 = 83 = 512 m3
Total = 1512 m3

y = 0.1 x 1000 + 59.9 x 512 = 20.3 m

1512
Eccentricity, e = 30 20.3 = 9.7 m
Twisting moment, Mt = 9.7 x 1.0 x 60 x 3.6 = 2095 kNm per oor
In the worst case this moment can be resisted by the walls W3 and W4 only,
the force (F) in each wall is:
F = 2095/24.8 = 84.5 kN per oor
To check for the critical case the direct design force on the walls W3 and W4
from the wind parallel to these walls = 1.0 x 3.6 x 25/2 = 45 kN, and
therefore the forces imposed by the twisting action are more onerous and
should be used for design.
Comments This layout is not particularly eccentric and yet still imposes
large torsional forces.

MZ[e^,',/
Fbgbfnfk^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^pZee]bf^glbhglZg]Zqbl]blmZg\^l_hkehZ]&[^Zkbg`_hk_bk^k^lblmZg\^
LmZg]Zk]_bk^ Fbgbfnf]bf^glbhgl!ff"PZeemab\dg^ll(Zqbl]blmZg\^%Z%h_ma^fZbg[Zkl
k^lblmZg\^
PZee^qihl^]hghg^lb]^!_b6)'0" PZee^qihl^]hgmphlb]^l!_b6)'0"
K>B/) *,)(*)Z *-)(*)Z
K>B2) *-)(+. *0)(+.
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K>B+-) +0)(/) ,.)(/)
D^r
Z GhkfZeerma^k^jnbk^f^gmlh_;L>G*22+**pbee]^m^kfbg^ma^\ho^k'
Ghm^l
* Ma^mZ[e^blmZd^g_khf;L>G*22+*+mZ[e^.'-'
+ Ma^kZmbhh_]^lb`g_bk^ehZ]mhghkfZem^fi^kZmnk^]^lb`gehZ]%_b%fZr\hgl^koZmbo^er[^mZd^gZl)'0'

79
 ,'*2 Ground-bearing slabs
?hkma^inkihl^h_]^lb`g%`khng]&[^Zkbg`leZ[l\Zg[^]bob]^]bgmhmph\Zm^`hkb^l3
1GhkfZeerehZ]^]leZ[l_hk`^g^kZenl^_hkpab\alakbgdZ`^blma^`ho^kgbg`\kbm^kbhg'
2A^ZoberehZ]^]leZ[l_hkbg]nlmkbZenl^'

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fZ]^mhMK,-%<hg\k^m^bg]nlmkbZe`khng]hhklT+1V'

?hkghkfZeerehZ]^]leZ[lpbmaZgbfihl^]ehZ]nimh*)dG(f+ma^_heehpbg``nb]Zg\^\Zg[^
nl^]3
 Nl^\hg\k^m^<eZll<+.(,)'
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 =^ima%k^bg_hk\^f^gmZg]chbgmliZ\bg`k^jnbk^f^gml\Zg[^]^m^kfbg^]_khfMZ[e^,',0'
Ghm^maZmma^mab\d^kma^leZ[ma^\ehl^kma^fho^f^gmchbgmllahne][^'

MZ[e^,',0
FZqbfnfliZ\bg`h_fho^f^gmchbgml_hk`khng][^Zkbg`leZ[l!f"
?Z[kb\k^bg_hk\^f^gm LeZ[mab\dg^ll!ff"
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:+.+ -- ,0 ,* +1 +.
:,2, /2 .1 -2 -- ,1
Ngk^bg_hk\^] / / / /

,'+) Shallow foundations

,'+)'* Key considerations
 L^mme^f^gmh_m^g\hgmkhelma^]^lb`g'
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lhbe[^Zkbg`\ZiZ\bmrZg]fZrfZd^ma^lmkn\mnk^[nhrZgm'Ma^e^o^eZ]cZ\^gmmhkbo^klZg]
ma^l^Z\Zg[^^qi^\m^]mhn\mnZm^'

,'+)'+ Allowable bearing pressure

:g^lmbfZm^h_ZeehpZ[e^[^Zkbg`ik^llnk^l_hkmrib\Zelhbel_hng]bgma^ND\Zg[^h[mZbg^]_khf
MZ[e^l,',1mh,'-*Zg]?b`nk^,'*,_hk`kZgneZklhbel'

80
 =^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhgl

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+ :eehpZ[e^[^Zkbg`ik^llnk^lZk^`^g^kZeeraZeo^]bgma^ik^l^g\^h_pZm^k'

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i^[[e^l'IeZlmb\leb`amerlbemr\eZr'
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?hk_nkma^kbg_hkfZmbhgl^^<aZg]e^kT,*V

81
 MZ[e^,'-*
Ng]kZbg^]la^Zklmk^g`mah_\ha^lbo^fZm^kbZel!;Zl^]hgmZ[e^/h_;L1))-"
<hglblm^g\r Ng]kZbg^]!bff^]bZm^"
BgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbma Pb]^ernl^] ?b^e]bg]b\Zmbhgl la^Zklmk^g`madG(f+
;L.2,) ]^l\kbimbhgl
O^krlmb__ O^krlmb__hkaZk] ;kbmme^hko^krmhn`a 7*.)
Lmb__ Lmb__ <Zgghm[^fhne]^]bgma^g`^kl *))*.)
?bkfmhlmb__ 0.*))
?bkf ?bkf <Zg[^fhne]^]bgma^g`^kl[r .)0.
Lh_mmhkf lmkhg`ik^llnk^ -).)
Lh_m Lh_m >Zlberfhne]^]bgma^g`^kl +)-)
O^krlh_m O^krlh_m >qn]^l[^mp^^gma^g`^klpa^g 5+)
ljn^^s^]bgma^lm

700

600
Allowable bearing pressure (kN/m2)

Very dense
to limit settlement to 25 mm

500
Dense
N = 50
400

N = 40
300
N = 30
Medium dense
200
N = 20
100
Loose N = 10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Foundation width (m)
Ghm^
G6lmZg]Zk]i^g^mkZmbhgm^lmG&oZen^l

?b`nk^,'*,
<aZkm_hk^lmbfZmbg`ZeehpZ[e^[^Zkbg`ik^llnk^hg`kZgneZkfZm^kbZenlbg`lmZg]Zk]i^g^mkZmbhgm^lm
=bZ`kZf3M^ksZ`abZg]I^\d

,'+* Piled foundations

,'+*'* Pilecap design
Ma^k^Zk^mph`^g^kZeerZ\\^im^]f^mah]l_hkibe^\Zi]^lb`g3
 Nlbg`[^g]bg`ma^hkr%bgpab\a\Zl^ma^rfZr[^]^lb`g^]ZlZ[^Zf!l^^L^\mbhg,'2"'
 Nlbg`mknllZgZeh`r%pab\ablik^l^gm^]bgMZ[e^,'-+_hkmph&%mak^^&Zg]_hnk&ibe^ibe^\Zil'

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?b`nk^,'*-'

82
 =^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhgl

The force in pil e a is given by :

a
 a 
ya 
a 

 
where
N = number of pi le s in g roup
P = t otal lo ad appli ed
M = bendi ng moment a ppli ed
y = local di stan ce of the pi l e
fr om the n eutral axis of the group
ya = loc al di stan ce of pi l e a
from the n eutral axis of the g roup

?b`nk^,'*-
Ibe^_hk\^l_hkeZk`^ibe^\Zil

MZ[e^,'-+
MknllZgZeh`r_hkibe^\Zi]^lb`g
Ibe^\ZieZrhnm M^glbhg_hk\^bgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
?m6Ie(!+]"
pa^k^
I6ehZ]bgma^\henfg
e6]blmZg\^_khf\henfgmhibe^!l^^]bZ`kZf"
2l ]6^__^\mbo^]^ima


?m!:;"6?m!;<"6?m!:<"
6+Ie(!2]"
pa^k^
2l

I6ehZ]bgma^\henfg
e6]blmZg\^_khf\henfgmhibe^!l^^]bZ`kZf"
]6^__^\mbo^]^ima

2l


?m!:;"6?m!:<"6?m!;="6?m!<="
6Ie(!-]"
A B
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2l
pa^k^
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C D
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2l

Ghm^l
*Pa^k^\henfglbs^blmZd^gbgmhZ\\hngmma^k^fZr[^^_\b^g\b^lmh[^`Zbg^]'
+BmblnlnZemhliZ\^ibe^lZmmak^^mbf^lma^bk]bZf^m^k'

,'+*'+ Piles in cohesive material

Ma^ZeehpZ[e^[^Zkbg`\ZiZ\bmrh_Zibe^bg\ha^lbo^fZm^kbZebl`bo^g[r3
Jl J [ a \ :l \ G :
JZ 6 $ 6 $ n \ [
gl g[ gl g[

83
 pa^k^
 Jl 6 ehZ]\Zkkb^]hgma^laZ_m
 J[ 6 ehZ]\Zkkb^]hgma^[Zl^
a 6 Z]a^lbhg_Z\mhk'?hk[hk^]ibe^lnl^)',_hka^Zoberllnk^]\eZrZg])'-._hkkf
mhlmb__\eZr'?hk]kbo^gibe^lnl^Ghk]eZg]lZ]a^lbhg_Z\mhkl!l^^?b`nk^,'*."
 \ 6 Zo^kZ`^ng]kZbg^]la^Zklmk^g`maho^kma^e^g`mah_ma^ibe^
:l 6 lnk_Z\^Zk^Zh_ma^ibe^!p ]e%pa^k^ ] 6]bZf^m^kh_ibe^Zg] e6e^g`mah_ibe^"
gl 6 _Z\mhkh_lZ_^mrhgma^laZ_m!nl^,')"
 \n 6 ng]blmnk[^]la^Zklmk^g`maZmma^[Zl^h_ma^ibe^
G\ 6 F^r^kah_l[^Zkbg`\ZiZ\bmr_Z\mhk!nl^2')"
:[ 6 Zk^Zh_ma^ibe^[Zl^!p k+"
g[ 6 _Z\mhkh_lZ_^mrhgma^[Zl^!nl^+'."

MZ[e^,'-,\Zg[^nl^]mhehhdnima^[Zl^\ZiZ\bmr'

1.00

L < 10B
0.75 Sand or
Adhesion factor

sandy
L = 20B gravel
0.50
L Stiff clay
B
L > 40B
0.25

0
0 50 100 150 200
2
Undrained shear strength, cu (kN/m )

1.00

L > 20B
0.75
Adhesion factor

Soft clay

0.50
L = 10B L Stiff clay
B
0.25

0
0 50 100 150 200
2
Undrained shear strength, cu (kN/m )

1.00

0.75
Adhesion factor

L > 40B

0.50 L Stiff clay

B
L = 10B
0.25

0
0 50 100 150 200
2
Undrained shear strength, cu (kN/m )

?b`nk^,'*.
Ghk]eng]lZ]a^lbhg_Z\mhkl_hk]kbo^gibe^l

84
 =^lb`g\Ze\neZmbhgl

MZ[e^,'-,
:eehpZ[e^ibe^[Zl^\ZiZ\bmb^l\ n G \ : [ (g [ !dG"
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\n!dG(f+" ,)) -.) /)) 0.) 2))
.) *, +2 .* 1) **.
/) *. ,- /* 2. *,0
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1) +) -/ 1* *+0 *1,
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OB CCIP - 018
Worked example 11 <a^\d^][r La^^mgh'
JB BP1
Bored pile in clay
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Dec 06

2
Find safe working load of a 450 mm diameter bored pile in clay
0m c u = 70 kN/m
Qf = ac As + cu Nc Ab
gs gb
Qf = 0.45 (70 + 170)/2 p x 0.45 x 10 + 170 x 9 x p x 0.2252
3.0 2.5
= 254 + 97.3

2
= 351 kN
10 m c u = 170 kN/m

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OB CCIP - 018
Worked example 12 <a^\d^][r La^^mgh'
JB BP2
Bored pile in sand
<eb^gm =Zm^
TCC Dec 06

Find safe working load of a 450 mm diameter bored pile in sand

0m Nq* Ab qo + As qo,mean ks tand
Qa =
gf
Take h = 33, l/d = 10000/450 = 22.2
Medium = Nq* 41
dense
sand 41 x p x 0.2252 x 18 x 10 + p x 0.45 x 10 x 18 x 5 x 0.387 x tan 33
Qa =
3
1174 + 320
Qa =
3
10 m = 498 kN

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90
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 :grhma^kbg_hkfZmbhgk^jnbk^]mh^gZ[e^Z\hlm^lmbfZm^mh[^ik^iZk^]

-'+ Critical details

Ma^\kbmb\Ze]^mZbelikhob]^]a^k^Zk^[rghf^Zglma^\hfie^m^kZg`^h_]^mZbelmaZmfZr
[^^g\hngm^k^]'F^k^erk^ikh]n\bg`ma^l^bgma^^qZfbgZmbhgpbeeghm]^fhglmkZm^
rhnk \hfi^m^g\r mh ma^ ^qZfbg^kl4 ma^ ]^mZbel pbee g^^] mh [^ Z]Zim^] mh ma^
iZkmb\neZk\bk\nflmZg\^lh_rhnk]^lb`g'Ma^jn^lmbhgnlnZeerghm^lma^\kbmb\Ze]^mZbel
Zk^ _hk ^lmbfZmbg` inkihl^l4 lh bg ma^ mbf^ ZoZbeZ[e^ rhn lahne] ^glnk^ maZm rhn ikhob]^
ma^]^mZbelmaZmpbeeaZo^ma^fhlm^__^\mhgma^\hlmh_ma^ikhc^\m%ghmma^]^mZbelmaZmZk^
^Zlb^lmmhikh]n\^'

91
 A B C

150 3750 4250 150

150

600 dp x 300
1
250

500
150

200
400 dp x 300
600 dp x 300

150
7000

300 dp x 250
3450
200 1650
150
wall
600 dp x 300

SFL = 112.150
Up Down
1100

150
X X
2
400 dp x 300 Column
500 x 300
600 dp x 300
3000

150
150

600 dp x 300
3
150

FLOOR LAYOUT

All columns 300 x 300, centred on grid unless noted otherwise

SFL = 112.150

600 600 600

150
300

SECTION X - X

?b`nk^-'*
>qZfie^h_`^g^kZeZkkZg`^f^gm]kZpbg`_hkZ\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^

92
 IeZgl%l^\mbhgl%^e^oZmbhglZg]\kbmb\Ze]^mZbel

-'+'* Foundations
MZ[e^-'*
Mrib\Zeibe^\Zilbs^l!ff"
=bZf^m^k =^ima E^g`ma%E +&ibe^ ,&ibe^ZkkZg`^f^gm
ZkkZg`^f^gm
;k^Z]ma%; Q R S
[k^Z]ma%;
,)) 0)) *.)) /)) *-)) ..) /)) ./)
-.) *))) +*)) 0.) *2)) 0)) 0.) 0/)
/)) *-)) +0)) 2)) +-.) 1.) 2)) 20)
0.) *1)) ,,)) *).) ,))) *))) *).) **0)
2)) ++)) ,2)) *+)) ,..) **.) *+)) *,0)
*+)) ,))) .*)) *.)) -.2) *-.) *.)) *01)
*.)) ,1)) /,)) *1)) .//) *0.) *1)) +*2)
Ghm^
=bf^glbhglE%;%Q%RZg]SZk^`bo^gbg?b`nk^-'+'

B L
B
Z
X
L

L L

?b`nk^-'+
Mrib\Zeibe^\ZieZrhnml

L-bars to provide anchorage,

attached to pile reinforcement
with couplers
Top of Pile cut down to
pilecap cut-off level

Damp-proof
membrane
75 mm Blinding 75 mm

Pile reinforcement

a) Pile and pilecap connection b) Pile and pilecap connection for

large diameter bars

?b`nk^-',
Ibe^Zg]ibe^\Zi\hgg^\mbhgl

:]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'

93
 Internal wall
In-situ concrete
Screed
Mesh reinforcement Damp-proof
FFL course Insulation
In-situ RC
slab Damp-proof
Insulation membrane
Blinding Blinding

Damp-proof Well compacted

membrane Well compacted
sub-base sub-base
Blinding
Blinding

a) Internal strip foundation b) Perimeter strip foundation

Faade Facade

In-situ screed
In-situ RC slab on sub-base
Damp-proof Reinforcement
course TOC

Insulation
Damp-proof
Top of pilecap course
Damp-proof 100 mm
membrane Precast hollowcore unit
Blinding
Well compacted
Blinding Concrete strip foundation
sub-base

Blinding
c) Typical perimeter pile cap and ground bearing d) Strip foundation supporting pre-cast unit
slab interface

Existing New RC column

column
Resin-anchored starter bars
RC slab

Damp-proof
membrane

Blinding 450
Sub-base min 75
Existing New concrete Resin-anchored dowel
concrete foundation bars
foundation

e) Strengthening existing foundation f) Connection of column to pad foundation

?b`nk^-'-
LaZeehp_hng]Zmbhgl*

:]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'

94
 IeZgl%l^\mbhgl%^e^oZmbhglZg]\kbmb\Ze]^mZbel

Longitudinal joint
Reinforced Reinforced concrete
concrete column Outline of column Proprietary joint sealant 20 mm wide
base below slab

Transverse joint Isolation joint

(where provided) (See Section
A A below) DPC Sub-base
Compressible filler board 20 mm wide

a) Isolation joint around concrete column: plan d) Wall isolation joint

RC wall
Existing
masonry Concrete foundation
Longitudinal joint
wall
Outline of base
below slab
Damp-proof
membrane
A A

Transverse joint
Blinding
Isolation joint (where provided)

Assumed foundation Mass concrete

to existing wall

b) Isolation joint at steel stanchion: plan e) New structure allowed to load existing building
foundations

Existing
Concrete surround to 20 mm soft joint masonry wall
Compressible filler board stanchion baseplate
Foundation
20 mm wide, joint sealed constructed to finished
with proprietary sealant floor level Compressible
Damp-proof material
membrane
Mass concrete

Blinding
Mass concrete
Sub-base Damp-proof
membrane 50 mm soft joint
filled with
Blinding compressible
material Assumed foundation
to existing wall
c) Section A A f) New structure isolated from existing building
foundations

?b`nk^-'.
LaZeehp_hng]Zmbhgl+

:]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'

95
 -'+'+ Retaining walls

300 mm wide
granular backfill

Water-bar
Weep hole
Drainage pipe

Large radius bend Large radius bend

if required if required

a) Reinforced concrete cantilever wall b) Reinforced concrete basement wall

y x
Precast concrete

Mass concrete

In-situ concrete
base d

c) Precast concrete crib wall d) Mass concrete gravity wall

?b`nk^-'/
K^mZbgbg`lmkn\mnk^l

:]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'

96
 IeZgl%l^\mbhgl%^e^oZmbhglZg]\kbmb\Ze]^mZbel

-'+', Basement walls

Superstructure
Ground floor slab Superstructure

Reinforced
concrete King post
ground beam Ground floor slab
Reinforced concrete
column
X X

In-situ concrete to give Y Y

Secant pile
flush surface for Reinforced concrete
wall
waterproofing system basement wall
Waterproofing to internal or
Precast concrete
external surface of basement
lagging panels
wall as required
Basement slab Basement slab

Pile

Connection between basement slab

and secant wall if required

a) Secant pile wall used as part of permanent structure c) Temporary king post wall

In-situ concrete
Superstructure Secant pile
wall

Reinforced
concrete Ground floor slab
capping beam
Section X X
Reinforced concrete
column

Z Z
Reinforced Waterproofing to internal
concrete or external surface of
basement wall basement wall as
required
Contiguous Section Y Y
pile wall
Basement slab
In-situ
concrete
infill
Pile

b) Temporary contiguous pile wall Section Z Z


?b`nk^-'0
;Zl^f^gmpZeel :]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'

97
 -'+'- Waterproong

External In-situ
concrete concrete Bitumen sheeting
wall wall
Masonry wall or protective Fillet
board
DPM applied to inner
face of external wall Structural wall
and floor
600 mm zone
50 protective
of selected screed
Concrete floor
backfill

300 mm
zone of
selected 150 min sealed
backfill overlap
Horizontal DPM protected
with 50 screed Concrete
base
Graded
drainage 225 min Sub-base
Fillet material
Drainage pipe
Drainage
pipe
c) Externally applied bitumen sheet tanking
Blinding
DPM concrete
Sub-base
Graded drainage
material

a) Internal damp proof membrane

In-situ concrete wall

40 space flushed
up with mortar
20 min render mortar
Masonry wall
or protective
board
DPM applied to
mortar render 50 protective screed
Outer
on insulating layer
600 mm zone wall
In-situ concrete floor
backfilled with
selected fill Horizontal DPM
protected with Asphalt
50 screed

Blinding concrete
Graded
drainage
material

Fillet
Sub-base

d) Internally applied asphalt tanking:

200
Drainage pipe vertical loading with masonry
min Fillet

b) Example of damp proof membrane applied externally

?b`nk^-'1
MZgd^]pZm^kikhhg`himbhgl
!Mri^:" :]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'

98
 IeZgl%l^\mbhgl%^e^oZmbhglZg]\kbmb\Ze]^mZbel

Protection
Tanking
Fillet
Fillet

150
Stabilising beam

Pile cap
Isolated pile groups

?b`nk^-'2
MZgd^]\hg\k^m^[Zl^f^gm\Zkkb^]hgibe^l

Slab reinforcement
Column Cavity drain former
50 Blockwork wall
Cavity former cut Screed Cavity drainage former
around columns
TOC Screed
SSL
Reinforced 100 mm min.
Laid to falls concrete wall

Foundation
Pile
Drainage gulley

a)Cavity system at column position b)Junction of floor and wall cavitiy systems

?b`nk^-'*)
Mrib\Ze\Zobmr]kZbgZ`^!Mri^<"

Drainage channel
Floor finishes

Reinforced in-situ
concrete
Blinding

Waterproof
render Chamfer at internal
and external corners

Selected backfill
Tanked waterproofing
system

Blinding Drainage pipe

Graded drainage material

?b`nk^-'**
Lpbffbg`ihhepZm^kikhhg`

:]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'

99
 -'+'. Cladding

Horizontal restraint
brackets
Cladding
panel
Shims

RC frame
Fixing between bracket
and RC frame

Precast
concrete
panel
Shims for vertical
tolerance
Horizontal restraint
bracket
Steel angle supporting cladding
panel fixed to RC frame

a) Cladding panel fixed to reinforced concrete upstand b) Precast concrete cladding supported by concrete beam

Serrated face for vertical

adjustment
Cladding bracket allows
for vertical and horizontal
Precast concrete adjustment Cladding bracket
cladding panels

Precast concrete
cladding panels
RC concrete
Cast-in socket
with cross pin Expansion anchor or cast-in
(or vertical cast-in channel) Soft joint channel and serrated cleat,
and plate washer for lateral
adjustment

c) Horizontal fixing for precast concrete cladding d) Load bearing and horizontal restraint fixing
panel for precast cladding panels

In-situ concrete frame

In-situ concrete frame

Adjustment

Cladding
Cladding bracket panel

Range of
Precast concrete movement
cladding panel

e) Cladding bracket with three degrees of adjustment f) Fixing detail to allow movement

Note: any steel connected to external elements should be galvanised or, more durably, stainless steel.

?b`nk^-'*+
Mrib\Zeqbg`]^mZbel_hk
ik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^iZg^el :]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'

100
 IeZgl%l^\mbhgl%^e^oZmbhglZg]\kbmb\Ze]^mZbel

In-situ concrete
Insulation Insulation

In-situ concrete
Tie
Retained
faade
Fixing to
RC frame
Cavity tray
Lateral Soft joint
restraint Lateral
fixing Continuous formed
angle brickwork restraint fixing
Soft joint support system
(stainless steel) Fixing to frame allows
vertical movement

Tie into
brickwork

a) Brickwork supported at floor level b) Retained faade

?b`nk^-'*,
?bqbg`h_fZlhgkr_ZZ]^l

-'+'/ Waterstops

Outside Inside

Blinding

a) Construction floor joint b) Construction wall joint

with external waterstop with external waterstop

Recess cast in
concrete

Hydrophilic
strip

c) Construction joint with d) Floor-to-wall joint with

hydrophilic strip external waterstop

?b`nk^-'*-
Mrib\ZeZiieb\Zmbhglh_pZm^klmhil

:]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'

101
 -'+'0 Movement joints
Non-absorbent
Sealing compound joint filter

No steel
continuity

Shear connector
Expansion type Initial gap for
waterstop expansion

a) Expansion joint d) Movement joint in a suspended slab with shear transfer

Joint sealing No concrete continuity

compound and no initial gap
Reinforced
concrete
column

No steel
continuity
Soft joint

Waterstop
Sealant

b) Complete contraction joint e) Movement joint at column location

Joint sealing No concrete continuity Expansion joint suitable

compound and no initial gap for traffic
Sealant

Steel
continuity Sealant
50% Soft joint

Waterstop
Waterstop

c) Partial contraction joint f) Movement joint suitable for traffic

?b`nk^-'*.
Fho^f^gmchbgml

:]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'

102
 IeZgl%l^\mbhgl%^e^oZmbhglZg]\kbmb\Ze]^mZbel

-'+'1 Superstructure

a) Reinforced beam to column connection b) Transfer beam connection

Screed
New RC slab
X X

Existing column
15 mm soft joint
New reinforced
10 mm steel plate concrete slab

Plan Section X X

c) Detailing to avoid new slab loading existing column

Structural topping
Reinforcement projecting from
Hollowcore unit in-situ beam bent down into
structural topping

Minimum 100 mm Reinforcement to

bearing 2 cores per unit

In-situ beam

d) Precast unit supported on in-situ beam (hybrid construction)

?b`nk^-'*/
Lni^klmkn\mnk^]^mZbel

:]Zimma^l^]bZ`kZflmhlnbm&=HGMcnlmk^ikh]n\^ma^f'@bo^]bf^glbhglpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'

103
 . Method statement and programme
(section 2e)
.'* Method statement
Ma^ f^mah] lmZm^f^gm lahne] [^ pkbmm^g _hk ma^ iZkmb\neZk \bk\nflmZg\^l h_ ma^ ikhc^\m4
ma^ ^qZfbg^kl Zk^ ehhdbg` _hk f^mah] lmZm^f^gml maZm ]^fhglmkZm^ Zg ng]^klmZg]bg` h_
ma^\hglmkn\mbhgikh\^llZg]ahpmh[nbe]lZ_^er'Ma^f^mah]lmZm^f^gmZg]ikh`kZff^
mh`^ma^k Zk^ phkma cnlm *) h_ ma^ fZkdl% lh ma^k^ bl `^g^kZeer ghm fn\a mbf^ ZoZbeZ[e^
mh\hfie^m^mabliZkmh_ma^jn^lmbhg'<Zg]b]Zm^lm^g]mhknglahkmh_mbf^Zmma^^g]h_
ma^^qZfbgZmbhgZg]lhmabliZkmblnlnZeerghmp^ee^q^\nm^]'G^o^kma^e^llma^k^Zk^fZkdl
ZoZbeZ[e^Zg]^o^kr^__hkmlahne][^fZ]^mhikhob]^Z\e^Zkf^mah]lmZm^f^gm'

.'*'* General contents of the method statement

Ma^f^mah]lmZm^f^gmlahne]]^l\kb[^ahpma^\Zg]b]Zm^\hglb]^klmaZmma^li^\b\[nbe]bg`bg
ma^jn^lmbhg\Zg[^lZ_^er\hglmkn\m^]'Ma^_heehpbg`hnmebg^fZrikho^nl^_ne3

Ik^ebfbgZkb^l
Ma^lbm^l^m&nilahne][^hnmebg^]4iZkmb\neZkblln^lmh\hglb]^kZk^3
 Bgm^k_Z\^lpbmama^in[eb\
 Bgm^k_Z\^lpbmaZ]cZ\^gmikhi^kmb^l
 Lbm^eh`blmb\l
 AZg]ebg`h_fZm^kbZel
 IeZgmZg]^jnbif^gmmh[^ikhob]^]%^'`'\kZg^l

L^jn^g\^h_phkd
 B]^gmb_rma^l^jn^g\^h_phkdZg]ma^]^i^g]^g\b^l[^mp^^g^Z\aZ\mbobmr
 ;kb^r]^l\kb[^^Z\aZ\mbobmr
 Eblmma^Z\mbobmb^lbgZeh`b\Zehk]^k
 Ab`aeb`amd^rk^lmkZbgmlZg]ahpma^r\Zg[^ho^k\hf^
 L^\mbhg+'0'*ab`aeb`am^]ahpa^ZemaZg]lZ_^mrkbldllahne][^fbgbfbl^]'F^mah]l_hk
k^]n\bg`Zgrk^fZbgbg`kbldllahne][^bg\en]bg`a^k^

.'*'+ Detailed considerations

Ma^]^lb`g^k\Zgbgn^g\^ma^a^ZemaZg]lZ_^mrkbldlhgZikhc^\m[r\hglb]^kbg`ma^blln^lZmZg
^ZkerlmZ`^4ma^_heehpbg`eblmblZgbg]b\Zmbhgh_Zk^Zlpa^k^]^lb`g^kl\ZgaZo^Zgbgn^g\^3
 K^]n\^ma^k^jnbk^f^gmmhwork at height'
 K^]n\^ma^k^jnbk^f^gmmhphkdbgexcavationsZg]conned spaces%^'`'fbgbfbl^ma^
]^imalh__hng]Zmbhgl'
 :ohb]ma^li^\b\Zmbhgh_fZm^kbZelmaZmZk^difcult to handle^'`'ehg`e^g`malh_-)ff
]bZf^m^kk^bg_hk\bg`[Zk'
 <e^Zker\hgo^rma^eZm^kZestability requirements_hkma^i^kfZg^gmphkdl'
 :ohb]ma^li^\b\Zmbhgh_m^\agbjn^lmaZm`^g^kZm^noise'
 Fbgbfbl^ma^nl^h_m^\agbjn^lmaZm\Znl^vibration'
 <hglb]^kma^]^imah_ma^groundwaterbgma^]^lb`g'
 K^]n\^ma^kbldh_\hgmZ\mpbmacontaminants^'`'li^\b_rmahkhn`albm^bgo^lmb`Zmbhgb_
ma^k^blZkbldh_\hgmZfbgZmbhgb]^gmb^]bgZ]^ldlmn]r'
 B]^gmb_rma^eh\Zmbhgh_utility services'
 <hglb]^kbuoyancy]nkbg`\hglmkn\mbhg'

104
 F^mah]lmZm^f^gmZg]ikh`kZff^

 <hglmkn\mbhg\ehl^mh adjacent properties'

Refurbishment h_^qblmbg`ikhi^kmb^l'
Weight of elements mh[^eb_m^]'
 Mri^lh_lifting equipment ^goblZ`^]_hkma^ikhc^\m'
Temporary propping k^jnbk^f^gml'

.'+ Programme
:lpbmaf^mah]lmZm^f^gml%ma^\Zg]b]Zm^blnlnZeerng]^kmbf^ik^llnk^ZmmabllmZ`^h_ma^
^qZfbgZmbhg[nm%Z`Zbg%bmblZghiihkmngbmrmh]^fhglmkZm^rhnkdghpe^]`^'Ma^bg_hkfZmbhg
ikhob]^] a^k^ bl k^Zeer bgm^g]^] _hk bgbmbZe ikh`kZffbg` hger% not Zl Z ]^mZbe^] `nb]^ hg
\hglmkn\mbhgi^kbh]l'

Mrib\Ze\hglmkn\mbhgkZm^l\Zg[^h[mZbg^]_khfMZ[e^.'*hk?b`nk^.'*'

MZ[e^.'*
Mrib\Ze\hglmkn\mbhgkZm^l
<hglmkn\mbhgmri^ <hglmkn\mbhgkZm^
>lmZ[eblalbm^ +p^^dl
;hk^](<?:ibe^]!/))ff]bZ'q,)f 0i^k]Zr
ehg`"
=kbo^gik^\Zlmibe^l ?khf+))f(]ZraZk]`khng]mh*)))f(]Zrlh_m`khng]
Ghm^
KZm^l`bo^gZk^`^g^kb\Zg]bgm^g]^]hger_hk`nb]Zg\^'

Start
on site
Lead-in time (weeks) Speed on site (weeks/1000 m2/crane)
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
Column/slab construction
Flat slab

Ribbed slab

Waffle slab

One-way slab and band beam

Two-way beam and slab

P/T flat slab If designed by P/T contractor

Hybrid beam and slab

Wall/slab construction

Hybrid twin wall

Precast crosswall

Tunnel form

?b`nk^.'*
E^Z]&bgmbf^lZg]li^^]h_\hglmkn\mbhg

105
 .'+'* Example programmes
?b`nk^l.'+mh.'-lahpma^eZrhnmZg]\hglmkn\mbhgikh`kZff^l_hkma^lmkn\mnkZehimbhgl_hkZ
\hff^k\bZe[nbe]bg`maZmaZo^[^^gmZd^g_khf<hff^k\bZe[nbe]bg`l&\hlmfh]^elmn]rT*,V'

Ma^[nbe]bg`blmak^^lmhk^rlab`aZg]eh\Zm^]hgZ`k^^g&^e]lbm^%bmaZl[^^gZllnf^]maZmhg^
\kZg^aZl[^^gnl^]_hkmabl\hglmkn\mbhg'

A B C D

7500 7500 7500

1
7500

2 E F G H I
7500

7500 7500 7500 7500 7500

3
7500

4
7500

5
7500

?b`nk^.'+
IeZgh_,&lmhk^r\hff^k\bZe[nbe]bg`

Activity Duration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Site set up 2 weeks

Substructure 8 weeks

Remove topsoil and reduced level dig 2 weeks

Pad foundations 4 weeks

Underslab drainage 3 weeks

Ground floor slab 3 weeks

Superstructure 10 weeks

Walls/columns grd to 1st 3 weeks

1st floor slab 4 weeks

Walls/columns 1st to 2nd 3 weeks

2nd floor slab 4 weeks

Walls/columns 2nd to 3rd 3 weeks

3rd floor slab 3 weeks

Roof upstands and bases 2 weeks

?b`nk^.',
<hglmkn\mbhgikh`kZff^_hkZZmleZ[lhenmbhg

106
 F^mah]lmZm^f^gmZg]ikh`kZff^

Activity Duration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Site set up 2 weeks

Substructure 8 weeks

Remove topsoil and reduced level dig 2 weeks

Pad foundations 4 weeks

Underslab drainage 3 weeks

Ground floor slab 3 weeks

Superstructure 13 weeks

Walls/columns grd to 1st 2 weeks

1st floor RC beams 2 weeks

1st floor PC planks 1 week

Walls/columns 1st to 2nd 2 weeks

2nd floor RC beams 2 weeks

2nd floor PC planks 1 week

Walls/columns 2nd to 3rd 2 weeks

3rd floor RC beams 2 weeks

3rd floor PC planks 1 week

Roof upstands and bases 2 weeks

?b`nk^.'-
<hglmkn\mbhgikh`kZff^_hkZar[kb]\hg\k^m^lhenmbhg

107
  :ii^g]bq:3 Robustness requirements
for precast concrete frames
Ma^k^jnbk^f^gml_hkZkh[nlmik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^_kZf^\Zg[^f^m[r]^lb`gbg`_hkma^fbgbfnf
mb^_hk\^l`bo^gbg>nkh\h]^+Zg]ma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q'Ma^_heehpbg`mb^llahne][^ikhob]^]
!l^^Zelh?b`nk^:'*"3
 ?ehhkmb^l\hgg^\mbg`hhklho^kZgbgm^kgZelniihkm'
 I^kbf^m^khhkmb^l\hgg^\mbg`hhklmhZi^kbf^m^klniihkm'
 Bgm^kgZemb^lho^kZgbgm^kf^]bZm^lniihkmi^ki^g]b\neZkmhma^liZgh_ma^hhk'
 I^kbia^kZemb^lZkhng]ma^i^kbf^m^kh_ma^hhk'
 O^kmb\Zemb^l\hgg^\mbg`o^kmb\ZepZeelhk\henfglmhikhob]^\hgmbgnbmr'

Floor ties either uniformaly

distributed or collected
at columns

Continuous
peripheral
Internal ties gable tie
Continuity tie

Ties anchored into

columns where
continuity cannot
be provided

Perimeter floor ties Continuous

(everywhere) peripheral
tie(s)

?b`nk^:'*
?ehhkmb^l_hkZik^\Zlm\hg\k^m^_kZf^T,.V

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Support Precast hollowcore

unit

Note
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with Approved Document A [36] Bgm^kgZehhkmb^lpbmabg
\hg\k^m^mhiibg`

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Gable beam Projecting bars

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110
 :ii^g]bq:3Kh[nlmg^ll

Slot formed in column

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=^lb`gfhf^gm_Z\mhkl_hk\hgmbgnhnl[^ZflpbmaZiikhqbfZm^er^jnZeliZgl

EhZ] =^Z]ehZ]!ZeeliZglehZ]^]" Bfihl^]ehZ]!fZqbfnfh_Zem^kgZm^liZglehZ]^]hk

ZeeliZglehZ]^]"
0.125 0.125
0.070 0.070 0.096 0.096
Uniformly distributed

0.100 0.100 0.117 0.117

0.080 0.025 0.080 0.101 0.075 0.101

0.107 0.071 0.107 0.121 0.107 0.121

0.077 0.036 0.036 0.077 0.099 0.081 0.081 0.099

0.105 0.079 0.079 0.105 0.120 0.111 0.111 0.120

0.078 0.033 0.046 0.033 0.078 0.100 0.079 0.086 0.079 0.100

0.156 0.156
0.095 0.095 0.129 0.129
0.5l

0.125 0.125 0.146 0.146

0.108 0.042 0.108 0.136 0.104 0.136

0.134 0.089 0.134 0.151 0.134 0.151

0.5l

0.104 0.056 0.056 0.104 0.134 0.111 0.111 0.134

0.132 0.099 0.099 0.132 0.150 0.139 0.139 0.150

0.105 0.051 0.068 0.051 0.105 0.135 0.109 0.117 0.109 0.135

0.188 0.188
Concentrated at mid span

0.156 0.156 0.203 0.203

0.150 0.150 0.175 0.175

0.175 0.100 0.175 0.213 0.175 0.213

0.161 0.107 0.161 0.181 0.161 0.181

0.170 0.116 0.116 0.170 0.210 0.183 0.183 0.210

0.158 0.118 0.118 0.158 0.179 0.167 0.167 0.179

0.171 0.112 0.132 0.112 0.171 0.211 0.181 0.191 0.181 0.211
Concentrated at third points

0.167 0.167
0.111 0.111 0.139 0.139

0.133 0.133 0.156 0.156

0.122 0.033 0.122 0.144 0.100 0.144

0.143 0.095 0.143 0.160 0.144 0.160

0.119 0.056 0.056 0.119 0.143 0.111 0.111 0.143

0.140 0.105 0.105 0.140 0.159 0.148 0.148 0.159

0.120 0.050 0.061 0.050 0.120 0.144 0.108 0.115 0.108 0.144

Ghm^l
*;^g]bg`fhf^gm6!\h^_\b^gm"q!mhmZeehZ]hgliZg"q!liZg"'
+;^g]bg`fhf^gm\h^_\b^gm3
:Z[ho^ebg^Ziiermhg^`Zmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gmZmlniihkml'
;[^ehpebg^Ziiermhihlbmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gmbgliZg'
,<h^_\b^gmlZiierpa^gZeeliZglZk^^jnZe!oZkbZmbhglbgma^liZg
e^g`mafnlmghm^q\^^]*.h_ma^ehg`^lm"'
-EhZ]lhg^Z\aehZ]^]liZgZk^^jnZe'
.Fhf^gmh_bg^kmbZlZf^makhn`ahnmZeeliZgl'

117
MZ[e^;'**
=^lb`gla^Zk_hk\^_Z\mhkl_hk\hgmbgnhnl[^ZflpbmaZiikhqbfZm^er^jnZeliZgl
EhZ] =^Z]ehZ]!ZeeliZglehZ]^]" Bfihl^]ehZ]!fZqbfnfh_Zem^kgZm^liZglehZ]^]hk
ZeeliZglehZ]^]"

0.375 0.625 0.438 0.625

0.625 0.375 0.625 0.438
Uniformly distributed

0.400 0.500 0.600 0.450 0.583 0.617

0.600 0.500 0.400 0.617 0.583 0.450

0.393 0.536 0.464 0.607 0.446 0.603 0.571 0.621

0.607 0.464 0.536 0.393 0.621 0.571 0.603 0.446

0.395 0.526 0.500 0.474 0.605 0.447 0.598 0.591 0.576 0.620
0.605 0.474 0.500 0.526 0.395 0.620 0.576 0.591 0.598 0.447

0.344 0.656 0.422 0.656

Triangularly distributed

0.656 0.344 0.656 0.422

0.375 0.500 0.625 0.437 0.605 0.646

0.625 0.500 0.375 0.646 0.605 0.437

0.366 0.545 0.455 0.634 0.433 0.628 0.589 0.651

0.634 0.455 0.545 0.366 0.651 0.589 0.628 0.433

0.369 0.532 0.500 0.468 0.631 0.434 0.622 0.614 0.595 0.649
0.631 0.468 0.500 0.532 0.369 0.649 0.595 0.614 0.622 0.434

0.313 0.688 0.406 0.688

Concentrated at midspan

0.688 0.313 0.688 0.406

0.350 0.500 0.650 0.425 0.625 0.675

0.650 0.500 0.350 0.675 0.625 0.425

0.339 0.554 0.446 0.661 0.420 0.654 0.607 0.681

0.661 0.446 0.554 0.339 0.681 0.607 0.654 0.420

0.342 0.540 0.500 0.460 0.658 0.421 0.647 0.636 0.615 0.679
0.658 0.460 0.500 0.540 0.342 0.679 0.615 0.636 0.647 0.421

0.333 0.667 0.417 0.667

Concentrated at third points

0.667 0.333 0.667 0.417

0.367 0.500 0.633 0.433 0.611 0.656

0.633 0.500 0.367 0.656 0.611 0.433

0.357 0.548 0.452 0.643 0.429 0.637 0.595 0.661

0.643 0.452 0.548 0.357 0.661 0.595 0.637 0.429

0.360 0.535 0.500 0.465 0.640 0.430 0.631 0.621 0.602 0.659
0.640 0.465 0.500 0.535 0.360 0.659 0.602 0.621 0.631 0.480

Ghm^
La^Zk_hk\^6!\h^_\b^gm"q!mhmZeehZ]hghg^liZg"'

118
 :ii^g]bq;3=^lb`gZb]l

MZ[e^;'*+
=^lb`gfhf^gmZg]la^Zk_hk\^_Z\mhkl_hkliZglh_ng^jnZee^g`ma
EhZ] =^Z]ehZ]!ZeeliZglehZ]^]" Bfihl^]ehZ]!fZqbfnfh_Zem^kgZm^liZglehZ]^]hk
ZeeliZglehZ]^]"

Moment
Uniformly distributed

0.277 0.277 0.277 0.277

0.025 0.223 0.025 0.109 0.257 0.109
l 2l l l 2l l

Shear

0.223 1.000 0.777 0.466 1.000 0.534

0.777 1.000 0.223 0.534 1.000 0.466

Moment
0.311
Uniformly distributed

0.311 0.311 0.311

0.357 0.186 0.357 0.373 0.273 0373

2l l 2l 2l l 2l

Shear
0.845 0.500 1.155 0.864 0.500 1.136
1.155 0.500 0.845 1.136 0.500 0.864

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*;^g]bg`fhf^gm6!\h^_\b^gm"q!ehZ]i^kngbme^g`ma"q!e+"'
+La^Zk_hk\^6!\h^_\b^gm"q!ehZ]i^kngbme^g`ma"q!e"'
,;^g]bg`fhf^gm\h^_\b^gm3
:Z[ho^ebg^Ziiermhg^`Zmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gmZmlniihkml'
;[^ehpebg^Ziiermhihlbmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gmbgliZg!g^`Zmbo^oZen^bg]b\Zm^lg^`Zmbo^[^g]bg`fhf^gm"'

119
 l a w 2 2
RA = V A = (l a )
2l
2
RB = V B 1 + V B2 = w (l + a)
2l
A Loading B C V B1 = w a

V B2 = w (l + a )
2 2

V B2 2l
w 2 2
V1 Msag, max = 2 (l + a) (l a)
8l
Shear V B1
2
wa
Mhog, max=
2
wa 2 3 3
Moment
Mhog,max dC = (4a l l3 + 3a3)
24EI
Msag, max

a) Beam overhanging one support - uniformly distributed load

l a 2
wa
RA = VA =
2l
wa
C R B= VA + V B = (2l + a )
A Loading B 2l
V B = wa
VB 2
wa
VA Mmax =
2
Shear 3
wa
dC = (4 l + 3 a)
Mmax 24EI

Moment

b) Beam overhanging one support - uniformly distributed load on overhang

l a
P Pa
RA = VA =
l
A C P (l + a)
Loading B RB = VA + V B =
l
VB = P
VB
VA Mmax = Pa
2
Shear
dC = Pa (l + a)
3EI
Mmax

Moment

c) Beam overhanging one support - concentrated load at end of overhang

?b`nk^;'*
;^g]bg`fhf^gml%la^Zk_hk\^lZg]]^^\mbhgl_hk\Zgmbe^o^kl

120
 :ii^g]bq;3=^lb`gZb]l

Deflected
h shape
Assumed pin
connection

b b

a) Frame and deflections

F1
F1 F1 F1
F1 4 F1 2 F1 4
4 2 4
F2
F1 + F2 F1 + F2 F1 + F2
F1 + F2 4 F1 + F2 2 F1 + F2 4
4 2 4
F3
F1 + F2 + F3 F1 + F2 + F3 F1 + F2 + F3
/F 4 /F 2 /F 4
4 2 4
/F /F /F
4 2 4
(3F 1 +2 F 2 + F 3 )h 0 (3F 1 + 2 F 2 + F 3 )h
2b 2b
b) Forces
MA MA
MA MB
MA M A = F1 h / 8
MA M B = F1 h /4
MC MD MD M C = ( F1 + F2 ) h /4
2 MC MC M D = (2 F1 + F2) h /8
MA MB MA 2 M E = (F + F + F )h /4
1 2 3
MD M F = (2 F1+ 2 F 2 + F3 )h / 8
MD MF
ME MF
2 ME ME
MC MC MC 2
2 2
MF MF

c) Moments
Note
Columns and beams have equal stiffness

?b`nk^;'+
:iikhqbfZm^fhf^gml_hkZfnemb&lmhk^r_kZf^

121
 0.25

Compression reinforcement required

0.20
Compression reinforcement often advised (x/d > 0.45)

0.15
MEd /bd2fck

Key
25 fck
30 fck
0.10 35 fck
40 fck b
50 fck

x
0.05 d
z < 0.95d
As

0.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
100 As/bd

?b`nk^;',
=^lb`g\aZkm_hklbg`erk^bg_hk\^][^Zf

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)'.
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122
 :ii^g]bq;3=^lb`gZb]l

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K^\mZg`neZk\henfgl!_\d.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"]+(a6)'*)

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123
 *',
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124
 :ii^g]bq;3=^lb`gZb]l

1.2
0.3 As fyk/h2fck Ratio d/h = 0.5
1.1
0.4 d
1.0 h
1.0 0.9 0.5

0.8 0.6
0.9
0.7 0.7
0.8 0.6 0.8
0.5
NEd /h2fck

0.7
0.9
0.4
0.6
0.3 Kr = 1
0.5 0.2
0.1
0.4 0

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040 0.045 0.050
MEd /h3fck

?b`nk^;'.Z
<bk\neZk\henfgl! _\d5.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"](a6)'.

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)'-
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)', )'2

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Dk6*

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F>] (a,_\d

?b`nk^;'.[
<bk\neZk\henfgl!_\d.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"](a6)'/

125
 *'+
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]
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<bk\neZk\henfgl!_\d.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"](a6)'0

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]
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F>] ( a,_\d

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<bk\neZk\henfgl!_\d.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"](a6)'1

126
 :ii^g]bq;3=^lb`gZb]l

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F>] ( a,_\d

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<bk\neZk\henfgl!_\d.)FIZ%_rd6.))FIZ"](a6)'2

127
 References
 * ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+**3=^lb`gh_<hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lIZkm
**3@^g^kZekne^lZg]kne^l_hk[nbe]bg`l';LB%+))/'
 + ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+*+3=^lb`gh_<hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lIZkm
*+3Lmkn\mnkZek^]^lb`g';LB%+))/'
 , ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1**)3Ma^lmkn\mnkZenl^h_\hg\k^m^';LB*220'
 - MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`ll\a^f^]^lb`gfZgnZe'<<BI&)*1'M<<%+))/'
 . @HH=<ABE=%<A'P>;LM>K%KF>EEBHMM%DL'>\hghfb\\hg\k^m^_kZf^^e^f^gml'
Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))2'
 / BGLMBMNMBHGH?LMKN<MNK:E>G@BG>>KL'P^[iZ`^
ammi3((ppp'blmkn\m^'hk`'nd(^qZfl(bg]^q'Zli
 0 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22)>nkh\h]^;Zlblh_lmkn\mnkZe]^lb`g'
;LB%+))+'
 1 <BKB:'K^ihkm*)+'=^lb`gh_la^ZkpZeelbg[nbe]bg`l'<BKB:%*21-'
 2 GA;<LmZg]Zk]l'<aZim^k-'+3;nbe]bg`g^Zkmk^^l'GA;<%+)),!bg\e':ikbe+)).
Zf^g]f^gm"'
*) <A:KE>L%C:'@^hm^\agb\l_hk[nbe]bg`ikh_^llbhgZel';K>%+)).'
** <BKB:'Li^\bZein[eb\Zmbhg*)03K^f^]bZemk^Zmf^gm_hk\hgmZfbgZm^]eZg]'<BKB:%*22.'
*+ ;KBMBLA<>F>GM:LLH<B:MBHG'K^f^]bZmbhgh_[khpg^e]eZg]';<:%+))-'
*, MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hlmfh]^elmn]r<hff^k\bZe[nbe]bg`l%<<BI)*)'M<<%+))0'
*- MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hlmfh]^elmn]rL\ahhe[nbe]bg`l%<<BI)**'M<<%+))1'
*. MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hlmfh]^elmn]rAhlibmZe[nbe]bg`l%<<BI)*+'M<<%+))1'
*/ MA><HG<K>M><>GMK>'<hlmfh]^elmn]rAb`akbl^k^lb]^gmbZe[nbe]bg`l%<<BI)*,'M<<%
bgik^iZkZmbhg'
*0 <HFFNGBMB>L:G=EH<:E@HO>KGF>GM';nbe]bg`k^`neZmbhgl!>g`eZg]Zg]PZe^l"
:iikho^]]h\nf^gmE'<E@%+))/'
*1 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=BGLMBMNMBHG';L1.))%<hg\k^m^<hfie^f^gmZkr;kbmblaLmZg]Zk]mh
;L>G+)/*';LB%+))/'
*2 <FIBGM>KG:MBHG:EEM=';nbe]bg`fZ`Zsbg^%p^^der'
+) :KNI'AhlibmZehhkob[kZmbhglmn]r'<hfiZkblhgh_ihllb[e^hhklmkn\mnk^lpbmak^li^\mmh
GALob[kZmbhg\kbm^kbZ'K^l^Zk\ak^ihkm%:kni%+))-':oZbeZ[e^_hk]hpgehZ]_khfppp'
\hg\k^m^\^gmk^'\hf
+* A:<D>K%CG%=>L:NEE>L%MI%FBGLHG%:FZg]AHEF>L%FC'>f[h]b^]Zg]hi^kZmbhgZe
\Zk[hg]bhqb]^^fbllbhgl_khfahnlbg`3Z\Zl^lmn]rhgma^^__^\mlh_ma^kfZefZllZg]
\ebfZm^\aZg`^':oZbeZ[e^_hk]hpgehZ]_khfppp'\hg\k^m^\^gmk^'\hf'Ln[fbmm^]mh
>g^k`rZg];nbe]bg`%+))/'
++ <HG<K>M>LH<B>MR'M^\agb\ZeK^ihkm/0'Fho^f^gm%k^lmkZbgmZg]\kZ\dbg`bg\hg\k^m^
lmkn\mnk^l'Ma^<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr%+))1'
+, <HG<K>M>LH<B>MR'M^\agb\Zek^ihkm-,3Ihlm&m^glbhg^]\hg\k^m^hhkl]^lb`gaZg][hhd
!l^\hg]^]bmbhg"'<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr%+)).'
+- MA>BGLMBMNMBHGH?LMKN<MNK:E>G@BG>>KL'=^lb`gk^\hff^g]Zmbhg_hkfnemb&lmhk^r
Zg]ng]^k`khng]\ZkiZkdl!,k]^]bmbhg"'BLmkn\m>%+))+'
+. ;NBE=BG@K>L>:K<A>LM:;EBLAF>GM%!;K>"%Li^\bZe]b`^lm*3+)).&<hg\k^m^bg
Z``k^llbo^`khng]!,k]^]bmbhg"';K>%+)).'
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128
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Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))2'
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,* <A:G=E>K%KC'Ma^^__^\mh_p^Zma^kbg`hgma^la^Zklmk^g`maikhi^kmb^lh_D^ni^kFZke'
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ma^`khng]';LB%*22)'
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,- ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+,3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lIZkm,
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Further reading
 :EE>G%:A'K^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^]^lb`gmh;L1**)lbfier^qieZbg^]'Lihg%*211'

 :F;KHL>%CZg]O>K@NG%='Lbfieb^][nbe]bg`]^lb`g_hkpbg]Zg]^ZkmajnZd^_hk\^l
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 ?:;>K%CZg]F>:=%?'Hl\Zk?Z[^klk^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^'Lihg%*2/0'

 C>:KR%:'=^lb`g^kl`nb]^mhma^]rgZfb\k^lihgl^h_lmkn\mnk^l'Lihg%*220'

 F:<@BGE>R%MCZg]<AHH%;L'K^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^]^lb`gma^hkrZg]^qZfie^l'Lihg%*22)'

 HKMHG%:'Ma^pZrp^[nbe]ghp_hkf%l\Ze^Zg]m^\agbjn^'Lihg%*22*'

 I:KD%KZg]I:NE>R%M'K^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'ChagPbe^rZg]Lhgl%*20.'

 K>RGHE=L%<AZg]LM>>=F:G%C<'K^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^]^lb`g^klfZgnZe'Lihg%*211'

 MHFEBGLHG%FC'?hng]Zmbhg]^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhg'IbmfZg%*20.'

 P>LM;KHHD%KZg]P:ED>K%='Lmkn\mnkZe^g`bg^^kbg`]^lb`gbgikZ\mb\^!,k]^]bmbhg"'
Ehg`fZg%*22/'

129
 Index
:\hnlmb\l +) ?kZf^ 1%*)1%*+*
:^lma^mb\l +) ?kZfbg`_ng\mbhgZe ,-
:bkmb`amg^ll *1 @khng][^Zkbg` 1%1)
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;Zl^f^gmpZeel 112)%2/20 @khng]pZm^k 1%*+%1)%*)-
;^Zfl ,+%,-%-.%-2.*%**0**2 @khnm%`khnmbg` *.%*0
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;nbe]Z[e^%[nbe]Z[bebmr *2 E^Z]&bgmbf^ +)%*).
;nhrZg\r 1%1)!Zelhl^^nieb_m" Eb`amp^b`am\hg\k^m^ +/
<Zgmbe^o^kl ,+%2/%*+) EhZ]l +.+2%**0**2
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130
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La^Zk\^gmk^ 0%0/01
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20 ,*- /+1 2-+ *+/) *.0) *11) ++)) +.*) +1,) ,*-)
25 -2* 21+ *-0) *2/) +-.) +2.) ,--) ,2,) --+) -2*)
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40 *+/) +.*) ,00) .),) /+1) 0.-) 11)) *)*)) **,)) *+/))

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25 /.-) -2*) ,2,) ,+0) +1)) +-.) +*1) *2/) *01) */-)
32 *)0)) 1)-) /-,) .,/) -/)) -)+) ,.0) ,++) +2+) +/1)
40 */1)) *+/)) *)*)) 1,1) 0*1) /+1) ..2) .),) -.0) -*2)

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25 ,'1., 0'0)0 **'./) *.'-*, *2'+/0 +,'*+) +/'20- ,)'1+0 ,-'/1) ,1'.,-
32 /',*, *+'/+0 *1'2-) +.'+., ,*'./0 ,0'11) --'*2, .)'.)0 ./'1+) /,'*,,
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25 .*',01 ,1'.,- ,)'1+0 +.'/12 ++')*2 *2'+/0 *0'*+/ *.'-*, *-')*+ *+'1-.
32 1-'*01 /,'*,, .)'.)0 -+')12 ,/')0/ ,*'./0 +1').2 +.'+., ++'2.1 +*')--
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