Larsen & Toubro Limited

MMH SBG

Work manual for scaffolding Works at Preface

Construction Sites Scaffolding & access is an important

requirement for all construction
activities at project sites. This
document describes those
SELECTION OF SCAFFOLD construction activities of various
MMH projects and along with
PLANNING identifies the requirement of scaffold
INSTALLATION GUIDE & access. This work manual shall be
used for planning the scaffolds. This
document also should be read along
with Construction Work Plan
INDEX
available.
1 Scaffolding & Access System Brief
2 Classification of Scaffolding
3 Guidelines for scaffold
4 Roles & Responsibilities
Scaffold Types defined for Individual Construction
5
Activity
6 Scaffold Type A: Description
7 Scaffold Type B: Description
8 Scaffold Type C: Description
9 Scaffold Type D: Description
10 Components of scaffold

11 Reference Codes
INTRODUCTION

We all know that any scaffold is a temporary structure and used to support access or a working
platform. We use scaffold for our various construction works at project sites. Scaffolds are shall
be used to provide a safe, stable work platform for construction works when work is not done at
ground level or on a finished floor. Scaffold also include suspended scaffolding, or man cage,
for the support & protection of construction workers. Planned working is always important and
scaffold is no exception.

Scaffolding work is also defined as planning, engineering, erecting, altering or dismantling a

temporary structure erected to support a platform and from which a person or object could fall
more than 1.8 M. This includes all structures constructed using scaffolding components, such as
Access platform, temporary stands and stair access towers.

Scaffolding in this Work Manual means the individual components, for example tubes, couplers or
frames and materials that when assembled form a scaffold.

The work manual will help you to plan and select correct scaffold for all construction work of
MMH. This document will guide from planning and till execution is completed.

RESPONSIBLE PERSON & ROLE

Project Site

They are the users of scaffolds. Project team will plan, mobilize & erect for the construction
activities. The material will be lying with site store, when not in use and will be demobilized to
other project sites according to usages.

During project duration following shall be ensured

Maintenance of scaffolds

Ensure safe erection, alteration, dismantling and use

Ensure safe handling, storage and transport

Scaffold building shall be as per document & drawing provided by HQ / Standard

Approved Formats

Planning & Engineering

Based on monthly activities and volume of activity the scaffold type and scope shall have to be
finalized during the initial stage of the project. The quantity of scaffold shall have to be identified
along with formwork materials and will have to be informed. A draft format This quantity will be
identified in the
Mobilization:
JCR. Planner & Categorize Scaffolding Type A FCC to check avaibility
requirement against various Type B CMPC to check
engineering of construction activities availability from past project
scaffold must Type C To be decided by PD
ensure all
practicable load
while engineering
the scaffold. Include Scaffolding activity in Conclude plans with MOM and
Project schedule against relevant sketches
Engineering & construction activity

Planning includes
carrying out analysis,
testing or an
examination (if
JCR New item under Scaffold Call for meeting to finalize TYPE,
required) and shall have to be updated based Mobilization Plans with FCC &
on above CMPC team, including Safety
providing specific
information about
the plant. Information must be passed on from the Planning & Engineering to the manufacturer
and project sites at the end.

CLASSIFICATION OF SCAFFOLDING

In this documents we have classified the scaffolding in to three type based on the availability
at sites.

Type A: Scaffolding is readily available and there is no requirement of fabrication and it will
available in Welded frame and it has to assemble or installed at the required locations.

Type B: In this scaffolding is made by systematic arrangement developed by different

manufacturers Ex. Cup-Lock, Pipe couplers
Type C: This type is indigenous access for material & man for specific job function. This can be
fabricated at site or mobilized

Type D: This is a bought out system or combination of Type C and other bought out equipment
(example Crane basket & stove platform)

GUIDELINES FOR SCAFFOLD

SCAFFOLD ENGINEERING

Eliminating hazards at the design or planning stage is often easier and cheaper to achieve than
making changes later when the hazards become real risks in the workplace.

Safe design can result in many benefits, including:

more effective prevention of injury and illness

improved use ability of structures

improved productivity and reduced costs

Better prediction and management of production and operational costs

Innovation, in that safe design can demand new thinking to resolve hazards that occur
in the construction phase and in end use.

Safe design means taking control measures early in the design process to eliminate or, if this is not
reasonable practicable, minimize risks to health and safety throughout the life
of the structure being designed.

The safe design of a structure will always be part of a wider set of design objectives, including
practicability, aesthetics, cost and functionality. These sometimes competing objectives need
to be balanced in a manner.
Safe design begins at the concept development phase of a structure when making decisions
about:

the design and its intended purpose

materials to be used

possible methods of construction, maintenance, operation, demolition or dismantling and

disposal

Design, in relation to a structure, includes the design of all or part of the structure and the
redesign or modification of a design. Design output includes any hard copy or electronic
drawing, design detail, design instruction, scope of works document or specification relating
to the structure.

Load Consideration

A scaffold should be designed for the combination of dead and live loads that can be expected
during the period the scaffold is in use.

Dead loads relate to the self-weight of the scaffold structure and scaffolding including:

working, or access platforms

stairways, ladders, screens and sheeting

platform brackets, suspension ropes, secondary ropes, traversing ropes and tie assemblies, and

Hoists and electrical cables

Live loads include -

weight of people

weight of materials and debris

weight of tools and equipment

environmental loads e.g. wind, rain, and

Impact forces

ERECTING, DISMANTLING AND MODIFYING SCAFFOLD

The sequence of work should be planned and followed for each type of scaffold to be
constructed.
The sequence of work should include consideration of the following

Foundations

Scaffold foundations should be designed and constructed to carry and distribute the full weight of
the scaffold including both dead and live loads.

Ground conditions, the effects of the weatherparticularly wind and rainand live loads should
be considered when designing and preparing the scaffold foundation.

Soleboard and baseplates

Soleboards and baseplates should evenly distribute the load from the scaffold to the supporting
surface
to provide scaffold stability (see Figure 1). A soleboard distributes the load from a load-bearing
member to a supporting surface and is intended for use underneath baseplates.

Both soleboards and baseplates may be required for use

on less stable surfaces, for example soil, gravel, or fill.
The size of the soleboard will vary depending on the
supporting surface. They can be placed under a single
standard or multiple standards as in Figure 1. Where
necessary a competent person should determine the
bearing capacity of the ground or other supporting
structure.

Soleboards and baseplates should be level. Adjustable

bases can be used on uneven surfaces for modular
scaffold systems to give a level base lift. No part of the
baseplate or adjustable base should protrude over the
side of the soleboard to ensure the loads are carried
evenly on the soleboard.

Needles and spurs should be considered where ground

Figure 1: Soleboards & Baseplates
conditions are very unstable.

Scaffold erection

The following safe work practices should be used when erecting a scaffold:

Develop and follow a specific work sequence

Scaffold fittings and other connections should be securely tightened where required. Fittings
should be in accordance with the manufacturers or designers specifications and the scaffolding
plan.

Scaffolding including all bracing and ties, guy ropes or buttresses should be installed as the
scaffold is erected.

Consider using specifically designed loading platforms or back propping to prevent

overloading the building floor or the scaffold.

Check live loads arising from the work of erecting or dismantling the scaffold are within the
specification for the final designthe number of workers on the scaffold at any one time may
need to be limited.
 Do not overload scaffold bays with scaffolding awaiting installation.`

Working platforms should be cleared of debris like concrete waste.

Do not climb on guardrails to gain extra height.

Do not climb on outside of scaffold.

Implement measures to control the risk of a fall if the

internal gapthe gap between the inner edge of
the length of the platform and the face of the
building or structure immediately beside the
platformon scaffolds including hanging bracket
scaffolds is greater than 225 mm. For example,
install:

o edge protection, and

o Extra scaffold planks to minimize the size of the

internal gap.

An example of scaffold erection is shown in Figure 2. In

this example the scaffold is being erected against an
existing building so guardrails are only needed on
external faces. Access ladders and toe boards have
been omitted for clarity.

After enough components of the scaffold have been

erected to support it, immediately install:

a platform at least 450 mm wide along the full

length of the section of scaffold

edge protection across the space between the standards forming the outer frame of the scaffold
at the level the scaffold has reached, and

a way to access the scaffold e.g. temporary stairs or a ladder to the level the scaffold has
reached.

Before the next level of the scaffold is erected, a platform should be installed not more than two
meters below the position of the next level.

When erecting scaffolding:

A section of the platform may be left open to allow the passing of planks or other scaffolding
between levels.
 A platform may be removed after work has started two levels above the level from which the
platform is to be removed.

When installing or erecting scaffolds over or beside water, risk controls may include alternative
erection methods, for example prefabrication away from the water and installation by crane.

The scaffolding should be checked and any defective scaffolding should be clearly marked with
paint or tags so it is identified and can be removed from the work area to prevent use.

Tying and Anchoring

Tie methods and spacing should be in accordance with the manufacturer, designer or supplier
instructions. Consult the scaffold designer, or an engineer if it is not practical to position the ties in
accordance with the instructions.

Control measures for tying scaffold include:

Using more ties if:

o the scaffold is sheeted or netted due to increased wind loadings

o it is used as a loading platform for materials or equipment, and

o Lifting appliances or rubbish chutes are attached.

Regularly inspecting scaffold ties to check they are not modified or altered by unauthorized
people
e.g. finishing trades who may loosen, relocate or remove ties to gain access to walls and
openings.

Not attaching extra loads to the scaffold e.g. signs and perimeter containment screens, without
first consulting a competent person like the scaffold design engineer or the supplier.

Deformation-controlled anchors, thread cutting anchors and insert type anchors should not be
used.

All drill-in expansion anchors should be installed using a torque wrench set to the required
torque, unless the anchor has an in-built torque indicator.

All insert anchors including expansion and chemical anchors should have a safety factor of 3 to 1
on their failure load. If any anchors fail the remaining anchors on the same level should be
tested.

Ties should not obstruct access along the working and access platforms.

Ties should interconnect with both the inner and outer scaffold standards unless otherwise
specified
 by an engineer to increase the rigidity of the scaffold.

Ties from scaffold to structure should be designed to be non-pivoting and fully secured to ensure
they cannot be loosened.

Working platforms

Working platforms, except suspended scaffolds, should have duty classifications and dimensions
complying with the manufacturers information on loadings. Scaffold working platforms are
generally rated as light, medium or heavy duty:

Special Duty has a designated

allowable load as designed.

Each scaffold should be designed to

carry the required number of working
platforms and to support the dead and
live loads. Where tools or materials are
to be used or stored on working
platforms, an unobstructed access width
of at least 450 mm should be maintained.

Scaffold planks on working platforms

should:

have a slip-resistant surface

not be cracked or split

be of uniform thickness

And planks shall be secured

No single gap between planks exceeds 10 mm, and

Lapped scaffold planks may sometimes be used to cover gaps around corners of scaffold. These
planks should be safely secured. In some circumstances they may not need to be secured provided
the following are met:

timber is lapped over metal planks

planks are 1.2 meters long or greater

 Plank overlappast the edge of the plank underneathis 300 mm or greater, and

Metal planks lapped on other metal planks should be secured using fixings, for example metal
strapping.

Dismantling a scaffold safely

The following safe work practices should be used when dismantling a scaffold:

Edge protection and a way to enter the scaffold can be removed as the scaffold is dismantled,
provided it is removed at the last possible stage.

Where possible a platform of at least 450 mm wide at the level the dismantling has reached
should be in place.

Ensure when dismantling the scaffold the platform immediately below the level the worker is
standing on has a full set of planks across its width and is no lower than 2 metres.

A section of the scaffold may be left open to allow the lowering of planks or other scaffolding
between levels.

Scaffolding should never be dropped in an uncontrolled way when dismantling the scaffold.

Altering Scaffold

When altering a scaffold you should:

consult the scaffold designer before making alterations

ensure scaffold alterations are in accordance with the scaffolding plan

ensure alterations do not compromise the structural integrity of the scaffold, and

Ensure systems are in place to identify unauthorized interference with the scaffold e.g. regular
inspections.
SCAFFOLD TYPES DEFINED FOR CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY

Managing the risks associated with scaffolds and scaffolding work begins when first start making
decisions about how scaffolds are going to be used at a workplace and what type of scaffold
will be best and safest for the job.

In this document, providing the list of scaffolding and access arrangement have used for different
activities in different projects.

Activity Description USAGES

Type A Type B Type C Type D
Fitting & Type of Access Aluminium Pipe & Man lift or
Welding - Localized Ladder for coupler, scissor lift
Height 1.80M access up to Cuplock
to 6.0M 6mtr.
Temporary Mobile
Platform not Platform(Doka)
required
Type of Access L&T Access Pipe & Working
-- Continuous scaffold with coupler, platform
access required Stair tower as Cuplock with stair
Height 6m access tower for
and above access,
(Max up to
Temporary 40m height) Platform
Platform made with
required Steel
Bracket or
also called
Hop Up
scaffold.
Rigging and Type - Vertical Small Man lift
sling removal Localized ladder Resting platform Man basket
Access required platform at
Small every 6 m
Temporary
Platform may
be required
Type - Platform
Localized
Access required
Temporary
Platform may
be required
Survey At Stair tower Working Man lift
heights platform

Confined space Cross-Section Area Ladder Working Scissor lift

of the space platform (As per the
Fixed & space)
Moving
6m and above Stair tower
Masonry Up to 6mt L&T Access Pipe & Mechanised
works scaffold coupler, elevated
Cup lock movable
working
6m and above Pipe & platform.
coupler,
Cuplock
Painting works Access Pipe & Mechanised Rope
scaffold coupler, elevated operated
Cuplock movable moving
working platform
platform.

Refractory Refractory Access Working Passenger

works handling scaffold platform Hoist Rack
designed for Pinion Hoist
the space
For working (Collapsible,
personnel movable)
and load
Insulation L&T scaffold Pipe & Moving Man lift
coupler, platform,
Cuplock
Roof Sheeting / L&T scaffold Pipe & Working Man lift or
side cladding coupler, platform scissor lift
Cuplock
cable laying Type - Vertical Working Man lift or
Localized ladder with platform scissor lift
Access required Resting Designed as
Small platform per
Temporary requirement
Platform may
be required
Cable Mobile Man lift or
tray fixing Platform(Doka) scissor lift
Equipment Type - Vertical Working
alignment Localized ladder with platform
Access required Resting Designed as
Small platform per
Temporary requirement
Platform may
be required
UT test Type - Vertical Working
Localized ladder with platform
Access required Resting Designed as
Small platform per
Temporary requirement
Platform may
be required
Dry Type - Vertical Working
penetration test Localized ladder with platform
Access required Resting Designed as
Small platform per
Temporary requirement
Platform may
be required
Belt joining Type - Vertical Working
Localized ladder with platform
Access required Resting Designed as
Small platform per
Temporary requirement
Platform may
be required
Deck sheeting Type - Vertical Working
work Localized ladder with platform
Access required Resting Designed as
Small platform per
Temporary requirement
Platform may
be required
pile breaking Type - Ladder Working
activity inside Localized platform
the excavated Access required
pit Small
Temporary
Platform may
be required
Shuttering and Column Standard L&T Pipe &
concreting at Beam Stair Tower coupler,
height Slab Cuplock
Building stair case
Light fixing at Mobile scissor lift
height Platform(Doka)

Removal of L&T scaffold Man lift or

temporary scissor lift
ladders,
platforms at
height
Fixing of L&T scaffold Pipe & Mechanised Man lift or
ventilation coupler, elevated scissor lift
systems at Cuplock working
height platform

Pipe erection Type - ladder , Pipe & Working

work at height Localized L&T scaffold coupler, platform
Access required Cuplock
Small
Temporary
Platform may
be required
Maintenance Type - ladder , Pipe &
work at EOT Localized L&T scaffold coupler,
crane girders Access required Cuplock
Small
Temporary
Platform may
be required
SCAFFOLD TYPE A

LD Tower:

Introduction: These scaffolds are basically used in L&T sites. These are basically Independent
Type scaffold.
Application: Used for the Activities Mentioned in the scaffold types for construction activity.
Description: LD towers are used as working platform where only personnel with small
equipment can work on the platform these types of scaffolds have less capacity.
Each tower can take 25MT load.
This scaffolds Consists of rows of column which shall be placed parallel to the structure. The
inner row shall be placed near to the structure so that it will take horizontal support from
permanent structure. The tie with permanent structure will be done at various levels with inserts
and structural steel tie members. These towers are come in small frame modules. These can be
connected with one another with horizontal and vertical bracings.

Limitations:
o Restricts access at ground level.
o Relies on structure for its stability.
o Height up to 40m tie with rigid structure at every 4m height.

HD Tower

Introduction: These scaffolds are basically used in L&T sites. These are basically Independent
Type scaffold.
Application: Used for the Activities Mentioned in the scaffold types for construction activity.
Description: HD tower are used for supporting the heavy equipments. Each tower can take
25MT load. They are used for supporting slabs and form work.
This scaffolds Consists of rows of column which shall be placed parallel to the structure. The
inner row shall be placed near to the structure so that it will take horizontal support from
permanent structure. The tie with permanent structure will be done at various levels with inserts
and structural steel tie members. These towers are come in small frame modules. These can be
connected with one another with horizontal and vertical bracings.
Limitations:
o Restricts access at ground level.
o Relies on structure for its stability.
o Height up to 40m tie with rigid structure at every 4m height.
Mobile Scaffold

Introduction: A mobile scaffold is a tower scaffold mounted on wheels.

Application: Used for the Activities Mentioned in the scaffold types for construction activity.

Description: A tower scaffold is an independent scaffold consisting of four vertical standards

connected longitudinally and transversely or two frames in plan connected transversely to
create a scaffold of one bay. It may also have an extra outriggers to increase stability.

Limitations:
o Ground is firm, level.
o Relies on structure for its stability.

Stair Tower:

Application: Used to provide access for the scaffolds and working platforms.

Description: It is a basically a stair case for required height consisting hand rails with all
safety requirement. It is basically manufactured in modules so that we can install up to required
heights.

Limitations:
o Ground is firm, level.
o Relies on the structure for stability
SCAFFOLD TYPE B:

Pipe and Coupler Scaffold

Introduction: Pipe and coupler scaffolds are built from Pipes (tube) and joining or fixing
components (couplers) fixed together, to form a required scaffold design. The diameter and
strength of the tube and components being used to form a tube and coupler scaffold will
determine the load it can carry.

Application: They are frequently used on structures with unusual design, shape or function. They
can be assembled in a wide variety of different shapes. These provide working platform for
working personnel and carry equipment of less weight.

Advantages:

Platform van be provided in different shapes

Scaffold handling is easy.

Disadvantages:

Erecting scaffolding will be complex as there are so many connections.

This requires high labor and consumes more time.

Checking:

All the pipes are of same material and size.

Components shall be regularly inspected for crushing and deformation

Cup lock Scaffold

Introduction: It is same as coupler scaffold only the connection is different which is of cuplock
type. The Cup lok Scaffold System is a fully galvanized multipurpose steel scaffold for general
access and supporting vertical loads. The unique circular node point allows up to 4 components to
be connected in one fastening action

Application:. Cup lock staircase towers and mobile towers are also available. Cup lock is ideal
for a wide range of applications including continuous scaffold, circular scaffold and staircase
access.

Advantages:

Faster to erect than Pipe and coupler scaffold.

High grade tube are used so it is lighter.

SCAFFOLD TYPE C

Working platform

Introduction: Scaffold is specially designed for a particular purpose. Each component is designed
and manufactured to exact size to fit only to intended purpose.

Application: These are used for carrying personnel and also used for material handling. These
can be movable and collapsible as per the requirement. These are used in confine spaces where
scaffolding from bottom is difficult.

Advantages:

Scaffolding shall be designed in any shape.

It can be pre-fabricated and installed.

Disadvantages:

It can only fit in the place for which it is designed for, It cannot be re-usable.

For different types of working platforms fabricated and used please CMPC working platform
document

STEEL BRACKET SCAFFOLD (HOP-UP BRACKETS):

Application: Used where scaffolding is not possible from the ground.

Description-Hanging bracket scaffolds are systems supported by structures. Steel brackets are
sometimes in the shape of an upside down L, one arm of which is fixed to a vertical surface, the
other projecting horizontally to support scaffold planks.

Limitation-

Cleats shall be welded to the structure

Access stair tower shall be provided
SCAFFOLD TYPE D

Scissor Lift

Application: Used for continuous work at one location.

Description: It powered, mobile device that has a personnel work platform which is mechanically raised
vertically above the carriage by means of controls on the work platform. The parts that elevate the
platform contain crossing, interlocking members. Outriggers provided to the scissor lift increase the stability
of the lift platform and that are capable of lifting and levelling the scissor lift platform

Man lift

Application: Used for approaching the heights.

Description: It is mechanically powered device as scissor lift. It consists with at least one joint in
the arm. They are capable of rotating on an axis at the base or even on the second arm. The
second arm can extend horizontally as well as vertically to reach overcrowded and difficult
areas. This lift provides great access to difficult areas.

Man Basket

Application: Used for accessing height with basket hanging from crane.

Description: Man basket is designed as per the codes. It will have a working load limit and have
fall arrest anchorage points. It will be connected to crane hook with help of slings
COMPONENTS OF SCAFFOLD

All the components of scaffold shall comply to BS 12810

Scaffold Boards

Scaffold Boards

There are different types and material that can be uses as platform on scaffold.
Manufacturer of these types of boards will prepare the edge clamps based on our
requirements. Scaffold boards shall take the load as considered on the scaffolds.

Never leave openings in scaffold platforms or guardrails.

Majorly used scaffold boards for Platform are.

1. Pre-galvanised metal Scaffold planks(Steel)

2. Scaffold boards(Wood) (BS 2482)

3. Chequered Plates

4. Gratings
Guard Rail

Guardrails, mid rails and toe boards must be placed on all open sides of platforms more than
1.83 m above ground or floor.

Guard rail system consists of 4 Parts

1. Top Rail

2. Mid Rail

3. Toe Guard

4. Hand Rail posts

The Whole Guardrail System shall take Min 91kg Load applied at top of Guard rail

Top rail

Smooth surface and 1.1m height

Taut wire rope or equivalent member

No more than 3 inches of deflection

Intermediate rail

Installed midway between the top rail and the scaffold platform

Placed 500mm above the platform

Toe Guard

There shall be no more than a 1/4-inch (.635 cm.) space between the toe
board and scaffold deck.

Toe Guard shall have a min width of 100mm

Handrail Post

Install at no more than 2.4m

Do not lean against top rails or mid rails.

Do not hang weld cables, hoses, electrical cables, etc. from top rails or mid rails, they
should be hung from the scaffold guardrail posts.
Steel Bracket

Brackets shall be required wherever the projection is required from structure or from the
existing scaffold. It shall be designed based on the required load.

Same scaffold boards shall be used on these brackets.

The Brackets shall have a provision to fix the guard rails.

The permanent structure or existing scaffold shall be checked for the loads coming on the
steel brackets. The connection shall be designed accordingly.

Ladder

The minimum clear distance between side rails for all portable ladders must be 11.5
inches (29 cm).
Portable ladders must support at least four times the maximum intended
Apply the load to the ladder in a downward vertical direction with the Ladder should be
set at an angle of 4 vertical to 1 horizontal.
When portable ladders are used for access to an upper landing surface, the side rails
must extend at least 0.9 m above the upper landing surface.
A ladder extension must not deflect under a load that would cause the ladder to slip off
its supports.
Stairs

The superimposed loading adopted in calculations should be not less than 2kN/m2 for all
landings and stairs.

Every landing and every side of a stair shall be provided with suitable guard-rails of
adequate strength

Standards

They come in a variety of lengths The standard which is the upright component with
connector joins.

A spigot arrangement or socket is provided at one end of the standard for extension
purposes.

Ledgers

They are in varying lengths with connectors welded to each end. The connection is made
when the wedge, cup or bolt is hammered or screwed tight.

It is basically a horizontal brace as shown in the picture

Transoms

They are generally made to support scaffold boards or stagings. The ends of the transoms
are connected to the standards in the same way as the ledgers.

Some systems might require intermediate transoms to support the boards or stagings.

Bracings

Bracings are provided in each direction that is made to fit the different bay sizes.

REFERENCE CODES

BS 1139* Metal scaffolding

BS 2482 Timber scaffold boards

BS 5950-1:1990* Structural Steelwork

BS 5973: 1993* Access and working scaffolds and special scaffold structures in steel

BS 5974:1990 Temporarily installed suspended scaffolds and access equipment

BS 5975: 2008 Code of practice for temporary works procedures and the permissible
stress design of falsework

BS 6399: Pt 2: 1997* Code of practice for wind loads

BS 6399: Pt 3: 1988* Loading for buildings - imposed roof loads (snow loading)

BS 8118 Part 1: 1991* Structural Use of Aluminum - Code of Practice for Design

BS EN 12810-1:2003 Faade scaffolds made of prefabricated components - products

specifications

BS EN 12811-1:2003 Temporary works equipment: Scaffolds - Performance requirements

and general design

BS EN 13374:2004 Temporary Edge Protection Systems - Product Specification, test

methods

BS EN 1991 Part 1-4:2005 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - General Actions - Wind

Actions

BS EN 1991-2:2003 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges

BS EN 39: 2001 Loose steel tubes for tube and coupler scaffolds - Technical delivery
conditions