MUC LUC

Chng 1: TONG QUAN VE CONG NGHE CAD/CAM ................................... 1

1. Lch s phat trien cua CAD/CAM .............................................................. 2
2. nh ngha cac cong cu CAD/CAM ........................................................... 3
Chng 2: CONG NGHE LAP TRNH PHAY ................................................... 12
I. Mo hnh khai quat may CNC.................................................................... 12
II. He truc toa o va cac chuan tren may CNC. ........................................... 13
III. Dung cu cat va cac thong so gia cong. .................................................. 14
IV. Cac bc thc hien gia cong tren may CNC. ........................................ 18
V. Cac lenh ve lap trnh (Theo tieu chuan ISO). ........................................... 19
Chng 3: CAC LENH LAP TRNH HE IEU KHIEN FANUC21 .............. 25
Bai 1: CAC LENH LAP TRNH CAN BAN .................................................... 25
Bai 2: HIEU CHNH BAN KNH DAO ........................................................... 35
Bai 3: CAC CHU TRNH GIA CONG LO. ...................................................... 39
Bai 4: CAC LENH LAP TRNH NANG CAO ................................................. 50
Bai 5: GII THIEU CAC BIEN SO VA MACRO ............................................ 55
Chng 4: MO PHONG, KIEM TRA CHNG TRNH GIA CONG. ............. 59
 Chng 1: TONG QUAN VE CONG NGHE CAD/CAM
Nhng nam cuoi the ky 20, cong nghe CAD/CAM a tr thanh mot lnh vc ot pha
trong thiet ke, che tao va san xuat san pham cong nghiep. CAD (Computer Aided
Design) la thiet ke tr giup bang may tnh. CAM (Computer Aided Manufacture) la san
xuat vi s tr giup cua may tnh. Hai lanh vc nay ghep noi vi nhau a tr thanh mot
loai hnh cong nghe cao, mot lanh vc khoa hoc tong hp cua s lien nganh C kh Tin
hoc ien t T ong hoa. Cung vi s phat trien cua khoa hoc may tnh, CAD/CAM
a c nhan thc va chap nhan nhanh chong trong cong nghiep (cong nghiep det may,
cong nghiep nha, cong nghiep c kh che tao...) v no la hat nhan chnh e sang tao va
san xuat san pham, e tang nang xuat lao ong, giam cng o lao ong va t ong hoa
qua trnh san xuat, nang cao o chnh xac chi tiet va at hieu qua kinh te cao.
Cong viec chuan b san xuat co vai tro vo cung quan trong trong viec hnh thanh bat
ky mot san pham c kh nao. Cong viec nay bao gom cac khau chuan b thiet ke (thiet
ke ket cau san pham, cac ban ve lap chung cua san pham, cac cum may...), chuan b
cong nghe (am bao tnh nang cong nghe cua ket cau, thiet lap quy trnh cong nghe),
thiet ke va che tao cac trang b cong nghe va dung cu phu... ke hoach hoa qua trnh san
xuat va che tao san pham trong thi gian an nh.
Ngay nay khoa hoc ky thuat phat trien nh vu bao oi hoi ngi ky s phai khong
ngng nang cao lng thong tin trong tat ca cac khau cua qua trnh chuan b san xuat.
Theo cac nha khoa hoc a phan tch th tnh hnh thiet ke hien nay cho thay 90% khoi
lng thi gian thiet ke la e tra cu so lieu can thiet cho viec tnh toan, ch co 10% thi
gian gianh cho lao ong sang tao va quyet nh. Cho nen khoang 90% khoi lng cong
viec tren co the thc hien bang may tnh ien t hoac may ve t ong. Viec lam nay va
chnh xac hn, va chat lng hn.
Trong san xuat hang loat nho, do ac iem la so lng chi tiet trong loat t , so chung
loai lai nhieu cho nen khoi lng thi gian chuan b cho san xuat rat ln, ma dang san
xuat nay hien ang chiem u the trong nen kinh te th trng hien nay. Tat ca ieu o
phai oi hoi tao ra phng phap thiet ke mi nh may tnh ien t.
CAD/CAM la mot lnh vc nghien cu nham tao ra cac he thong t ong thiet ke va
che tao. No dung may tnh ien t e thc hien mot chc nang nhat nh e thiet ke va
che tao san pham. T ong hoa che tao la dung may tnh ien t e ke hoach hoa, ieu
khien qua trnh san xuat, ieu khien qua trnh cat got kim loai va kiem tra nguyen cong
gia cong.
CAD/CAM ket noi vi nhau tao ra moi quan he mat thiet gia hai dang hoat ong la
thiet ke va che tao ma lau nay ngi ta coi la khac nhau va khong phuc thuoc vao nhau.
T ong hoa thiet ke la dung cac he thong va phng tien tnh toan giup ngi ky s e
thiet ke mo phong, phan tch va toi u hoa giai phap thiet ke. Phng tien bao gom may
tnh ien t, cac may ve, may in, thiet b uc lo bang... phng tien lap trnh bao gom
chng trnh may, cho phep am bao giao tiep vi may ve va cac chng trnh ng dung
e thc hien chc nang thiet ke.
V du: Chng trnh ng dung co the la chng trnh phan tch lc va ng suat trong
ket cau, chng trnh tnh toan ac tnh ong lc hoc cua may hoac chng trnh gia cong
chi tiet tren may ieu khien theo chng trnh so NC hay CNC.
Trang 1
 Moi mot hang, vien nghien cu hoac c s san xuat co nhng tap hp chng trnh
ng dung khac nhau tuy thuoc vao ieu kien san xuat...
He thong CAD/CAM la mot san pham cua CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing).
He thong nay c quan ly va ieu hanh da tren c s d lieu trung tam, he thong
con c dung e lap ke hoach, bieu o, a ra cac ch dan va thong tin am bao muc
ch ke hoach san xuat cua nha may Mo hnh he thong nh sau:
Nhu cau D bao Y tng

CAD CAE

CAPP
C s d lieu va
thong tin

CAM

MRP II PP CNC, Robots ong goi

CAQ Khach hang

Hnh 1.1
CAD Computer Aided Design Thiet ke vi s tr giup cua MTT
CAE Computer Aided Engineering Phan tch ky thuat vi s tr giup cua MTT
CAPP Computer Aided Process Planning Lap phng an che tao vi s tr giup cua MTT
CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing Che tao vi s tr giup cua MTT
CNC Computer Numerical Control May cong cu ieu khien bang chng trnh so
CAQ Computer Aided Quality Control Kiem tra chat lng vi s tr giup cua MTT
MRPII Manufacturing Resources Planning Hoach nh nguon lc san xuat
PP Production Planning Lap ke hoach san xuat
1. Lch s phat trien cua CAD/CAM
Luc au CAD/CAM la hai nganh phat trien tach biet nhau, oc lap vi nhau trong
khoang 30 nam. Hien nay chung c tch hp thanh mot he, trong o thiet ke co the la
chon phng an toi u va qua trnh san xuat co the c giam sat va ieu khien t khau
au en khau cuoi.
Phan mem CAD au tien la SKETCHPAD xuat hien vao nam 1962 c viet bi Ivan
Sutherland thuoc trng ky thuat Massachusetts (MIT Massachusetts Institute of
Technology). Hien nay tren the gii a co hang ngan phan mem CAD va mot trong
nhng phan mem thiet ke noi tieng nhat la AutoCAD. AutoCAD phien ban au tien
(Release 1) c cong bo thang 12 1982. Cho en nam 1997 th a co phien ban th
14 (Release 14). T nam 2000 en nay, gan nh moi nam eu co ra i phien ban mi.

Trang 2
 Cung nh he CAD, he CAM c phat trien ng dung au tien tai MIT cho cac may
gia cong ieu khien so CNC (Computer Numerical Control) bang may vi tnh vao au
nhng nam 70.
He tch hp CAD/CAM ra i vao gia nhng nam 70 va80.
Di ay la s o phat trien cua he thong CAD/CAM:

Hnh 1.2
2. nh ngha cac cong cu CAD/CAM
a) nh ngha cong cu CAD
e tao thanh mot san pham hoan chnh can thc hien hai cong oan chnh la: thiet ke
va che tao.
cong oan thiet ke tren c s thu thap thong tin, x ly d lieu va ket hp vi kha
nang sang tao ngi thiet ke phan tch toan bo tap hp cac phng an va chon ra mot
phng an thiet ke toi u.
oi vi san pham co cau truc phc tap, oi hoi nhng ch tieu cao ve thong so ky thuat
cung nh kinh te, e at c giai phap toi u, trong nhieu trng hp cong viec thiet ke
va che tao khong the thc hien mot cach hoan chnh bi nhng phng phap va cong cu
thong thng.
Thiet ke vi s ho tr cua may tnh ien t - CAD la s ng dung co hieu qua cac
phng tien cong nghe cua ky thuat tin hoc, ien t... e giai quyet cac cong viec lien
quan ti cong viec thiet ke.
Qua trnh thiet ke noi chung bao gom viec xac nh va mo ta cac giai phap ky thuat
cu the thoa man tat ca cac yeu cau ky thuat . ch tieu kinh te va co the phan chia lam 6
giai oan chnh (hnh 1.3).
Viec s dung cong cu tin hoc va ien t trong cong viec thiet ke -thiet ke vi s tr
giup cua may tnh ien t (CAD) co the chia thanh bon cong oan chnh bao gom:
- Mo hnh hoa hnh hoc.
- Tnh toan ky thuat.
- Thiet ke toi u.
- Lap tai lieu ky thuat t ong t mo hnh a c thiet ke.

Trang 3
 Xay dng nhiem vu thiet ke

Thiet ke tong the

AutoCAD
Thiet ke chi tiet GEOMETRIC MODELING Cimatron
Pro Engineer

Sap 86
Tnh toan phan tch ANALYSIS Nastran
Ansys

Sap 86
Thiet ke toi u OPTIMZATION
Nastran

AutoCAD
Lap tai lieu thiet ke DRAFTING (View & Drawing) Cimatron
Pro Engineer

* Mo hnh hnh hoc: ng dung he thong CAD e phat trien viec mo ta toan hoc
cua cac vat the hnh hoc. Cac mo hnh hnh hoc nay c lu tr trong he c s d
lieu (trong bo nh may tnh) cho phep ngi s dung bieu dien hnh anh cua mo
hnh tren cac thiet b o hoa va thc hien cac thao tac dng hnh.
* Tnh toan phan tch ky thuat: sau giai oan thiet ke mo phong hnh hoc, vat the hnh
hoc va mo hnh hnh hoc cua cua oi tng thiet ke can phai c tnh toan phan tch (e
am bao cac thong so ky thuat), v du: kiem tra o ben, bien dang, qua trnh trao oi
nhiet. Qua trnh tnh toan phan tch ky thuat c thc hien thong qua cac phan mem, v
du: phan mem tnh toan phan tch theo phng phap phan t hu han; phan mem thiet
ke ong hoc; phan mem khao sat cac qua trnh truyen nhiet....
* Lap tai lieu thiet ke t ong: ay la cong viec the hien ket qua thiet ke - t ong
tao cac hnh chieu, tao ban ve ky thuat bao gom ca ghi kch thc t mo hnh 3D a c
thiet ke.
b) nh ngha cong cu CAM:
Thc hien quy trnh san xuat vi s tr giup cua may tnh ien t la s dung may tnh
e lap ke hoach san xuat va ieu khien san xuat. S o cac lnh vc ng dung trong he
CAM co the c bieu dien theo s do tren hnh 1- 4.

Trang 4
 CAM

LAP KE HOACH SAN XUAT IEU KHIEN QUA TRNH SAN XUAT

C s d lieu cong nghe ieu khien chat lng san pham

Tieu chuan hoa cac nguyen cong ieu khien xng

Lap trnh gia cong Giam sat cac qua trnh san xuat

Sap xep day truyen san xuat ieu khien cac qua trnh san xuat

D tnh gia thanh san pham ieu khien may NC va CNC

Lap ke hoach san xuat ieu khien kho vat t va cong cu

ieu khien cac tay may ngi may

ieu khien cac thiet b van chuyen

Hnh 1.4
Lap ke hoach san xuat c thc hien van phong cho cac cong viec cu the sau ay:
- T ong hoa thiet ke quy trnh cong nghe, co ngha la hnh thanh cac trnh t nguyen
cong e gia cong chi tiet cu the. Muon thc hien c cong viec nay, ngoai cac d lieu
ve hnh hoc (ben CAD cung cap), con can cac d lieu ve cong nghe nh: thong so ky
thuat cua may, thong so ve dao cat, thong so ve ga lap, thong so che o cat va tieu chuan
hoa cac nguyen cong.
- T ong lap chng trnh gia cong cho may ieu khien theo chng trnh so. Ngon
ng lap trnh cua CAM la APT (Auto matically Programed Tool). Vi APT ngi lap
trnh co the xac nh hnh dang dung cu, dung sai, yeu to hnh hoc chuyen ong dung cu.
Nhc iem cua APT la thi gian tnh toan ln cho nhng chi tiet n gian. u viet ln
nhat cua APT la no a tr thanh chuan cho the gii rong ln cua may NC.
He CAM c s dung rong rai Viet Nam la MILL-CAM, LATHE- CAM.
- T ong hoa lap cac nh mc ky thuat e thc hien tng nguyen cong cong nghe.
- T ong len ke hoach nhu cau ve c s vat chat, mua ban thanh pham va nguyen vat
lieu.
- T ong lap ke hoach san xuat co xet ti yeu cau va ieu kien cu the.
Viec ieu khien qua trnh san xuat c thc hien di mat bang phan xng cua x
nghiep hay nha may. Bao gom cac cong viec ieu khien t ong cac trang thiet b nh
may cong cu, day chuyen san xuat, robot van chuyen, robot cap phoi, lay chi tiet; ieu

Trang 5
khien, giam sat hoat ong cua xng nh: chat lng san pham, cung cap vat t, lu kho

Trong tat ca nhng cong viec ap dung cua may tnh ien t tren ay oi hoi co s
tham gia cua con ngi hoac e nhap d lieu am bao cho chng trnh lam viec hoac
e giam sat cac ket qua thc hien.
c) nh ngha cong cu CAD/CAM:
To hp CAD/CAM la mot he thong ma o moi lien ket gia thiet ke va che tao c
hoan thien da tren c s s dung thong tin va d lieu cua qua trnh CAD trc tiep trong
thu tuc CAM. Nh vay tranh c s hnh thanh mot cach oc lap cac d lieu cho chng
trnh cua may tnh trong lnh vc san xuat. Mo hnh cong cu CAD/CAM (hnh 1.5):
CAD CAM

Mo hnh hoa hnh hoc

LAP KE HOACH SAN XUAT

C S D LIEU
TRUNG TAM CUA
Tnh toan phan tch, thiet ke toi u
HE THONG
CAD/CAM

IEU KHIEN QUA TRNH

Ve soan tai lieu ky thuat SAN XUAT

Hnh 1.5
Moi quan he CAD/CAM va t ong hoa san xuat the hien tren hnh 1.6 la phan giao
gia 5 phan:

Cong cu thiet ke

Cong cu san xuat Mo hnh hnh hoc

CAD/CAM

Khai niem o hoa

Mang lam viec may tnh

Hnh 1.6
Trong o :
Trang 6
 Mang lam viec la cac he thong to chc san xuat, he thong cung cap vat lieu va
nhng cong viec thc hien tren san may, x nghiep.
Cong cu san xuat nh may CNC , Robot cong nghiep.
Cong cu thiet ke nh may tnh, may ve va cac phan men ng dung.
Mo hnh hnh hoc la nhng thc the hnh hoc c s, c s dung tren ban ve ky
thuat hay tren man hnh may tnh nh:
+ iem (Point) c mo ta bi gia tr toa o
+ ng cong (Curve), bao gom ca oan thang (Line) c mo ta bang chuoi
iem hoac phng trnh.
+ Mat cong (Surface), bao gom ca mat (Face) c mo ta bi tap hp iem
(hoac li ng cong), hoac phng trnh.
+ Khoi (Solid) c nh ngha bi cac mat cong bao quanh.
He CAD/CAM ky thuat a c ng dung cho c kh t mot vai nam trc trong mot
so lnh vc trong cong nghiep hang khong. He tch hp CAD/CAM a co Viet Nam la
CIMATRON, MasterCAM, Creo Parametric, DELCAM, AnphaCAM, VISI.
e anh gia c tam quan trong cua CAD/CAM trong chu ky san xuat chung ta nen
phan tch cac pham vi hoat ong khac nhau va chc nang tng ng e thc hien viec
nghien cu va che tao san pham. Cac the loai cong viec va chc nang cua chung trong
chu ky san xuat c the hien tren hnh 1.7.
Chu ky nay hoat ong theo nhu cau cua khach hang va th trng tieu thu. Chu ky san
xuat co the thay oi tuy theo yeu cau cua khach hang.
Co trng hp cong viec thiet ke la do khach hang thc hien cho nen nha may ch co
nhiem vu che tao san pham a c thiet ke o. Trng hp th hai la nha may am
nhan luon ca cong viec thiet ke va che tao san pham. Tuy nhien neu tong quat ma noi
th eu xuat phat t y o tao ra san pham mi. Da vao y o tao ra san pham o mi
thiet ke san pham, hoan tat ban ve .
Tren ban ve san pham phai neu ro cac yeu cau ky thuat can phai am bao trong qua
trnh che tao. Tren c s cac ban ve chi tiet phai lap quy trnh cong nghe che tao san
pham va lap ke hoach san xuat. e che tao san pham phai lap nhu cau ve trang thiet b
cong nghe va cac dung cu can thiet. Ke hoach san xuat phai ch ro thi gian va san lng
xuat xng trong thi gian a nh. Tiep theo la cong oan a vao san xuat, che tao
xong phai tien hanh kiem tra va th nghiem san pham, cuoi cung la ban giao cho khach
hang.
Trong giai oan thiet ke san pham mi, ap dung may tnh ien t cho phep t ong
hoa thiet ke, in cac ban ve va tai lieu ky thuat.

Trang 7
 T ong hoa Ve bang may
thiet ke tnh ien t

Khai niem san Thiet ke san

Ve chi tiet
pham mi pham

Ke hoach hoa
Nhu cau th Nhu cau trang Ke hoach hoa qua
ke hoach hoa
trng thiet b mi trnh san xuat
qua trnh san xuat

Kiem tra chat San xuat san Lap bieu o san

lng pham xuat

T ong hoa kiem Trang thiet b ieu Ve bieu o, lap nhu

tra chat lng khien cau nguyen vat lieu

Hnh 1.7
Giai oan chuan b cong nghe, ngha la thiet ke quy trnh cong nghe va lap bieu o
san xuat vi s tr giup cua may tnh ien t. Ngoai ra may tnh ien t con co the ap
dung ieu khien qua trnh che tao chi tiet dung tay may, cac may ieu khien theo chng
trnh so (CNC). Cong oan cuoi cung la kiem tra va th nghiem cung co the t ong hoa
nh may tnh ien t.
Qua ay ta thay he thong CAD/CAM ong vai tro quan trong trong nen san xuat hien
ai trong tng lai, va ac biet la cac lnh vc chuyen mon hoa cao, chang han nh viec
thiet ke va che tao cac ban mach in th kieu lien ket nay c s dung ngay cang manh.
T hnh 1.7 ro rang CAD/CAM bao tren hau het cac dang hoat ong va chc nang cua
chu ky san xuat.
Trong cong oan thiet ke va che tao cac nha may hien ai, ky thuat tnh toan phai
phat huy tac dung va la nhu cau khong the thieu c.
3. May cong cu ieu khien chng trnh so.
cac may cat thong thng, viec ieu khien cac chuyen ong cung nh thay oi van
toc cua cac bo phan may eu c thc hien bang tay. Vi cach ieu khien nay, thi
gian phu kha ln, nen khong the nang cao nang suat lao ong.
e giam thi gian phu, can thiet tien hanh t ong hoa qua trnh ieu khien. Trong
san xuat hang khoi, hang loat ln, t lau ngi ta dung phng phap gia cong t ong
vi viec t ong hoa qua trnh ieu khien bang cac vau ty, bang mau chep hnh, bang
cam tren truc phan phoi... ac iem cua cac loai may t ong nay la rut ngan c thi
gian phu, nhng thi gian chuan b san xuat qua dai (nh thi gian thiet ke va che tao
Trang 8
cam, thi gian ieu chnh may...). Nhc iem nay la khong ang ke neu nh san xuat
vi khoi lng ln. Trai lai, vi lng san xuat nho, mat hang thay oi thng xuyen,
loai may t ong nay tr nen khong kinh te. Do o can phai tm ra phng phap ieu
khien mi. Yeu cau nay c thc hien vi viec ieu khien theo chng trnh so.
ac iem quan trong cua viec t ong hoa qua trnh gia cong tren ca c may CNC la
am bao cho may co tnh van nang cao. ieu o cho phep gia cong nhieu loai chi tiet,
phu hp vi dang san xuat hang loat nho va hang loat va, ma tren 70% san pham cua
nganh che tao may c che tao trong ieu kien o.
May cong cu ieu khien bang chng trnh so viet tat la may NC (Numerical
Control) la may t ong ieu khien (vai hoat ong hoac toan bo hoat ong), trong o cac
hanh ong ieu khien c san sinh tren c s cung cap cac d lieu dang: LENH. Cac
LENH hp thanh chng trnh lam viec. Chng trnh lam viec nay c ghi len mot c
cau mang chng trnh di dang MA SO. C cau mang chng trnh co the la BANG
OT LO, BANG T, hoac chnh BO NH MAY TNH.
Cac the he au, may NC con s dung cac cap logic trong he thong. Phng phap ieu
khien theo iem va oan thang, tc la khong co quan he ham so gia cac chuyen ong
theo toa o. Viec ieu khien con mang tnh cng nen chng trnh n gian va cung
ch gia cong c nhng chi tiet n gian nh gia cong lo, gia cong cac ng thang song
song vi cac chuyen ong ma may co.
Cac the he sau, trong he thong ieu khien cua may NC a c cai at cac cum vi
tnh, cac bo vi x ly va viec ieu khien luc nay phan ln hoac hoan toan mem. Phng
phap ieu khien theo ng bien, tc la co moi quan he ham so gia cac chuyen ong
theo hng cac toa o. Cac may NC nay c goi la CNC (Computer Numerical Control).
Chng trnh c soan thao t m hn va co the gia cong c nhng chi tiet co hnh
dang rat phc tap. Hien nay cac may CNC a c dung pho bien.
a. Lch s phat trien cua may CNC.
Nam 1947, John Parsons nay ra y tng ap dung ieu khien t ong vao qua trnh che
tao canh quat may bay trc thang My. Trc o, viec gia cong va kiem tra bien dang
cua canh quat phai dung cac mau chep hnh, s dung dng, do o rat lau va khong kinh
te. Y nh dung ba xuyen lo e doa cac lo bang cach cho tn hieu e ieu khien hai ban
dao, a giup Parsons phat trien he thong Digital cua ong.
Vi ket qua nay, nam 1949, ong ky hp ong vi USAF (US Air Force) nham che tao
mot loai may cat theo bien dang t ong. Parsons yeu cau tr giup e s dung phong th
nghiem ieu khien t ong cua Vien Cong Nghe Massachusetts (M.I.T.) ni c chnh
phu My tai tr e che tao mot loai may phay 3 toa o ieu khien bang bang chng trnh
so.
Sau 5 nam nghien cu, J. Parsons a hoan chnh he thong ieu khien may phay va lan
au tien trong nam 1954, M.I.T. a s dung ten goi May NC.
Trong nhng nam 60, thi gian a chn muoi cho viec phat trien va ng dung cac may
NC. Rat nhieu thanh vien cua nganh cong nghiep hang khong My a nhanh chong ng
dung, phat trien va a san sinh ra the he may mi (CNC) cho phep phay cac bien dang
phc tap, tao hnh vi hai, ba hoac bon va nam truc (ba tnh tien va hai quay).

Trang 9
 Cac nc chau Au va Nhat Ban phat trien co cham hn mot vai na m, nhng cung co
nhng ac iem rieng, chang nhng ve mat ky thuat, ma ca ve ket cau nh ket cau truc
chnh, o cha dao, he thong thay dao v.v...
T o en nay, hang loat may CNC ra i vi u chung loai va phat trien khong
ngng. S phat trien o da vao thanh tu cua cac nganh: may tnh ien t, ien t cong
nghiep va ieu khien t ong... Nhat la trong thap nien 90, may CNC a oi mi nhanh
chong cha tng co trong lanh vc t ong.
b. ac trng c ban cua may CNC.
Tnh nang t ong cao
May CNC co nang suat cat got cao va giam c toi a thi gian phu, do mc o t
ong c nang cao vt bac. Tuy tng mc o t ong, may CNC co the thc hien cung
mot luc nhieu chuyen ong khac nhau, co the t ong thay dao, hieu chnh sai so dao cu,
t ong kiem tra kch thc chi tiet va qua o t ong hieu chnh sai lech v tr tng oi
gia dao va chi tiet, t ong ti nguoi, t ong hut phoi ra khoi khu vc cat
Tnh nang linh hoat cao
Chng trnh co the thay oi de dang va nhanh chong, thch ng vi cac loai chi tiet
khac nhau. Do o rut ngan c thi gian phu va thi gian chuan b sa n xuat, tao ieu
kien thuan li cho viec t ong hoa san xuat hang loat.
Bat c luc nao cung co the san xuat nhanh chong nhng chi tiet a co chng trnh. V
the, khong can phai san xuat chi tiet d tr, ma ch gi lay chng trnh cua chi tiet o.
May CNC gia cong c nhng chi tiet nho, va, phan ng mot cach linh hoat khi
nhiem vu cong nghe thay oi va ieu quan trong nhat la viec lap trnh gia cong co the
thc hien ngoai may, trong cac van phong co s ho tr cua ky thuat tin hoc thong qua
cac thiet b vi tnh, vi s ly ...
Tnh nang tap trung nguyen cong
a so cac may CNC co the thc hien so lng ln cac nguyen cong khac nhau ma
khong can thay oi v tr ga at cua chi tiet. T kha nang tap trung cac nguyen cong, cac
may CNC a c phat trien thanh cac trung tam gia cong CNC.
Tnh nang chnh xac, am bao chat lng cao
Giam c h hong do sai sot cua con ngi. ong thi cung giam c cng o chu
y cua con ngi khi lam viec.
Co kha nang gia cong chnh xac hang loat. o chnh xac lap lai, ac trng cho mc o
on nh trong suot qua trnh gia cong la iem u viet tuyet oi cua may CNC.
May CNC vi he thong ieu khien khep kn co kha nang gia cong c nhng chi tiet
chnh xac ca ve hnh dang en kch thc. Nhng ac iem nay thuan tien cho viec lap
lan, giam kha nang ton that phoi lieu mc thap nhat.
Gia cong bien dang phc tap
May CNC la may duy nhat co the gia cong chnh xac va nhanh cac chi tiet co hnh
dang phc tap nh cac be mat 3 chieu.
Tnh nang hieu qua kinh te va ky thuat cao
- Cai thien tuoi ben dao nh ieu kien cat toi u. Tiet kiem dung cu cat got, o ga va
cac phu tung khac.
Trang 10
 - Giam phe pham.
- Tiet kiem tien thue mn lao ong do khong can yeu cau ky nang nghe nghiep nhng
nang suat gia cong cao hn.
- S dung lai chng trnh gia cong.
- Giam thi gian san xuat.
- Thi gian s dung may nhieu hn nh vao giam thi gian dng may.
- Giam thi gian kiem tra v may CNC san xuat chi tiet chat lng ong nhat.
- CNC co the thay oi nhanh chong t viec gia cong loai chi tiet nay sang loai khac
vi thi gian chuan b thap nhat.
Tuy nhien may CNC khong phai khong co nhng han che. Di ay la mot so han
che:
- S au t ban au cao: Nhc iem ln nhat trong viec s dung may CNC la tien
von au t ban au cao cung vi chi ph lap at.
- Yeu cau bao dng cao: May CNC la thiet b ky thuat cao va he thong c kh, ien
cua no rat phc tap. e may gia cong c chnh xac can thng xuyen bao dng.
Ngi bao dng phai tinh thong ca ve c va ien.
- Hieu qua thap vi nhng chi tiet n gian.

Trang 11
 Chng 2: CONG NGHE LAP TRNH PHAY
I. Mo hnh khai quat may CNC.
Phan ieu khien Phan chap hanh

Chng trnh ieu khien Phoi

- Chuyen ong.
Ban phm - Van toc.
ieu khien
Cac c cau ieu khien May cat kim loai
K tay.
K t ong - V tr.
- Bao loi.

Tn hieu Man hnh Chi tiet gia cong

Hnh 2.1: Mo hnh khai qua cua may ieu khien so

May gom hai phan chnh:
1. Phan ieu khien: Gom chng trnh ieu khien va cac c cau ieu khien.
- Chng trnh ieu khien: La tap hp cac tn hieu (goi la lenh c trnh bay chi
tiet chng III) e ieu khien may, c ma hoa di dang ch cai, so va mot so ky
hieu khac nh dau cong, tr, dau cham, gach nghieng... Chng trnh nay c ghi len
c cau mang chng trnh di dang ma so (cu the la ma thap - nh phan nh bang uc
lo, ma nh phan nh bo nh cua may tnh).
- Cac c cau ieu khien: Nhan tn hieu t c cau oc chng trnh, thc hien cac phep
bien oi can thiet e co c tn hieu phu hp vi ieu kien hoat ong cua c cau chap
hanh, ong thi kiem tra s hoat ong cua chung thong qua cac tn hieu c gi ve t
cac cam bien lien he ngc. Bao gom cac c cau oc, c cau giai ma, c cau chuyen oi,
bo x ly tn hieu, c cau noi suy, c cau so sanh, c cau khuyech ai, c cau o hanh
trnh, c cau o van toc, bo nh va cac thiet b xuat nhap tn hieu.
ay la thiet b ien ien t rat phc tap, ong vai tro cot yeu trong he thong ieu
khien cua may NC. Viec tm hieu nguyen ly cau tao cua cac thiet b nay oi hoi co kien
thc t cac giao trnh chuyen nganh khac, cho nen ay ch gii thieu khai quat.
2. Phan chap hanh:
Gom may cat kim loai va mot so c cau phuc vu van e t ong hoa nh cac c cau
tay may, o cha dao, boi trn, ti trn, hut thoi phoi, cap phoi...
Cung nh cac loai may cat kim loai khac, ay la bo phan trc tiep tham gia cat got
kim loai e tao hnh chi tiet. Tuy theo kha nang cong nghe cua loai may ma co cac bo
phan : Hop toc o, hop chay dao, than may, song trc, ban may, truc chnh, o cha dao,
cac tay may ...
Ket cau tng bo phan chnh chu yeu nh may van nang thong thng, nhng co mot
vai khac biet nho e am bao qua trnh ieu khien t ong c on nh, chnh xac, nang
suat va ac biet la m rong kha nang cong nghe cua may.
- Hop toc o: Pham vi ieu chnh toc o ln, thng la truyen ong vo cap, trong o
s dung cac ly hp ien t e thay oi toc o c de dang.

Trang 12
 - Hop chay dao: Co nguon dan ong rieng, thng la cac ong c bc. Trong xch
truyen ong, s dung cac phng phap kh khe h cua cac bo truyen nh vt me ai oc
bi...
- Than may cng vng, ket cau hp ly e de thai phoi, ti trn, de thay dao t ong.
Nhieu may co o cha dao, tay may thay dao t ong, co thiet b t ong hieu chnh khi
dao b mon ...
Trong cac may CNC co the s dung cac dang ieu khien thch nghi khac nhau bao
am mot hoac nhieu thong so toi u nh cac thanh phan lc cat, nhiet o cat, o bong be
mat, che o cat toi u, o on, o rung ...
II. He truc toa o va cac chuan tren may CNC.
Theo tieu chuan ISO, cac chuyen ong cat got khi gia cong chi tiet tren may CNC phai
nam trong mot he truc toa o Descarte theo nguyen tac ban tay phai. Trong o co ba
chuyen ong tnh tien theo cac truc va ba chuyen ong quay theo cac truc tng ng.

Hnh 2.2: He truc toa o tren may CNC theo tieu chuan ISO.
- Truc Z tng ng vi phng truc chnh cua may CNC, chieu dng la chieu lam
tang khoang cach gia dao va chi tiet gia cong. Chieu quay dng cung chieu kim ong
ho (nhn t goc toa o).
- Truc X tng ng chuyen ong tnh tien ln nhat cua may CNC. V du tren may phay
la chuyen ong chay dao doc, tren may tien la chuyen ong chay dao ngang. Chieu
dng la chieu lam tang khoang cach gia dao va chi tiet.
- Truc Y hnh thanh vi hai truc tren trong he truc toa o. V du tren may phay chnh
la chuyen ong chay dao ngang cua ban may, tren may tien khong co truc nay.
Lu y khi xet he truc toa o cua may CNC phai coi nh chi tiet ng yen, con dao
chuyen ong theo cac phng cua he truc toa o.
He truc toa o cua may CNC c at vao cac loai chuan c ban sau:

Hnh 2.3a: K hieu va v tr cac chuan tren may CNC

Trang 13
 Machine zero point: Chuan may. May se o lng t v tr nay en cac v
tr khac khi lam viec. Khong the thay oi.

Dead stop point: Chuan dung cu ga. May se o lng e bao ong khi co
va cham va dng chng trnh ang thc thi.

Workpiece zero point: Chuan chi tiet. La goc cua he toa o lam viec trong
qua trnh gia cong. Co the thay oi theo y muon cua ngi cong nghe. Chuan nay chnh
la chuan cong nghe v vay phai c chon trong khong gian lam viec cua may.

Reference point: Chuan quy chieu cua may, dung e ong kn khong gian
lam viec cua may. Khong the thay oi.

Toolholder reference point: Chuan dao. e xac nh v tr dao cat sau khi
a lap dao vao o dao. Khong the thay oi.

Tool mount reference point: Chuan thay dao.

Cutter point: iem lam viec (Cat). e xac nh ng quy ao va bien dang
cat khi chng trnh lam viec.
III. Dung cu cat va cac thong so gia cong.
Ve c ban dao phay CNC khong khac dao phay truyen thong. May CNC co mot so
ac iem u viet hn may cong cu truyen thong nh toc o cao, o chnh xac cao, mc
o phc tap cua be mat gia cong, kha nang t ong Do vay ket cau cung nh chat lng
cua dao phay CNC phai c nang cao.
Hien nay co rat nhieu cong ty tren the gii chuyen san xuat dao va cho ra nhng so
tay tra cu rat hu hieu, tham ch a co nhng phan mem tra cu dao va che o cat got
mot cach t ong khi ta thong bao chnh xac vat lieu dao, vat lieu gia cong, kch thc,
hnh dang be mat gia cong, chat lng be mat yeu cau
e lap trnh phay, ngi cong nghe ngoai viec biet chon hnh dang ket cau, vat lieu
dao cho hp ly ma con phai nam chac cac thong so cua dao (Tooling Parameters).
Di ay la mot so kieu dao va cac dang be mat gia cong thng dung (hnh 2.3 b).
Dao phay mat phang, co gan manh hp kim cng (Face mill, Carbide Insert).
Dao phay ngon phay phang (Endmill), dao phay cau (Ball Nose, Bull Nose).
Dao phay a (Disc Cutting Tool), dao vat canh (Chamfer).

Trang 14
 Hnh 2.3b: Cac loai dao truyen thong, dao gan manh, dao phay mat phang.
Thong so cua dao bao gom: So hieu dao (tng thch vi so hieu tren o cha dao, hnh
2.4); Ket cau va thong so hnh hoc phan cat cua dao (hnh 2.5); Chieu dai hieu chnh dao
(hnh 2.6).

Hnh 2.4: Mot so kieu o cha dao va c cau thay dao

Hnh 2.5: Ket cau va thong so hnh hoc phan cat cua dao.

Trang 15
 Hnh 2.6: Chieu dai, chieu dai lam viec va chieu dai hieu chnh dao.
Thng e gia cong mot chi tiet can s dung mot vai dao cat, trong o moi dao co
chieu dai hieu chnh va ng knh khac nhau (hnh 2.6). Do o khi gia cong, oi vi moi
dao, can thc hien hanh trnh tien dao theo cac phng khac nhau. Neu lap trnh toa o
di chuyen theo chieu dai va ng knh moi dao, se rat kho khan va thc te thc hien
khong c.
e thuan tien cho viec lap trnh cung nh hieu chnh chng trnh, cac he ieu khien
CNC eu co chc nang lu tr gia tr chieu dai va ban knh dao (Tool Parameters). ieu
nay cho phep thc hien viec gia cong ma khong can thay oi chng trnh, ngay ca khi
co s thay oi chieu dai va ng knh dao.
Gia tr chieu dai va ng knh dao c xac lap tren may trong qua trnh ra dao (trong
bc ieu chnh may) va c lu tr trong bo nh. Can c gia tr thiet lap a c lu
tr, he ieu khien se t ong bu tr cho toa o lap trnh e c toa o di chuyen thc
te cho moi dao cat.
Thong so gia cong (Machining Parameters)
Thong so gia cong c ban can c xac lap bc
nghien cu chi tiet gia cong va tien trnh cong nghe
gia cong tren may CNC, bao gom:
- Toc o truc chnh (Spindle Speed vong/phut)
- Toc o chay dao theo phng X va Y (Feedrate
thng dung mm/phut)
- Toc o chay dao theo phng Z (Plunge feedrate -
Hnh 2.7
thng dung mm/phut)
- Toc o cat (Cutting Speed m/phut)
- Chon phoi (Stock) va lng d gia cong (Stock
allowance - mm) Hnh 2.7
- Thiet ke quy ao cat va quy ao chay khong cua dao
(Toolpath) Hnh 2.7
- Chieu sau cat (Depth - mm) Hnh 2.8
- Chieu sau an dao (Down step - mm) Hnh 2.8
- Bc chay dao ngang (Stepover distance) Hnh 2.8
- Mat phang gia cong (Tool plane) Hnh 2.8

Trang 16
 - Mat phang an toan (Cleance plane) Hnh 2.8
- Mat phang lui dao (Retract plane) Hnh 2.8

Hnh 2.8: Mo ta phay hoc ch nhat.

- Gia cong tho (Roughing); Gia cong ban tinh (Semi finishing); Gia cong tinh
(Finishing); Gia cong bong, trn lang (Smooth) Hnh 2.9
- Phng phap phay: Thuan (Conventional); Nghch (Climb, Upcut);
- Kieu phay: Thang (Straight); Doc (Ramping) hnh 2.10; Xoan (Helical) hnh 2.11;
Bien dang (Profiling) hnh 2.12.

Hnh 2.9 Hnh 2.10

Hnh 2.11 Hnh 2.12

- Hieu chnh ban knh dao (Cutter Compensation): nh ngha s dch chnh tam dao
so vi quy ao cat. S dch chnh ban knh dao sang trai, phai, huy s dch chnh c
xac lap bi cac t lenh tng ng G41, G42 va G40 (hnh 2.13).

Trang 17
 Hnh 2.13: Hng bu dao trai va phai.
IV. Cac bc thc hien gia cong tren may CNC.
1. Nghien cu cong nghe gia cong chi tiet.
oc hieu ban ve chi tiet: hnh dang, o chnh xac, o bong va vat lieu.
Chon phoi, chon may va cach ga at phoi.
Chon tien trnh cong nghe hp ly. Chon dao va xac nh che o cat got cho tng
bc cong nghe. Lap phieu cong nghe.
Phieu cong nghe la ban tom tat, the hien c ay u tien trnh gia cong va thong
so cong nghe cua tng bc, la s the hien thong tin n gian nhng de hieu, giup
cho ngi van hanh may co the de dang kiem soat tien trnh gia cong.
2. Thiet ke quy ao cat cho tng bc cong nghe.
Lap quy ao chuyen ong cua dao that chi tiet, hp ly va chnh xac.
Tnh toan toa o cua cac iem chuyen tiep tren quy ao chuyen ong cua dao.
3. Lap chng trnh ieu khien NC.
ay la bc quan trong nhat e gia cong c tren may CNC. Co hai phng phap lap
trnh :
Phng phap lap trnh thu cong (Manual Programming): La phng phap lap trnh
khong co s tr giup cua may tnh, ngi lap trnh co the t bien soan chng trnh
NC tren c s nhan dang hoan toan chnh xac toa o chay dao. Kha nang lap trnh
thu cong c coi la yeu cau c ban oi vi ngi lap trnh NC, bi v co ky nang
lap trnh nay, ngi lap trnh mi co kha nang hieu, kha nang oc va sa oi chng
trnh khi trc tiep van hanh may CNC.
Phan ln cac phan mem lap trnh NC la san pham cua chnh nha san xuat he ieu
khien, thng cung cap kem theo may CNC. Kha nang lap trnh cua nhng phan
mem nay noi chung rat han che. Phan ln ch co kha nang lap trnh cho nhng quy
ao cat 2D; 2,5D n gian va chu trnh gia cong c ban. Phng phap lap trnh nay
co the kiem tra bien dang cat bang cach mo phong tren may tnh vi phan mem NC
hoac trc tiep tren he ieu khien cua may CNC.
Phng phap lap trnh t ong (Automatically Programming): La phng phap lap
trnh nh s tr giup cua may tnh. Phng phap lap trnh nay bang ngon ng x ly
hnh hoc (APT Automatically Programmed Tool) hoac phan mem CAD/CAM tch
hp nh cong cu tr giup e chuyen oi t ong d lieu hnh hoc va d lieu cong
nghe thanh chng trnh NC.
Ngay nay phng phap lap trnh bang cac phan mem CAD/CAM a c s dung pho
bien va rat co hieu qua, ac biet cho cac trng hp gia cong mat cong phc tap.

Trang 18
 4. Kiem tra chng trnh ieu khien NC.
Chng trnh sau khi soan thao can phai kiem tra, hieu chnh. ay cung la khau quan
trong trc khi gia cong tren may. Co hai cach kiem tra nh sau :
Kiem tra thu cong: Do chng trnh bang mat va ve ra chi tiet gia cong bang tay.
Cach nay thc hien khi ieu kien may tnh va phan mem khong co.
Kiem tra bang may tnh: Chng trnh soan thao c nhap vao may tnh, cho chay
mo phong tren phan mem phu hp. Da tren quy ao chuyen ong cua dao va hnh
dang chi tiet hnh thanh ma sa oi chng trnh hay dao cat, che o cat... Cac phan
mem CAD/CAM eu co chc nang kiem tra, mo phong tren phan mem.
Cac phan mem co the dung e kiem tra pho bien nh CIMCO Edit, WinNC...
5. ieu chnh may CNC.
Chuan b phoi, dao cat va o ga. o ga c co nh trong khong gian gia cong tren
ban may (phai c ra vuong goc hoac song song vi cac phng chuyen ong cua
may).
nh v va kep chat phoi tren o ga.
Thc hien cac bc Van hanh may cho tng may CNC cu the.
6. Gia cong chi tiet tren may CNC.
a chng trnh gia cong ra man hnh ieu khien, kiem tra lai chng trnh mot
lan na va ac biet phai kiem tra cac ng chay dao khong cat that ky.
Chay th che o Dry Run e kiem tra chng trnh, v tr chuan chi tiet, chieu dai
dung cu cat. Thong thng che o nay, tat ca cac lenh se chay vi toc o toi a,
do o co the thao phoi hoac dch chuan len cao hn chuan gia cong e tranh lam h
hong ti may.
Gia cong va kiem tra cac dung sai cac kch thc quan trong. oi vi cac chi tiet
gia cong hang loat. Can phai thc hien o va kiem tra lien tuc do dao b mon.
V. Cac lenh ve lap trnh (Theo tieu chuan ISO).
Mot chng trnh (Program) NC gom nhieu khoi lenh (Block), mot cau lenh co the co
t mot lenh en nhieu lenh (Word), mot lenh gom mot a ch (Address) va nhng con
so.
1. a ch lenh.
a ch lenh la tat ca cac ch cai, ch th v tr lu tr d lieu so theo sau.
Theo tieu chuan ISO, a ch lenh co y ngha sau:
A - nh v tr goc quay quanh truc X.
B - nh v tr goc quay quanh truc Y.
C - nh v tr goc quay quanh truc Z.
D - nh v tr goc quay quanh truc ac biet hoac hieu chnh dao.
E - nh v tr goc quay quanh truc ac biet.
F - Toc o chay dao (Feed).
G - Chc nang chuan b (Preparatory functions).
H - a ch o nh hieu chnh chieu dai, ban knh do.

Trang 19
 I - Toa o X cua tam ng tron hoac bc ren tren truc X.
J - Toa o Y cua tam ng tron hoac bc ren tren truc Y.
K - Toa o Z cua tam ng tron hoac bc ren tren truc Z.
L - D tr.
M - Chc nang phu (Auxiliary Functions).
N - Th t cau lenh.
P, Q, R - Tham so.
U, V, W - Toa o phu tng ng chuyen ong X, Y, Z.
S - Toc o vong truc chnh (Spindle Speed) hoac toc o cat.
T - Dung cu cat (Tool).
X, Y, Z - Toa o theo cac truc X, Y, Z.
2. Lenh.
La tap hp cac ky t (gom mot a ch va nhng con so) cung cap cho may CNC mot
thong tin ay u e ch th mot ai lng ieu khien nhat nh. Co bon nhom lenh can
ban sau:
Nhom lenh thc hien chc nang nh v tr va hnh hoc.
Bao gom cac a ch:
A B C D E P Q R X Y Z
I J K U V W
Cac con so theo sau co khoang t 5 en 7 so tuy theo kha nang va o chnh xac cua
moi may, co the la so dng (co hoac khong co dau +), co the la so am (bat buoc phai
co dau -) va co the la so thap phan (lu y dau phay phai dung la dau cham).
Cac may CNC s dung he met co phan thap phan ti 3 ch so (0.001 mm).
Cac may CNC s dung he inch co phan thap phan ti 4 ch so (0.0001 inch).
Nhom lenh thc hien chc nang cong nghe:
o la nhng lenh ve toc o chay dao, toc o vong va ve dung cu cat. Bao gom cac a
ch: F (feed) S (speed) T (tool)
Cach ghi nhng con so sau nhng a ch F va S tuy thuoc kha nang cong nghe cua
moi loai may CNC. Co may ghi theo quy nh, nhng co may ghi theo tr so thc. Hien
nay phan ln cac may the he mi eu ghi theo tr so thc. oi vi a ch S, co the la toc
o vong cua truc chnh (vong/phut) nhng cung co the la toc o cat (m/phut). oi vi toc
o chay dao, co the dung (mm/phut) nhng cung co the (mm/vong).
oi vi a ch T, nhng con so la do ngi lap trnh at hoac c quy nh tren o
dao, nhng c phep at bao nhieu con so th do nha san xuat quyet nh. Do o khi
dung may CNC, phai tm hieu ky cach ghi cac gia tr so sau cac a ch F, S, T.
Nhom lenh thc hien chc nang chuan b, gia cong
Chuan b thc hien cong viec nao o, v vay thng khong ng mot mnh trong khoi
lenh (tr mot so lenh mang y ngha ket thuc cong viec hoac bat au mot chuoi cong
viec). o la a ch G va nhng con so theo sau tuy thuoc kha nang cong nghe cua moi
may CNC.

Trang 20
 Noi chung cac lenh chuan b can ban la giong nhau, bang di ay liet ke cac lenh
cua bo ieu khien Fanuc 21:
nh v tr vi toc o nhanh, di chuyen dao nhanh (Rapid Travelse) G0
Noi suy ng thang (Linear Interpolition) G1
Noi suy cung tron cung chieu kim ong ho (Clockwise Interpolition - CW) G2
Noi suy cung tron ngc chieu kim ong ho (Counter Clockwise Int. - CCW) G3
Tam dng dch chuyen tnh tien cac truc (Dwell) G4
Ghi e d lieu he thong G10
Noi suy tnh toa o cac iem theo he toa o cc G16
Ket thuc noi suy he toa o cc G15
Mat phang noi suy (Oxy, Oxz, Oyz) G17, G18, G19
n v lap trnh he Inch G20
n v lap trnh he met G21
Di chuyen ti toa ong trung gian trong cau lenh, sau o ve chuan may G28
Hieu chnh ban knh dao cat (trai, phai) (radius compensation) G41, G42
Ket thuc hieu chnh ban knh dao G40
Hieu chnh chieu dai dung cu cat G43, G44
Ket thuc hieu chnh chieu dai G49
T le gia cong, gia cong oi xng G51
Huy t le gia cong, gia cong oi xng G50
Huy cac goc toa o chuan chi tiet, goi chuan may G53
Di goc toa o trong chng trnh G52
Xoay goc toa o trong chng trnh G68
Huy xoay goc toa o trong chng trnh G69
He toa o thao chng G92
Chuan chi tiet G54 G59
Chu trnh khoan lo can, khoan lo can co thi gian dng cuoi chu trnh G81, G82
Chu trnh khoan lo sau G73, G83
Chu trnh cat ren trong (ta ro) (ren phai, ren trai) G74, G84
Chu trnh doa G85, G89
Chu trnh khoan, dng chng trnh khi khoan G88
Ket thuc cac chu trnh iem G80
V tr lui dao sau khi gia trong cac cong chu trnh iem G98, G99
Phng thc nhap v tr iem lap trnh G90, G91
Toc o cat tnh bang mm/phut G94
Toc o cat tnh bang mm/vong G95
Toc o cat khong oi G96
Van toc vong quay cua truc chnh khong oi G97

Trang 21
 Do o, khi lap chng trnh cho may CNC phai nghien cu tap lenh cua may o.
Nhom lenh thc hien chc nang phu
o la a ch M va nhng con so theo sau tuy thuoc kha nang cong nghe cua moi may
CNC. Nhng noi chung cac lenh phu can ban la giong nhau, di ay la bang ma mot so
lenh phu cua bo ieu khien Fanuc 21:
- Tam dng chng trnh M0
- Tam dng chng trnh co ieu kien (Optional Stop) M1
- Ket thuc chng trnh, con tro cuoi chng trnh M2
- Ket thuc chng trnh, con tro ve au chng trnh M30
- Chieu quay truc chnh (thuan chieu, ngc chieu kim ong ho) M3, M4
- Dng truc chnh M5
- Thay dao t ong M6
- M dung nh trn nguoi M8
- Tat dung dch trn nguoi M9
- Khoa truc th 4 sau khi nh v goc M10
- M khoa truc th 4, noi suy lien tuc M11
- Goi chng trnh con M98
- Ket thuc chng trnh con M99
- Xoay o dao M27
- M van thoi kh nen M71
- Khoa van thoi kh nen M72
3. Khoi lenh.
Khoi lenh c viet tren mot hang cua chng trnh, thc hien mot thu tuc di chuyen
hoac mot hoat ong cua may (co the vai hoat ong oc lap nhau) va c coi la n v
c ban cua chng trnh.
Khoi lenh co the bao gom mot hoac mot nhom lenh thc hien cung mot luc. No co the
cha mot hoac nhieu lenh chc nang va trong moi chc nang co the co vai lenh, nhng
nhng lenh o phai thc hien nhng hoat ong oc lap nhau. Ngay ca trng hp khac
chc nang nhng do th t hoat ong cung khong the at vao cung khoi lenh.
Moi khoi lenh bat au bi lenh th t (N) ket thuc bi ky t ket thuc khoi lenh
(thng c t ong the hien bang dau ; khi a c cai at trong phan mem: tieu
chuan ISO s dung ky t (LF Line Feed), tieu chuan EIA s dung ky t (CR - Carriage
Return), Enter xuong hang hoac EOB (End Of Block - tren panel ieu khien).
V du: Trong mot khoi lenh khong the thong tin cho may va m dung nh trn nguoi
lai va tat dung nh trn nguoi (M8 M9); Va quay truc chnh lai va dng truc chnh
(S1800 M3 M5).
Cau truc mot khoi lenh nh sau:
N___ G___ X___ Y___ Z___ F___ S_____ T___ M___ ;

N: Th t cau lenh (sequence number, block number).

G: Nhom lenh thc hien chc nang chuan b cong nghe.

Trang 22
 X, Y, Z: Nhom lenh thc hien chc nang nh v tr va hnh hoc.
F, S, T: Nhom lenh thc hien chc nang phu.
; Ky hieu ket thuc khoi lenh (hoac EOB, LF, CR).
Th t khoi lenh nen tang dan, theo th t, co the tang 1 n v hoac 5, 10 n v.
Th t khoi lenh co 2 y ngha: kiem soat th t cua dong lenh trong chng trnh va
anh dau cac iem au cua chu trnh (tien), hoac la anh dau cua cau ieu kien.
oi vi cac chng trnh phay khong s dung cau truc cau ieu kien, th t khoi lenh
co the bo qua N. Khi gia cong, chng trnh se c oc t trai qua phai, t tren xuong
di, trong mot dong, neu lenh cung nhom, t ng trc thc thi trc.
Cac may CNC vi bo ieu khien Fanuc i cu ch co the hieu c ti N9999, hoac
N99999 cua cau lenh, nh vay khi gap th t ln hn may se bao loi. Trong trng hp
nay, khi gia cong co the bo tat ca cac th t dong lenh (nhng se kho kiem soat chng
trnh gia cong) hoac dung phan mem e anh dau lap lai t N1.
Trong khoi lenh, cac lenh co the viet lien nhau hoac gia chung co cac khoang trong.
Khi oc khoi lenh, he thong ieu khien khong oc khoang trong. Mot khoi lenh toi a la
128 ky t (ke ca khoang trang).
4. Phng thc nhap toa o.
Co hai phng thc nhap toa o:

- Phng thc nhap toa o tuyet oi (Absolute dimensions): La phng thc ma tat
ca cac v tr c xac nh t chuan thao chng.
- Phng thc nhap toa o tng oi (Relative or incremental dimensions): La phng
thc ma trong o v tr au tien c xac nh t chuan thao chng, v tr tiep theo c
xac nh t v tr trc o va c tiep tuc nh the cho en het.
5. Cac phng phap ieu khien.
- ieu khien iem (hay ieu khien theo v tr) c dung e gia cong cac lo bang cac
phng phap khoan, khoet, doa va cat ren lo. ay chi tiet gia cong c ga co nh
tren ban may, dung cu cat thc hien chay dao nhanh en cac v tr a lap trnh. Khi at
ti cac iem ch dao bat au cat, tuy nhien cung co trng hp dao khong dch chuyen
ma ban may dch chuyen. Muc ch chnh can at la cac kch thc v tr cua cac lo phai
chnh xac, con qu ao chuyen ong la cua dao hay cua ban may ieu khong co y ngha
lam. V tr cua cac lo co the c ieu khien ong thi theo hai truc hoac ieu khien ke
tiep nhau.
- ieu khien ng thang la dang ieu khien ma khi gia cong dung cu cat thc hien
lng chay dao theo mot ng thang nao o song song vi mot truc toa o. Dang ieu
khien nay c dung cho cac may phay va may tien n gian.
- ieu khien theo ng vien (theo contour) cho phep thc hien chay dao tren nhieu
truc cung luc. Tuy theo so truc c ieu khien ong thi, khi gia cong, ngi ta phan

Trang 23
 biet: ieu khien ng vien 2D, ieu khien ng vien 2.5D va ieu khien ng vien
3D, 4D, 5D.
ieu khien ng vien 2D cho phep thc hien chay dao theo hai truc ong thi
trong mot mat phang gia cong, v du, trong mat phang XZ hoac XY, truc th ba c
ieu khien hoan toan oc lap vi hai truc kia.
ieu khien ng vien 2.5D cho phep an dao ong thi theo hai truc nao o e gia
cong be mat trong mot mat phang nhat nh. Tren may CNC co 3 truc X, Y, Z ta se
ieu khien c ong thi X va Y; X va Z hoac Y va Z.
ieu khien ng vien 3D cho phep ong thi chay dao theo ca 3 truc X, Y, Z. Ca
ba truc chuyen ong hoa hp vi nhau hay co quan he rang buoc ham so. ng
vien c gia cong do ca 3 lng chay dao theo truc X, Y, Z tao thanh. ieu khien
ng vien 3D c ng dung e gia cong cac khuon mau, gia cong cac chi tiet co
be mat khong phc tap.
ieu khien 4D va ieu khien 5D: Ngoai cac truc tnh tien X, Y va Z con cac truc
quay cung c ieu khien so. Nh ieu khien 4D va 5D, co the gia cong cac chi
tiet phc tap nh cac khuon ren dap, cac khuon uc ap lc hoac cac canh tuabin.

Trang 24
 Chng 3: CAC LENH LAP TRNH HE IEU KHIEN FANUC21
Bai 1: CAC LENH LAP TRNH CAN BAN

I. Tom tat tap lenh lap trnh he ieu khien Fanuc.

1. Cac lenh lap trnh c ban.
- Lenh di chuyen dao: G00, G01, G02, G03
- Lenh ve toa o va n v kch thc: G90, G91, G20, G21
- Lenh ve he toa o: G17, G18, G19, G54 G59, G92
- Lenh ve iem tham chieu: G28
- Lenh ve toc o chay dao: F, G94, G95, G96
- Lenh ve toc o truc chnh: S, G97, M03, M04, M05
- Lenh chon va thay dao: T, M06
- Lenh ve cac chc nang phu: M00, M01, M02, M07, M08, M09, M25, M26, M30
2. Cac lenh lap trnh bu tr va dch chnh dao.
- Cac he ieu khien yeu cau lap trnh gia cong theo toa o tam dao (Tool Center
Coordinate) thay cho iem bien tren chu vi dao cat. Do o, khong the s dung trc
tiep toa o chi tiet v tam dao phai co v tr cach ng bien cat mot khoang bang
ban knh dao.
- Phep dch chnh v tr tam dao c goi la bu tr ban knh dao (Radius
Compensation). Cac lenh lap trnh bu tr va dch chnh dao cho phep bien oi n
gian d lieu lap trnh theo bien dang chi tiet gia cong thanh d lieu ng tam dao.
Trong giao trnh nay s dung thuat ng hieu chnh dao, bao gom:
- Hieu chnh ban knh dao: G40, G41, G42
- Hieu chnh chieu dai dao: G43, G44, G49
3. Cac lenh ve chu trnh gia cong.
Lenh chu trnh gia cong cho phep thc hien chuoi cac chc nang gia cong lap lai bang
mot khoi lenh. Lenh chu trnh han che c viec xac nh toa o, giam ang ke loi lap
trnh, tiet kiem khoang 50% thi gian lap trnh.
Co the phan loai chu trnh gia cong thanh 2 nhom:
- Chu trnh c ban (Standard Cycles): G80, G81, G82... G89;
- Chu trnh ac biet (Special Cycles): G71, G72, G73, G75, G76
4. Cac lenh ve lap trnh phep lap.
e tang hieu suat lap trnh cung nh giam thieu kch thc chng trnh cho cac trng
hp gia cong phc tap ve hnh dang hay co tnh lap ve quy trnh, v du nh khoan mot tap
hp lo co cung ng knh va cach eu nhau cac he ieu khien CNC hien ai eu c
trang b cac chc nang lap trnh vong lap (Loops), chng trnh con (Subprogram).
Co the coi vong lap nh chuoi lenh c lap lai nhieu lan. Chc nang tao vo ng lap cho
phep re nhanh tr ve khoi lenh trc trong chng trnh va thc hien cac khoi lenh trong
vong lap theo so lan ch nh.
Chng trnh con la mot phan cua chng trnh chnh va co the c goi theo yeu cau
bi chng trnh gia cong co lien quan ti chng trnh con nay.
Cau truc chng trnh con hoac macro cung nh cau truc mot chng trnh chnh NC.
5. Cac chc nang lap trnh nang cao.

Trang 25
Cac chc nang nay tr giup nh phep lay t le, phep xoay, phep lay oi xng lam n
gian cong viec lap trnh, giam thi gian lap trnh.
II. Xac nh che o cat got tren may CNC.
1. Y ngha cua viec xac nh che o cat[1].
Xac nh che o cat ngha la tm cac tr so cua chieu sau (t), lng chay dao (s), toc
o cat (v), cong suat cat can thiet (N), thi gian may (to) trong ieu kien gia cong
cu the. La chon che o cat hp l la mot trong nhng muc tieu cua cac phng
phap gia cong kim loai bang cat got nh tien, phay, bao, khoan, mai...
Che o cat hp l la che o cat tren c s bao am yeu cau ky thuat cua nguyen
cong thc hien, phat huy c kha nang may, cua trang b cong nghe va dung cu
cat, bao am nang suat lao ong cao va gia thanh san pham ha trong ieu kien cu
the cua x nghiep c kh.
Che o cat got hp l bao am tuoi ben cua dao, o chnh xac va o bong. T o,
tiet kiem thi gian gia cong, mang lai nhng hieu qua kinh te tot nhat.
2. Cac yeu to anh hng ti che o cat.
a. Vat lieu va thong so hnh hoc cua dao.
Dao c che tao t nhieu vat lieu khac nhau, phu thuoc vao kha nang cong nghe
cua nha san xuat. Cac loai dao san xuat t thep gio ch co the dung e gia cong cac
loai vat lieu mem nh polime (POM, PE, PVC...), hp kim nhom, ong, thep co o
cng thap, e lam giam s mai mon tren be mat li cat, dao thep gio co the c
phu mot lp mong hp kim cng.
Dao hp kim hoac cac manh dao hp kim cng (insert) c dung e gia cong cac
loai thep co o cng trung bnh va o cng cao. Mot so loai dao c che tao t vat
lieu e gia cong thep a toi, gang...
Cac thong so hnh hoc: goc o dao, cach lap at dao... c tnh toan e toi u tuoi
ben, kha nang thoat phoi cua dao trong qua trnh gia cong tho hoac gia cong tinh,
vat lieu mem hoac vat lieu o cng cao. T o, toc o gia cong se khac nhau.
b. Vat lieu gia cong.
Cac yeu to trong vat lieu gia cong anh hng trc tiep ti cac thong so cua qua trnh cat
got bao gom:
o cng cua vat lieu.
Thanh phan che tao va mc o tap chat cua vat lieu o.
c. Cac yeu to khac.
Kha nang cong nghe cua may (toc o, cong suat cua truc chnh va ong c ieu
khien cac truc may).
o cng vng cua he thong cong nghe.
Yeu cau cu the cua bc cong nghe (gia cong tho, gia cong tinh, cat thuan, cat
nghch...)
Phng phap giai nhiet cua qua trnh gia cong: kh, dung dch lam mat...
3. S khac biet cua che o cat tren may ieu khien so va may truyen thong.
Tren may phay: dao quay, tren may tien: chi tiet quay.
Tren may truyen thong, ong c truyen ong thng la ong c ien xoay chieu 3
pha, truyen mo men xoan thong qua cac bo truyen phan cap nh banh rang, ai

Trang 26
 thang hoac ket hp ca 2 bo truyen tren, nen toc o quay cua truc chnh va toc o di
chuyen cua cac truc la nhng con so hu han (ieu khien phan cap).
Tren may ieu khien so, ong c truc chnh va ong c ieu khien cac truc s dung
ong c servo, truyen mo men xoan qua he thong ai rang hoac s dung khp noi
mem truyen ong trc tiep e ieu khien vo cap.
Ve c ban phng phap tnh toan che o cat tren may truyen thong va ieu khien
so la giong nhau. Tuy nhien, do ac iem ve cau truc phan cng cua he thong va
cach ap dung se khac nhau. oi vi may truyen thong, kha nang chon c cap so
chnh xac nh khi tnh toan la rat t, nen can phai chon toc o cap gan so tnh c
(nhng thap hn). Tren may CNC, cac so lieu tnh toan se c s dung ngay e
lap trnh, nen se c hieu qua gia cong cao nhat.
4. Phng phap tnh toan che o cat.
Tra bang thong so cat got t hang san xuat dao, v du nh hnh 4.1. Da vao vat lieu che
tao dao va vat lieu gia cong e tm cac thong so cat hp l. Cac thong so can tnh toan
khi lap trnh nh sau.
a. Che o cat khi phay:
Chon chieu sau moi lp cat: t
Chon be day moi lp cat: ae (lng an dao ngang) toi a bang ng knh dao.
Toc o truc chnh (Spindle Speed) n:
1000vc
n [vong/phut] hoac [r.p.m] (revolutions per minute). [1]
D
Trong o:
o Vc : van toc cat, [m/phut] tra bang.
o D : ng knh [mm] (xem tren dao).
Lng dch chuyen ban may [feed rate] = . [2]
Trong o:
o n: tnh cong thc [1].
o z: so li cat (xem tren dao).
o fz: lng an dao rang [mm/rang]

Hnh 4.1: Minh hoa bang tra che o cat cua mot so loai vat lieu, dao phay ngon.
b. Che o cat khi khoan, ta ro.

Trang 27
 Tc quay trc chnh Tc di chuyn n dao
1000 =
=

Trong : Trong :
S: Tc quay trc chnh (vng/pht) F: Tc di chuyn n dao (mm/pht)
Vc: Tc ct (m/pht) S: Tc quay trc chnh (vng/pht)
D: ng knh dao (mm) fn: Tc di chuyn n dao (mm/ vng)
Lc dc trc Cng sut
= 11.4 (100 ) 0.85
1.25 2 (0.056 + 1.5 )
=
105
Trong : Trong :
T: Lc dc trc (N) P: cng sut (kW)
K: H s vt liu S: Tc quay trc chnh (vng/pht)
D: ng knh dao (mm) fn: Tc di chuyn n dao (mm/ vng)
Lu y:
- Khi lap trnh ta ro, can tnh toan gia tr vong quay trc. Toc o an dao theo Z se
c tnh da vao toc o vong quay truc chnh va bc ren (tham khao phan ta ro).
- Do thanh phan vat lieu, ieu kien th nghiem cua nha san xuat (he thong may, thanh
phan vat lieu th nghiem, phng phap ga at, nhiet o, ti nguoi) va khi gia cong
thc te la khac nhau, do o tr so tnh toan ve mat ly thuyet va gia cong thc te khong
hoan toan trung khp.
- Can ket hp gia gia tr tnh toan c va kinh nghiem thc tien e bao am an toan
cho qua trnh gia cong va at c hieu qua cao nhat.
- Trong trng hp tr so tnh toan c gia tr nhng he thong cong nghe khong ap
ng c, th phai giam t le toc o vong quay va toc o dch chuyen ban may en
so lieu phu hp.
III. Cac lenh nhom lenh c ban.
1. Cac lenh ve n v lap trnh.
Lnh n v n v lp trnh nh nht V d
G20 Inch 1/10.000 X0.0001 Y0.0001
G21 Met 1/1.000 X0.001 Y0.001
Trong thc te, cac may CNC a c nha san xuat gan san he n v o (Inch hoac
met), nen chng trnh tren may he o nao se chay chng trnh cua he o.
2. Lenh ve chuan may t ong.
Cau truc: G28 X___ Y___ Z___
Y ngha: Di chuyen vi toc o toi a ve iem chuan may, trc khi ve chuan may
dao se di chuyen qua iem trung gian co toa o X, Y, Z trong cau lenh.
Trong thc te, e an toan trong qua trnh gia cong, phai lap trnh ve chuan t ong
theo tng truc, th t theo phng Z trc va X-Y sau e tranh va cham vao o ga.
Neu ng tai v tr o dch chuyen ve chuan may ma khong can iem trung gian, cau
lenh lap trnh nh sau:
G91 G28 Z0 (Ve chuan phng Z, kem theo G91 la iem trung gian Z0)
G91 G28 X0 Y0 (Ve chuan phng X, Y, kem theo G91 la iem trung gian X0, Y0)
3. Cac lenh ve la chon mat phang noi suy.

Trang 28
 He toa o gia cong xac nh bang ba truc X, Y, Z va tao
nen ba mat phang gia cong chnh: XY, XZ, YZ. Co the ch
nh mat phang gia cong bang lenh:
G17 Mat phang XOY
G18 Mat phang XOZ
G19 Mat phang YOZ
hoac bi lenh kch thc tng ng nh nhng v du ve cac
lenh di chuyen dao tren.
nh ngha mat phang gia cong theo lenh kch thc ch
co tac dung trong khoi lenh, nhng nh ngha mat phang
gia cong bang lenh co tac dung cho nhieu khoi lenh hoac
ca chng trnh.
4. Lenh ve cach nhap toa o.
G90 lap trnh toa o tuyet oi: v tr cac iem nhap theo chuan thao chng.
G91 lap trnh toa o tng oi: toa o iem ke trc o la goc toa o.
V du:
Toa o tuyet oi Toa o tng oi
G90 X20 Y30 G90 X20 Y30

G90 X80 Y60 G91 X60 Y30

G90 X120 Y-10 G91 X40 Y-70

5. Lenh ve hieu chnh chieu dai dao (tool length compensation).

Trong qua trnh gia cong, chieu dai dao se anh hng trc tiep en chieu sau cat, co
anh hng ti qua trnh tnh toan noi suy theo phng Z. Mac nh theo phng Z, may
se tnh toan khoang cach t goc toa o Machine (M) en chuan T cua may va hien th
trong he toa o Machine cua may.
e tien hanh gia cong, iem lam viec phai di t chuan dao T xuong au mui dai nhat
cua dung cu cat got.
Ngi van hanh may se thao tac va o c chieu dai t chuan T ti au mui dao hoac
o so sanh gia tr cua cac dao so vi mot dao chuan nao o va lu vao cac o nh tren
may CNC. Trong he ieu khien Fanuc 21, ngi lap trnh co the goi o nh lu chieu
dai dao bang t Hxx hoac Dxx, trong o xx la v tr o nh tren may.
Tuy thuoc vao tng loai may, ma o nh H va D co the cung mot dong a ch hoac co
2 gia tr khac nhau, nhng cung co may la 2 a ch khac nhau ma khong c trung
nhau (moi a ch ch co mot o nh rieng biet, hnh 5.1).
oi vi cac loai dao co nhieu li cat, can phai xac nh chieu dai cua li cat cao
nhat, v li cat nay se anh hng trc tiep ti chieu sau gia cong va gay ra sai so.
Qua trnh van hanh o dao tren may co the thc hien thu cong ra va o bang tay, o
bang ca lp co en bao tiep xuc hoac o bang au o t ong (touch probe). Cac may
co s dung au o t ong tiep xuc hoac khong tiep xuc eu cho o chnh xac rat cao,
may co chu trnh o rieng. au o tiep xuc ve lau dai se b mon, anh hng ti sai so
o, au o khong tiep xuc s dung tia Laser e o nen tranh c nhc iem mon do
tiep xuc. Tuy nhien, gia thanh cua thiet b o se lam cho gia may len cao.
Cac lenh hieu chnh chieu dai dao gom co:
a. Hieu chnh chieu dai dao dng:

Trang 29
 Hnh 5.1: Hieu chnh chieu dai G43.
Cau truc: G43 Hxx
Y ngha: Dch chuyen iem tnh toan ve pha Z- (am) mot oan co gia tr nam trong
o nh Hxx. Cac o nh lu chieu dai dao co gia tr dng.
b. Hieu chnh chieu dai dao am.
Cau truc: G44 Hxx
Y ngha: Dch chuyen iem tnh toan ve pha Z+ (dng) mot oan co gia tr nam
trong o nh Hxx. Cac o nh lu chieu dai dao co gia tr am, (ngc lai G43).
c. Huy hieu chnh chieu dai.
Cau truc: G49
Y ngha: Huy bo cac gia tr hieu chnh ve chieu dai. iem tnh toan theo chuan T.
Lu y: ch nen dung mot kieu hieu chnh e tranh nham lan trong qua trnh gia cong.
6. Cac lenh thc hien chc nang cong nghe va cac lenh chc nang phu.
G94 Toc o chay dao tnh bang mm/phut (phay).
G95 Toc o chay dao tnh bang mm/vong (tien).
F Khai bao toc o chay dao (mm/phut hoac mm/vong).
S Toc o vong quay truc chnh (vong/phut).
T Lenh goi dao.
Cac lenh chc nang phu (AUX Auxilary Function)
M2, M30 Ket thuc chng trnh chnh, M02: con nhay se ng cuoi chng trnh,
M30: con nhay t nhay ve au chng trnh.
M3, M4 Chieu quay truc chnh cung, ngc kim ong ho (CW, CCW).
M5 Dng truc chnh (Spindle Stop).
M6 Thay dao t ong (Automatic Tool Change)
M8 M ong c bm nc lam mat (Coolant on).
M9 Tat ong c bm nc lam mat (Coolant on).
M00 Dng chng trnh tam thi, nhan Cycle Start e tiep tuc.
M01 Dng chng trnh co ieu kien (bat en OPT, hoac M01 khi gia cong),
nhan Cycle Start e tiep tuc. Neu en OPT/M01 tat, cau lenh se b bo qua
(khac M00).
7. Nhom lenh ve goc toa o.
a. Goc co nh (co lu lai gia tr sau khi tat - m may): G54 G59.

Trang 30
 Co 6 v tr (G54 G59) e lu goc toa o chuan chi tiet, nam trong khong gian lam
viec, phai c ngi van hanh thao tac o va lu lai.
Moi v tr co 3 en 5 o nh e lu cac gia tr truc X, Y va Z, vi may nhieu truc th
se co cac o bo xung cho cac truc nay.
Co y ngha s dung giong nhau, moi chi tiet ch can dung 1 trong 6 chuan. Neu s
dung o ga, co the ga at va gia cong nhieu chi tiet trong mot lan gia cong.
b. Goc m rong: EXT(00) (Extend).
EXT cung co 3 en 5 o nh, la mot v tr goc nh nhng v tr t G54 en G59.
Gia tr cua cac o nh trong goc EXT se t ong cong vao gia tr v tr tng ng
(cua tat ca cac truc) cua tat ca cac chuan khac trc khi noi suy gia cong.
V du:
o Trong G54 lu X50. Y30. va EXT lu X0. Y0. khi gia cong v tr chuan la X50. Y30.
o Trong G54 lu X50. Y30. va EXT lu X10. Y-5. khi gia cong v tr la X60. Y25.
Chu y:
e bao am an toan, phai xem lai chuan luc o khong b sai lech, trc khi gia cong
chng trnh phai chu y kiem tra EXT. Neu co nhieu ngi van hanh cung s dung
may th phai thong nhat cach s dung chuan va o ga.
EXT tren moi may co co the co ten khac nhau.
c. Toa o thao chng G92.
c viet trc tiep vao chng trnh (khong co thao tac lu v tr nh G54 > G59)
La v tr hien tai cua dao so vi iem chuan gia cong.
Cau truc: G92 X__ Y__ Z__
V du: thc hien thao tac o chuan nh sau
1. Cham dao canh trai phoi tien dao +R c toa o canh X (khong lu gia tr).
2. Khoa truc X ch lui Y, cham canh va tien +R c toa o Y.
3. Khoa X, Y, cham mat phoi tien len tren an toan 20 mm.
4. Tai v tr o va viet dong lenh: G92 X0 Y0 Z20 vao au chng trnh roi gia cong.
Lu y:
Khong dung chung G92 vi cac chuan G54 G59 trong cung chng trnh.
V tr G92 khong nam co nh, se b dch chuyen khi dao di chuyen.
T sau t lenh G28, goc G92 trc o se b xoa.
8. Lenh di chuyen dao nhanh G00
G00: Rapid Traverse Di chuyen dao nhanh, dung e
nh v tr nhanh, khong cat got.
lenh nay, dao se di chuyen theo ng thang.
Cau truc: N... G00 X... Y... Z...
Trong o:
X, Y, Z: Toa o iem ti khi hoan thanh cau lenh.

Trang 31
 V du: tren hnh 8.1
Lap trnh tuyet oi (G90):
N10 G90 G00 X40 Y56
Lap trnh tng oi (G91):
N10 G91 G00 X-30 Y-30.5

Lu y:
Toc o dch chuyen trong lenh G00 la nhanh nhat co the cua may va phu thuoc trc
tiep vao kha nang cua tng may CNC. Toc o dch chuyen khi gia cong che o t
ong (AUTO) con phu thuoc vao num xoay ieu khien toc o RAPID OVERRIDE.
e an toan, trong lan chay Test Run nen chnh num xoay nay bc toc o thap,
khi gia cong cac lan ke tiep, co the chnh lai toc o chuan e tiet kiem thi gian
gia cong.
Khi thc hien rut dao len e di chuyen en mot v tr khac, nen di chuyen theo
phng Z trc, sau o en toa o X - Y e tranh va cham dao vi chi tiet hoac o
ga. oi vi cac iem an toan a c xac nh chnh xac sau khi chay Test Run, co
the tnh toan va di chuyen nhieu truc cung luc e tiet kiem thi gian gia cong.
9. Noi suy ng thang G01
G01: Linear Interpolation Noi suy ng thang.
Cau truc: N... G01 X... Y... Z... F...
Trong o:
X... Y... Z... F... Toa o iem ti khi hoan thanh cau lenh.
F: lng dch chuyen ban may (feedrate).
Khi thc hien lenh nay, dao se di chuyen theo ng thang
vi toc o di chuyen chnh xac trong cau lenh.
Toc o gia cong thc te phu thuoc vao toc o lap trnh va num xoay ieu khien FEED
OVERRIDE. Neu v tr num xoay bang 100% th toc o dch chuyen ban may se bang
vi toc o lap trnh.
Cac lenh CNC co chc nang gian lc (modal call) ngha la neu t lenh lap lai cau
lenh sau th khong can viet vao chng trnh.
V du: Hnh 9.1

Lap trnh tuyet oi:

N... G94
....
N50 (G90) G1 X40 Y20.1 F500

Lap trnh tng oi:

N... G94
....
N50 G91 G1 X20 Y25.9 F500

Trang 32
10. Vat hoac bo goc (chamfer and radius).
Bang cach lap trnh ket hp vi tham so C hoac R gia cac cau lenh G00 hoac G01 ma
may co the noi suy vat hoac bo cac canh goc (hnh 5.1).
Cau truc: N... G00/G01 X... Y... C/R
N... G00/G01 X... Y...

Cac canh c vat hoac bo cung phai nam trong mat phang ang c kch hoat, vi gia
cong phay trong mat phang XY c kch hoat bang G17.
Cung bo phai la cung tiep xuc gia hai oan thang, iem lap trnh la iem giao nhau khi
keo dai hai ng, goc kep gia 2 oan thang co the la goc trong hoac ngoai va khong
nhat thiet phai la goc vuong.
Gia tr C khi vat goc (chamfer) phai bang nhau, iem lap trnh la iem giao nhau khi keo
dai hai ng, goc kep gia bat buoc phai la goc ngoai.
Sau cau lenh vat hoac bo tron canh, bat buoc phai la mot cau lenh G00 hoac G01.

Hnh 10.1: Lap trnh ket hp bo hoac vat canh.

V du: Hnh 10.2
N.
N30 G94 G90 G1 X530 Y565

N35 G1 X270 R6 (toa o iem b)

N40 G1 Y860 C3
N45 G1 X0

11. Noi suy cung tron (Circular Interpolition) G02 | G03.

Hnh 11.1: chuyen ong noi

suy cung tron cung chieu
(G02) va ngc chieu kim
ong ho (G03).

Trang 33
G02: Circular Interpolation Clockwise Noi suy cung tron theo chieu kim ong ho.
G03: Circular Interpolation Counterclockwise Noi suy cung tron ngc chieu kim ong
ho (hnh 11.1).
Cau truc 1: s dung toa o tam cung tron (hnh 6.1)
N... G02/G03 X... Y... Z... I... J... F...

Cau truc 2: s dung ban knh R+ hoac R-

N... G02/G03 X... Y... Z... R... F...

Trong o:
X, Y, Z: Toa o iem cuoi cua cung tron.
I, J: Toa o tng oi cua tam cung tron so vi iem bat
au noi suy, lan lt theo phng X, Y.
R+: gia tr ban knh cung tron, noi suy cung co chieu dai
cung nho hn na chu vi ng tron.
R-: gia tr ban knh cung tron, qui c ghi dau tr e noi
suy cung co chieu dai cung ln hn na chu vi ng tron.
(Dau tr ch la quy c v ban knh cung la so dng hnh 6.3).
F: lng dch chuyen ban may.
Cau truc 1 c dung e noi suy ng tron (iem au va cuoi trung nhau).
V du: trong hnh 6.3.
e noi suy cung so 1:

G91 G02 X60 Y20 R50 F300

e noi suy cung so 2:

G91 G02 X60 Y20 R-50 F300

Hnh 6.3

Noi suy ong thi 3 toa o se tao thanh cung helix,

khi o goc f phai nho hn 450. ng helix ch co
the noi suy tren mat phang XY (G17) (Hnh 6.2).

V du:
N090 G90 G00 X55 Y35 Z2

N100 G01 Z-5

N105 G02 X95 Y75 R30

Hoac:
N090 G90 G00 X55 Y35 Z2

N100 G91 G01 Z-7

N105 G02 X40 Y40 R30

Trang 34
 V du:
G92 X200 Y40 Z0

G90 G03 X140 Y100 R60 F300

G02 X120 Y60 R50

Hoac:
G90 X200 Y40 Z0

G90 G03 X140 Y100 I-60 F300

G02 X120 Y60 I-50

Hoac: Hoac:
G91 G03 X-60 Y60 R60 F300 G91 G03 X-60 Y60 I-60 F300

G02 X-20 Y-40 R50 G02 X-20 Y-40 I-50

Bai 2: HIEU CHNH BAN KNH DAO

(CUTTER RADIUS COMPENSATION)
1. Phng phap lap trnh ng tam dao.
- Phng phap: viet toa o ieu khien e tam dao di chuyen. Da vao bien dang can
gia cong e xac nh cac iem ma dao se i qua e cat got.
- Ap dung: lay offset mot oan bang ban knh dao t quy ao can cat.
V du: ng can gia cong la ng lien trong hnh 1.1 ben di. Quy ao can e dao
i chuyen la ng net t.

Hnh 1.1: Bien dang gia cong (net lien) va quy ao dao (net t).
2. Trnh t viet lap trnh.
Bc 1: oc ban ve, phan tch va lap quy trnh cong nghe.
Ket qua: xac nh c trnh t gia cong va lap thanh phieu cong nghe.
Y ngha cua phieu cong nghe:
o The hien trnh t, th t cac bc cong nghe gia cong chi tiet.
o Trnh bay ro v tr chuan chi tiet, cac tham so gia cong (che o cat got).
o Trnh bay cac loai dao can dung, chieu dai lap dao bat buoc, phng phap ga at
cua qua trnh gia cong.
Bc 2: lap trnh gia cong cho tng bc bc cong nghe.
Xac nh cach i dao, v tr cac iem bat au, ket thuc quy ao dao, cac iem nam
tren ng i cua dao (xem ban o e biet ng mnh i).
Lap bang toa o cac iem a xac nh tren. Nen anh dau, ghi chu ac biet neu co
e tranh sai xot khi lap trnh.

Trang 35
 Viet chng trnh: da vao bang toa o a lap ben tren, viet thanh chng trnh
hoan chnh.
3. Cau truc cua mot chng trnh hoan chnh.
TT Y ngha Cau lenh
oan au chng trnh (header)
1 Ten chng trnh (ky t O+so) Oxxxx (xxxx = 1 9999)

2 Reset may (he met) G90 G21 G17 G40 G49 G80 G54

3 Ve chuan may t ong G91 G28 Z0

(Nen co khi gia cong tren may cu) G91 G28 X0 Y0

Phan than chng trnh (body)

4 Cau truc khi thay dao mi
4.1 Goi dao, hieu chnh chieu dai Txx M06 G43 Hxx

4.2 Ve v tr bat au lam viec G0 X____ Y____

4.3 Kiem tra chieu dai dao, dao quay Z20 S____ M3

Khi gia cong cac cau lenh tren nen chon che o Single block (chay tng cau lenh).
5 Lenh cat got G1 Z-_____ F_____

6 Cac bc cong nghe khac

Lu y: Neu can t ong dng tam thi chng trnh mot bc nao o (e
kiem tra kch thc, chieu dai dao) th nen dung M00 hoac M01
Ket thuc chng trnh (footer)
7 Ve chuan may t ong G91 G28 Z0

(e ngi van hanh thao chi tiet) G91 G28 X0 Y0

8 Ket thuc chng trnh M2/M30

Lu y: Cach viet chng trnh khong quy nh cu the va tuy thuoc vao kinh nghiem cua
ngi lap trnh, cach a ra cau truc chng trnh nham tao ra nhng quy luat de nh,
giam sai sot khong ang co trong chng trnh.
4. Lap trnh hieu chnh ban knh dao.
e giam nhe cong viec lap trnh, thay v
viec phai tnh toan toa o tam dao, ngi
lap trnh da vao chieu tien va lap trnh
bien dang can gi lai e ch ra cho bo ieu
khien quy luat chay dao, t o, may se t
ong noi suy ra cac v tr ng tam e
ieu khien dao cat got ra ung quy ao can
thiet (hnh 4.1).
Theo chieu tien dao, dao pha phai hoac
pha trai cua ng lap trnh, vec t hieu
chnh se c t ong sinh ra e e dch
dao ve pha o. Nh vay, khong can tnh
Hnh 4.1 Hieu chnh ban knh toa o offset dao cua ng tam.

Trang 36
 Tai v tr cac goc canh, he ieu khien t ong tnh toan phat sinh cac chuyen ong
cung tron noi gia cac ng chuyen dao khi ao chieu di chuyen, t o giam bt lc
quan tnh (cua ban may, chi tiet va o ga) co tac ong khong tot len he thong o ,
vt me, giam rung ong khi may gia cong.
Trong thc te, viec lap trnh hieu chnh ban knh dao co tac dung ho tr va lam giam
nhe qua trnh lap trnh thu cong. Do ban knh dao la so le va viec tnh toan toa o
tam dao tai cac goc canh kha phc tap. Nen khi s dung hieu chnh ban knh, ngi
lap trnh ch can ch ra hng di chuyen va v tr dao so vi quy ao, bo noi suy se t
tnh toan cac v tr cua ng tam dao.
Viec lap trnh hieu chnh ban knh con co y ngha quan trong trong gia cong hang
loat, khi dung cu cat b mon, ch can nhap lai gia tr ban knh thc cua dao e bao
am dung sai gia cong. Neu hang san xuat ch nh so lan cat va o mon cua dao, th
ngi van hanh se giam bt c thi gian phai kiem tra kch thc thng xuyen va
d oan trc kha nang phat sinh phe pham do sai so mon cua dao.
Trong mot so trng hp, co the thay oi dao co ng knh khac vi dao khi lap
trnh (neu ng knh dao phu hp vi bien dang gia cong) th khong can phai lap
trnh lai t au, ch can nhap lai o nh lu gia tr ban knh.
Quy c ve cach xac nh hieu chnh ban knh dao:

G40 Ket thuc hieu chnh ban knh dao. Toa o cac iem la toa o cua tam dao.
G41 Dxx Hieu chnh ban knh dao trai (Dao di chuyen ben trai quy ao cat).
G42 Dxx Hieu chnh ban knh dao phai (Dao di chuyen ben phai quy ao cat).
Sau t lenh G41, G42 la t lenh Dxx, trong o xx la v tr o nh lu gia tr ban knh thc
te cua dao. Trc khi gia cong, ngi van hanh phai o va nhap gia tr thc cua ban knh
dao vao o nh tng ng, neu nhap sai th ket qua gia cong se sai (du chng trnh co
viet ung). Theo kinh nghiem, thng lan au gia cong can nhap gia tr ban knh ln hn
thc te e o va xac nh sai so ieu chnh.
Lenh hieu chnh ban knh dao tao lap vect bu tr
vuong goc vi quy ao cat va co o ln bang ban
knh dao. e tr ve quy ao cat la tam dao can huy
bo che o hieu chnh ban knh dao bang lenh G40.
Hng vao hieu chnh ban knh nen vuong goc vi
quy ao cat tai iem bat au hieu chnh.
Vi cac quy ao cat, phai bat au va ket thuc hieu
chnh tai cac iem co cung toa o XY.

Hnh 7.1 Hieu chnh ban knh

Trang 37
 Vi quy ao cat kn, iem au va iem cuoi cua bien dang phai trung nhau.
Cach ap dung lap trnh hieu chnh ban knh:
Quy ao cat khong c giao qua nhau. Neu muon lap mot bien dang nhieu lan, th
phai goi lenh hieu chnh va ket thuc hieu chnh trong tng lp cat, sau o thay oi
chieu sau cat cho moi lp cat.
Ch c hieu chnh mot hng trai/phai trong mot lan hieu chnh. Neu can thay oi
hng hieu chnh, th huy G40 sau o goi lenh hieu chnh mi
Lenh ke sau lenh G41/G42 phai la cau lenh G1.
Phai ket thuc hieu chnh (G40) va tr lai iem trc khi hieu chnh th mi mo phong
va gia cong c. Neu khong, may se bao loi.
Da vao chieu tien va v tr cua dao, xac nh dao di chuyen pha trai hay phai cua
quy ao cat.
Cac may CNC con he thong c chnh xac th nen s dung lenh hieu chnh trai (G41)
e cat thuan cho o bong tot nhat.
Khi pha tho, lp cat au tien nen dung kieu cat ngch (G42) e tranh gay dao tai
cac goc khi gia cong.
Cau truc oan chng trnh hieu chnh ban knh, quy ao cat kn:
N__ G0 X1__ Y1__ Z__ (v tr iem au, trc khi hieu chnh).
N__ G41 [G42] Dxx G1 X2__ Y2__ (v tr iem bat au quy ao cat).
N__ ...

N__ G___ X2__ Y2__ (tr lai v tr iem bat au quy ao cat).
N__ G40 G1 [G0] X __ Y __ Z__ (huy bu dao va tr lai iem au, trc khi hieu chnh).
1 1

Cau truc oan chng trnh hieu chnh ban knh, quy ao cat h:
N__ G0 X1__ Y1__ Z__ (v tr iem au, trc khi hieu chnh).
N__ G41 [G42] Dxx G1 X __ Y __
2 2
(v tr iem bat au quy ao cat).
N__ ...

N__ G40 G1 [G0] X1__ Y1__ Z__ (huy bu dao va tr lai iem au, trc khi hieu chnh).
V du 1: Hnh 7.1 the hien ng lap trnh la ng net lien, ng quy ao dao di chuyen
khi noi suy hieu chnh la ng net t. Lap trnh s dung he toa o tng oi.
O0010 (Vi du CT bu dao trai)

N1 G91 G41 D08 G01 X20 Y20 F200

N2 Z-25 F100

N3 Y40

N4 G39 I40 J20

N5 X40 Y20

N6 G39 I40

N7 G02 X40 Y-40 R40

N8 X-20 Y-20 R20

N9 G01 X-60

N10 G00 Z25

N11 G40 X-20 Y-20

N12 M02
Hnh 7.1 ng lap trnh va quy ao dao (net t)

Trang 38
V du 2: Cat 1 ranh h ch U ben phai, sau o cat bien dang ngoai, hnh 7.2.
Chuan lap trnh tai tam, tren mat phoi.
Dao T02, Endmill 6, o nh lu ban knh D12.
O0010

N1 G90 G21 G17 G40 G80 G49

N2 T02 M06 G43 H02

N3 G0 X35 Y0 (Ranh chu U)

N4 Z2 S1800 M3

N5 G1 Z-7 F200

N6 G41 D12 G1 Y4

N7 X13

N8 G3 Y-4 R4

N9 G1 X35

N10 G40 G0 X35 Y0

N11 G0 X35 Y0 Z-4 (Bien dang)

N12 G41 D12 G1 X22 Y0

N13 Y-22 R10

N14 X-22 R4

N15 Y22 R10

N16 X22 R4

N17 X22 Y0

Hnh 7.2 N18 G40 G0 X35 Y0 Z2

N19 G0 Z5 M5

N20 M30

Bai 3: CAC CHU TRNH GIA CONG LO.

(KHOAN KHOET DOA TA RO)
1. Hoat ong may khi thc hien chu trnh (canned cycle).
Khi thc hien gia cong lo, bo ieu khien dao se thc hien theo quy trnh sau:
1. Di chuyen ti v tr gia cong theo X, Y.
2. Di chuyen dao nhanh [G0] ti mat
phang an toan R.
3. Gia cong vi toc o F lap trnh ti chieu
sau Z.
4. Trang thai tam dng (tnh tien, quay
dao, v tr goc quay cua dao).
5. Lui dao ve mat phang an toan.
6. Lui dao ve v tr trc khi thc hien
(Hnh mo ta ben pha trai)

Trang 39
 Cac chu trnh co the dien ra khac nhau t bc 3 ti bc 6. Tuy nhien tong quan
chung tat ca cac chu trnh eu c ban dien ra theo trnh t nh vay. Phan di ay trnh
bay chi tiet tng chu trnh.
2. Mat phang an toan, v tr lui dao va so lan lap.
Trc khi gia cong lo tai mot v tr, dao can c a nhanh ve v tr trong mat phang an
toan va bat au gia cong, v tr nay c tao bi truc cua lo va cach iem can gia cong
mot khoang l. oi vi cac chu trnh ac biet nh gia cong ren, dao se t ong ao chieu
quay va lui ve.

Hnh 8.1: V tr mat phang an toan Hnh 8.2: V tr lui dao sau khoan
V tr cua mat phang an toan (hnh 8.1):
Trong lap trnh tuyet oi [G90]: tr so R la khoang cach (theo phng Z) tnh t goc
toa o en mat phang an toan.
Trong lap trnh tng oi [G91]: R tnh t toa o bat au gia cong lo theo phng
Z. Mat an toan phai nam di v tr dao ang ng, nen trong trng hp lap trnh
tng oi, gia tr R luon am. Neu khong lap trnh gia tr R, R = 0.
Mat phang an toan nen nam cach mat phang bat au gia cong mot khoang ngan (3
5 mm) la va u, nham tiet kiem thi gian di chuyen t v tr cua dao ti iem
bat au gia cong.
V tr lui dao ve sau khi thc hien chu trnh:
G98: Sau khi at chieu sau lap trnh, dao lui ve v tr trc khi khoan (theo Z).
G99: Sau khi at chieu sau lap trnh, lui dao ve mat phang an toan (tr so R).
Neu khong lap trnh, mac nh dao lui ve v tr trc khi thc hien chu trnh [G98].
Neu trong vung gia cong khong co cac ao can tr qua trnh dao di chuyen qua cac
v tr gia cong, th nen lap trnh vi tr so G99 e rut ngan thi gian di chuyen qua
cac iem gia cong.
Tr so lap lai chu trnh khi gia cong:
Khi thc hien gia cong lo lap lai nhieu lan, v tr cac lo
c lap trnh tng oi so vi v tr lo au tien. So lan
lap c ch nh bi thong so K trong chu trnh o, neu
can gia cong nhieu lo va e cau truc chng trnh de
hieu, nen s dung chng trnh con.
3. Chu trnh khoan lo can - G81.

Trang 40
 Cau truc:
N... G98(G99) G81 X... Y... Z... R... F... K...
Trong o:
X, Y: V tr gia cong.
Z: Chieu sau gia cong.
R: Khoang cach en mat phang an toan.
K: So lan lap.
Dien giai qua trnh thc hien chu trnh khoan:
Dao ng cach lo khoan Z mm, khi thc hien chu trnh, dao di chuyen vi toc o G0
ti mat phang an toan (nh ngha bi tr so R trong cau lenh), sau o dao bat au
di chuyen G1 vi toc o F trong cau lenh ti v tr Z lap trnh.
Sau khi at chieu sau gia cong, dao se t ong lui ve vi toc o G0. Neu lap trnh
G99, dao se lui ve mat phang an toan e gia cong lo ke tiep (neu co), neu khong
lap trnh hoac dung t lenh G98, dao se lui ve v tr trc khi khoan.
Thc hien chu trnh, dao thc hien 3 chuyen ong, at ti chieu sau cat trong mot
lan xuong dao.
4. Chu trnh khoan lo co thi gian tam dng G82.
Cau truc:
N... G98(G99) G82 X... Y... Z... R... P F...
Trong o:
X, Y ____ V tr gia cong.
Z _______ Chieu sau gia cong.
R _______ Mat phang an toan.
P _______ thi gian dng cuoi hanh trnh
Hnh 4.1 Chu trnh khoan G82 (n v tnh bang mi li giay).
Dien giai qua trnh thc hien chu trnh khoan:
Dao ng cach lo khoan Z mm, khi thc hien chu trnh, dao di chuyen vi toc o G0
ti mat phang an toan (nh ngha bi tr so R trong cau lenh), sau o dao bat au
di chuyen G1 vi toc o F trong cau lenh ti v tr Z lap trnh.
Sau khi at chieu sau gia cong, dao se tam dng chuyen ong tnh tien tai cuoi hanh
trnh P mili giay, truc chnh van quay.
Het thi gian tam dng, dao se t ong lui ve vi toc o G0. Neu lap trnh G99, dao
se lui ve mat phang an toan e gia cong lo ke tiep (neu co), neu khong lap trnh
hoac dung t lenh G98, dao se lui ve v tr trc khi khoan.
Thc hien chu trnh, dao thc hien 3 chuyen ong, at ti chieu sau cat trong mot
lan xuong dao.
ng dung chu trnh G82 e gia cong la rong mieng lo hoac can gia cong chieu sau
chnh xac, thi gian dng tai cuoi hanh trnh se lam phan la rong sach va tron hn.
5. Huy bo cac chu trnh gia cong lo - G80.
Cau truc: N... G80
Cac chu trnh gia cong lo thuoc phng phap ieu khien iem, nen can phai huy lenh
ve chu trnh gia cong trc khi tien hanh cac bc gia cong ke tiep.

Trang 41
 Sau lenh goi cac chu trnh khoan, neu can thc hien gia cong lo tai cac v tr khac,
ch can goi toa o cac iem gia cong ma khong can viet lai ca cau lenh khoan.
Neu can gia cong nhieu lo cac v tr khac nhau (mat phang gia cong khac nhau, tr
so R khac nhau hoac chieu sau gia cong khac nhau) th nen huy chu trnh khoan ke
trc o, sau o goi lai chu trnh vi cac tham so gia cong mi.
V du: Lap trnh gia cong khoan 4 lo 4, hnh 5.3
Kch thc phoi: 50x50x15 mm.
Chuan lap trnh tai tam, tren mat phoi.
Dao T03, Twist Drill 4, T04, Start Drill 10
Chng trnh gia cong O0001.
O0001 (Vi du CT khoan)

N1 G90 G21 G17 G40 G80 G49

N2 T03 M06 G43 H03

(Twist Drill 4)

N3 G0 X+18 Y+18

N4 Z5 S1000 M3

N5 G99 G81 Z-15 R3 F100

N6 X-12 Y+12

N7 X-18 Y-18

N8 G98 X+12 Y-12

N9 G80

N10 T04 M06 G43 H04

(Start Drill 10/90o)

N11 G0 X+18 Y+18

N12 Z5 S1000 M3

N13 G98 G82 Z-6 R3 P3000 F100

N14 X-12 Y+12

N15 X-18 Y-18

N16 G98 X+12 Y-12

N17 G80

N18 M30
Hnh 5.3
6. Chu trnh khoan lo sau.
Thong thng, lo sau c cho la lo co t le chieu sau va ng knh lo ln hn 5.
Qua trnh gia cong khoan thng tao ra phoi dang day, khi mui khoan i xuong, phoi quan
se anh hng xau ti qua trnh khoan nh:
Lam cho lo khoan co xu hng b lay rong hoac xien.
Phoi cuon cung bam vao mui khoan lam cac phoi di khong the thoat ra ngoai.
Can tr nc ti nguoi giai nhiet cho mui khoan, mui khoan se nhanh b nong, mon
va giam o cng.
Chong lai chieu quay va lam gay mui khoan nam trong lo.

Trang 42
 Nh vay, khi gia cong, e de dang thoat phoi va giai nhiet, oi vi cac loai vat lieu
mem (thng de tao phoi day) hoac oi vi cac vat lieu cng (phat sinh nhiet ln), thay
v mui khoan i xuong mot lan lien tuc, mui cat se c ieu khien e moi lan ch gia
cong mot oan ngan do ngi lap trnh quy nh, gia moi oan o mui khoan se thc
hien cac chuyen ong giat lui chieu khoan (i len theo Z+) e bt t va ay phoi vang
ra ngoai, ong thi e dung dch ti nguoi chay vao giai nhiet vung cat.
Co the thc hien chu trnh khoan lo can hoac sau tuy trng hp (khong nhat thiet
phai la lo sau th mi dung).
Chu trnh khoan lo sau co 2 kieu nh sau:
a. Khoan lo sau, lui dao ve mat phang an toan G83
Cau truc:
G98(G99) G83 X___ Y___ Z___ R___ P___ Q___ F___

G98(G99) ........................ V tr lui dao sau khoan.

X... Y ...................................... V tr gia cong.
Z ................................................ Chieu sau lo.
R[mm] ................................. Mat phang an toan
P[ms] ..................................... Thi gian dng ay lo.
F................................................. Toc o cat.
Q................................................ Chieu sau moi lan xuong dao.

Dien giai qua trnh thc hien chu trnh khoan:

Dao phai a ve cach mat phoi mot oan an toan theo Z trc goi chu khoan.
Dao ng cach lo khoan Z mm, khi thc hien chu trnh, dao di chuyen vi toc o G0
ti mat phang an toan (nh ngha bi tr so R trong cau lenh), sau o dao bat au
di chuyen G1 theo chieu Z- vi toc o F trong cau lenh ti v tr Q [mm] tnh t mat
phang an toan R. Gia tr Q do ngi lap trnh ch nh.
at chieu sau Q, lui dao nhanh ve mat phang an toan [G0], truc chnh van quay.
Dao i xuong theo Z-, cach v tr khoan trc o mot oan ngan q, do bo ieu khien
quy nh trong parameter 5115 vi toc o toi a [G0] (e tranh gay mui khoan). Sau
o tiep tuc noi suy G1 mot oan co gia tr Q (tnh t oan Q trc o) va lap lai qua
trnh nh tren ti khi at chieu sau lap trnh Z.
Khi at chieu sau Z, truc chnh van quay va tam dng chuyen ong tnh tien tai cuoi
hanh trnh P mi li giay. Het thi gian P, dao se t ong rut len vi toc o G0. Neu
lap trnh t lenh G99 au cau lenh, dao se lui ve mat phang an toan [R] e gia
cong cac lo ke tiep (neu co), neu khong c lap trnh hoac dung t lenh G98, dao
se lui ve v tr trc khi khoan.
Thc hien chu trnh, dao chuyen ong lui ve mat phang an toan e thoat phoi.
Chieu sau Q moi lan xuong dao phu thuoc vao ng knh mui khoan va o deo
cua vat lieu, noi chung, vat lieu deo th nen lap trnh Q nho, tuy nhien Q cang nho
th cang mat nhieu thi gian e gia cong.
b. Khoan lo sau toc o cao G73

Trang 43
 chu trnh nay, dao se khong xuong lien tuc
ma ngat quang oan Q (giong G83), nhng v
tr lui dao gia cac oan khac G83.
Cau truc:
G98(G99) G73 X___ Y___ Z___ R___ P___ Q___ F___

G98(G99) V tr lui dao sau khoan.

X... Y ................. V tr lo.
Z ........................... Chieu sau lo.
R[mm] ............ Mat phang an toan
P[msec] ......... Thi gian dng ay lo.
F ........................... Toc o cat.
Q .......................... Chieu sau moi lan xuong dao.

Dien giai qua trnh thc hien chu trnh khoan G73 :
Dao ng cach lo khoan Z mm, khi thc hien chu trnh, dao di chuyen vi toc o G0
ti mat phang an toan (nh ngha bi tr so R trong cau lenh), sau o dao bat au
di chuyen G1 vi toc o F trong cau lenh ti v tr Q [mm] tnh t goc toa o. Gia
tr Q do ngi lap trnh ch nh.
Khi at chieu sau Q, lui dao nhanh theo phng Z+ [G0] mot oan ngan d do bo
ieu khien quy nh trong tham so 5114, truc chnh van quay.
Sau o dao i xuong theo Z-, noi suy G1 mot oan co gia tr Q (tnh t oan Q trc
o) va lap lai qua trnh nh tren ti khi at chieu sau lap trnh Z.
Khi at chieu sau Z, truc chnh quay va tam dng chuyen ong tnh tien tai cuoi
hanh trnh P mi li giay.
Het thi gian tam dng, dao se t ong lui ve vi toc o G0. Neu lap trnh G99, dao
se lui ve mat phang an toan e gia cong lo ke tiep (neu co), neu khong lap trnh
hoac dung t lenh G98, dao se lui ve v tr trc khi khoan.
Trong chu trnh nay, dao ch lui ve mot oan ngan, neu lo qua sau, phoi co the van
cha thoat c ra ngoai. Tuy nhien, chu trnh nay tiet kiem nhieu thi gian hn so
vi chu trnh G83.
7. Chu trnh doa (G85 G89).
Chu trnh doa khong co thi gian dng G85
Cau truc:
G98(G99) G85 X... Y... Z... R... F
X... Y ................. V tr lo.
Z ........................... Chieu sau lo.
R[mm] ............ Mat phang an toan.
F ........................... Toc o doa.
Dien giai:
May thc hien chuyen ong dao giong
nh lenh G81, tuy nhien toc o khi lui
dao ve mat phang an toan la G1.

Chu trnh doa co thi gian dng G89

Trang 44
 Cau truc:
G98(G99) G89 X... Y... Z... R... P...F...
X... Y ......... V tr lo.
Z ................ Chieu sau lo.
R[mm] ....... Mat phang an toan.
F ................ Toc o doa.
Dien giai:
May thc hien chuyen ong dao giong
nh lenh G82, tuy nhien toc o khi lui
dao ve mat phang an toan la G1.
Lu y: trong cac chu trnh doa, dao i xuong va i len vi cung toc o e tranh lam
xc be mat gia cong (khac chu trnh khoan dao lui ve vi toc o toi a G0).
8. Chu trnh cat ren trong (ta ro).
a. Cac loai mui dao cat ren trong.
Loai co ranh thoat phoi thang:
Thng dung e ta ro tay (hand tap), mot bo thong thng co 2 hoac 3 mui, chia
thanh mui tho (au dao oan nh hng dai hn hai mui con lai), mui ban tinh
va mui tinh.
Bo mui nay co the dung ta ro tay cho cac lo khong suot khi ta ro bang tay, trong
qua trnh ta ro phai xt e phoi rt trong lo rt ra ngoai, neu khong phoi rt
xuong ay lo se lam can tr chieu quay gay gay mui ta ro.
Neu dung ta ro tren may CNC th lo ren bat buoc phai la lo suot. oi vi loai
ranh cat thang dung cho ta ro may th phan nh hng ta ro se ngan hn va ch
co mot mui. Hnh minh hoa cho dao ta ro tay di (hnh 7.1).

Hnh 7.1: Bo mui ta ro tay co 3 mui.

Loai co ranh thoat phoi xoan: dung chu yeu tren may CNC, ranh thoat phoi xoan
se ay phoi thoat ngc len va b ay ra ngoai (hnh 7.2).
Loai mui ta ro nen (khi gia cong se khong co phoi): khong co ranh thoat phoi, vat
lieu se b nen lai e tao ren. Cac loai mui nay c dung cho cac vat lieu mem,
be mat vat lieu sau khi b nen lai se co o ben tot hn dung mui cat.
Tuy ac iem hnh hoc ma chieu sau ta ro se khac nhau. oi vi mui co ranh xoan,
goc nghieng xoan so vi phng thang ng cang ln, chieu sau ta ro cang ln.
Co nhieu loai mui c che tao e gia cong cac loai vat lieu khac nhau, mot so au
mui c phu hp kim cng e giam tnh an mon be mat.
Khi chon mui ta ro can chu y cac van e sau:
Chon ung loai mui cho vat lieu gia cong tng ng.

Trang 45
 Chu y ket cau hnh hoc cua phan au mui ta ro. Chieu dai phan nh hng, chieu
dai ren, chieu dai co mui dao, o ln co mui dao eu co anh hng ti chieu sau
khi cat ren trong. Do o, phai xem thong tin chi tiet ve mui taro theo hng dan
cua nha san xuat th mi s dung, e phong trng hp mui taro b gay trong khi
cat ren (co the lam hong lo hoac lam hong chi tiet).
S dung ung loai dung dch ti nguoi tng ng vi vat lieu.
b. Cac chu trnh cat ren.
Chu trnh cat ren phai G84.
Chu trnh cat ren trai G74.
Cau truc:
G98(G99) G84 X... Y... Z... R... P... F...
G98(G99) G74 X... Y... Z... R... P... F...
Trong o:
X, Y .......................... V tr lo.
Z .................................. Chieu sau lo.
R.................................. Khoang cach toan.
F .................................. Bc ren.
Hnh 7.2
P .................................. Thi gian dng tai ay lo.

Dien giai chu trnh cat ren trong:

Chu trnh cat ren phai:
Trc khi lap trnh chu trnh cat ren, phai lap trnh M3 e truc chnh quay ung
chieu quay cua chu trnh (dao quay cung chieu kim ong ho)
Do se di chuyen nhanh ti mat phang an toan va gia cong ti chieu sau lap trnh,
sau o co the dng chuyen ong tnh tien va dng ca chuyen ong quay cua truc chnh,
Sau o ao ngc chieu quay va di chuyen len mat phang lui dao vi cung toc o
di chuyen nh luc i xuong e tranh lam hong ren (khac vi chu trnh khoan).
Trong suot qua trnh gia cong chu trnh, khong the hieu chnh ban knh.
Chu trnh cat ren trai:
Trc khi lap trnh chu trnh cat ren, phai lap trnh M4 e truc chnh quay ung
chieu quay cua chu trnh (dao quay ngc chieu kim ong ho)
Qua trnh cat ren giong nh ren phai nhng ao ngc chieu quay.
Lu y quan trong:
Trong chu trnh ta ro co s ong bo gia chuyen ong tnh tien theo phng Z va toc
o vong quay cua truc chnh, toc o tien dao theo Z bang van toc vong quay nhan
vi bc ren lap trnh.
Lng d cat phu thuoc vao ng knh cua mui khoan ke trc o. oi vi lo tao
ren trong, ng knh mui khoan c tra theo tieu chuan (bang tra 8.1). Tuy nhien,
vi vat lieu cng nh Inox, thep a toi nen s dung mui khoan ln hn tie u chuan
e qua trnh ta ro de dang hn.
Toc o quay khi ta ro nen mc thap (tuy thuoc vao dai toc o cua ong c truc
chnh, vat lieu che tao dao, vat lieu gia cong, ieu kien gia cong). Do toc o tien
dao phu thuoc vao bc ren va toc o quay nen neu dao quay cham (di 50

Trang 46
 vong/phut) mot so may co the khong ieu khien c, neu quay nhanh hn 800
vong/phut th co the b gay mui ta ro trong lo (do toc o cat got qua ln).
Dai toc o nen s dung la 100 500 vong/phut. Neu chieu sau ta ro dai th khi lap
trnh nen chia thanh nhieu bc nho vi chieu sau Z sau dan, neu chia thanh bc
nho th khong c thao dao ra khoi au cat trong suot qua trnh gia cong.
Trong chu trnh ta ro, tr so F la bc ren theo tieu chuan, lng an dao theo Z la
hoan toan t ong.
Truc chnh cua may CNC thng phai ap ng mot dai toc o rat rong, ieu khien
chnh xac t vai chuc vong cho en hang chuc ngan vong moi phut, nen qua trnh
ieu khien e dng chnh xac v tr goc quay la mot van e phc tap (v quan tnh
quay), thc te co the ieu khien c nhng gia thanh cua may se b ay len rat cao.
ong c ieu khien cac truc may co the ieu khien chuyen ong tnh tien cua cac
truc chnh xac ti cap o micro met dai toc o rat rong. Trong khi o, e ieu khien
khi ong e truc chnh quay, ong c can mot khoang thi gian nhat nh e at
c toc o lap trnh, neu luc nay la qua trnh dao tnh tien ngc len ve mat phang
lui dao th kha nang xay ra gay mui cat la rat de xay ra.
Do o, e giam bt sai lech do s bat ong bo gia hai chuyen ong nay, thay v dao
b gan cng tren can, th co the s dung mot loai can co the bu tr c mot oan
chieu dai. Loai can nay pha ben trong phan di cung co mot lo hnh vuong e co
nh chieu xoay tron, theo chieu dai se c gan them lo xo e dao co the dai hn
hoac ngan bt i mot oan, t o bu tr o lech cua dao khi quay khong chnh xac.
Khi bat au gia cong vao chu trnh ta ro, se khong the ieu khien toc o quay va toc
o an dao t cac num xoay ieu chnh (SPINDAL, RAPID OVERRIDE, FEED
OVERRIDE), may se t ong thc hien cho en khi hoan thanh chu trnh bc o.
Van e x l mui ta ro gay trong lo la mot van e phc tap. Khi mui ta ro b gay,
nguyen nhan co the do: chi tiet gia cong cha c kep chat, s dung sai loai dao,
ng knh lo khoan cha ung, toc o gia cong qua ln, thanh phan vat lieu khong
on nh
Khong the dung mui khoan e pha mui ta ro v o cng cua mui ta ro ln hn. Do
o, phai kiem tra chnh xac thong so cua qua trnh ta ro trc khi van hanh may.
Trong mot so trng hp, co the bo qua v tr mui gay va tien hanh ta ro cac lo khac,
lo b gay phai e x l sau (x l mui gay roi ta ro tay at chieu sau ren).
Mot vai kinh nghiem thao mui ta ro gay nh: neu au mui gay con nho len cao th
co the han gio a them can e quay ngc tr len, neu mui gay sau ben trong th co
the ban ien cc e pha hong mui ta ro, phay m rong tai v tr lo e gan insert, m
rong ren sau o dung vt cay, pha rong lo va han ap e gia cong lai Tuy yeu cau
cua chi tiet va khach hang ma co the x l tuy trng hp.
9. Chu trnh m rong lo G76.

Trang 47
 Hnh 8.1
Cau truc:
G98 (G99) G76 X___ Y___ Z___ R___ Q___P___F___
Trong o:
X, Y.......... v tr tam lo.
Z .............. chieu sau m rong.
R .............. mat phang an toan.
Q .............. khoang lui dao.
P ............... thi gian dng cuoi hanh trnh.
F ............... toc o tien dao.
Dien giai chu trnh:
Mui khoet rong gia cong ti chieu sau lap trnh, truc chnh se dng chnh xac tai v
tr goc quay xac nh, sau o dao se lui cach mat gia cong mot lng Q (lap trnh) va
rut dao ve mat phang lui dao vi toc o G0, bat buoc phai lap trnh gia tr Q e tranh
lam xc be mat va gia cong.
Phai gia cong lo trc khi m rong, lng d gia cong tuy thuoc vao mui khoet.

ng dng: Hng dn ng dng lp trnh gia cng l ren (tham kho).

Quy trnh: t yu cu ca ren, chiu su ren tnh ng knh mi khoan, chiu su khoan
tnh ng knh, chiu su l rng ming l ta r.
Cc on chng trnh khoan su, khoan l rng, ta r gn nh ging nhau (v chu trnh im ch
lp trnh v tr) nn c th ng dng chng trnh con lm cu trc lp trnh ngn gn hn.
Tnh ng knh mi khoan:
Bng ren tiu chun s dng trong lp ghp c kh:
M2.5x0.45 M5.0x0.8 M10x1.5 M16x2
M3.0x0.5 M6.0x1.0 M12x1.75
M4.0x0.7 M8.0x1.25 M14x2.0
ng knh khoan tiu chun = REN BC REN (VD: M10)
Hoc ng knh khoan tiu chun = REN x 0.85 (VD: M10)
Cc mi khoan trn th trng c th d dng mua c c ng knh t 0.5 v li tin 0.1
(0.6, 0.7, 0.8), chiu su mi khoan a dng v ty thuc v tng ng dng.
Tnh chiu su khoan:
Trng hp 1: L khng sut (Hnh 1).
Zlp trnh = Lren + Lan ton
o Lren: chiu su ren.
o Lan ton: chiu di phn nh hng.

Trang 48
 Trng hp 2: L sut (Hnh 1).
Zlp trnh = Lchi tit + mi khoan /2

Hnh 1 Hnh 2
Gii thch:
Chiu di phn mi nhn ca mi khoan 120 ngn hn mi 90. Nn nu mi 90khoan t
qua th mi 120 s khoan qua.
S dng mi khoan 90 tnh nhm nhanh hn, do chiu su khi khoan c th c sai s ln
hn khi phay, cch tnh ton nh sau:
Xt u mi khoan 90 l mt tam gic vung cn.
Xt tam gic vung cn OAB c gc AOB = 90 ABO = 45, h
ng cao OH.
Tam gic OBH vung ti H, gc HBO = 90 OBH vung cn
OH = HB = mi khoan /2
L rng ming l:
Tc dng:
o An ton trong lp rp, s dng. Lm sch cc ba via cn xt li trn b mt gia cng.
o Dn hng khi ta r, lp rp b loong.
o Tng tnh thm m trong thit k.
o Trnh hin tng tp trung ng sut (gy nt).
o Bt cht b loong (do cc gc b loong c bn knh cong khi ch to).
Tnh ton kch thc l rng: ng knh l = ng knh l + 2x(bc ren) mm.
ng knh phn l rng c th ly theo knh nghim.
Tnh chiu su l rng khi lp trnh:
Trng hp 1: gc u dao 90 (Start Drill 90 mi khoan/90).
mi khoan l rng > l rng
l rng = mi khoan ren chun + 2xf (f: bc ren)
Trong tam gic OHB vung cn ti H: OH = HB = l rng/2
Zlp trnh = l rng/2 = mi khoan ren chun + 2xf
Lu : - Gi tr Z c tnh vi gc ta ti H (theo Z).
- Gi tr l rng khng quy nh (theo kinh nghim).
Trng hp 2: gc u dao 120 (mi khoan xon rut g thng thng).
mi khoan l rng > l rng
l rng = mi khoan ren chun + 2xf (f: bc ren)
Trong tam gic OHB vung ti H: tan(HOB) = tan 60o = HB/OH
tan 60o = [l rng/2]/ Zlp trnh
Zlp trnh = l rng/[2*tan 60o]= [mi khoan ren chun + 2xf]/[2x1.732]
Lu : - Gi tr Z c tnh vi gc ta ti H (theo Z).
- Gi tr l rng khng quy nh (theo kinh nghim).

Trang 49
 Bai 4: CAC LENH LAP TRNH NANG CAO

1. Xac nh v tr cac iem theo he toa o cc G16.

- V tr cac iem co the c nhap bang hetoa o cc.
- Cau truc: N... G16 hoac N... G15
G16: Bat au xac nh v tr cac iem theo he toa o cc.
Sau lenh G16, trong cau lenh gia tr X c hieu la ban knh va Y la goc quay.
G15: Ket thuc noi suy he toa o cc (tr lai he toa o e cac.
- Chieu dng cua goc quay la chieu ngc vi chieu quay cua kim ong ho. Co the
s dung goc quay am hoac dng. Gia tr X (ban knh) ch co gia tr dng.
- Co the ket hp vi lenh G52 e di goc toa o ve goc cua he toa o cc.
Lu y: khi nhap toa o theo he toa o cc, cac lenh G2, G3
ch c s dung vi ban knh R (ma khong c s dung
toa o tam I, J).
V du:
N75 G17 G16 G0 X50 Y30

2. Cac lenh lap trnh ve he truc toa o.

a. Di goc toa o trong chng trnh.
Khi lap trnh, oi khi can tnh toan cac toa o theo mot iem khac vi goc toa o
thao chng, khi o bo ieu khien ho tr lap trnh di goc toa o ti v tr mi.
Goc toa o di i ch co tac dung trong noi bo chng trnh o ma khong anh hng
ti cac chng trnh khac, khong ghi e d lieu vao cac goc G54 en G59.
Cau truc: [G90] G52 X__ Y__ Z___

o Trong o: X, Y, Z: v tr iem goc mi so vi goc toa o thao chng.

o Sau lenh G52, toa o cac iem se c nhap theo goc mi.
o e tr lai goc toa o thao chng: [G90] G52 X0 Y0 Z0
V du: Chuan lap trnh tai goc, tren mat phoi, lap trnh khoan 8 lo nh hnh di.
Mui khoan T02 Twist Drill 6.8, phoi 150x100x20 mm.
O0010 (vi du CT khoan)

T02 M06 G43 H02

G90 G52 X45 Y40

G16 G0 X27.5 Y-30

Z10 S800 M03

G99 G83 Z-23.4 R3 Q3 F90

Y-60

Y-90

Y-120

Y-150

Y180

Y150

Y120

G80

G15

G52 X0 Y0

Trang 50
b. Xoay goc toa o (trong chng trnh).
Cau truc: [G90] G68 X__ Y__ R___

Trong o: X, Y: v tr tam xoay.

R: goc xoay.

Huy xoay goc: G69

Sau lenh G68, toa o cac iem se c nhap theo goc mi, a quay mot goc R so vi
goc ban au v tr X, Y.
Sau lenh xoay goc G68, khong lap trnh cac lenh ve chuan (G28, G92) hoac lenh di
goc toa o (G52). Neu can, lap trnh sau cau lenh huy G69.
Sau cau lenh G69, lenh di chuyen ke tiep (neu co) phai c lap trnh vi G90.
3. Lap trnh thay oi t le gia cong, gia cong oi xng.
Bien dang lap trnh co the thay oi c t le khac vi
gia tr thc khi gia cong (scale).
T le theo tng truc c lap trnh trong cau lenh, t le co
the giong va khac nhau tuy cau truc lap trnh.
Toa o iem tam khi lay t le c lap trnh trong cau
lenh. T le nho nhat kha trnh: 0.001 mm (he met).

a. Cau truc 1: khai bao cac phng vi cung t le.

G51 X___ Y___ Z___ P____

Trong o:
X, Y, Z: toa o tuyet oi cua v tr tam lay t le.
P: t le bang nhau theo tat ca cac phng.

b. Cau truc 2: khai bao cac phng khac t le.

G51 X___ Y___ Z___ I____J___K___ [3.1]
Trong o: X, Y, Z: toa o tuyet oi cua v tr tam lay t le.
I, J, K: t le can lay oi xng tng ng theo X, Y, Z.
V du 1: trong hnh ke ben.
- T le theo phng X: a/b
- T le theo phng Y: c/d
- V tr lay t le: 0
V du 2: lay t le cung tron (hnh 3.1).
G90 G0 X0 Y100
G51 X0 Y0 Z0 I2000 J1000

G02 X100 Y0 R100 F500

oan tren tng ng vi oan

sau:

Trang 51
 G90 G0 X0 Y100

G02 X200 Y0 I0 R200 F500

(T le truc X la 2:1, truc Y la 1:1)

Hnh 3.1
Lu y:
T le khi lap trnh la so nguyen, t le 1:1 th gia tr lap trnh la 1000.
Khi thay oi t le, ch co cac thong so hnh hoc cua bien dang thay oi, cac tham so
cong nghe (van toc quay, lng dch chuyen ban may... ), gia tr ban knh bu dao,
chieu dai dao khong thay oi.
Khong lap trnh lay t le cho cac chu trnh khoan.
c. Lap trnh lay oi xng.
S dung cau truc G51 nh tren nhng kem theo I, J, K mang dau tr (-) la phep lay oi
xng. Cau truc cu the:
G51 X___ Y___ Z___ I-____J-___K-___ [3.2]

V du:

I-1000: toa o theo X oi J-1000: toa o theo Y oi K-1000: toa o theo Z oi

xng qua mat YZ xng qua mat XZ xng qua mat XY
d. Huy lay oi xng hoac lay t le: G50.
4. Nhap d lieu hnh hoc cua dung cu t chng trnh (ghi tran).
Co the nhap d lieu ban knh, chieu dai, o mon dao, v tr chuan chi tiet t cau lenh lap
trnh, d lieu hnh hoc a c lu trc o se b xoa va thay vao bang gia tr nhap vao
t chng trnh khi chng trnh thc thi.
Trong thc te, mot so dung cu cat thay v phai o va nhap thong so chieu dai, ban knh
trc tiep tren may CNC, th co the s dung cac loai may o thong so hnh hoc cua dao
trc khi gan len may, cac gia tr o c cua dao co the c nhap vao may hoac c
nhap vao chng trnh, khi thc thi d lieu t chng trnh se ghi tran bo nh.
Cau truc ghi tran d lieu co the khac nhau tuy thuoc bo ieu khien, tuy nhien viec ghi
tran d lieu co the xoa tat cac cac so lieu tham so thc te va can thiep trc tiep vao cac
tham so, cac bien cua he thong (parameters, varible), do o khong nen lap trnh cac lenh
nay neu khong hieu ro can ke van e.
a. Lap trnh ghi tran v tr goc toa o G54 G59.
Cau truc: G10 L2 Pn IP__

Trong o: IP__: gia tr nhap vao o nh (thay bang t lenh X, Y, Z)

Pn: t lenh nh ngha v tr goc toa o se c ghi tran.
n=0: v tr chuan m rong (00 hoac EXT)
n=1 6: v tr chuan chi tiet tng ng t G54 G59.

Trang 52
Khi lap trnh vi toa o tuyet oi [G90]: gia tr X, Y, Z la v tr tuyet oi cua iem chuan
so vi chuan may.
Khi lap trnh vi toa o tng oi [G91]: gia tr X, Y, Z la gia tr cong them vao gia tr
ang co tng ng cua cac goc toa o.
b. Lap trnh s dung he thong goc toa o m rong.
Ngoai 6 v tr goc toa o c ngi van hanh thao tac nhap trc tiep, bo ieu khien cho
phep s dung them 48 v tr goc mi e lap trnh. Cac v tr goc nay c ghi vao trong
chng trnh.
o Cau truc ghi d lieu iem chuan:
G10 L20 Pn IP__

Trong o: IP__: gia tr nhap vao o nh (thay bang t lenh X, Y, Z)

Pn: t lenh nh ngha v tr goc toa o se c ghi tran.
n=1 48: v tr chuan tang them t 1 48.
Khi lap trnh vi toa o tuyet oi [G90]: gia tr X, Y, Z la v tr tuyet oi cua iem chuan
so vi chuan may ghi tran vao goc cong them.
Khi lap trnh vi toa o tng oi [G91]: gia tr X, Y, Z la gia tr cong them vao gia tr
ang co tng ng cua cac goc toa o cong them ang cha trong o.
e goi lai mot trong so 48 goc toa o va c nhap d lieu, lap trnh t lenh P kem theo
ma lenh G54.1 hoac G54
o Cau truc goi v tr goc cong them:
G54.1 Pn hoac G54 Pn

Trong o: Pn: t lenh nh ngha v tr toa o tang cng.

n=1 48: v tr chuan tang them t 1 48.
V du: G54.1 P1 Chuan phoi cong them v tr 1.
Cac goc toa o cong them c s dung giong nh 6 goc bnh thng (G54 G59). V
tr goc chi tiet se thay oi khi goi cac goc khac.
Neu khong lap trnh t lenh P sau t lenh G54.1, mac nh bo ieu khien tra ve goc cong
them so 1 (G54.1 P1).
Neu khi ong lai may, v tr mac nh trong G54 se c goi lai, tat ca cac gia tr goc
cong them se b xoa.
c. Lap trnh ghi tran d lieu hnh hoc.
Khai bao d lieu hieu chnh:
Cau truc ghi tran o nh a ch H:
G10 L10 P__ R__

Trong o: P__: a ch o nh nhap d lieu.

R__: gia tr nhap.
Lap trnh vi G90: gia tr nhap vao ghi e len d lieu ben trong o nh.
Lap trnh vi G91: gia tr nhap vao se c cong vi d lieu ang co trong o nh.
Cau truc ghi tran o nh a ch D:
G10 L12 P__ R__

Trong o: P__: a ch o nh nhap d lieu.

R__: gia tr nhap.

Trang 53
Lap trnh vi G90: gia tr nhap vao ghi e len d lieu ben trong o nh.
Lap trnh vi G91: gia tr nhap vao se c cong vi d lieu ang co trong o nh.
Khai bao gia tr o mon dao (wear compensation):
Cau truc ghi tran o nh a ch H:
G10 L11 P__ R__

Trong o: P__: a ch o nh nhap d lieu.

R__: gia tr nhap.
Lap trnh vi G90: gia tr nhap vao ghi e len d lieu ben trong o nh.
Lap trnh vi G91: gia tr nhap vao se c cong vi d lieu ang co trong o nh.
Cau truc ghi tran o nh a ch D:
G10 L13 P__ R__

Trong o: P__: a ch o nh nhap d lieu.

R__: gia tr nhap.
Lap trnh vi G90: gia tr nhap vao ghi e len d lieu ben trong o nh.
Lap trnh vi G91: gia tr nhap vao se c cong vi d lieu ang co trong o nh.
5. Chng trnh con va vong lap (sub program and subroutine).
Y ngha cua chng trnh con:
- Giam nhe viec lap trnh, thay v phai viet nhieu
oan trung lap giong nhau, cac oan chng trnh
trung lap se c viet vao mot chng trnh con
(sub program), khi nao can th goi oan o ra.
- Chng trnh ngan gon, de oc va de chnh sa.
Cach viet chng trnh con.
- Chng trnh con c viet ben ngoai chng trnh
chnh nhng ket thuc bang M99 theo cau truc:
N M99 hoac N... M99 Pxxxx
Trong o:
- Neu ch khai bao M99, khi ket thuc chng trnh con, con tro se tr lai chng
trnh chnh dong ke tiep dong lenh goi chng trnh con o.
- Neu khai bao M99 Pxxxx, th con tro se
quay tr lai chng trnh chnh dong lenh
Nxxxx tng ng c khai bao tr so P,
trong trng hp nay, bat buoc phai khai
bao t lenh Nxxxx tng ng chng trnh
chnh e con tr tr lai ung v tr.
- Neu t lenh M99 c viet chng trnh chnh, khi thc thi gap dong nay, con
tro se quay tr lai au chng trnh.
- Neu viet lenh M99 Pn chng trnh chnh, khi thc thi gap dong nay, con tro se
nhay ti dong Nn tng ng, n: so th t cua dong lenh.
- Cac chng trnh con co the goi lan nhau, bo ieu khien Fanuc cho phep goi toi
a 4 cap o (hnh 5.1). Mot lenh n lap trnh co the goi toi a mot chng trnh
con lap lai ti 999 lan. Chng trnh con khong c goi chng trnh chnh.

Trang 54
 Hnh 5.1: Cap o toi a khi goi chng trnh con.
- T lenh M99 ket thuc chng trnh con phai viet mot dong rieng.
- Cac t lenh M00, M01, M02, M30, M98, M99 va M198 khong c viet chung
dong vi cac t lenh M khac.
Goi chng trnh con.
- Cau truc: N... M98 Paabbbb
- P...xxxx: bon so au tien tnh t ben phai qua trai
la ten cua chng trnh con (khong co ch O).
- Cac so con lai la so lan lap, v du: goi chng trnh con O0100 lap 2 lan th viet
M98 P20100. Mac nh neu ch thc thi chng trnh con mot lan th ch can lap
trnh 4 ch so ten cua chng trnh con, v du: M98 P0100 hoac M98 P100.
- Dong au tien trong chng trnh con phai co ten cua chng trnh con o, v du:
dong au tien cua chng trnh con O10 phai la: O0010.
V du:
O0010 (CT Chinh) O0011 (CT con)
N1 G21 G17 G40 G80 G54 N1 G90G0X35Y0
N2 G91 G28 Z0 N2 Z2
N3 T02 M06 G43 H02 N3 G1Z-7F200
N4 S1800 M3 N4 G41D12Y#1
N5 #1 =4 N5 X13
N6 M98 P0011 N6 G3Y-#1R#1

N7 G51 X0 Y0 I-1000 N7 G1X35

N8 G40G0Y0Z2
N8 M98 P0011
N9 G50
N9 M99
N10 #1 =5

N11 G68 X0 Y0 R90

N12 M98 P0011

N13 G50
N14 G51 X0 Y0 J-1000
N15 M98 P0011
N16 G50
N17 G69
N18 M30

Bai 5: GII THIEU CAC BIEN SO VA MACRO

1. Bien (Variables).
- Cac tr so co the lap trnh (v tr, tham so gia cong...) co the c viet trc tiep vao
cac ma lenh hoac thong qua cac bien so, v du: G1, X100...
- Bo ieu khien ho tr cac bien so e ho tr lap trnh, co the thay oi gia tr bang
chng trnh hoac thay oi trc tiep qua che o MDI. V du:
- Cac bien so c nh ngha bi dau # va so ch nh a ch cua bien o. V du
#1=#2+100;
G01 X#1 F300;

Trang 55
 - Bien c chia thanh 4 nhom nh sau:
BIEN KIEU CHC NANG
#0 Rong - Gia tr luon bang 0, khong the gan d lieu vao bien nay.
#1#33 Noi bo - Ch c dung trong cac macro e GAN d lieu khi goi.
[Local] - Khi tat nguon ien (may), gia tr trong bien b xoa rong.
- Khi macro c goi, gia tr bien se c gan tr lai
#100#149(#199) Thong dung - Dung e chia se d lieu qua cac macro khac nhau.
[Common] - Ngat nguon cua may, #100#1999 b xoa gia tr rong.
- Bien #500#999 luon c lu d lieu, ngay ca khi
nguon ien b ngat ot ngot.
#1000- He thong - c he thong dung e lu tr cac tham so khi he thong
[System] lam viec, v du: v tr, d lieu hieu chnh...
- Gia tr trong bien noi bo va bien thong dung nam trong dai gia tr sau:
-1047 en -1029
0
10-29 en 1047
- Khi c lap trnh, gia tr trong bien co the mang so le phan thap phan.
- Cac bien khi lap trnh s dung cac phep toan, phai at trong dau ngoac vuong [].
V du: G01 X[#1+#2] F#3
- Gia tr trong bien c t ong lam tron sau phan thap phan 3 ch so.
V du: neu gia tr trong bien #1=12.3456 th khi thc thi lenh G00 X#1, gia tr thc thi se
la G00 X12.346
- ao dau gia tr trong bien bang cach them dau tr trc bien. V du: G00 X-#1
- Cac bien rong khong c thc thi.
V du: #1=0, #2 rong, dong lenh G00X#1Y#2 se thc thi: G00X0;
- Trong vung hien th gia tr bien, neu khong hien th d
lieu, bien co gia tr rong.
- Neu hien th dau ******** d lieu trong bien b tran
(vt qua gia tr 99999999 hoac nho hn 0.0000001).
- Ten chng trnh, anh dau dong lenh, dong lenh co
anh dau ieu kien bo qua(/) khong dung c bien.

V du: khong viet kieu: O#1; /#2G00X100; N#3Y200

- Cac bien he thong co the oc hoac ghi tran, ch lap trnh cac bien thong dung khi
can , tai lieu nay ch hng dan cho cac bien thong dung.
2. Cac phep toan c dung vi bien.
- Bang di ay gii thieu cac phep toan c phep nh ngha va s dung tren bien,
trong chng trnh chnh, chng trnh con hoac macro.
- Bang ch liet ke cac phep toan thong dung, co the khac nhau tren moi bo ieu khien.
Bien so va phep toan nay ap dung cho bo ieu khien Fanuc 0i MB.
- Cac bien #i, #j, #k la cac bien tng chng, khi lap trnh s dung i, j, k la cac so
nguyen dng. Phep toan co the ca 2 ve cua dau bang (=), co the la bien hoac
cung co the la so thc.

Trang 56
 PHEP TOAN NH DANG GHI CHU
nh ngha #i=#j
Cong #i=#j+#k
Tr #i=#j-#k
Nhan #i=#j*#k
Chia #i=#j/#k
Sin #i=SIN[#j] Goc phai nhap dang thap phan theo o
Acrsine #i=ASIN[#j] V du: 900 30 phut th ghi la 90.5
Cos #i=COS[#j]
Arccosine #i=ACOS[#j]
Tan #i=TAN[#j]
Arctan #i=ATAN[j]
Can bac 2 #i=SQRT[j]
Gia tr tuyet oi #i=ABS[j]
Lam tron #i=ROUND[j]
Lam tron xuong #i=FIX[[j] #1=1.2, #3=FIX[#1]#3=1.0
Lam tron len #i=FUP[j] #1=1.2, #3=FUP[#1]#3=2.0
Logarit t nhien #i=LN[#i]
Ham so mu #i=EXP[j]
Toan t logic hoac OR #i=#j OR #K
Toan t logic XOR #i=#j XOR #K
Toan t va AND #i=#j AND #K
3. Cau truc cau ieu kien.
a. Cau truc lenh re nhanh (lenh nhay) GOTO.
- Cau truc GOTOn trong o: n la th t dong lenh, n=199 999.
V du: GOTO1, GOTO#10
- Y ngha: nhay ti dong lenh co th t Nn.
b. Cau truc cau ieu kien IF... GOTOn
- Cau truc: IF [ieu kien] GOTOn
- Y ngha: neu ieu ung, nhay ti dong lenh co th t Nn, neu ieu kien sai, thc
hien dong lenh ke tiep.
- Cac t lenh so sanh:
T LENH Y NGHA
EQ Bang (=)
NE Khac ()
GT Ln hn (>)
GE Ln hn hoac bang ()
LT Nho hn (<)
LE Nho hn hoac bang ()

Trang 57
 c. Cau truc ieu kien IF...THEN.
- Cau truc: IF [ieu kien] THEN
- Y ngha: neu ieu kien ung, thc hien lenh n sau THEN, neu ieu kien sai,
thc hien cau lenh ke tiep.
V du 1: IF [#1 EQ #2] THEN#3=0
V du 2: Tnh tong t 1 en 10
O9500;
#1=0
#2=1
N1 IF[#2 GT 10] GOTO2
#1=#1+#2
#2=#2+1
GOTO1
N2 M30

d. Cau truc cau ieu kien WHILE

- Cau truc: WHILE [ieu kien] DOm (m=1, 2, 3)
...
ENDm;
- Y ngha: Neu ieu kien ung, thc hien vong lap cac cau lenh sau WHILE en
trc dong lenh ENDm, khi ieu kien sai, nhay ti thc hien lenh sau ENDm.
- Tr so m dung e ch nh vong lap tng ng, m ch co 3 gia tr (1, 2 hoac 3).
- Cau truc nay se thc hien ti khi ieu kien sai th mi thoat khoi vong lap.
V du: Tnh tong cac so t 1 en 10.
O9500;
#1=0
#2=1
WHILE[#2 LE 10] DO1
#1=#1+#2
#2=#2+1
END1
M30

- Cac trng hp co the xay ra trong vong lap.

1. Co the dung mot vong lap nhieu lan. 2. Vong lap khong c nhay cat nhau.

3. Vong lap toi a 3 cap. 4. Khong the nhay ngang vao vong lap.

5. Co the nhay khoi vong lap.

Trang 58
 Chng 4: MO PHONG, KIEM TRA CHNG TRNH GIA CONG.
1. Gii thieu chng trnh EMCO WinNC GE Fanuc 21.
WinNC GE Fanuc 21 la phan mem cua hang EMCO vi cac chc nang:
- WinNC la mot phan mem mo phong va ieu khien cac may CNC danh cho lnh vc
giao duc cua hang san xuat may CNC EMCO. WinNC co nhieu modul nho cho phep
lap trnh mo phong tap lenh goc cua cac he ieu khien pho bien nh Fanuc,
Sinumerik, Fagor, Heidenhain...
- Co the lap trnh tren phan mem s dung ban phm PC hoac bang cac modul EMCO
Keyboard c thiet ke giong nh cac keyboard cua cac he ieu khien goc. Thay oi
phan mem de dang, cac ban phm cung c thao lap tien dung tng ng.
- WinNC GE Fanuc Series 21 MB ho tr tap lenh cua dong may he ieu khien FANUC
Series 21i-MODEL B (mo phong cung luc 4 truc).
- WinNC c ho tr e cai at tren tat ca cac he ieu hanh cua Microsoft Windows,
modul 3D View mo phong qua trnh cat got sinh ong, thao tac la chon n gian,
cac thiet lap logic, cho phep thay trc c san pham trc khi gia cong.

Hnh 1.1: Giao dien cua phan mem WinNC

2. Quan l chng trnh.
a. Cach thao tac tren phan mem:
Khi ong chng trnh, man hnh (mau en giong giao dien goc cua bo ieu khien)
se hien th goc toa o ma may CNC ang c ieu khien, ieu chnh c kieu may
(oc them muc 6).
oi vi lap trnh mo phong:
- Nhan chuot phai trong man hnh (mau en) e chuyen oi sang cac phm chc nang
hoac nhan phm F12 tren ban phm.
- Nhan chuot trai hoac F1 e chon vao cac phm mem tren man hnh hoac nhan cac
phm chc nang tng ng (F1 en F12) tren ban phm (ky t F kem theo so, hien
th mau trang tren goc phai cua chc nang o).
- Cac phm nay co chc nang tng t nh cac phm cng tng ng tren Panel ieu
khien hoac tren cac phm mem cua bo ieu khien goc.
- Cac phm cng la cac phm chc nang khong thay oi, c ghi co nh tren panel,
cac phm mem la cac phm chc nang co the thay oi tuy ng canh.

Trang 59
 Hnh 2.1: Cac phm chc nang pha di va phm tng ng tren Panel ieu khien.
Bang di ay se liet ke toan bo cac chc nang cua cac phm tng ng, lu y ay la
phan mem mo phong cua he ieu khien Fanuc 21, cac i may khac th cac chc nang
hien th tng ng se khac, nhng ve mat c ban, th bo ieu khien Fanuc co nhieu chc
nang tng ong.
Cac phm chc nang nhan chuot trai 1 lan hoac chuot phai 2 lan hoac nhan F12:
POS Hien th gia tr cac goc toa o.
ALARM, MSG, HISTORY Tnh trang van hanh cua may.
ABS, REL, ALL Cac goc toa o cua he ieu khien.
PROG Che o lap trnh.
PRGRM Xem, son tho chng trnh.
DIR Th muc lu cac chng trnh trong may.
OFFSET Bang dao hoac thiet lap cac chuan chi tiet (G54 G59).
OFFSET Lu tr cac gia tr chieu dai va ban knh cua dao phay.
SETTING Cai at chuan giao tiep vi bng t l.
W.SHFT Lu tr cac chuan chi tiet tren ban may (G54-G59).
SYSTEM Cai at cac thong so he thong
PARAMETER Cai at n v, chuan giao tiep.
SYSTEM Hien th phien ban cua cac phan mem trong he thong.
ALARM Thong tin canh bao, bao loi cua he thong.
GRAPH Mo phong chng trnh.
PARAM Cai at mo phong 2D.
EXEC Mo phong quy ao cat.
SCALE ieu chnh t le hien th tren man hnh.
3DVIEW Mo phong cat got 3D.
Cac chc nang chnh trong man hnh 3DVIEW
TOOL Cai at cac thong so dao trong mo phong
POS. V tr dao khi mo phong (tng ng vi chng trnh).
TOOL. V tr dao trong th vien.
TAKE a dao t th vien vao v tr ang c chon.
WORKP Cai at cac thong so phoi.
VIEW Chon hng quan sat khi mo phong.

Trang 60
FIXT Hng ga e to, phoi tren ban may.
GRAPH Chuyen ve mo phong quy ao tam dao (2D).
SIMUL. Mo phong 3D.
Che o van hanh may (F1).
MEM Gia cong chng trnh t bo nh cua may.
EDIT Chnh sa, lap trnh.
MDI Van hanh nhanh cac cau lenh khong can chng trnh.
JOG ieu khien cac truc che o khong cat got.
REF Tr ve chuan may.
INC 1 INC 1000 Di chuyen cac truc chnh xac (INC 1 = 1/1000 mm).
b. Tao chng trnh mi:
e tao chng trnh mi, thao tac theo trnh t nh sau:
(1) Chon che o soan thao chng trnh: F1 hoac chuot phai (Mode Select) > F4 (Edit).
(2) F12 (hoac chuot trai hoac chuot phai 2 lan) > F4 (PROG).
(3) at ten chng trnh: bat au bang k t O
va ke tiep la cac ch so, toi a la 4 ch so.
V du: O1, O500, O5500.
(4) Nhan Enter. Man hnh tr ve che o soan
thao nh hnh ke ben.
(5) Dong au tien tren cung la ten dong lenh
(khong c xoa).
(6) Cac t anh dau dong lenh (N5, N10) t
ong sinh ra khi xuong dong, nen anh
dau dong lenh e de kiem tra chng
trnh.
c. M chng trnh a co trong may:
(1) Chon che o soan thao chng trnh [F1 > F4, F12 > F4]. Trong man hnh soan thao,
pha di cung: F3 (PRGRM) la man hnh soan thao chng trnh, F4 (DIR) xem cac
chng trnh ang co trong may.
(2) Nhap ten chng trnh can m.
(3) Nhan phm mui ten phai hoac quay xuong e m chng trnh.
d. V tr lu chng trnh trong may tnh:
- Bat ke s thay oi nao ma ngi dung thao tac, se c t ong lu lai ngay vao
chng trnh va khong the phuc hoi lai c (Undo).
- Cac chng trnh c tao ra nam trong th muc mac nh:
*:\WinNC32\FANUC21.M\PRG (*: phan vung cai at phan mem). Co the thay oi
th muc nay (oc them muc so 6).
- File do chng trnh tao ra khong co phan m rong, nhng la file ky t (text) bnh
thng nen co the chnh sa c bang phan mem soan thao van ban, v du nh
word, notepad...

Trang 61
 - Neu nh WinNC ang m mot chng trnh nao o, ma dung them phan mem nao
khac e m va chnh sa chng trnh nay, th ch co notepad mi co the lu (save)
s thay oi nay. Khi o, m WinNC chuyen sang m chng trnh khac, th se lu
c.
Chu y:
- File do chng trnh tao ra khong co phan m rong. Nen neu lu co phan m rong
th phan mem se khong nhan dang c.
- Ch O va so 0 thng de gay nham lan nen e phan biet, so 0 co net gach cheo
hoac dau . gia.
- Ten cua chng trnh trong th muc lu chng trnh se bat au bang ch O (viet
hoa) sau o la cac ky t so kem theo (ma khong cn co so 0) v du: O1, O100 Neu
at sai ten, chng trnh se khong nhan dang c.
- Co the copy trc tiep cac file trong Explorer va sa lai ten chng trnh (trong
trng hp neu can sao chep noi dung cua mot oan chng trnh nao o).
3. Nhap chng trnh.
- Nhap cac k t va nhan Enter , cac k t se c chen vao ben phai cua dau nhay
mau vang. Ch nen nhap tng t lenh mot, neu nhap ca dong ma co k t loi, th
phai nhap lai nguyen dong lenh o.
- e thay the t lenh tai v tr con tro, nhap cac k t va nhan phn Insert.
- Di chuyen dau nhay bang phm mui ten (nh cac trnh soan thao van ban).
- Nhan Enter e xuong dong va ghi cau lenh mi.
- Cac t N anh dau dong lenh (Block numbers hay Sequence numbers) se c t
ong tao ra moi khi xuong dong cuoi cung, c dung e anh dau cau lenh.
- Moi khi chay chng trnh, chng trnh se tng cau lenh t tren xuong di, k t
anh dau dung e tm dong lenh b loi va kiem tra chng trnh de dang hn.
- Chen cau ghi chu ben trong cap dau ngoac n ().
- Khi tao ra chng trnh, ten cua chng trnh la dong au tien cua chng trnh o,
neu ghi cau ghi chu ke tiep va cung dong th khi chon F4 (DIR) - liet ke cac chng
trnh, se thay cau ghi chu cua ten chng trnh (e de dang phan biet cac chng
trnh vi nhau).
- Neu s dung cau lenh hieu chnh ban knh dao th phai soan thao ti het phan hieu
chnh, s dung chng trnh con th phai soan thao xong chng trnh con mi c
mo phong.
- Trc khi mo phong, con tro phai luon au chng trnh, co the dung cac phm
Home, End e quay len au, xuong cau lenh cuoi chng trnh. Nhan Page Up, Page
Down e lat trang.
4. Cai at cac thong so mo phong.

Trang 62
 a. Cai at chuan phoi: F12 > F5 (Offset) > F5 (W.SHFT).

- Co 6 chuan e at chuan phoi (G54 en G59)

va mot chuan hieu chnh 00 EXT (luon cong
vao gia tr cac truc tng ng cua cac chuan
khac trc khi gia cong).
- Moi iem chuan la o lech tng ng cua
iem goc phoi so vi chuan may.
- Khi lap trnh chon chuan nao th phai nhap gia
tr o lech vao v tr tng ng. Mo phong co
the khong can nhap.
- Khi mo phong, ch can nhap vao mot gia tr thch hp (nam trong vung lam viec cua
may) hoac e trong (so 0).
b. Cai at che o mo phong 3D:
- M che o 3D View: F12 > F11 (hoac nhap
chuot trai vao dau > tren goc phai man
hnh) > F3: GRAPH > F11 (hoac >) > F3: 3D View.

-
T lan th 2 ch can nhan F12 > F11 > F3.
-
Man hnh tr ve trang cai at mo phong (hnh
ben).
- Phai cai at 3D View vao may sau khi cai at
WinNC th mi nhn thay trang nay.
- Neu cai nhieu lan 1 may, phan mem se b loi.
Cac thong so trong man hnh cai at mo phong 3D View General:
Bien Gia tr Y ngha
Chat lng hnh anh khi mo phong
0 Thap.
RESOLUTION
1 Trung bnh.
2 Cao.
Khoang thi gian dng (delay) gia moi cau lenh (lam
WAIT STATES 0 ~ 99 cham qua trnh mo phong).
Nhap so cang ln, thi gian dng cang lau.
Cai at s xuat hien cua dung cu cat khi mo phong.
Tool Presentation 0 Khong hien dao
1 Hien th dao.
Phat hien va cham (neu co) gia dung cu cat va o ga hoac cua
phan khong cat got tren dung cu cat va phoi, hoac toc o cat qua
Collision
nhanh (e canh bao an toan).
Detection
0 Khong bao loi
1 Dng chng trnh va bao loi.

Trang 63
 Cai at s xuat hien cua o ga khi mo phong
0 Khong hien th o ga.
Clamping Device
1 o ga kep chat bang tay.
3 o ga t ong (co the lap trnh s ong m)
Kieu hien th mo phong
0 Kieu mo phong bnh thng.
View Mode 1 Kieu mo phong khung day, hien net khuat.
2 Kieu mo phong khung day, an net khuat
3 Mo phong phoi dang trong suot.
c. Cai at cac thong so hnh hoc cua dao: F12 | F5 [Offset] | F3: [Offset].
- Dung cu cat can c khai bao 2 thong so c
ban: chieu dai va ban knh, mot so loai ch
can chieu dai (khoa, doa...).
- Khi mo phong co the bo qua chieu dai dao,
neu lap trnh theo tam dao th khong can
nhap ban knh.
- Khi mo phong 3D dao c tnh theo cac
thiet lap trang cai at dao mo phong, trang
nay ch can nhap gia tr ban knh hieu chnh.
- Cac thong so cua dao c lu thong qua cac o nh co a ch H... c nhap vao t
trang Offset.
- Khi gia cong chng trnh tren may, bat buoc phai tien hanh o cac thong so cua dao
va xac nh v tr chuan chi tet th mi co the tien hanh gia cong.
- Cach hien th bang thong so dao hnh tren la cua bo ieu khien Fanuc 21, mot so bo
ieu khien khac cho phep nhap 2 o nh tren cung mot a ch, khi o a ch khi dung
H va D la khac nhau, trong hnh tren la giong nhau.
d. Cai at dung cu cat got:
- Trong trang 3D View chon Tools (F3).
- Trong ca so Tool Selection: phan pha ben
tren co con nhay mau vang hien th ch Tool
Holder tng trng cho o cha dao tren may.
- Cac so ma con nhay mau vang ang hien th
la v tr can chon dao.
- Trong chng trnh khi goi dao tai v tr nao
th khi mo phong phai chon ung loai dao
can dung tai v tr o.
- Lap trnh khai bao bao nhieu dao th phai chon u va ung loai dao tat ca cac v tr
tng ng trong bang.
- Pha di ca so la Tool Library (th vien dao cua phan mem). Cac thong so cua dao
bao gom:

Trang 64
 o Holder Diameter (HD): ng knh phan can lap dao.
o Shank Diameter (SD): ng knh can dao.

o Tool Diameter (D): ng knh dao (phan cat got).

o Angle (TA): goc au gia cac li cat (oi vi mui khoan, dao

vat canh)
o Edge Length (FL): chieu dai phan li cat.

o Tool Length (TL): Chieu dai dao sau khi lap vao can (tnh t mui dao en phan

au cua can lap dao).

o Total Length (OL): tong chieu dai cua dao sau khi lap (tnh t mui en chuan lap

dao, co mot phan nam lot vao trong can).

o Tool Radius (TR): Ban knh au mui li cat.

o Milling Width (TT): be day phan li cat (oi vi dao phay mat).

- Cac loai dao trong th vien:

o Twist Drill: mui khoan
xoan.
- Goc au dao: 1200.
- Kch thc thc te:
0.5+[0.1]
- Ch gia cong theo Z.
o Tap: mui cat ren trong.
- Kch thc theo tieu
chuan.
- Ch gia cong theo Z.
- Chu y toc o vong quay.
o Endmill: dao phay ngon.
- Gia cong c 3 hng.
- Kch thc theo chuan.
o Chamfer: dao vat canh.
- Goc au dao 450
- Ch dung gia cong sach cac
canh sac (an toan cho
ngi s dung).
- Trong phan mem con ho tr mot so loai dao khac (tham khao muc 6).
- e chon c dao:
o Di chuyen con nhay en v tr can lay dao: nhan phm F3, F4 hoac mui ten ,
o Start Drill: mui khoan moi.
- Goc au dao: 900, 1200.
- Ch gia cong theo Z.
- Dung e lay dau, la rong mat
lo.
o Shell end cutter: dao phay ch
T.
- Gia cong ranh ch T.
- Can co ranh trc thang trc.
- Phai phay t ngoai vao.
o Spherical: dao phay cau.
- Gia cong tinh mat cong.
- Ban knh au bo bang ban
knh dao. Mot so phan mem
con dung ten dao la Ball mill.
o Reamer: mui doa.
- Kch thc theo tieu chuan.
- Ch gia cong theo Z.
- Phai khoan lo trc khi doa.

e di chuyen.
o en v tr nao th so tai v tr o se nhap nhay.

o Dung phm F5, F6 hoac mui ten , e xem cac dao trong th vien.

o Khi muon a dao trong th vien vao o dao nhan phm F7 hoac nhap so Tool

number tng ng va nhan Enter.

- Khi lap trnh s dung hieu chnh ban knh dao: phai nhap gia tr ban knh dao vao o
nh tng ng trong trang Offset (F12 > F3: Offset). V du: dao co ng knh 10,
goi G42 D12 th phai nhap 5 vao o nh No. 12.

Trang 65
 e. Cai at thong so phoi.
- Bc 1: Kem tra gia tr chuan trong trang work shift: F12 | F5 [Offset] | F5 [W. SHFT]:
o Thc te khi gia cong, can phai ch nh v tr

cua phoi tren ban may va trong khong gian

lam viec cua may.
o e thiet lap chuan gia cong tren may, co the

s dung dung cu cat, au do e tm ra v tr

chuan sau o lu lai trong trang W. SHFT (G54
G59).

o Khi gia cong, chuan gia cong phai trung vi

chuan lap trnh va chuan chi tiet.
o Khi mo phong, co the nhap cac gia tr ngau nhien hoac e trong (so 0).
- Bc 2: Nhap cac thong so phoi tai trang 3D View.
o Tr lai trang 3D View (F12 > F11 > F3) chon F4
[WORKP] .
o Cac gia tr lech chuan MW c nhap da vao
chuan lap trnh va trong W.SHFT.
o Neu work shift tren bo trong (so 0), th
khong can nhap lech chuan ay.
o Hnh anh hien th la hnh tnh (gia tr tng
trng).
o Cac so nhap vao khong co gia tr am (khong dau).
V du 1:
Phoi kch thc 50x50x15 mm. Chuan lap trnh at tai tam, mat tren phoi.
Trong chng trnh goi G54, chuan phoi nhap trong G54 la:
X= 0 X= 100

00 (EXT) Y= 0 G54 Y= 50

Z= 0 Z= 30

Nhap lech chuan tng ng trong trang WORKP.: X=100, Y=50, Z=30. Cac kch thc t
chuan W ra en cac canh la X+: 25, X-: 25, Y+: 25, Y-: 25.
V du 2:
Phoi kch thc 100x70x20.5; Chuan lap trnh at tai tam, di mat phoi 0.5 mm.
Trong chng trnh goi G55, chuan nhap trong G55 la:
X= 50 X= 120

00 (EXT) Y= 35 G55 Y= 60

Z=-0.5 Z= 50

Nhap lech chuan trong trang WORKP.: X=120, Y=60, Z=50. Cac kch thc t chuan W ra
en cac canh la X+=100, X-=0, Y+=70, Y-=10, be day phoi 20.5.
V du 3:
Phoi kch thc 100x80x21 mm. Chuan lap trnh at tai tam, di mat phoi 1 mm.
Trong chng trnh goi G57, chuan nhap trong G57 la:

Trang 66
 X= 0 X= 130

00 (EXT) Y= 0 G57 Y= 70

Z= 0 Z= 35

Nhap lech chuan trong trang WORKP.: X= , Y=, Z= Cac kch thc t chuan
W ra en cac canh la X+=, X-=, Y+=, Y-=, be day phoi .
5. Mo phong qua trnh cat got:
a. Mo phong qua trnh gia cong.
- Tr lai ca so 3D View General, chon F6 (Simulation) e mo phong.
- e mo phong tng cau lenh: nhan phm * ben nhom phm so, tren may tnh xach tay
neu khong co nhom phm so th nhan phm Fn+P.
- e lam cham qua trnh mo phong, co the nhap so vao trong bien so WAIT STATE
trong ca so 3D View, gia tr nhap t 0 99.
b. Loi va cach sa loi.
- Khi xay ra loi, nhan F12 > F7 (ALARM) > F3(ALARM) e tr ve man hnh kiem tra loi.
- oc so loi va tra cach sa trong tai lieu cua nha san xuat. Loi phat sinh co the thuoc
loi cua chng trnh, loi cua bo ieu khien hoac loi cua cac c cau chap hanh.
- Neu cac loi phat sinh thuoc ve loi bao dng may (kh nen, mc dau), th ngi van
hanh may co the kiem tra va thc hien theo ch nh cua nha san xuat.
- Neu cac loi phat sinh thuoc ve bo ieu khien, neu khong co ch nh trong hng dan
bao tr cua nha san xuat, th khong nen t sa.
- Neu loi thuoc ve chng trnh gia cong: khi tr lai tr lai chng trnh, neu loi thuoc
ve cu phap (Syntax Error) hoac loi cau truc hay sai tr so (Wrong Value) th con nhay se
nhay ve dong tng ng. Loi thng kem theo mot dong hng dan hoac ch nh loi
(bang tieng Anh).
- Kiem tra lai chnh xac cac t lenh ve toa o, cau truc, t ma lenh e kiem tra loi
thuoc phan nao? Sau o nhan phm ESC tren ban phm e xoa loi va sa lai chng
trnh, neu khong nhan ESC, chng trnh se khong cho phep sa cap nhat vao chng
trnh (bao loi).
6. Cai at ngon ng va may CNC mo phong.
- Phan mem cho phep thay oi cac ngon ng, kieu may mo phong, cac thong tin cai
at tren may c ieu khien, ngon ng 3D View hien th trong man hnh cua he
ieu khien.
- Trc khi thc hien cai at, tat phan mem WinNC th mi co the lu va cap nhat
c thong tin cua WinNC.
- e thay oi, trong Start Menu > EMCO> WinNC - EMConfig WinNC > Control
Choice: GE Fanuc Series 21M.
- Khi thay oi may ieu khien va mo phong, tat ca cac thong so dao, kch thc phoi,
goc toa o se b xoa, phai cai at lai.

Trang 67
 o Configuration: Cai at chung.
1. Control Language: Thay oi ngon ng
hien th tren man hnh he ieu khien.
2. System of measurement: n v mo
phong.
3. Work Piece Program Directory: Th
muc lu tr chng trnh e mo phong.
4. Machine: kieu may CNC mo phong.
e thc hien c chu trnh Taro, chon
cac Model may MILL105 tr len.
o Import/Export Directory: Th muc xuat, nhap c s d lieu (dao, goc toa o)
o 3D View: Cai at khi mo phong 3D.
1. 3D View Tool Generator: ngon ng
hien th tren man hnh quan ly dao cu
cat got.
2. Choose fixture: kieu o ga hien th khi
mo phong.
- Standard: e to kep thong thng.
- Mechanical: kep thu cong, co c cau
kep kh nen.
- Hydraulic: kep kieu thuy lc.
Lu y: hnh anh khi hien th o ga co the giong nhau, neu kch thc phoi ln hn
ngam kep cua o ga th nen an hien th o ga khi mo phong.
7. Quan ly th vien dung cu cat got.
Mac nh khi cai, th vien dao cua phan mem ch cha mot so lng dao nhat nh.
e tao mi mot dao trong th vien, vao Start Menu > EMCO> 3D Tool Generator:

Cac the trong ca so gom co:

Geometry: cac thong so hnh hoc cua dao cat.
General: cac thong so cong nghe cua dao cat.
Machines: cho phep s hien th dao khi mo phong tren cac may.

Trang 68
Trnh t tao dao mi:
- Bc 1: Chon nhom dao e loc theo tng nhom: dao tien, dao phay, mui khoan.
- Bc 2: Chon loai dao co kieu va kch thc gan giong vi loai dao can tao.
- Bc 3: Nhan Copy e sao chep dao o va oi lai ten.
- Bc 4: Chnh sa cac thong so hnh hoc can tao cho dao, can kiem tra trong the
Machine e xem dao co c cho phep mo phong tren loai may ang c chon
khong, neu khong, khi mo phong se khong thay dao.
- Bc 5: oi mau cho dao hien th, dao mau g th lp cat tao ra se co mau o.
- Bc 6: Nhan 3D on e xem hnh dang cua dao tao ra, neu at yeu cau th nhan
Store e lu lai.
Chu y:
- Phai tat phan mem WinNC khi tao dao, va cai at ngon ng hoac thay oi may.
- Dao tao ra phai theo tieu chuan cua tng loai.
- Nen oi mau cua dao e khi mo phong de phan biet cac lp cat vi nhau, ac biet
la dao vat canh (Chamfer).
8. Hng dan mo phong vi CIMCO Edit Version 7.
a. Gii thieu.
- CIMCO Edit la mot phan mem mo phong quy ao chay dao c s dung rat pho
bien, de s dung va trc quan. Co the mo phong c quy ao tam dao, hieu chnh
ban knh dao cua may phay va may tien CNC, co the thay trc ket qua gia cong.
- Tap lenh mo phong ho tr cua bo ieu khien Fanuc, Heideinhai, Sinumerik, Haas
- Co kha nang quan ly ket noi va truyen d lieu xuong may CNC thong qua giao thc
truyen d lieu noi tiep, ieu khien may gia cong che o DNC.
b. Cac trnh n ieu khien cua CIMCO.
The Editor: quan l d lieu va man hnh soan thao.

The NC Function: quan l cac lenh, thay oi nhanh cach anh dau dong lenh

Trang 69
 Backplot: Chc nang mo phong quy ao dao.

Transmission: truyen d lieu noi tiep, ieu khien trc tiep DNC.
File Compare: so sanh noi dung cua hai chng trnh.
CNC-Calc: thiet ke va lap trnh can ban.
c. Cac bc mo phong.
Bc 1: Tao file mi (File | New) hoac m file a co san (Open).
Bc 2: Soan thao chng trnh vao trong ca so lenh.
Bc 3: anh dau dong lenh (NC Functions) | Block Numbers.
Bc 4: Mo phong quy a dao (Backplot | Backplot Window).
Lu y: phan mem khong phat hien c loi sai neu cau truc lenh hoac t lenh viet sai.
d. Cac cai at thng dung: e vao cai at, trong the Editor chon Global Setup.
Trong the Editor:
Always UPPER CASE: luon viet hoa t lenh (du phm Caps Lock) tat.
Font settings: cai at kieu ch hien th tren man hnh, nen chon Font ch Fanuc
hoac Softkey e phan biet ch O va so 0.
The Color: cai at mau sac cua cac ma lenh e de dang phan biet va tranh nham lan
gia cac lenh di chuyen nhanh vi cac lenh cat got.
Backplot: cai at man hnh mo phong.
Enable 4/5 A-xis plot: bat hien th mo phong 4/5 truc.
X100 = X0.100: neu thieu dau cham thap phan, n v lap trnh la micro met (dung
cho cac may i cu).
Disable radius compensation: tat mo phong hieu chnh quy ao dao.
Use U/V/W ralative move: cho phep lap trnh s dung toa o tng oi dung U, V,
W (ch co chc nang nay tren mot so bo ieu khien).
Block numbers: cai at canh anh so dong lenh.
o Trong ca so soan thao lenh, chon tep lenh mo phong cua bo ieu khien nao (the
Editor | File Type) th se cai at cach anh dau cua kieu file o.
o Cac tuy chon trong cai at anh so gom co:
Auto block numbering: t
ong anh dau dong lenh.
Skip lines without block
number: Neu anh dau lai,
dong nao cha c anh
dau th bo qua.
Renumber empty lines:
anh dau ca dong trong.

Trang 70
 Show quick setup: bat bang cai at nhanh khi bat au lenh anh so dong lenh.
Block format: ch nh quy luat anh dau, gom co:
o Format: co hien so 0 trc so th t, v du: N1, N01, N001,N0001.
o Start with: bat au anh t so bao nhieu.
o Restart every: so dong lenh ln nhat, quay lai anh dau t au, oi vi may cu,
co the may ch hieu ti 9999 hoac 99999.
o Skip lines starting with: bo qua anh so neu gap dong bat au vi ky t c
nhap trong o pha di.
o Interval: bc nhay gia 2 dong lenh. V du bat au t so 5, bc nhay la 5 th
dong th 2 se la N10, th 3 la N15
o Start from line: bat au anh dau t dong th?
o Skip: co bo qua dong nao khong?
o Skip lines containing: neu dong lenh nao cha t ? th se bo qua.
o Precede lines with: ky t bat au cua nhom lenh anh so (Fanuc la ch N).
o Restart on lines starting with: lap lai anh so t au neu gap t?
o Spaces after block number: khoang trong gia so dong va t lenh (thong thng
bang 1).
Xem thi gian gia cong chng trnh: chon the NC Function | Toolpath Statistics:
o Bc 1: chnh n v lap trnh trong
Toolpath unit.
o Bc 2: chnh n v tnh lng dch
chuyen ban may Feedrate unit.
o Bc 3: chnh thi gian thay dao Tool
change time.
o Bc 4: chnh toc o chay dao nhanh.
o Bc 5: xem thong tin c hien th chi
tiet ca so ben trai.
Machining Time: tong thi gian gia cong.
Cutting Time: thi gian cat got.
Rapid Time: thi gian chay dao khong cat got [G0].
Dwelling Time: thi gian tam dng trang thai [G04].
Tool Change Time: thi gian thay dao.
Toolpath Length: Tong quang ng di chuyen dao.
Cutting Length: quang ng dao cat got.
Rapid Length: quang ng dao di chuyen khong cat got.
Cac o ca so pha tren: bao v tr am dng xa nhat so vi goc toa o.
Lu y: cac tham so nay ch la tng oi v khong tnh thi gian giam toc cuoi hanh trnh
noi suy cua cau lenh, tnh may Rapid Override 100% va Feed Override 100%.

Trang 71